resume materi inggris

8/9/2019 resume materi inggris

1/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara1

BAHASA INGGRIS

BAB I : TENSES

A. PengantarTenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam kalimat yang berhubungan dengan Waktu (saat

kejadian). Dalam bahasa inggris secara lengkap terdapat 16 macam tenses, namun yang sering digunakanhanya 12 macam yaitu :

B. Present

1. Simple Present Tensea. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + V1 +___ SUBJECT + v +s,es + ___

I HeYou She

We ItThey

They go to work by bus everyday.

He earns his living by selling books.

b. Fungsi1. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum

The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west.2. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung

We watch television in the evening3. Dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya.

When Lisa Reading a novel, the phone rings, she picks it up and listens

quietly…..

c. Keterangan waktu

Every morning/day/week/month/yearOnce, twice, three times, four times

Occasionally, now and then, on and off, nowadays, habitually, frequentlyJuga sering digunakan keterangan keseringan, seperti : always, ussually,Sometimes, often, never, seldom.

2. Present Continuous Tense

a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ing(is, am, are)

Mother is still cooking in the kitchen now.

b. Fungsi

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktusekarang.

They are still playing at moment.2. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan belum tentu sedang

berlangsung ketika pernyataan dikemukakan.She is studying English and learning French this year.

Catatan :

Beberapa kata kerja tidak dapat dipakai dalam bentuk continuous antara lain:Kata kerja berhubungan dengan panca indera ( feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe)

Kata kerja berhubungan dengan perasaan atau emosi (adore, appreciate, care, detest fear, hate, like, love, mind, want, wish)


2/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara2

Kata kerja berkaitan dengan aktivitas mental (agree, believe, expect, forget, mean, perceive ,realize, recall, recognize, remember, understand)

c. Keterangan Waktu Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today.

Kata kerja seperti : Look !, Listen !, Watch !, Notice !(imperative)

3. Present Perfect Tensea. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + V-3 + ____

I have seen the wolves in the forest.

b. Fungsi

1. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau (waktunya tidak tertentu)John Smith has written a number of short stories.

2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukanlagi di waktu yang akan datang.

I have gone to Bali.3. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan baru saja berakhir waktu

bicara.I haven’t met you for a month.(sekarang sudah bertemu)

c. Keterangan Waktu

Since, for,….,just (baru saja),lately, recently, as yet, (hingga kini), so far (hingga kini) up to the present (hingga sekarang).

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ing

We have been studying English for six years.

b. Fungsi1. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang dimulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau

Sekarang masih berlangsung dan mungkin masih akan dilanjutkan.

Mr.Jones has been listening to the radio for an hour.2. Untuk kata kerja “live” present Perfect Continuous mempunyai arti sama dengan Present Perfect.

I have been living in Jakarta for two years = I have lived in Jakarta for two year (I still live in

Jakarta now)

c. Keterangan Waktu

For …,since….,the whole day,all the morning, for the last…., for…now.

C. Past1. Simple Past Tense

a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + V-2 + O + ____

He presented his paper at seminar yesterday.Mother bought a new carpet last Sunday.

b. Fungsi

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.He met Lina yesterday.

2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.He always carried his umbrella last season.


3/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara3

c. Keterangan Waktu

Last week/month/year,…ago, this morning, this afternoon, just now, yesterday

2. Past Continuous Tensea. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + was / were + V-ing

She was reading the magazine when he came.

While they were talking the guests knocked on the door. b. Fungsi

1. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau.His wife was cooking in the kitchen.

2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau di mana kejadianlain terjadi dan biasanya disertai anak kalimat yang diawali dengan When/While/as.

When I was walking to school, I met Ana.As she was having breakfast the phone rang.

Dalam contoh diatas dapat kita melihat bahwa “When I was walking to school,as she was havingbreakfast, while they were playing,” peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut sedang berlangsung peristiwa lain

terjadi.

c. Bentuk was / were going to dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan di masa lampau tetapikeinginan tersebut tidak dilaksanakan.

I was going to publish my book (but I didn’t).They were going to climb the mountain (but it was cloudy).

3. Past Perfect Tense

a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAD + V-3

The thief had escaped when police came.

b. Fungsi1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya muncul di masa

lampau .

They went home after they had finished the work.2. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga kedua terjadi pada

waktu lampau.

The family had waited for an hour when the doctor arrived.3. Untukmenyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang sebelum peristiwa kedua muncul di waktu

lampau.

His mother had given him medicine for three days before she took him to the hospital.

c. Keterangan WaktuWhen + clause (past tenses).

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung hingga peristiwa lainmuncul di waktu lampau. Perbedaan Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense

lebih menekankan pada proses berlangsungnya suatu peristiwa.a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + V-ing

He had been working in that company for two years when the World War II

Broke out.


4/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara4

b. FungsiUntuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sudah berlangsung terjadi sebelum saat tertentu pada waktu

lampau peristiwa itu masih berlangsung atau tepat berhenti sebelum peristiwa lain menyertai.Contoh :

1. John had been working there for five years when the world war II ended.John worked there.

He worked there for five years.Then the world war II ended and John was still working there and (we don’t know whether John

would still work there or not after the war).

D. Future1. Future Tense

a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + V-1 + ____The examonation will start next week.

b. Fungsi1. Untuk menyatakan pendapat, anggapan, spekulasi, tentang kejadian yang akan datang, biasanya

diikuti probably, possible, perhaps, surely.(I’m sure ) he will pass the exam.

2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi.I’ll come back the day after tommorow.

3. Untuk menyatakan maksud / kemauanI will not see her again (saya menolak bertemu dia).

4. Untuk mengumumkan suatu rencana formal dalam radio atau surat kabar yang akan terjadi di masayang akan datang.

The Prime Minister will open the museum next week.5. Untuk menyatakan kehendak

Dalam penggunaan ini ‘pronoun’ menggunakan ‘will’.

She will study hard.6. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa yang mendatang bukan karena keinginan atau

kehendak subjek (pelaku).

I dan We menggunakan shall sedang lainnya menggunakan will.

He will be twenty-five next month.

2. Future Continuous Tensea. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + shall / will + be + V-ing _____

She will be watering the flowers at four tommorow.

b. Fungsi

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika peristiwa lainterjadi di waktu yang akan datang masih berlangsung sesudahnya.

This time next week U will be studying hard.2. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada preiode waktu yang sama mendatang.

Kedua kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi main claus (induk kalimat) yang berbentuk FutureContinuous

The family will be thinking about farm while they are sitting in the sea shore.

c. Keterangan WaktuWhen + Clause (present), at the usual next week, at this time tommorow, at three o’clock tommorow.

3. Future Perfect Tense

a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-3 + _____


5/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara5

By the end of this week she will have finished reading the novel.

b. Fungsi1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya terjadi yang

akan datang.Future Perfect digunakan untuk kegiatan yang lebih dulu terjadi.

The mechanics will have worked on the car before the race starts.2. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas dalam periode waktu tertentu sebelum aktivitas lain terjadi yang akan

datang.He will have run for five hours by the time of finish.

c. Keterangan Waktu

By then : menjelang waktuBy ……= menjelang, by next week/month/year

By the end of = …= menjelang akhir…Into two weeks/months/years = dalam dua minggu/bulan/tahun.

Before + clause (present), when + clause (present).

4. Future Perfect Continuous TenseFuture Perfect Continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan telah

berlangsungselama periode waktu tertentu sebelum kegiatan lain muncul di waktu yang akan datang.a.Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing +_____

We will have been studying English for six years next year.

b. Keterangan Waktu

By + keterangan waktu ______ for + keterangan waktu

Next + keterangan waktu ____ for + keterangan waktuWhen + Keterangan waktu ___ for + keterangan waktu

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

1.‘What are you looking for?’ ‘My wallet; I don’t know where I ____ it’.

A.have been puttingB.am putting

C.had put

D.was puttingE.have put

2. ‘Anwar was promoted president of your company last week wasn,t he?A.had worked

B.has been workingC.was working

D.would workE.worked

3. She____the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels came off.

A.am only wearing.B.was only wearing.

C. had only been wearing.D.have only been wearing.

E.only wearing.

4. ‘So, you have finished typing those letters!When did you do it?”


6/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara6

‘When you ____the meeting.’A.were attending

B.attendC.have attended

D.attendedE.had attended

5. ‘Several hotels in this region are closing down.’

‘That’s because tourism itself____since last year.’A.is declining

B.had decliningC.declined

D.was decliningE.has been declining

6. ‘Don’t you think the bus driver is speeding ?’

‘Yes, I ‘m afraid he____the lives of the passengers’.A.endangered

B.will endangeredC.would have endangered

D.endangersE.would endanger

7. ‘While living in Bogor, we always went to this school on foot.’

This means that we___on foot while we were living in Bogor.A.go to school

B.are going to schoolC.used to go to school

D.are used to going to school

E.liked going to school

8. ‘Can I see you tomorrow about the seminar?’

‘all right, come at 10 o’clock, and I__teaching by then.’A.will have finished

B.have finishedC.am finishingD.will be finishing

E.will have been finishing

9. I___all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister

had borrowed.A.had lookedB.was looking

C.lookedD.am looking

E.have been looking

10. Ridwan : When are the children going to see the rice field?Willy : In June, after the harvest time.

Ridwan : Are they? So, by the time they get there, the famers …A.harvest

B.harvestedC.has harvested

D.had harvestedE.will have harvested.

BAB II : ELLIPTIC AND PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION


7/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara7

A. PengantarKalimat elip adalah kalimat yang merupakan pemendekkan dari dua kalimat atau lebih dengan cara

menghilangkann beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Kalimat elip digunakanuntuk menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam satu kalimat.

B. Cara Membentuk Kalimat Elip

Kalimat elip dapat dibentuk dengan cara, antara lain dengan menggunakan :1. and…too;and so…(dan….juga;dan demikian juga …)

and …too;and so… digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat positif yang memiliki kesamaan.Adapun cara membuat bentuk elip dengan memakai to be auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu).

Contoha. Tony is playing football. Rudy is playing football.

=Tony is playing football and Rudy is too.=Tony is playing football and so is Rudy.

b. He can speak English well. She can speak English well.=He can speak English well and she can too.

=He can speak English well and so can she.c. They work very hard. She work very hard.

=He work very hard and she does too.=He work very hard and so does she.

d. he passed the final examination. She passed the final examination.=He passed the final examination and she did too.

=He passed the final examination and so did she.e. he has finished the work. I have finished the work.

=He has finished the work and I have too.=He has finished the work and so have I.

f. He has many books. I have many books.=He has many books and I do too.

=He has many books and so do I.

g. She had bought a dictionary. He had bought a dictionary.=She had bought a dictionary and he had too.=She had bought a dictionary and so had he.

h. She had a new bag. He had new bag.=She had a new bag and he did too.

=She had a new bag and so did he.i. She has to study regularly. We have to study regularly.

=She has to study regulrly and we do too.

=She has to study regularly and so do we.

2. and neither….;and…either (juga)

and neither ….;and …..either juga digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimatnegatif.Contoh :

a. He isn’t studying English. She isn’t studying English.=He isn’t studying English and neither is she.

=He isn’t studying English and she isn’t either. b. He didn’t do the exercise. She didn’t do the exercise .

=He didn’t do the exercise and neither did she.=He didn’t do the exercise and she didn’t either.

3. But (tetapi)

But digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan.Contoh :

He isn’t studying English. She is studying English.=He isn’t studying English but she is.

4. Both….and (keduanya).

Contoh :a. He painted the door. He painted the window.


8/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara8

=He painted both the door and the window. b. Heni is in the thrid year. Sita is in the thrid year.

=Both Heni and Sita are in the thrid year.

5. Either …or..(baik ..ataupun…./salahsatu).Contoh :

Rini forgot where she put her new dictionary.=Isn’t either in living room or in the bedroom.

6. Neither ….nor…(baik…maupun…tidak).

Contoh :a. He isn’t a teacher. He isn’t a doctor.

=He is neither a teacher nor a doctor. b. He doesn’t say rude things. They don’t say the rude things.

=Neither he nor they say the rude things.=Neither they nor he says the rude things.

7. And (dan)

Contoh :I will write a letter. I will write a short story.

=I will write a letter and short story.

8. Or (atau) Contoh :

a. Does he buy a black and white or does he buy colour film?=Does he buy a black and white or colour film?

b. You can go by bus. You can go by taxi.=You can go by bus or taxi.

9. Whether…or not(baik…atau tidak) Contoh :I will give you the money although you need it or you don’t need it.

=I will give you the money whether you need it or not.

C. Susunan Elliptic Dalam Klausa.Susunsn Elliptic biasanya digunakan dalam dependent dan independent clause bilakedua subjeknya sama.

Contoh :a. Mary was poor but she was honest.

=Mary was poor but honest.

b. Although she was given everything, she was never satisfied.=Although given everything, she was never satisfied.

c. However he is busy, he always comes on time.

=However busy, he always comes on time.d. If you are sleepy, you may go to sleep.

=If sleepy, you may go to sleep.e. While she was cooking,she listened to the radio.

=While cooking, she listened to the radio.f. I saw him when she was crossing the road.

=I saw him crossing the road.g. Nani washed the dresses and she hang them.

=Nani washed and hang the dresses.h. When you stop a car, you always use a hand signal.

=When stopping a car, you always use a hand signal.i. Before I eat, I always say a short prayer.

=Before eating the meal, I always say a short prayer.



9/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara9

1. Please remind me to return the book and___library card.A.that I renew

B.to renewC.I must renew

D.renewingE.have to renew

2. I think you had better tell her the truth before somebody else___

A.canB.tells

C.didD.does

E.him

3. I think my mother will be interested in reading this novel,but ____A.so will my father

B.my father won’tC.so does my father

D.my mother is notE.my father will be

4. “Ridwan believes that advertisement on TV is the most effective”.”__”

A.as I doB.the same I do

C.so do ID.I do also

E.so do I

BAB III : SUBJUNCTIVE

A. PengantarSesuai dengan ruang lingkup materi, kalimat subjunctive yang diperkenalkan dalam bab ini adalah kalimat

subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’(ingin), ‘if only’ (jika,hanya jika),’would rather’(lebih suka) dan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ (seolah-olah). Kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’,’if only’ dan ‘would rather’

digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan. Sedang kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘as if’ atau‘as though’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar adanya.Kata kerja atau ‘to be’ yang digunakan dalam kalimat subjunctive selalu dalam bentuk Past Tense, baik

Simple Past maupun Past Perfect Tense.

B.Bentuk Kalimat Subjunctive Dan Fakta

a. Present SubjunctiveKalimat subjunctive ini menunjukkan pada keadaan sekarang. Kata kerja yangdigunakan dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense. To be untuk semua kata ganti adalah

‘were’.Contoh :

1. I wish she were here.(faktanya : she isn’t here).

2. He wishes I went to the meeting .(faktanya : I don’t go to the meeting).

3. If only they were my friends.(faktanya : They aren’t my friends)

4. If only he didn’t ask me(faktanya : He asks me).

5. I would rather you told me the news.(faktanya : You don’t tell me the news).

6. He behaves as if he were the owner of the hotel.(faktanya : He isn’t the owner of the hotel).

7. She stares at me as though she didn’t know me.(faktanya : She knows me)


10/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara10

b. Past Subjunctive

Past Subjunctive menunjukkan pada keadaan waktu lampau.Kata kerja yang digunakan bentuknya Past Perfect Tense.

Contoh :1. I wish she had been here.

(faktanya : She wasn’t here).He wishes I had gone to the meeting.

(faktanya : I didn’t go to the meeting).2. If only they had been my friends.

(faktanya : They were not my friends).3. If only he hadn’t asked me.

(faktanya : He asked me).4. She would rather he had been at home with me yesterday.

(faktanya : He wasn’t at home with me yesterday)I would rather you had told me the news.

(faktanya : You didn’t tell me the news).5. He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel.

(faktanya : he wasn’t the owner of the hotel).She stared at me as thogh she hadn’t known me.

(faktanya : She knew me).

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. Fatimah wished … to buy the book.A. she had enough money

B. she had had enough moneyC. she has had enough money

D. she will have enough money

E. she has enough money

2. If only she … me about her problem yesterday.

A. toldB. has told

C. had toldD. tellsE. was telling

3. I am thirsty. The subjunctive is ….

A. I wish I am not thirsty.

B. I wish I was not thirsty.C. I wish I were not thirsty.D. I wish I were thirsty

E. I wish I was thirsty.

4. He wishes it … a holiday today.A. had been

B. wereC. was

D. beE. is

5. His daughter wished he … a motorcycle.A. will have bought

B. had boughtC. bought

D. buyE. buys

6. My uncle wishes I had not gone to the cinema. It means ….


11/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara11

A. I am going to go to the cinema.B. I went to the cinema.

C. I would go to the cinema.D. I have not gone to the cinema.

E. I did not go to the cinema.

7. Bram would rather his father … at BAC now.A. has taught

B. is teachingC. had taught

D. teachesE. taught

8. She acts as though she … the manager of the store.

A. is beingB. is

C. has beenD. were

E. was

9. Most insurance agents would rather you … anything before an investigation.A. don’t do

B. didn’t doC. didn’t

D. doE. haven’t done

10.”I am sorry I don’t know the answer , but I really wish I ….

A. had knew

B. will knewC. knewD. know

E. have known

BAB IV : VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION

A. Verb

Ciri-ciri kata kerja

Kita telah melihat bahwa ciri tertentu yang membantu kita untuk mengenal kataBenda. Beberapa ciri yang mirip akan membantu kita dalam mengenal kata kerja.Ciri-ciri tersebut antara lain :

a. Inflectional SuffixesAkhiran –s,-es pada kata kerja dengan subyek orang ketiga tunggal, akhiran –d,-ed dalam bentuk

lampau, tambahan –ing dalam Present Participle serta tambahan –d.-ed pada Past participle.Contoh :

1. Rita thinks that we are fishing.2. Surely he means something.

3. Finally he realized what happened.

b. PositionKata kerja menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Posisi pada permulaan kalimat

dapat berlaku dengan didahului – Please, Let’s or Don’t + V 1.Contoh :

1. Please open your dictionary.2. Don’t be afraid, little girl.

3.Let’s give the boys a chance to rest.Kata kerja dapat pula terjadi dalam posisi antara dua kata benda atau antara subjek dan objek.


12/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara12

Contoh :1. My friend bought books in the bookstore.

2. The men watched the football match.

c. Auxiliary verbsKata kerja dapat terjadi dalam frase yang disebut auxiliaries (kata kerja bantu).

1. Can / could mustMay / might dare

Shall / should need + V-1Will / would (had) better/ best

Do/does/did

2. Is / am / are / was / wereGet / gets / got + V-ing

Keep / keeps / kept

3. Is / am/ are / was / wereGet / gets /got + V-3

Have / has /had

4. Have / has/ had toOught to + V-1

Used toIs / am / are / was /were to

d. Derivational suffixes and prefixes :

Kata kerja dapat pula dikenali dengan derivational suffixes and prefixes dalam pembentukan kata kerja.

AFFIXS EXAMPLE

-en hasten, strengthen-ze, -ize apologize, standardize-fy, -ify, -efy beautify, solidify, liquefy

en- encircle, enjoy

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

Answer questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage!

Although speech is the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of

communicating without using speech. Signals, signs, symbols, and gestures may be found in every known

culture. The basic function of a signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attractsattention, as, for example, the dots and dashes of a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potentialfor communication is very great. Less adaptable to to the codification of words, signs also contain meaning in

and of themselves. A stop sign or a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently. Symbols aremore difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s

cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theatre provides performers with an auditory symbolof approval. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they do have a major disadvantage.They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. As a

result, means of communication intended to be used for long distances and extended periods are based uponspeech. Radio, television, and the telephone are only a few.

1. Which of the following would be the best tittle for the passage?

A. Signs, Signals, and SymbolsB. Gestures

C. CommunicationD. Speech

E. Culture


13/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara13

2. Applauding was citied as an example of ….A. a gesture

B. a symbolC. a signal

D. a signE. an attitude

3. According to the passage, what is a signal?

A. The most difficult form of communication to describe.B. A form of communication which may be used across long distances.

C. A form of communication that interrupts the environment.D. The form of communication most related to cultural perception.

E. Same as speech.

4. Why were the telephone, radio, and TV invented?A. Because people were unable to understand signs, symbols, and signals

B. Because people wanted to communicate across long distancesC. Because people believed that signals, signs, and symbols are obsolete

D. Because people wanted new forms of entertainmentE. Yet people love them

5. It may be concluded from this passage that ….

A. signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are forms of communicationB. symbols are very easy to define and interpret

C. only some cultures have signals, signs, and symbolsD. waving and handshaking are not related to culture

E. communication is important

Next questions are not related with the passage above.

6. Although buses are scheduled to depart at a certain hour, they are often late.A. listedB. requested

C. obligatedD. loaded

E. overloaded

7. Veterinarians usually give dogs an anesthetic so that they do not cry out in pain.

A. gulpB. flip

C. yelp

D. purrE. in

8. Vendors must have a license.A. People employed in food service

B. People who drive a carC. People engaged in selling

D. People who work in hospitalE. People who sell his self

9. The Miami port authorities have seized over a million dollars worth of illegal drugs.A. confiscated

B. discardedC. concealed

D. destroyedE. like

10. Because of the extreme pressure underwater, divers are often sluggish.


14/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara14

A. slowB. hurt

C. carefulD. worried

E. careless

11. Travel agent will confirm your reservations for you free.A. purchase

B. verifyC. exchange

D. obtainE. classify

12. Discretionary funds are included in most budgets to cover expenses that the contractor might run into

during the work.A. forget to do

B. pay forC. meet unexpectedly

D. add onE. go on

BAB V : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A. PengantarSetiap kalimat conditional terdiri atas dua klausa, yaitu Main Clause dan if Clause.

Sususnan atau letak Main Clause dapat berada di depan dan juga dibelakang. Perbedaan letak main Clauseini sama sekali tidak mempengaruhi arti.

Main Clause dalam kalimat pengandaian selalu memiliki modal, sedang If Clause tidak. Modal yang palingsering digunakan adalah : “will” atau “shall” an Modal yang lain adalah “can”,”may”,”must”,”have to”dan “ought to”. Modal ini bisa dalam bentuk present atau past tense sesuai dengan tipe kalimat

pengandaiannya.

Sesuai dengan namanya, kalimat pengandaian menyatakan suatu hal yang diharapakan terjadi, akan tetapikenyataan belum atau tidak terjadi sebagaimana yang diharapakan.Contoh : Main Clause If Clause

1. I will come to the party if Susi invites me2. We shall go together if We have enough time

Susunan kalimat di atas bisa diubah dengan memindahkan Main Clause di bagian belakang kalimat,

sehingga susunannya menjadi :1. If Susi invites me, I will go to the party2. If we have enough time, we shall go together.

B. Tipe-Tipe Kalimat Kondisional

a. Tipe I (Future Conditional Sentences)Kalimat pengandaian tipe I menunjuk pada peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi pada waktu yang akan

datang, sehingga mungkin terjadi atau tidak. Modal pada Main Clause dan kata kerja pada If Clausesemuanya dalm bentuk present.

Contoh :1. They will visit you if you meet them.

(Artinya : They may visit you, you may meet they).2. I can go for a swim the weather is not bad,

(Artinya : I may go for a swim, the weather may not be bad).

b.Tipe IIKalimat pengandaian tipe II untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan fakta pada waktu

sekarang sehingga tidak mungkin terjadi atau kemungkinan kecil terjadi pada waktu sekarang. Modal


15/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara15

pada Main Clause dan kata kerja atau to be dan If Clause semuanya dalam bentuk Past Tense. To beuntuk semua pronoun adalah “were”.

Contoh :1. They would visit you if you met them.

(Artinya : They don’t visit you because you don’t meet them).2. I could go for a swim if the weather were not bad.

(artinya : I can’t go for a swim because the weather is bad).

c. Tipe IIIKalimat pengandaian tipe III menunjuk pada peristiwa yang akan terjadi di waktu lampau, digunakan

untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada waktu lampau sehingga tidakmungkin terjasi pada waktu sekarang. Modal pada Main Clause dalam bentuk Past Tense ditambah

dengan ‘have’ dan kata kerja atau ‘to be’ bentuk ketiga, sedang kata kerja If Clause dalam bentuk Past

Perfect Tense.

Contoh :1. They would have visited you if you had met them.

(Artinya : They didn’t visit you because you didn’t meet them).2. I could have gone for a swim if the had not been bad.

(Artinya : I couldn’t go for a swim because the weather was bad).

C. Kalimat Kondisional Tanpa IfIf Clause pada kalimat pengandaian tidak harus selalu dimulai dengan kata if. Kata-kata lain yang

mempunyai makna setara adalah :‘on condition that’ (dengan syarat bahwa), ‘provided that’ (asalkan) dan ‘unless’ (kecuali jika).

If juga bisa dihilangkan dengan menggubnakan inversi atau susun balik. Bentuk inversi ini hanya bisa

digunakan pada kalimat pengadaian tipe II yang memiliki to be ‘were’ dan kalimat pengandaian t ipe-III.Contoh :

1. We shall go if we have enough time.

We shall go on condition that we have enough time.We shall go provided that we have enough time.We shall not go unless we have enough time.

2. If she were sick, she couldn’t do the work.Were she sick, she couldn’t do the work.

3. If we had had enough time, we should have gone together.Had we had enough time we should gone together.

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. He ___ come if you call him.

A. wouldB. would haveC. would rather

D. willE. will have

2. I won’t come if you ___ me.

A. don’t inviteB. did not invite

C. have been invitationD. has been invited

E. have invite

3. You ___ go this afternoon if you want to.A. can

B. wouldC. should

D. would haveE. would have been


16/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara16

4. She wouldn’t have arrived at the station on time unless her father had driven her there.

It means .___.A. She arrives at the station on time

B. She came late to the stationC. She did not miss the train

D. Her father did not drive her to the stationE. She didn’t go to the station

5. If it ___ today, I would not go to the school.

A. rainedB. rains

C. had rainedD. rain

E. will rain

6. It’s very cold and windy outside. If you don’t have a coat, you ___ borrow mine.A. could

B. shallC. can

D. mightE. must

7. Unless his father ___ him there, he would not have arrived at the station on time.A. has drive

B. has drivenC. drives

D. had drivenE. driving

8. If my mother ___ the money, I ___ the book.A. had given, would buyB. gives, shall buy

C. gave, would have boughtD. gave, will buy

E. gives, would buy

9. Had I not been given the book, I would have failed the test. This sentence means __.

A. I fail the testB. I failed the test

C. I passed the test

D. I was not given the bookE. I gave the book

10. ___, I might borrow it from him.A. If his this novel

B. If the novel himC. If his the novel

D. Were the novel isE. The novel were his

11. When the boy saw the dog, he ran away and was bitten. We can conclude that __.

A. If he had not run away, he wouldn’t have been bittenB. If he doesn’t run away, he won’t be bitten

C. If he hasn’t run away, he wouldn’t be bittenD. Unless he run away, he wouldn’t be the bitten

E, If he hasn’t run away, he shouldn’t be bitten

12. We won’t be able to go to the football game ___ we can still get tickets.A. if


17/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara17

B. whetherC. unless

D. butE. yet

13. Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I ___ my car.

A. would not have lent himB. did not lend him

C. will not lend himD. hadn’t lent him

E. wouldn’t lent him

14. I deposit all my idle money in the bank; if not, I ___ it on things that I did not really need.A. will spend

B. would have spentC. can spend

D. could spendE. am going to spend

BAB VI : CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET

PengantarCausative “have”adalah sususnan kalimat menggunakan “have” yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu

pekerjaan yang dikerjakan orang lain untuk “subject”. Jadi “have” ini berarti menyuruh atau memerintah.Kata kerja lain yang dapat untuk menggantikan “have” adalah kata kerja “get”. Dari dua kata kerja

tersebut terdapat sedikit perbedaan dalam susunannya.

A. Susunan causative Have dan Get

a. Causative have dan get dengan objek aktifDi sini obyek melakukan kegiatan sesuai dengan keinginan subjek. Adapun susunan kalimatnyasebagai berikut :

S + HAVE + O-1 + V-1 + O-2

Contoh :I have the mechanic repair my car

(Saya menyuruh montir itu memperbaiki mobil saya).Apabila mengunakan “get” susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + GET + O-1 + to V-1 + O-2

Mother gets my sister to tidy up her room.

(Ibu menyuruh adik saya merapikan kamarnya).

b. Causative have dan get dengan objek pasifDalam susunan ini subjek menghendaki seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu terhadap objek penderita.

Adapun susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + HAVE + O + V-3

Contoh :The manager had the letter typed soon.

(Manajer itu menyuruh surat itu diketik segera).Apabila menggunakan “get” pola kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + get + O + V-3

Contoh :


18/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara18

I get my trousers shortened (Saya menyuruh celana panjang saya dipendekkan)

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. I can’t accompany my little sister to go to school, but I’ve got to have her ___.A. accompanied

B. to accompanyC. accompanying

D. to accompanyingE. accompany

2. I’ll get my sister ___ my new dress.

A. sewB. sewed

C. sewsD. to sew

E. sewing

3. Lisa had the gardener ___ the grass.A. plant

B. plantsC. planted

D. plantingE. to plant

4. Rangga forgot to bring his glasses, so he had somebody ___ the announcement.

A. reading

B. to readC. to readingD. reads

E. read

5. “Choki is a lazy boy.”“Yes, he always wants ___ for him.

A. to have everything done

B. everything having been doneC. have everything done

D. to has everything done

E. everything has done

6. “Is your car new?”

“No, I ___ at my brother’s garage.”A. only had it painted

B. had only painted itC. had been asked to paint it

D. only to had it paintedE. just has it painted

7. We are going on a long trip, so we must ___.

A. have checked the carB. have the car checked

C. to have the car checkedD. had the car checked

E. have had the car checked

8. I’ll have my secretary ___ an appointment with Mr. Salim for next week.A. made


19/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara19

B. makeC. to make

D. makingE. makes

9. I don’t know how to arrange these flowers. I’d rather ___.

A. do itB. have to do it

C. have it doneD. have done it

E. it has been done

10. “This English text on Accounting is too difficult for me to read.”“ Well, you’d better ___.”

A. translate itB. to translate

C. have it translatedD. have translate it

E. it translate

BAB VII : INFINITIVE

A. Pengantar

Pada prinsipnya infinitive adalah kata kerja yang meggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakn to.Pembahasan mengenai infinitive dalam bab ini hanya terbatas pada arti dan pemakaian kata kerja, baik

yang menggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakan to secara khusus. Untuk mempermudah pembahasan digunakan istilah ‘to infinitive’ yang menggunakan to dan ‘infinitive tanpa to (bare

infinitive)’ untuk infinitive yang tidak menggunakan to.

B. Penggunaan To Infinitivea. Sebagai Subjek

Contoh : To drive fast needs a lot of pratice. b. Sebagai Modifier (penjelas / pembatas)

To-infinitive digunakan sebagai modifier (penjelas) dari :1. Kata benda (modifier of a noun)

Contoh : We need a lot of water to drink.

2. Kata sifat (modifier of an adjective) Contoh : She was sad to hear that terrible news.

3. Kata kerja (modifier of a verb)

Contoh : The president was invited to open yhe conference.4. Kata tanya atau frase yang dimulai dengan kata tanya (modifier of a WH-Word

Or a WH-Phrases).

Contoh : She was conviced when to start the business.

C. Kata Kerja Yang Harus Diikuti To-infinitiveKata kerja berikut ini harus diikuti to-infinitive

Advise force mean wantAllow hope need wish

Ask intend permit would likeBag invite promise tell

Decide instruct propose teachExpect learn warn urge

Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :

1. S + V + TO-INFINITIVE + ___

Contoh : The Lady decided to go abroad2. S + V + O + TO-INFINITIVE + ____


20/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara20

Contoh : The headmaster asked us to wear the uniform every Saturday.

D. Pengunaan Infinitive Tanpa To (Bare Infinitive)a. Setelah Modal (can, could, may; might, shall, should, ought to, will, would, must).

b. Setelah kata : need not, dare not (tidak berani), would rather (lebih suka), had better

(sebaiknya) dan would sooner (lebih suka)Contoh :

1. We had better tell him that you list it.2. she would rather go than stay at home

c. Setelah kata kerja sensasi, presepsi dan causative-have, kecuali dalam bentuk

passive.Contoh :

1. She saw the boy steal the money2. The teacher has his students clean the classroom

3. Birth Control has helped decrease the population growth.Jika digunakan dalam bentuk pasif kata kerja tersebut harus diikuti oleh bto-infinitive (dalam bentuk

pasif).Contoh :

1. She was heard to leave the house2. He was found to smoke in the class

KECUALI : letContoh :

1. They let him go Passive : He was let go

2. He lets Amir enter the room.Passive : Amir is let enter the room

d. Beberapa katakerja yang bisa diikuti infinitive tanpa to :Feel hear see look atGet make watch let

Have notice know listen toHelp observe

Kata kerja presepsi dan sensasi di atas juga bisa diikuti kata kerja bentuk –ing, kecuali : let have, know,dan help.Contoh :

1. They saw the thief run away.I saw the thief running away.

2. I notice him sleep under the tree.

3. She heard the boy call for help.Perbedaan bentuk infinitive tanpa to dan kata kerja bentuk –ing dalam pemakaian ini terletak padasempurna tidaknya peristiwa yang dilakukan. Kata kerja bentuk –ing (V-ing) menunjukkan sedang

berlangsungnya peristiwa kapan dimulai dan kapan berakhirnya tidak diketahui. Sedang bentukinfinitive tanpa to menunjukkan lengkapnya peristiwa tersebut, sejak dari awal sampai akhir

e. Dalam dependent clause setelah adjective yang mengandung arti penting

Misal : important, necessary, essential, etc.Contoh : It is important that she take the course

Kadang-kadang infinitive tanpa to dalam dependen tclause semacam di atas didahului oleh “should”.Contoh :

1. I suggest that they should take a vacation2. It is important that we should take a vacation

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. I called you up this morning ___ you about the news.

A. tellB. telling


21/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara21

C. to tellD. told

E. to telling

2. It’s difficult ___ to English correctly if you don’t practice.A. spelling

B. spelledC. spells

D. to spellE. spell

3. The girl begged the robber ___.

A. not to take her moneyB. don’t take my money

C. do not take my moneyD. didn’t take my money

E. did not take my money

4. “What did Ali promise you yesterday?”“ ___ together in library.

A. We studyB. Studying

C. In studyingD. Studied

E. To study

5. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife __.A. crying

B. to cry

C. cryD. criedE. has been cried

6. The reason Why I am here is ___ you fill in the forms for the scholarship.

A. helpB. helpingC. I will help

D. I’m helpingE. to help

7. “What are you planning to do with all these paintings?”“ ___ them in the cultural center next month.”

A. To exhibit

B. To be exhibitingC. Exhibition

D. We exhibitE. Be exhibiting

8. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ___ a balanced and healthful.

A. keptB. they keep

C. for keepingD. to keep

E. keeping

9. As the road to Puncak had become very slippery after the rain, I told the bus driver __.A. not to speed

B. do not speedC. didn’t speed


22/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara22

D. did not speedE. don’t speed

10. I usually take a walk early in the morning ___ some fresh air.

A. getB. to get

C. be gettingD. getting

E. gets

BAB VIII : MODAL AND MODAL PERFECT

Modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) sehingga dapat diperlakukan seperti kata kerja bantu.

Adapun fungsinya memberikan tambahan arti pada kata kerja.Modal selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk I tanpa to (infinitive without to).

A. Modal1. Can 2. Could

a. Menyatakan kemampuan (ability) Menyatakan kemampuan pada waktuContoh : She can speak three languages lampau.

b. Menyatakan ijin (permission) Contoh : She couldswim well whenContoh : Can I borrow your dictionary? She was young.

3. May 4. Might

a. Menyatakan ijin (permission) a. Bentuk lampau dari mayContoh : May I read this book? Contoh : She said that I might go

b. Menyatakan kemungkinan (possibility) home earlyContoh : He may come late this morning b. Menyatakan kemungkinan besar

(strong possibility).

Contoh : She might be at hometoday.

5. Must

a. Menyatakan kebutuhan (necessity)Contoh : We must eat nutrious food.

b. Menyatakan kesimpulan (conclusion)Contoh : He has been in England for year. He must speak English fluently

B. Modal Perfect1. Must + have + V-3

Untuk menyatakan suatu kepastian atau kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.

(past conclusion).Contoh : The oil was frozen. It must have been very cold last night.

2. Might + have + V-3Untuk menyatakan kemungkinan pada waktu lampau (past possibility).

Contoh : Lany came late this morning, she might hve missed the bus.

3 .Should + have + V-3 = ought to + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan saran yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau (past suggestion).

Contoh : Lena has an examination today but she saw the film last night, She should have beenstudying for her exam.

4. Could + have + V-3

Untuk menyatakan kemampuan (capability) untuk melakukan sesuatu pada waktu lampau tetapi tidakdigunakan.

Contoh :We didn’t go out last night ; we could have gone to the cinema but we decided to stay at home.

Mrs.Nancy was rich; she could have bought a motor car if she wanted.


23/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara23

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. It ___ rain tomorrow.A. may

B. shouldC. would

D. shouldn’t haveE. bring

2. You’ve got a lot of time. You ___ to hurry.

A. don’t haveB. do

C. haveD. may

E. can

3. They were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We ___ have bought them in advance.A. wouldn’t

B. must notC. might not

D. could notE. shouldn’t

4. They ___ discussing the matter when I came.

A. areB. was

C. wereD. had

E. been

5. I ___ to sit on the bus this morning because it was too crowded.A. can’t

B. couldn’tC. isn’t able to

D. wasn’t able toE. had been

6. He ___ not paint the whole building in one day.A. should

B. may

C. doesn’tD. shallE. can

7. It’s raining very hard. We ___ go out.

A. ought notB. don’t have to

C. canD. had better not

E. should

8. There was a lot of work to do. He ___ gone home so early.A. mustn’t have

B. wouldn’t haveC. might not have

D. couldn’t haveE. shouldn’t have

9. It’s very quiet here. The children ___ be sleeping.


24/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara24

A. shouldB. must

C. must have beenD. could have

E. will

10. ___ you ___ long when he finally arrived?A. Did; wait

B. Could; have waitedC. Had; been waiting

D. Do; waitE. Have; been waiting

BAB IX : CONCORD (AGREEMENT)

A. PengantarConcord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur-unsur pembentuk suatu kata, frase atau kalimat sesuai

dengan kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa.

B. Jenis-Jenis Concord :a. Concord of person (persesuaian kata ganti orang)

Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti orang yang menunjukkan.Contoh :

1. John is my brother. He is a doctor.(Concord : John … he )

2. The girl under the tree waved her hand.(Concord : went…last week)

b. Concord of tense (persesuaian tenses)dalam bahasa Inggris bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan kata keterangan waktuyang mengikutinya.

1. They go to the movie every week(Concord : go……everyweek)

2. They went to the movie last week.(Concord : went …last week)

c. Concord of number (persesuaian jumlah)Concord ini meliputi persesuaian antara :

1. Subjek dan Predikat :

PREDIKATSUBYEK to be to do to have to verb

I am do have go

We, You, They are do have goHe, She, It is does has goes

Contoh :

1. He has finished reading the book(Concord : He…has)

2. We go to school by bus(Concord : Betty…goes)

Collective nouns dapat berpredikat tunggal atau jamak. Dianggap tunggal apabila dipandang

kesatuannya dan dianggap jamak bilamenunjuk kepada anggota-anggotanya.Contoh :

1. The team is good.2. The team are playing seriuously.

3. The village has been visited by the president.4. The Village have worked hard for a week.


25/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara25

Everybody, everyone, nobody, no one,anybody dan anyone, menggunakan predikat bentuk tunggal

tetapi kata gantinya jamak.Contoh

1. Everybody was running as fast as they could2. No one knows where their king puts the crown

Beberapa kata benda yang bentuknya jamak tetapi selalu digunakan dengan predikat (to be atau kata

kerja) bentuk tunggal, antara lain : cards, billiards, dominos, mathematics, mechanics, physics,economics, phonetics, optics, statistics.

Contoh :Billiards is an easy game.

Ukuran jarak, waktu dan uang dianggap tunggal.

Contoh :Five hundred miles is quite far for them.

Nama judul buku (buku, cerita, film) dan beberapa benda yang disatukan dianggap tunggal.

Contoh :Romeo and Juliet is a good story.

Tetapi :

1. The number of workers takes a rest. 2. A number of cards are painted red.

Noun and attributive : No. Attributive Noun

Uncountable Tunggal Jamak1. a / an - v -

2. the v v v

3. some v - v4. many - - v5. much v - -

6. few - - v7. little v - -

8. a lot of v - v9. this / that v v -10. these / those - - v

11. each / every - v -12. all of v v v

13. one - v -

14. two / three / four - - v

Contoh :

This man is my brother.

Nama bilangan tidak boleh ditulis dalam bentuk jamak, kecuali jika menunjukkan kelipatan dari bilangantersebut.

Contoh :Two hundred two hundred books

d. Concord of gender (persesuaian jenis kelamin)

Contoh :John is my brother. He is a good student.

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. Each girl must contribute ___ share of the expenses.

A. hersB. no word added


26/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara26

C. herselfD. her

E. she

2. The committee has begun ____ meeting.A. her

B. hisC. their

D. itsE. ours

3. The name of a river passing through some big towns ___ the title of a very popular Indonesian song.

A. has becomeB. have become

C. it has becomeD. to have become

E. having become

4. An increase in the number of students ___ expected next year.A. is

B. areC. was

D. wereE. will

5. Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/1999 ___.

A. it needs reviewingB. needs to be reviewed

C. need to review

D. is needed to be reviewedE. needs review

6. About 10 % of the Earth’s land area, or nearly 5.8 million square miles ____ by glacial ice.A. are covered

B. has coveredC. is coveredD. had covered

E. to be covered

7. The local radio stations as well as newspapers ___ that riots have spread to other places in the city.

A. confirmB. to be confirmedC. is confirmed

D. are confirmedE. confirms

8. Siti’s sister and brother have got scholarship to study aboard. ___ are studying economies.

A. Both of themB. One of them

C. The tree of themD. Siti and her brother

E. Siti and her sister

9. Mrs. Retno’s way of teaching and of dealing with the students ___ her the name of model teacher.A. has earned

B. to have earnedC. have been earning

D. have earnedE. have to earne


27/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara27

10. At the beginning of d semester, each of the students ___ given a new time-table.

A. isB. be

C. he isD. they are

E. are

BAB X : READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARY

A. NounTerdapat beberapa cara untuk mengenal kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris.

Beberapa ciri yang membantu kita untuk mengenalnya antara lain :a. Inflectional Suffixes

Inflectional suffixes adalah akhiran pada kata benda, tetapi tidak mengubah jenis kata benda yangmendapatkan akhiran tersebut seperti pembentukan kata benda jamak (pluralizer) –s, -es, dan penanda

menyatukan kesamaan (possesive marker) ‘s-dan-s.’Contoh : Mother must buy books and pencils for my little brothers and sister.

b. Position :Kata benda menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Salah satu posisi adalah sebelum

kata kerja sebagai subyek sedang posisi yang lain adalah sesudah kata kerja sebagai obyek.Contoh : The soldiers found tracks near their camps.

c. Deteminers :

Deteminers adalah kata yang terletak sebelum kata benda.Contoh : a its each many more

An our every much most

The their no few oneMy this both several two

Your that some either ten

His these any neither twenty-oneThose all

Several groups of outlaws lived in those mountains.

d. Derivational Suffixes

Derivational suffixes adalah akhiran pada suatu kata hingga mengubah jenis kata yang mendapatkanakhiran.

Suffix Verb Noun

-ment improve improvement-er, -or play player

invent inventor

-t complain complaint-ion, -tion act action

-ation, -tion apply applicationcompete competition

-ance,-ence allow allowance-ist, -ant, -ent type typist

apply applicantserve servant

-al approve approval-ure, -ture, depart departure

mix mixture-ature sign signature

-y, -ery, -ary deliver delivery-age carry carriage


28/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara28

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

The text for number 1 to 5.Many government leaders are coming to realize that population growth is reaching a crisis point; they

fell that the world’s land, water, and energy ____(1) will not be able to support many more people. Thisview however , is often in ____(2) to the traditions and beliefs of many people . ____(3) conflicts often

exist between government policies ____(4) birth control people’s practices. Looking at three ____(5)countries, India, China, and Kenya, we can see how effectively the world population crisis is being

dealt with.

1. A. assetsB. supplies

C. conditionsD. alternatives

E. demands

2. A. agreementB. counterpart

C. contributionD. opposition

E. approval

3. A. consequentlyB. in addition

C. otherwiseD. moreover

E. nevertheless

4. A. due to

B. regardingC. resulting inD. referring

E. caused by

5. A. developB. developedC. developing

D. to developingE. development

This text for number 6 to 9Organic architecture—that is, natural architecture—may be varied in concept and form, but it is alwaysfaithful to principle. Organic architecture rejects rules imposed by individual preference or mere

aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, andthe people who will ultimately use it. If this natural principle is upheld, then a bank cannot be built to

look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow function; form is inseparable from function. In otherwords, a building should be inspired by nature’s forms and constructed with materials that retain and

respect the natural characteristics of the setting to create harmony with its natural environment. Itshould maximize people’s contact with and utilization of the outdoors.

6. What is another name for organic architecture?

A. Natural architectureB. Aesthetic architecture

C. Principle architectureD. Varied architecture

E. Mixed architecture

7. In organic architecture, which of the following of is true?A. form follows function


29/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara29

B. function follows formC. function is not important to form

D. form and function are oneE. no comment

8. A good example of natural principles is a ___.

A. bank that is built to look like a Greek templeB. bank built so that the location is unimportant to the structure

C. bank that is built to conform to the natural surroundingD. bank that is built to be beautiful rather than functional

E. the sweaty bank

9. Which of the following statements best describes the architect’s view of nature?A. Nature should be conquered.

B. Nature should not be consideredC. Nature should be respected

D. Nature should be improvedE. Nature should be broken

BAB XI : DEPEDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

A. PengantarAdjective Clause (klausa ajektif) yaitu suatu klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat dalam kalimat

majemuk. Klausa ajektif untuk menerangkan orang biasanya daiawali dengan relative clause who,whom, atau whose sedangkan untuk benda dan binatang which, that atau whose.

1. Non-defening Adjective Clausea. Who : menggantikan subjek orang

Cth : Dila’s father plays tennis twice a week.

b. Whom : menggantikan objek orangCth : Do you know Mr.Hadi? I talked with him yesterday.

c. Whose : menggntikan possesive adjective orang.

Cth : We take a pity to Dina’s father.d. Which : menggantikan subjek benda binatang

Cth : Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia.e. Which : menggantikan objek benda / binatang

Cth : Linda told me her address.

f. Whose : menggantikan possesive adjective benda / binatangCth : The book is mine. It’s cover is torn.

2. Defening adjective clausea. Who, that : menggantikan subjek orang

Contoh : That boy is a new student; He is speaking English with Santi.

b. Whom, that : menggantikan objek orang.Contoh : That man is a manager; she introduced him to me.

That man whom she introduced to me is manager.That man that she introduced to me is manager.

That man she introduced to me is a manager.c. Which,that : menggantikan subjek kata benda / binatang.

Contoh : Jane showed dewi a book. It belongs to Rina.d. Which/that : menggantikan objek benda / binatang

Contoh : The dictionary belongs to Sita. I showed it to Lina yesterday.

B. Adverb ClauseAdverb Clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (keterangan) dalam kalimat majemuk.

Jadi dapat menggantikan adverb dalam kalimat tunggal.Adverb Clause mempunyai banyak ragam seperti halnya adverb yaitu :

a. Adverbial clause of time


30/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara30

Adverbial clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after,before, when, as, as soon as, until,while.

b. Adverbial clause of placeAdverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau wherever

c. Adverbial clause of reasonAdverbial clause of reason diawali dengan konjungsi because, since, as atau for

d. Adverbial clause of purposeAdverbial clause of purpose diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that, in order that.

e. Adverbial clause of consessionAdverbial of consession diawali dengan konjugsi though, although, eventhough, while atau

wherleas.f. Adverbial clause.of condition

Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if, unless, as long as, on condition that.

C. Noun Clause Noun Clause dalam kalimat menduduki fungsi kata benda. Jadi dapat sebagai subjek, objek maupun

pelengkap.a. Sebagai subjek

Contoh : What he decided makes the number happy. b. Sebagai objek

Contoh : The student have to do what their teacher assigned them.c. Sebagai pelengkap

contoh : This is where I work.


1. He asked me ___A. whether I grew my own vegetables

B. you grow your own vegetables

C. did I grow my own vegetables?D. I grew my own vegetablesE.If I did grow my own vegetables?

2. He is only one of my friend___French.

A. that studiesB.that studyC. studies

D. who studyE. study

3. The Businessman___we met at the party yesterday is the general manager of big company.

A. whomB. whoC. which

D. with whomE. whose

4. The student succeeded in getting a scholarship.

The teacher like him.The above sentences can be joined as follows:

The student ___ succeeded in getting a scholarship.A. whom the techers like

B. he is like by the teachersC.the teachers like him

D. which the teachers likeE. is like by the teacher

5. His supervisor___, is a very genereous person.

A. he borrowed a car from him.B. where he borrowed a car


31/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara31

C. from whom he borrowed a carD. his car he borrowed

E. the person he borrowed a car

6. It is known ___ solar energy can be used to generate electricity.A. whether

B. thatC. in case

D. whatE. in fact

7. The book ___ is only available in the library.

A. From which these two chapter sre takenB. These two chapter are taken

C. Where these two chapter are taken fromD. It was from them are two chapter are

E. The two chapter are taken

8. This is Mr. Tasroni ___.A. which i told you

B. whom I told you aboutC. I told you

D. that I told youE. about which I told you

9. The tourist asked me___

A. where the nearest bank isB. the nearest bank

C. where is the nearest bank

D.

which the nearest bank isE. that is the nearest bank

10. ‘ How could July afford to go about at least twice a year?’

‘I am also wondering___.A. that she has earned her living

B. what she was earning a living forC. why does she earn her living?D. how she earns her living

E. does she earn a living

BAB XII : GERUND

A. Pengantar

Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda gerund bisa digunakansebagai subjek, objek, komplemen, dan penjelas kata benda lainnya.

B. Fungsi Gerund1. Sebagai Subjek

Contoh : Cooking is a good hobby.2. .Sebagai Objek

Contoh : I don’t like smoking Beberapa kata yang mengikuti gerund :

Admit (mengakui) fancy (menghayalkan)Appreciate (menghargai) forgive (memnfaatkan)

Avoid (menghindari) keep (terus menerus)Anticipate (mengantisipasi) mind (berkeberatan)

Consider (mempertimbangkan) neglect (meremehkan)Continue (meneruskan) practise (mempraktekkan)

Deny ( menyangkal) postpone (menunda)Delay (menunda) pardon (memaafkan)


32/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara32

Detest (membenci) prevent (mengcegah)Enjoy (menikmati) resist (menahan)

Excuse (menolak) risk (mengambil resiko)Finish (menyelesaikan) understand (memahami)

b. Objek kata depan (preposisi)

Contoh : He gave up drinking beerBeberapa preposisi yang perlu diketahui adalah : at, after, before, from, in, on, of, under, up, though,

about, without, for, and to.Preposisi yang paling sulit dikenali adalah : ‘to’ karena di samping ‘infinitive’. Karena itu untuk

mempermudah memahaminya, hafalkanlah bentuk ‘to’ yang harus diikuti gerund dalam kelompok kata berikut ini :

To be used to (terbiasa) to take to (menyukai)

To be accustomed to (terbiasa) to look forward to (menanti-nanti)To object to (berkeberatan) to be averse to (terbiasa)

Contoh :

1.

I am used to drinking coffe.2.

c. Sebagai KomplemenContoh : My hobby is drawing.

Gerund sebagai komplemen selalu diletakkan setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were)

d. Sebagai penjelas kata benda noun modifier :Contoh : the waiting room is very large.

e. Sebagai menyatakan larangan

Contoh : No smoking

C. Perbedaan Gerund dan To InfinitiveBeberapa kata kerja yang bisa diikuti gerund dan to infinitive :

Advise intendAllow love

Attempt preferBegin regretContinue remember

Forget startHate stop

Like try

Diantara kata kerja diatas, ada kata kerja yang memiliki perbedaan yang sangat kontras apabila diikutioleh gerund dan to-infinitive.

Contoh : I stop to smoke (Artinya : berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu baru kemudian merokok).

I stop smoking.(Artinya : berhenti dari perbuatan merokok untuk kemudian melakukan perbuatan yang lain).

D. Perbedaan Gerund dan Active Participle :

Gerund dan Active Participle memiliki bentuk yang sama, yaitu kata kerja bentuk – ing Sekalipun bentuknya sama, keduanya memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. Dari segi arti, gerund mengandung makna :

“peristiwa yng sedang berlangsung”.Contoh :

1. The running boy is anwar, (active Participle)(The boy who is running is Anwar= Anak yang sedang berlari itu Anwar)

2. The running shoes are very expensive.(gerund)(Sepatu yang digunakan untuk berlari itu sangat mahal)

3. The walking man wants to meet you. (Activeparticiple)(orang yang sedang berjalan itu ingin menemuimu)


33/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara33

4. The old man needs a walking stick. (gerund)(orang tua itu memerlukan tongkt untuk berjalan)

E. Gerund setelah Possesive Adjective :

Seperti umumnya kata benda, gerund bisa diletakkan setelah possesive adjective dan pronoun bentukobject.

Contoh :Her coming late makes her mother angry.


1. Would you mind___your pet snake somewhere else?

A. to putB. to putting

C. puttingD. put

E. puts

2.

X : “Do you like swimming?”Y : “NO, I prefer___to swimming.

A. play badmintonB. played badminton

C. playing badmintonD. has played badminton

E. had played badminton

3. This knife needs___ it is dull.A. to be sharpening

B. to sharpen

C. sharpenD. sharpensE. sharpening

4. We were astonished at ___ a good score for TOEFL in spite of his poor English.

A. her could getB. his being able to getC. to be able to get

D. being able to getE. be able to get

5.

She was very sad because her father did not approve of___too often.A. I saw herB. me to see her

C. my seeing herD. me seeing her

E. that I see her

6. “What don’t you like about Irwan ?”“____.”

A. Why he wears earingsB. To wearing earings

C. His wearing earingsD. For wearing earings

E. Waering earings

7. ___ clothes can often be very time consuming.A. They buy

B. To be buyingC. In buying


34/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara34

D. Man buysE. Buying

8. Litte children are usually afraid of___ by their mother.

A. leftB. to leave

C. being leftD. leaving

E. been left

9. ‘It’s hot here; the air conditioner is not working.’‘I think it only needs ___.’

A. to cleanB. cleaning

C. cleanedD. clean

E. be cleaned

10.

Facing hard times, people with very low income are looking forward to ___ by the well to do in gettingthe daily necessities.

A. supportB. supporting

C. being supportedD. supported

E. be supporting

BAB XIII : PARTICIPLE

A. PengantarDalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua macam participle :* Present Participle ( Active Paticiple) dan

* Past Participle Active Participle dan Past Participle memiliki bentuk dan arti berbeda. Active Participle adalah kata kerja

dalam bentuk – ing dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat aktif (melakukan pekerjaan),sedang Past Participle adalah kata kerja bentuk ke-3 dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yangbersifat pasif (dikenai pekerjaan).

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini :1. Active (Present Participle) :

Running water = air yang sedang mengalir

2. Past Participle :Poured water = air yang tertumpah / ditumpahkan

B. Penggunaan Active (Present) Participlea. Sebagai Adjective

Contoh : 1. The boiling water is very hot.2. the waiting man reads a magazine.

b. Untuk membentuk Continuous Tense.

Contoh : 1. We are studying English now.2. You have been dreaming.

c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception).


S + V + O + Active Participle + ……

Contoh :I hear the girl singing a new song.


35/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara35

Kata kerja yang bisa digunakan dalam pola seperti ini adalah :See hear feel notice

Watch leave find catchSmell observe keep

d. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang terjadi secara simultan (bersamaan) dan dilakukan

oleh seorang subyek.Contoh :

He rode away. He wishtled as he went.=He rode away whistling.

=Whistling, he rode away.

e. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang dilakukan oleh seorang subyek secara berurutan,maka peristiwa yang terjadi lebih dulu bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active

participle.Contoh : He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.

=Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver.

f. Apabila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian atau akibat dari peristiwa yang pertama, peristiwa yang kedua bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle

Contoh :As he knew her address, he sent her a letter.

=Knowing her address, he sent her a letter.

C. Penggunaan Past Participlea. Sebagai Adjective

Contoh : The stolen money has been found.

b. Untuk membuat kalimat pasif.

Contoh : She was asked to open the meeting.

c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception) apabila obyeknya pasif.


S + V + O + PAST PARTICIPLE + ……

Contoh :

You will see the work finished on time.

d. Untuk menggantikkan subjek + kata kerja pasif apabila subyek tersebut disebutkan

secara berulang.Contoh :Beny came in. He was followed by his wife.

=Beny came in, followed by his wife.

D. Present Participle dan Past Participle Sebagai AdjectiveContoh :

They play was boring.(Permainan itu membosankan).


1. They watched the soldiers ___ down the secret.A. marched

B. marchingC. to march

D. be marchingE. are maching

2. I heard him ___ very carefully in order not to wake the others.


36/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara36

A. is unlocking the doorB. unlocked the door

C. when unlocking the doorD. he unlock the door

E. unlock the door

3. “Having finished her work, the maid went home”.The underlined words mean ___.

A. Although she had finished her workB. After she had finished her work

C. She had to finish her workD. If she had finishing her work

E. She was finishing her work

4. Students ___ to attend a student conference in the United States should be able to speak English fluently.A. choose

B. were chosenC. chosen

D. they chooseE. have been chosen

5. The window pane ___ by Edi has not been repaired yet.

A. was brokenB. broken

C. be brokenD. breaking

E. broke

6. When we came home last night, we saw a man ___ to get on our roof.

A. tryingB. to tryC. to be trying

D. triedE. he tries

7. On my way home, I saw a dog ___ by a boy.A. beating

B. beatC. be beaten

D. being beaten

E. it was beaten

8. Two of the ___ prisoners were caught by the police.

A. escapeB. escaped

C. was escapedD. having escaped

E. was escaped

9. ___ near a beautiful beach, the town soon become a popular tourist resort.A. Situated

B. SituatesC. Situating

D. It is situatedE. Situation

10. The people ___ during the war were mostly young soldiers.

A. killingB. killed


37/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara37

C. be killedD. were killing

E. were killed

BAB IV : CONJUCTION

Konjungsi atau kata penghubung ber fungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok kata dalam suatu

kalimat. Konjungsi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu co-ordinate conjuction (konjungsi setara) dansubordinate conjuction atau konjungsi bertingkat.

Konjungsi setara (co-ordinate conjuction) seperti misalnya and, but, or dan nor . Jenis konjungsi inimenghubungkan kata benda dengan kata benda, kata kerja dengan kata kerja, kata dengan kelompok kata,

klausa dengan klausa dan sebagainya.Contoh :

I lost my books and my pens.Konjungsi seperti di atas dapat digabungkan dengan kata-kata lain seperti misalnya : both … and, not only …,

but also, either …or, neither….nor ….

Dalam bab ini akan dibahas konjungsi bertingkat (subordinate conjuction) karena hal ini sangat penting dan perlu dikuasai bagi para siswa.

1. Accordingly : karena ituContoh : STAN is famous college in indonesia; accordingly many students wants to study there.

2. After all : bagaimanapun jugaContoh : There are many good school; after all our school is the best.

3. All the same : namun demikianContoh : The government has given them a new market places; all the same some of them keep selling

their things at dirty place.4. Consequently : akibatnya

Contoh : His father died five years ago; consequently all the responsiblities to raise the children fell or his

mother.5. For = Since = because = as = Karena

Contoh : Everyone is looking for him, for he is the only person who knows where the keys is.

6. Hence : karena alasan itu, dengan demikian, mulai saat ini.Contoh : He was born when his parents woerked in Irian, hence he is named Irianto.

7. In order that : supayaContoh : We must study hard;in order that we can pass the exam.

8. In case : kalau-kalau

Contoh : You’d better take an umbrella;in case it rains.9. In the meantime : sementara itu, dalam waktu yang bersamaan.

Contoh : Go to the shop and buy me a magazine;in the mean time I’ll take bath.

10. Moreover = futhermore = lagipula = terlabih lagiContoh : Desy is beautiful; moreover she is very bright.

11. Namely : yaitu

Contoh : There is only one student who fails the exam,namely Lena.12. Nevertheless : however = namun demikian

Contoh : She is poor;nevertheless she is happy.13. On the contrary = on the other hand = sebaliknya

Contoh : He loves rock music; on the contrary his father hates very much.14. Otherwise : jika tidak

Contoh : Please study hard;otherwise you’ll fail the exam.15. Say : taruhlah

Contoh : Can you lend me money;say five thousand rupiahs.


1. I was late because I chugat the wrong bus.It means I chaught the wrong bus: ___ I was late.

A. althoughB. but


38/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara38

C. so thatD. since

E. when

2. ___ his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing exams.A. Unless

B. AlthoughC. Instead of

D. Even thoughE. Despite

3. I told Tommy to take the recruiting test seriously,___ he would not be accepted.

A. butB. and

C. soD. for

E. or

4.

“ His two last musical shows were not professionally conducted.”“You’re right; ___ , had contacted Kris, a professional in the entertainment business, for his next

show.”A. so that

B. in additionC. therefore

D. in spite of thatE. moreover

5. My uncle doesn’t eaern much; ___ he can send his children to college.

A. however

B. andC. thereforeD. so

E. hence

6. The murder suspects wanted to tell the police the truth; ___, they were afraid.A. soB. nevertheless

C. otherwiseD. moreover

E. therefore

7. “How were you doing in your exam ?”“Not very well ___ I studied hard for it.”

A. whileB. since

C. wheneverD. in spite of

E. even though8. The government is planning to liquidate several banks soon, ___ very few people know which ones are

they.A. but

B. orC. as

D. forE. so

9. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders: ___ , it may harm non smokers.

A. consequentlyB. however


39/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara39

C. in additionD. nevertheless

E. otherwise

10. All the members of the Parliament applauded ___ the president was walking to his seat.A. so that

B. althoughC. even if

D. as soon asE. while

BAB XV : PASSIVE VOICE

A. PengantarPola kalimat pasif adalah :

To be + Verb-3

Bentuk – bentuk yang mungkin digunakan adalah : am, is, are, was, were, be dan been.

B. Pembentukan Kalimat Pasif

1. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk Simple Present tense dan simple Past Tense.Pola :

AmIs

Are + V-3Was

Were

Contoh :A : Hari kicks the ball over the fence.

P : The ball is kicked over the fence.

Bila objeknya berupa objek pronoun, maka dalam kalimat pasifnya harus dikembalikan ke bentuk subjek pronoun (lihat contoh 1).Contoh :

A : The police asked me continuously.P : I was asked continuously.

Apabila dalam satu kalimat aktif terdapat dua obyek, maka keduanya dapat dijadikan sebagai subyek dalamkalimat pasif.Contoh :

A : The director tell us a new strategy of marketing.P1 : We are told a new strategy of marketing.

P2 : a new strategy of marketing is told us.

2. Kalimat pasif dari pola kalimat continuous.Pola :

AmIs

Are + being – V3Was

Were

Contoh :A : He is polishing the shoes now.

P : The shoes are being polished now.


40/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara40

3. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan modal.Pola :

Modal + be + Verb-3

Contoh :

A : He will paint the doors.P : The doors will be painted.

4. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk present dan past perfect.

Pola :

Have / has / had + been + Verb-3

Contoh :A : They have finished the job already.

P : the job has been finished already.

5. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat yang menggunakan modal + PerfectPola :

Modal + have + been + Verb-3

Contoh :

A : She should not have scolded him in public.P : he should not have been scolded in public.

6. Kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan (question)

a. Yes / No question

Contoh :1. A : Does he write an article?

P : Is an article written (by him)?

2. A : He is writing an articleP : Is an article being written (by him)?

3. A : He can write an articleP : Can an article be written (by him)?

4. A : He has written an article

P : Has an article been written (by him)?

Pola kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan adalah sebagai berikut :

Pola I : untuk kalimat yang tidak memiliki modal.

To be + subject + Verb-3

(lihat contoh 1 dan 2)

Pola II : untuk kalimat yang memiliki modal

Modal + subject + be + Verb-3

(lihat contoh 3 dan 4)

b. W-H Question :Contoh :

A : When does he write an article.P : When is an article written (by him)?

Pola dasar kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (W-H Question) dapat dibuat

hanya dengan menambahkan kata tanya pada masing-masng pola di atas.Contoh lain :


41/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara41

A : Did they kill the famous general in the battle.P : Was the famous general killed in the battle?

Apabila subyek pada kalimat pasifnya tidak disebutkan, karena mungkin ditanyakan, maka to be pada

kalimat tersebut langsung diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ketiga.(Verb-3).Contoh :

A : What do they do?P : What is done by them ?

Alternatif penambahan “not” dalam bentuk negatif adalah sebagai berikut :

A : she is not washing the dishes.P : Aren’t the dishes being washed (by her)?

7. Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan impersonal it

Impersonal it digunakan untuk membuat kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan subyek berupa : people, everybody dan everyone yang diikuti oleh that clause.

Contoh :A : People say that Indonesia is a developing country.

P : It said that Indonesia is developing country.Atau : Indonesia is said to be a developing country.

Kata kerja yang biasa digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah acknowledge, claim, find, think, report, believe,

consider, know, say.

8. Bentuk gerund yang mengandung arti pasifGerund yang diletakkan setalah kata kerja : need, require, want, won’t / wouldn’t, bear mengandung arti

pasif.Contoh :

The garden needs watering = The garden needs to be watering

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. Lessons should ___ more interesting for children.A. be made

B. being madeC. makeD. makes

E. will make

2. The chickens ___ this morning.

A. were feedB. were been feedC. were fed

D. were been fedE. was been fed

3. The house ___ by the old gardener.

A. will looking afterB. will bw looking after

C. will looked afterD. will look after

E. will be looked after

4. The window ___ by an unseen hand.A. has opened

B. will openC. opened

D. had been openedE. had opened


42/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara42

5. This gun ___ in Birmingham.

A. was be madeB. was made

C. makeD. was been making

E. was being make

6. The book ___ beautifully.A. is writing

B. is being writtenC. is write

D. being writtenE. be written

7. This fish ___ very well.

A. has been cookedB. has cooked

C. be cookedD. cooked

E. has being cooked

8. Some ink ___ on the carpet.A. be spiling

B. being splitC. be split

D. have been splitE. has been split

9. The student ___ a very difficult question by the teacher.

A. has askedB. askedC. was asked

D. askE. asks

10. I became quite nervous when I knew that my speech ___.A. was being recorded

B. to be recordingC. being recorded

D. to be recorded

E. was to record*

BAB XVI : ADVERB

A. Adverb of frequency (keterangan keseringan)

Kelompok I = always rarely hardly, sometimesEver, scarcerly never, often

Generally, seldom occasionally

Adverb of frequency yang termasuk kelompok I penempatannya dalam kalimat adalah sebelum kata kerja

utama.

Contoh :1. The sun always rises in the east

2. His wife never goes to the shop3. I can hardly never hear such a song

4. They don’t often go to bed late5. He is never advised by this mother

6. Do you usually study last night?7. Have you ever been to Paris?


43/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara43

8. Does she occasionally arrive at night?

Untuk memberikan jawaban pendek (short responses) bisa diletakkan sebelum to be, to do atau modal.Contoh :

X : Do you ussually go to school on foot?Y : Yes, I usually do

: Yes, I sometimes do: No, I never do

Atau : No, never

Adverb of frequency yang mengandung arti negative seperti : never, hardly, rarely, bisa diletakkan di depankalimat untuk menekankan arti, akan tetapi kalimatnya bersususnan inversi.

Contoh :1. Never has she met us

2. Rarely do we eat rice there3 Hardly will he write love letters

Apabila kalimatnya memiliki “have to” (harus), adverb of frequency diletakkan di depan suku kata tersebut.

Contoh :I often have to cook my own breakfast.

Adverb of frequency bisa diletakkan sebelum ‘used to’ atau antaara ‘used dan to’.

Contoh :He always used to help his mother

Kelompok I : every day / week / month / yearOnce (sekali) a week / month

Every other day Now and then

Again and again

Adverb of frequency yang termasuk dalam kelompok II pada akhir kalimatContoh :

We have English Lessons every week

B. Adverb of degree (keterangan tahapan, tingkatan) :Contoh :

Almost quite nearly only

Enough soon fairly alsoJust (hanya) rather extremely merely

Already too

Adverb jenis ini biasa digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective atau yang lain diletakkan di depan kata yangditerangkan.

Contoh :It was too hot to work.

‘Enough’ diletakkan setelah kata yang diterangkan, kecuali jika sebagai adjective (untuk menerangkan kata

benda).Contoh ;

He didn’t work quickly enough. Adverb of degree juga bisa digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja dan diletakkan sebelum kata kerja

utama.Contoh :

1. You nearly missed the bus2. Leni still hopes to meet him

3. They soon found what they wanted4. The students quite understand the lessons

5. We are merely waiting for the bus.6. H e didn’t only know you.


44/48

STAN-Nusantara

STAN-Nusantara44

7. The post have already come.

‘Only’ memiliki posisi yang bervariasi, kata ini diletakkan berdekatan dengan kata yang diterangkan.Contoh :

He only had an apple (not anything else).

C. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara)Pada umumnya adverb of manner dibentuk dari adjective + ly

Contoh : Adjective AdverbCareful carefully

Lazy lazily

Kecuali :Ada beberapa adjective yang dijadikan sebagai adverb tanpa harus menambahkan akhiran-ly, yaitu:

Deep early muchFar high little

Fast low leisurelyHard late near

Contoh :It is a fast train.(adj)

The train fast.(adv)

Adverb of manner diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah objek, jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek.Contoh :

He studies hard.He studies English hard.

D. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat).

Adverb of place diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah obyek langsung jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek.

Contoh :They p

resume materi inggris

Documents