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Industrial Crops and Products 16 (2002) 101107

Herbage, oil yield and oil quality of patchouli [Pogostemoncablin (Blanco) Benth.] influenced by irrigation, organic

mulch and nitrogen application in semi-arid tropical climate

M. Singh *, S. Sharma, S. Ramesh

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Field Station, Allalasandra, GKVK PO, Bangalore 560 065, India

Accepted 18 February 2002

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during 1999 and 2000 at Bangalore in the semi-arid tropical climate of South

India, to study the influence of irrigation, organic mulch and nitrogen application on its growth, herbage, oil yield

and quality of patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] grown on Alfisol. Irrigation at 1.0 IW:CPE ratio

(irrigation water:cumulative pan evaporation), 5 t ha1 distilled waste material of palmarosa, or 200 kg N ha1

produced maximum herbage and oil yields. Organic mulch reduced weed biomass significantly. The oil content varied

from 0.61 to 0.73%. The highest oil content was recorded with irrigation at 0.8 IW:CPE ratio, no mulch and 100 kg

N ha1. The quality of the essential oil with 50.6654.31% patchouli alcohol, 9.8610.26% -bulnesene and 4.27%

-patchoulene was found to be good and readily accepted in the market. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rightsreserved.

Keywords:Pogostemon cablin ; Patchouli; Herbage; Oil yield; Organic mulch; Oil quality; Weed biomass

www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop

1. Introduction

Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.]

oil is one of the important natural essential oils

used to give a base and lasting character to a

fragrance in perfumery industry. The dry leaves of

patchouli on steam distillation yield an essentialoil called the oil of patchouli. Indonesia is the

major producer of patchouli oil in the world with

an estimated 550 tons per year, which is more

than 80% of the total (Robbins, 1983; Tao, 1983).

Currently, India is producing a meagre quantity

of patchouli oil and most of its domestic require-

ment is met by importing about 50 tons of pure

oil and 100 tons of formulated oil. The crop

normally responds to application of N fertilizer

(Singh, 1999; Bhaskar, 1995) and thrives under

irrigated conditions. Very little information isavailable on its water management (Singh, 1996;

1999). Organic mulching has been observed to

reduce the water requirement of rose-scented

geranium (Singh, 2000) and mint (Saxena and

Singh, 1995). There is, however, a paucity of

information on the influence of irrigation, organic

mulch and nitrogen application on patchouli.* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-80-846-0563.

E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Singh).

0926-6690/02/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

PII: S 0 9 2 6 - 6 6 9 0 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 1 3 - 4


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M. Singh et al./Industrial Crops and Products 16 (2002) 101 107102

Table 1

Effect of irrigation, organic mulch and nitrogen levels on plant growth characteristics of patchouli

L/S ratioRoot fresh weight (g)Plant weight (g) Root volume (cc)Treatment Root dry weight (g)

Harvest numberHarvest numberHarvest numberHarvest numberHarvest number

21211 21 2 1 2

Irrigation leel (IW:CPE ratio)

0.74 3.22 6.94 16.780.80 197.8 232.9 14.8 24.4 0.71 19.27

32.506.994.430.80 15.761.00 0.83289.3 283.3 23.5 29.5

0.01 0.01 0.10 1.04 2.31SEd 2.079.3 11.3 1.0 5.2

N.S.0.43 N.S. 9.94C.D. (P=0.05) 40.1 48.7 4.1 N.S. 0.02 N.S.

Organic mulch (t ha1)

2.430.73 16.94 15.626.640 0.72161.2 251.7 10.9 25.3

0.82 0.81 5.22 7.29 32.335 325.8 19.41264.6 27.4 29.7

0.761.310.420.430.06SEd 0.0215.9 29.6 1.2 3.0

N.S.1.18 N.S. 3.64C.D. (P=0.05) 44.0 N.S. 3.4 N.S. 0.04 N.S.

N leel (kg ha1)

0.76 0.69 2.28 5.58 12.670 161.0 175.4 14.8 11.8318.7 31.177.464.400.78 18.20100 0.77274.2 293.1 20.0 29.9

0.78 0.83 4.79 7.87 30.08200 295.4 305.8 22.7 22.5233.8

1.423.430.980.370.06SEd 0.0213.7 24.2 1.9 3.4

0.79 N.S. 7.27 3.02C.D. (P=0.05) 29.1 51.3 4.0 7.3 N.S. N.S.

N.S., non-significant.

Fig. 1. Moisture release curve of experimental plot.

Therefore, field experiments were conducted to

study the effect of irrigation, organic mulch and

nitrogen application on certain growth character-

istics, herbage, oil yields and quality.

2. Materials and methods

A field experiment was conducted for 2 years

(19992000) in an irrigated red sandy loam (Alfi-

sols) soil at the Central Institute of Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants, Field Station farm, Bangalore,

India. Bangalore is situated at 1305N and

7735 E and is 930 m above mean sea level. The

soil (030 cm) characteristics were: pH 6.4, and

organic carbon 0.350.40%. The soil had 190

195 kg ha1 of alkaline KMnO4 extractable N

(Subbaiah and Asija, 1956); 11.512 kg ha1 of

0.5 M NaHCO3 extractable P and 160175 kg

ha1 exchangeable K and a bulk density of 1.5 g

cc1. The moisture release curve of six soil depths

(015, 1530, 3045 and 4560, 6075 and 75

90 cm) was measured using a pressure plate/mem-

brane apparatus (Fig. 1). The water table of the


3/7

M. Singh et al./Industrial Crops and Products 16 (2002) 101 107 103

Table 2

Effect of irrigation, organic mulch and nitrogen levels on herbage, oil yield, oil content of patchouli and weed biomass

Herbage yield (t ha1) Oil yield (kg ha1) Oil content (%) Mean TotalTreatment

weed biomass

Year Year Mean over (t ha1 per year)

harvest

2 Mean 1 2 Mean 1 21


6.35 6.30 41.390.8 42.546.25 41.96 0.70 0.65 7.68

1.0 8.688.32 8.50 52.71 53.90 53.30 0.67 0.61 7.98

0.19 0.22 2.11 1.610.26 1.85Sed 0.01 0.01 0.24

C.D. (P=0.05) 0.831.11 0.95 9.06 6.91 7.97 0.03 0.04 N.S.

Organic mulch (t ha1)

5.10 5.03 34.650 35.784.96 35.21 0.73 0.64 11.65

9.78 9.70 59.45 60.649.62 60.055 0.64 0.61 4.01

0.36Sed 1.80 1.07 2.60 2.18 2.34 0.01 0.01 0.66

4.99 3.00 7.21 6.05 6.50C.D. (P=0.05) 0.021.01 N.S. 1.66

N le

el (kg ha

1

) 4.16 4.00 21.780 22.223.84 22.00 0.62 0.61 7.22

8.20 8.25 55.33 55.26 55.29 0.73 0.68 7.80100 8.30

10.34 10.05 65.04 67.169.76 65.60200 0.71 0.68 8.47

0.58Sed 1.04 0.82 4.38 3.62 3.53 0.01 0.02 0.39

2.21 1.72 9.28C.D. (P=0.05) 7.681.23 7.49 0.03 0.04 0.83

N.S., non-significant.

experimental plot was always below 10 m and

therefore had no effect on water supply to the

root zone of the crop.

The treatments, with two irrigation levels (0.8and 1.0 IW:CPE ratios (irrigation wa-

ter:cumulative pan evaporation)IW is the depth

of irrigation water and CPE was the cumulative

daily evaporation from the standard USWB Class

A open pan), two levels of organic mulch (0 and

5 t ha1) and three levels of N (0, 100 and 200 kg

ha1), were arranged in a double split-plot design

with three replications. Irrigation level treatments

were arranged in main plots, organic mulch in sub

plots and N rates in subsub plots. A progressive

total of evaporation, after accounting for rainfall,was maintained and irrigation was scheduled on

attaining the pre-determined value of CPE. Thus,

CPE values for different IW:CPE ratios viz., 0.8

and 1.0 at a constant depth of 30 mm IW were

calculated to be 37.5 and 30 mm, respectively.

Fifty-day-old healthy rooted cuttings of

patchouli cv-Johore were planted in flat beds with

an inter-row spacing of 50 cm and inter-plant

spacing of 45 cm on 1 February 1999 and 3

February 2000. At planting, uniform rates of fer-

tilizer application of 17.5 kg P ha1 and 35.7 kg

K ha1 were applied as a basal dose and N was

applied in four equal splits at 2-monthly intervals

in the form of urea, single superphosphate and

muriate of potash were used to supply P and K,

respectively. Crops were weeded and fresh weed

biomasses were recorded. Two plants were re-

moved before harvest to study plant growth

Table 3

Interaction effect of organic mulch and nitrogen levels on oil

yield of patchouli (mean of 2 years)

Organic mulch (t ha1) N level (kg ha1)

0 100 200

16.350 42.56 46.73

84.4768.3627.655

5.00SEd

10.59C.D. (P=0.05)


4/7


Table 4

Interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen level on weed

biomass

Treatment Total weed biomass (t ha1)

N level (kg ha1)

0 100 200


0.80 7.797.66 7.60

1.00 7.816.78 9.34

0.56Sed

C.D. (P=0.05) 1.19

ratio in the first harvest (Table 1). Absence of

such an observation in second harvest may be

due to the influence of rainy season on root fresh

weight, L/S ratio and root volume. Similar pat-

tern was noticed with the application of organic

mulch (Table 1). The pronounced effect on crop

growth of irrigation at the highest rate may be

attributed to the availability of sufficient mois-

ture for the shallow root system of the crop (25

cm effective root system). Application of nitro-

gen levels significantly increased the plant weight,

root fresh weight and volume. This may be at-

tributed to the proliferation of the root biomass,

resulting in a greater absorption of nutrient and

water from the soil, causing higher biomass pro-

duction (Taylor and Klepper, 1978; Hamblin,

1985).

3.2. Herbage and oil yield

Fresh herbage and oil yields were increased

significantly at 1.0 IW:CPE ratio over 0.8

IW:CPE ratio (Table 2). The low yield obtained

at the 0.8 IW:CPE ratio was attributed to mois-

ture stress which adversely affected crop growth.

The higher herbage and oil yield under 1.0

IW:CPE ratio was due to the favourable mois-

ture conditions maintained through out the crop

growth period. Under high moisture supply, thecrop covered the ground at a faster rate and

developed sufficient photosynthetic area needed

for maximum utilization of solar radiation. Simi-

lar results were earlier reported in the case of

Java citronella (Singh et al., 1996).

Application of 5 t ha1 organic mulch in-

creased herbage and oil yield compared to non-

mulch. Herbage and oil yields increased by 92.8

and 70.5%, respectively. Better moisture

availability and edaphic environment under or-

ganic mulching appears to have enhanced plantgrowth and ultimately oil yield. Similar results

were reported in Mentha arensis (Saxena and

Singh, 1995).

Due to lack of adequate soil moisture in the

plots receiving irrigation at 0.8 IW:CPE ratio

and no mulch condition, plant growth was sup-

pressed, leading to lower herbage and oil yields.

parameters. Two harvests were taken during each

year (June 1999 and November 1999) and second

year (June and November 2000). The crop was

harvested 25 cm above the ground level andplot-wise fresh herbage yield was recorded from

an area of 7.2 m2. The oil content in the fresh

herbage was estimated using Clevengers appara-

tus (Clevenger, 1928).

The essential oil samples at each harvest were

analysed for oil quality by GLC on Perkin

Elmer 8500 Gas chromatograph fitted with flame

ionization detector and an electronic integrator,

using a bonded phase fused silica capillary

column (BP-1; 25 m0.25 mm i.d., film thick-

ness, 0.22 m made by SGE, Australia). Columnoven was heated from 120 (3 min) to 230 C at

5 C min1. Injector and detector temperatures

were kept at 250 and 300 C, respectively.

The experimental data were statistically

analysed by the Analysis of Variance technique.

Estimation of the significance of differences be-

tween means was based on a probability of P

0.05.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Crop growth

Plant weight, root fresh weight, leaf/stem ratio

(L/S ratio), root dry weight and root volume had

significantly increased with an increase in irriga-

tion levels from 0.8 IW:CPE ratio to 1.0 IW:CPE


5/7


Table5

Effectofirrigation,organicmulchandnitrogenonqualityofp

atchoulioil(averageof2years)

-Buln

esene(%)

Seychellene(%)

Patchoulialcohol(%)

-Guaiene

Caryop

hyllene

Treatment

-Patchoulene(%)

inoil

inoil

(%)

inoil

(%)

inoil

Harvestnumber

Harvestnumber

Harvestnumber

Harvestnumber

Harvestnumber

Harves

tnumber

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

Irrigationleel(IW:CPEratio)

4.4

2

10.5

7

10.2

6

7.6

8

2.1

1

3.1

7

0.8

4.7

9

7.7

5

2.4

4

52.2

7

54.3

1

4.6

9

52.7

3

4.7

6

4.2

7

10.6

0

11.2

9

7.7

4

3.5

4

4.8

8

8.4

9

2.2

2

1.0

51.6

9

2.4

5

0.0

8

0.0

1

0.2

7

0.0

2

0.0

5

0.0

1

0.0

3

0.0

2

0.1

0

0.0

3

0.1

0

0.77

SEd

N.S.

N.S.

0.2

3

0.0

4

0.1

3

0.0

9

0.4

2

N.S.

C.D.

(P=

0.0

5)

N.S.

N.S.

0.4

4

N.S

.

Organicmulch(tha

1)

53.3

1

4.6

2

4.4

4

10.2

3

10.8

1

7.5

3

3.3

8

4.7

9

8.1

7

0

2.1

6

2.3

4

52.9

7

4.2

4

10.9

4

10.7

3

7.8

9

3.3

3

4.8

7

4.7

5

8.0

8

2.5

5

5

53.7

3

50.9

9

2.1

7

0.1

0

0.0

3

0.1

0

0.0

6

0.1

1

0.0

4

0.0

4

0.0

2

0.1

3

0.0

5

0.2

2

0.30

SEd

C.D.

(P=

0.0

5)

N.S.

0.1

1

0.1

7

N.S.

0.1

1

N.S.

0.0

6

N.S.

N.S.

0.6

1

N.S

.

N.S.

Nleel(kgha

1)

4.2

9

9.8

6

10.7

8

7.3

0

2.1

7

3.3

6

53.0

6

4.7

3

8.1

2

2.3

6

0

54.3

0

4.5

5

4.9

4

2.5

3

4.3

6

11.2

7

10.3

3

8.0

8

3.1

9

5.0

0

7.8

4

2.1

2

50.6

6

53.9

9

100

4.3

8

10.6

3

11.2

1

7.7

6

3.5

1

4.7

7

4.6

9

8.4

1

52.2

6

200

2.4

4

2.2

1

52.2

1

0.1

1

0.2

2

0.1

8

0.1

5

0.0

7

0.0

6

0.1

5

SEd

0.0

5

0.0

5

0.5

4

0.52

0.1

2

N.S.

0.4

7

0.3

8

0.3

3

0.1

4

0.1

8

0.3

1

N.S.

C.D.

(P=

0.0

5)

0.1

2

0.0

9

1.1

4

1.10

N.S.,non-s

ignificant.


6/7


Table 6

Effect of irrigation, organic mulch and nitrogen levels on oil yield, net return and cost /benefit ratio

Net profitTreatments Gross returnOil yield Input/outputCost of cultivation

ratio(kg ha1) (Rs. ha1) (Rs. ha1)(Rs. ha1)


30 536 1.830.8 41.96 36 600 67 136

53.30 37 000 85 2801.0 48 280 2.30

Organic mulch

35.20 35 0000 56 320 21 320 1.61

96 08035 50060.05 2.715 60 580

N leel (kg ha1)

22.00 1.010 20035 20035 000

55.29 35 800 88 464 52 664 2.47100

65.60 36 600200 1 04 960 68 360 2.87

Organic mulch at Rs. 100/ton. Urea at Rs. 8/kg. Irrigation at Rs. 200/ha/irrigation. Patchouli oil at Rs. 1600/kg.

The application of 200 kg N ha1 producedsignificantly greater fresh herbage and oil yields

compared to that with 0 and 100 kg N ha1.

These results are in close conformity to those of

Singh (1999) in geranium. Increase in yield with N

supply was due to improved supply of nitrogen

maintained through out the crop period, as

patchouli is a heavy feeder of nitrogen.

Interaction effects of organic mulch and N rates

were significant for the production of oil yield

(Table 3). Response of patchouli to increasing N

rates was greater at the application of 5 t ha1

organic mulch than non-mulch.

Total mean weed biomass was not influenced

by irrigation but organic mulch significantly re-

duced the weed biomass (Table 2). Application of

200 kg N ha1 increased weed biomass compared

to control (0 kg N ha1). There was interaction

effect of irrigation and nitrogen application

(Table 4). Maximum weed biomass was produced

at irrigation 1.0 IW:CPE ratio and 200 kg N

ha1.

3.3. Oil content and quality

Oil content had significantly reduced at 1.0

IW:CPE ratio and by organic mulch which may

be due to dilution effect (Table 2). Application of

nitrogen improved the oil content compared with

control (0 kg N ha1).

Patchouli alcohol and -patchoulene are impor-tant constituents of patchouli oil, which regulate

the aroma of oil. The quality of the essential oil

with 50.754.3% patchouli alcohol, 4.3% -

patchoulene and 9.910.3% -bulnesene was

found to be good and readily accepted in the

market (Table 5). Similar composition is reported

(Husain, 1994).

3.4. Economics

The cost of cultivation of patchouli varied from

Rs. 35 000 to 37 000 ha1 depending upon differ-

ent inputs used. Maximum net return ha1 (Rs.

68 360/-) was with the application of 200 kg N

ha1 followed by application of organic mulch

(Rs. 60 580/-) and least with without fertilizer

application (Rs. 200/-) (Table 6). Maximum in-

put/output ratio 2.87 and least 1.01 showed that

without application of fertilizer, patchouli cultiva-

tion is not profitable under semi-arid tropical

conditions.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Director, CIMAP,

Lucknow and Scientist-in-Charge of Field Sta-

tion, Bangalore for providing facilities.


7/7


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