hipertensi

14
1 Hipertensi Mata Kuliah Patofisiologi Fakultas Farmasi Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Pendahuluan Pendahuluan Kekerapannya bervariasi namun Kekerapannya bervariasi namun diperkirakan sekitar 18% diperkirakan sekitar 18% Hipertensi tidak pernah berdiri Hipertensi tidak pernah berdiri sendiri sendiri Hypertension syndrome Hypertension syndrome Hipertensi adalah suatu masalah Hipertensi adalah suatu masalah kesehatan di masyarakat kesehatan di masyarakat HYPERTENSION SYNDROME IS MORE HYPERTENSION SYNDROME IS MORE THAN JUST BLOOD PRESSURE THAN JUST BLOOD PRESSURE Decrease Decrease Arterial Arterial compliance compliance Endothelial Endothelial Dysfunction Dysfunction Abnormal Abnormal Glucose Glucose Metabolism Metabolism Neurohormonal Neurohormonal Dysfunction Dysfunction Renal Renal-function function Changes Changes Blood Blood-clotting clotting Mechanism Mechanism Change Change Obesity Obesity Abnormal lipid Abnormal lipid Metabolism Metabolism Accelerated Accelerated Atherogenesis Atherogenesis LV Hypertrophy LV Hypertrophy And Dysfunction And Dysfunction Abnormal Abnormal Insulin Insulin Metabolism Metabolism Kannel WB. JAMA 1996, 275: 1571-1576; Weber MA et al. J Hum Hypertens 1991, 5: 417-423; Dzau VJ et al. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993, 21 (Suppl 1): S1-S5 Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing from the heart against the walls of the arteries throughout your body. Pressure is greatest when the heart contracts and pumps the blood. This is systolic pressure. When the heart is at rest between beats, blood pressure falls. This is diastolic pressure. B L O O D P R E S S U R E

Upload: marco-tanzz

Post on 13-Nov-2015

8 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

DESCRIPTION

hipertensi

TRANSCRIPT

  • 1Hipertensi

    Mata Kuliah Patofisiologi

    Fakultas Farmasi

    Universitas 17 Agustus 1945

    PendahuluanPendahuluan

    Kekerapannya bervariasi namun Kekerapannya bervariasi namun diperkirakan sekitar 18%diperkirakan sekitar 18%

    Hipertensi tidak pernah berdiri Hipertensi tidak pernah berdiri sendirisendiri

    Hypertension syndrome Hypertension syndrome Hipertensi adalah suatu masalah Hipertensi adalah suatu masalah

    kesehatan di masyarakatkesehatan di masyarakat

    HYPERTENSION SYNDROME IS MOREHYPERTENSION SYNDROME IS MORE

    THAN JUST BLOOD PRESSURETHAN JUST BLOOD PRESSURE

    DecreaseDecreaseArterialArterial

    compliancecompliance EndothelialEndothelialDysfunctionDysfunction

    AbnormalAbnormalGlucoseGlucose

    MetabolismMetabolism

    NeurohormonalNeurohormonalDysfunctionDysfunction

    RenalRenal--functionfunctionChangesChanges

    BloodBlood--clottingclottingMechanismMechanism

    ChangeChange

    ObesityObesity

    Abnormal lipidAbnormal lipidMetabolismMetabolism

    AcceleratedAcceleratedAtherogenesisAtherogenesis

    LV HypertrophyLV HypertrophyAnd DysfunctionAnd Dysfunction

    AbnormalAbnormalInsulinInsulin

    MetabolismMetabolism

    Kannel WB. JAMA 1996, 275: 1571-1576; Weber MA et al. J Hum Hypertens 1991,

    5: 417-423; Dzau VJ et al. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993, 21 (Suppl 1): S1-S5

    Blood pressure is the force of bloodpushing from the heart against thewalls of the arteries throughoutyour body.

    Pressure is greatest when the heart contracts and pumps the blood. This is systolic pressure.

    When the heart is at rest between beats, blood pressure falls. This is diastolic pressure.

    BLOOD

    PR ESSURE

  • 2Pengukuran Tekanan Darah

    Posisi duduk > 5 minutes Menggunakan ukuran

    manset yang cukup Manset setinggi jantung Dengar suara korokof

    untuk menentukan tekanan darah dengan baik

    TIPE TEKANAN DARAH

    Short-term:HR and R

    Daytime : degree of activity

    Diurnal : BP fall during sleep

    Seasonal : cold weather increases BP

  • 3Kenaikan TD yang palsu

    Probandus : sakit, alkohol, minum kopi Alat : katup bocor, berisik Pemeriksa : gangguan pendengaran Cara pemeriksaan : manset tidak di tengah

    manset terlalu pendekdan rendah Patofisiologi hipertensi:

    TD = cardiac output (co) x resistensi vascular (rv)

    TD = cardiac output (co) x resistensi vascular (rv)

    Fisiologi

    Regulation of BP:

    BP = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance

    Endocrine Factors

    Renin, Angiotensin, ADH, Aldosterone.

    Neural Factors

    Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

    Blood Volume

    Sodium, Mineralocorticoids,

    Cardiac Factors

    Heart rate & Contractility.

    Take a look at the various factors that can affect blood pressure.

  • 4Patogenesis hipertensi

    Cardiac

    output

    meningkat

    Preload meningkat Volume cairan meningkat krn asupan Na +++

    atau retensi renal karena nefron atau GFR

    Konstriksi Vena Stimulasi RAAS berlebihan Sistem saraf simpatis terlalu aktif

    Resistensi

    perifer

    meningkat

    Konstriksi vaskular Stimulasi RAAS berlebihan Sistem saraf simpatis terlalu aktif Perubahan genetik membran sel Faktor karena endotel

    Hipertropi vaskular Stimulasi RAAS berlebihan Sistem saraf simpatis terlalu aktif Perubahan genetik membran sel Faktor karena endotel Hiperinsulinemia karena obesitas atau metabolik sindrom.

    Etiologic Classification: Primary/Essential Hypertension (95%)

    Increased peripheral resistance (sympathetic tone)

    stress, hormonal, neural.

    Genetic, familial, life style.

    Secondary Hypertension (5-10%)

    Renal : GN, RAS, Renin tumors

    Endocrine : Cushing, OCP, Thyrotoxicosis Myxdema, Pheochromocytoma, Acromegaly.

    Vascular: Coarctation of Aorta, PAN, Aortic insufficiency.

    Neurogenic: Psychogenic, Intracranial pressure, olyneuritis etc.

    Patogenesis hipertensi

    1. Humoral system: malfungsi renin-angiotensin-aldosteron-system (RAAS); natriuretic hormon; insulin resisten dan hiperinsulinemia

    2. Neuronal regulation: dan receptors3. Peripheral autoregulatory4. Vascular endothelial mechanism 5. Electrolytes and other chemicals

  • 5The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

    Renin, a proteolytic enzyme formed in the granules of the juxtaglomerular apparatus cells, catalyzes conversion of the protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, a decapeptide.

    This inactive product is cleaved by a converting enzyme, mainly in the lung but also in the kidney and brain, to an octapeptide, angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulates release of aldosterone.

    Also found in the circulation, the des-ASP heptapeptide (angiotensin III) is as active as angiotensin II in stimulating aldosterone release but has much less pressor activity.

    Renin secretion is controlled by at least four mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive:

    A renal vascular receptor responds to changes in tensionin the afferent arteriolar wall;

    A macula densa receptor detects changes in the deliveryrate or concentration of NaCl in the distal tubule;

    Circulating angiotensin has a negative feedback effect on renin secretion;

    The sympathetic nervous system stimulates renin secretion via the renal nerve mediated by receptors.

    Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone

    PlasmaPlasmavolumevolume

    [Na+][Na+]

    KidneyKidney

    (juxtaglomerular(juxtaglomerular

    apparatus)apparatus)Detected by

    Releases

    ReninRenin

    AngiotensinogenAngiotensin IAngiotensin I

    Converts

    &/Or

    Via ACE

    (Angiotensin

    Converting

    Enzyme)

    Angiotensin IIAngiotensin II

    Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone

    Angiotensin IIAngiotensin II

    vasoconstrictionvasoconstriction PVRPVR

    BP!BP!

    thirstthirst

    FluidFluidvolumevolume

    ADHADH(anti(anti--diureticdiuretic

    hormone)hormone)

    AdrenalAdrenal

    cortexcortex

    AdrenalAdrenal

    cortexcortex

    Releases

    AldosteroneAldosterone Na+Na+

    reabsorptionreabsorption

  • 6Pathogenesis of Renovascular HTN:

    GFR

    Renin by JGA

    Angiotensin II

    Vasoconstriction P. Resistance

    Sodium RetentionBlood Volume

    Aldosterone

    Hypertension

    Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system raises BP, usually more in hypertensive or prehypertensive patients than in normotensive patients.

    Whether this hyperresponsiveness resides in the sympathetic nervous system itself or in the myocardium and vascular smooth muscle that it innervates is unknown, but it can often be detected before sustained hypertension develops.

    A high resting pulse rate, which can be a manifestation of increased sympathetic nervous activity

    Stimulasi simpatis

    Deficiency of a vasodilator substance rather than excess of a vasoconstrictor (eg, angiotensin, norepinephrine) may cause hypertension.

    The kallikrein system, which produces the potent vasodilator bradykinin, is beginning to be studied.

    Extracts of renal medulla contain vasodilators, including a neutral lipid and a prostaglandin; absence of these vasodilators due to renal parenchymal disease or bilateral nephrectomy would permit BP to rise.

    Endothelial cells produce potent vasodilators (nitric oxide, prostacyclin) and the most potent vasoconstrictor, endothelin. Therefore, dysfunction of the endothelium could have a profound effect on BP. The endothelium's role in hypertension is being investigated.

    Evidence that hypertensive persons have decreased activity of nitric oxide is preliminary.

    Defisiensi vasodilator

    Abnormal Na transport across the cell wall due to a defect in or inhibition of the Na-K pump (Na+,K+-ATPase) or due to increased permeability to Na+. The net result is increased intracellular Na, which makesthe cell more sensitive to sympathetic stimulation.

    Because Ca follows Na, it is postulated that theaccumulation of intracellular Ca (and not Na per se) isr e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i n c r e a s e d s e n s i t i v i t y .

    Na+,K+-ATPase may also be responsible for pumpingnorepinephrine back into the sympathetic neurons toinactivate this neurotransmitter. Thus, inhibition of thismechanism could conceivably enhance the effect ofn o r e p i n e p h r i n e .

    Electrolit (Na, Ca)

  • 7Changes in Preload

    fluid volume160/100mmHg risk of strokes & other cerebrovascular diseases: hypertensive hemorrhage & encephalopathy, lacunar-type infarctions, TIA, and dementia.

    NecrosisNecrosis

    Cerebral Infarction (Stroke)

    Subarachnoid Haemorrhage:

    Cerebral Blood vessels

    Special features:

    Thin walled*

    End arteries*

    Cong. Aneurisms

    Lacunar Infarct:

    Chronic hypertension

    Arteriolosclerosis of deep penetrating arterioles of brain stem.

    Single or multiple cavitary infarcts lacunes.

    Lenticular nucleus, thalamus

    Slit Haemorrhages.

    Normal Retina - Fundoscopy

    Retinopati hipertensiHemoraghi, eksudat, papil edem

    Retinopati hipertensi

  • 10

    Hypertensive Retinopathy:

    Grade I: Thickening of arterioles.

    Grade II: Focal Arteriolar spasms. Vein constriction.

    Grade III: Hemorrhages (Flame shape), dot-blot and Cotton wool (ischemia) and hard waxy exudates (lipid deposition).

    Grade IV: Papilloedema

    Hypertensive Retinopathy:

    Arteriosclerosis cause the arteriole light reflex to become broad and dull silver wire

    Generalized or focal retinal arteriolar constriction pale.

    Superficial flame-shaped hemorrhages.

    Small white foci of retinal ischemia (cotton-wool spots).

    Yellow hard exudates, due to lipid deposition deep in the retina.

    Renal disease

    Renal blood flow and elevated afferent glomerular arteriolar resistance , glomerular hydrostatic pressure secondary to efferent glomerular arteriolar constriction.

    The result= glomerular hyperfiltration glomerulosclerosis impairment of renal function.

    Earlier detection hypertensive nephrosclerosis (test of microalbuminuria)

    Benign Nephrosclerosis

    Polycystic Kidney

  • 11

    Renal Causes :

    Renal artery atherosclerosis

    Polycystic Disease

    Glomerulonephritis (A/C)

    Renal artery stenosis

    Renal vasculitis SLE

    Renin producing tumors.

    Polycystic Kidney ->

    Renal Artery stenosis - Atrophy

    Leathery GranularityBenign Nephrosclerosis

    Kategori hipertensi

    1. Rekomendasi the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee of Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VII), klasifikasi TD (mm Hg) untuk dewasa 18 tahun

    2. WHO/ ISH (International Society of Hypertension)Tidak seperti JNC 7, versi WHO/ISH tidak ada klasifikasi "prehipertensi".

    BP

    Classification

    SBP

    mmHg

    DBP

    mmHg

    Normal

  • 12

    WHO Classification of Hypertension

    Tekanan darah Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

    SBP (mm Hg) 140-159 160-179 >/= 180

    DBP (mm Hg) 90-99 100-109 >/= 110

    DIABETESHIPERTENSI

    MANIFESTASI

    KLINIK

    HIPERTENSI

    STROKE

    Prognosis:

    Sebagian besar individu yang terdiagnosis hipertensi akan meningkat TDnya sebanding dengan umur.

    Hipertensi yang tidak diobati meningkatkan risiko mortalitas sering disebut silent killer.

    Hipertensi ringan sedang jika tidak diobati dihubungkan dengan risiko atherosclerotic disease pada 30% pasien dan organ damagepada 50% pasien setelah hanya 8-10 tahun onset.

    Hipertensi krisis/ malignansi: urgency dan emergency

    Diastolik >120mmHg.

    + Target organ damage (kondisi emergency)

    Cardiac decompensation: (C)HF, angina,

    Encephalopathy: sakit kepala, kejang, gangguan

    penglihatan atau gagal ginjal.

    Turunkan TD dalam 1 jam/ secepat mungkin

    (emergency )

    vs

    24 jam (urgency)

  • 13

    HEREDITERHEREDITER--LINGKUNGANLINGKUNGAN

    PraPra--hipertensihipertensi

    Hipertensi diniHipertensi dini

    Hipertensi (klinis)Hipertensi (klinis)

    Tanpa komplikasiTanpa komplikasi Dengan komplikasiDengan komplikasi

    HipertensiHipertensi

    malignamaligna

    JantungJantung

    HipertrofiHipertrofi

    GagalGagal

    InfarkInfark

    P. Darah besarP. Darah besar

    AneurismaAneurisma

    DiseksiDiseksi

    OtakOtak

    IskemiaIskemia

    TrombosisTrombosis

    PerdarahanPerdarahan

    GinjalGinjal

    SklerosisSklerosis

    Gagal ginjalGagal ginjal

    NormotensiNormotensi

    Umur

    0 - 30 tahun

    20 - 40 tahun

    30 - 50 tahun

    Hypertension

    50% diagnosed

    50% treated

    50% well controlled

    50% not diagnosed

    50% not treated

    50% poorly controlled

    I. Menentukan stratifikasiI. Menentukan stratifikasiI. Menentukan stratifikasiI. Menentukan stratifikasi II. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi II. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi II. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi II. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi prognosisprognosisprognosisprognosis

    Tinggi tekanan diastolik/sistolikTinggi tekanan diastolik/sistolikTinggi tekanan diastolik/sistolikTinggi tekanan diastolik/sistolikLaki >55 th, wanita >65 thLaki >55 th, wanita >65 thLaki >55 th, wanita >65 thLaki >55 th, wanita >65 thKolesterol total >250 mg%Kolesterol total >250 mg%Kolesterol total >250 mg%Kolesterol total >250 mg%Diabetes melitusDiabetes melitusDiabetes melitusDiabetes melitusRiwayat keluarga CVGD diniRiwayat keluarga CVGD diniRiwayat keluarga CVGD diniRiwayat keluarga CVGD dini

    HDL yang menurunHDL yang menurunHDL yang menurunHDL yang menurunLDL meningkatLDL meningkatLDL meningkatLDL meningkatMikroalbuminuria pada DMMikroalbuminuria pada DMMikroalbuminuria pada DMMikroalbuminuria pada DMIGTIGTIGTIGTObesitasObesitasObesitasObesitasHidup malasHidup malasHidup malasHidup malasFibrinogen meningkatFibrinogen meningkatFibrinogen meningkatFibrinogen meningkat

    III. Kerusakan organ sasaranIII. Kerusakan organ sasaranIII. Kerusakan organ sasaranIII. Kerusakan organ sasaran IV. Kondisi klinik terkaitIV. Kondisi klinik terkaitIV. Kondisi klinik terkaitIV. Kondisi klinik terkaitLVH (EKG, ekokardiografi, foto)LVH (EKG, ekokardiografi, foto)LVH (EKG, ekokardiografi, foto)LVH (EKG, ekokardiografi, foto)Proteinuria, kreatinin (1,2Proteinuria, kreatinin (1,2Proteinuria, kreatinin (1,2Proteinuria, kreatinin (1,2----2 mg%)2 mg%)2 mg%)2 mg%)Plak aterosklerosis (foto/USG)Plak aterosklerosis (foto/USG)Plak aterosklerosis (foto/USG)Plak aterosklerosis (foto/USG)Penyempitan a.retina umum/lokalPenyempitan a.retina umum/lokalPenyempitan a.retina umum/lokalPenyempitan a.retina umum/lokal

    CVD (strok, iskemia, perdarahan, TIA)CVD (strok, iskemia, perdarahan, TIA)CVD (strok, iskemia, perdarahan, TIA)CVD (strok, iskemia, perdarahan, TIA)Penyakit jantung (IM, AP, GJK, revaskular)Penyakit jantung (IM, AP, GJK, revaskular)Penyakit jantung (IM, AP, GJK, revaskular)Penyakit jantung (IM, AP, GJK, revaskular)Penyakit ginjal (ND, kreatinin >2 mg%)Penyakit ginjal (ND, kreatinin >2 mg%)Penyakit ginjal (ND, kreatinin >2 mg%)Penyakit ginjal (ND, kreatinin >2 mg%)Penyakit vaskular (diseksi, PPP)Penyakit vaskular (diseksi, PPP)Penyakit vaskular (diseksi, PPP)Penyakit vaskular (diseksi, PPP)Retinopati lanjut (perdarahan, papil edema)Retinopati lanjut (perdarahan, papil edema)Retinopati lanjut (perdarahan, papil edema)Retinopati lanjut (perdarahan, papil edema)

    Faktor yang menentukan prognosisFaktor yang menentukan prognosisterhadap risiko kardiovaskularterhadap risiko kardiovaskular

  • 14

    Penurunan tekanan darah sistolik/diastolik Penurunan tekanan darah sistolik/diastolik sebesar 10/5 mmHg menurunkan risiko sebesar 10/5 mmHg menurunkan risiko kejadian kardiovaskularkejadian kardiovaskular

    Perubahan Perilaku untuk HT

    Penurunan BB

    Mengurangi garam < 2.4 gr/day

    Diet kuat K, Ca and Mg

    Stop alkohol

    Olah Raga teratur

    Mengurangi/stop merokok

    Pengobatan HipertensiPengobatan Hipertensi

    Pengobatan untuk menurunkan tekanan Pengobatan untuk menurunkan tekanan darah akan menurunkan insiden stroke darah akan menurunkan insiden stroke 3535--40%, infark miokard 2040%, infark miokard 20--25%, gagal 25%, gagal jantung 50%jantung 50%

    Penelitian epidemiologis UKPDS Penelitian epidemiologis UKPDS melaporkan setiap penurunan 10 mmHg melaporkan setiap penurunan 10 mmHg rerata tekanan darah sistolik rerata tekanan darah sistolik berhubungan dengan penurunan risiko 12% berhubungan dengan penurunan risiko 12% untuk segala komplikasi dengan DM, 15% untuk segala komplikasi dengan DM, 15% untuk kematian dengan DM, 11% untuk untuk kematian dengan DM, 11% untuk infark miokard & 13% untuk komplikasi infark miokard & 13% untuk komplikasi mikrovaskularmikrovaskular

    Hipertensi Tanpa TerapiHipertensi Tanpa Terapi

    Hipertensi bertambah Hipertensi bertambah tinggi/berat, kematian umumnya tinggi/berat, kematian umumnya akibat komplikasi kardiovaskularakibat komplikasi kardiovaskular

    Secara umum yang berat serta Secara umum yang berat serta resisten bisa meninggal karena resisten bisa meninggal karena stroke, yang retinopati lanjut stroke, yang retinopati lanjut serta gangguan ginjal meninggal serta gangguan ginjal meninggal karena GGTkarena GGT

    Bagian terbanyak hipertensi Bagian terbanyak hipertensi sedang meninggal karena PJKsedang meninggal karena PJK

    Penyakit jantung masih Penyakit jantung masih merupakan sebab utama kematianmerupakan sebab utama kematian