tugas kultur sel - makro dan mikro nutrien

8/20/2019 Tugas Kultur Sel - Makro Dan Mikro Nutrien

1/10

Micronutrients

The micronutrients that are managed by growers and we will discuss include:

• Iron

• Boron

• Manganese

• Zinc

• Molybdenum

• Cobalt

There are three additional micronutrients that have been classified as essential, but are generally not managed

by growers. These additional three nutrients, listed below, are rather managed under exerimental conditions:

• !ic"el

• Chlorine

• Cobalt

Forms and Functions of Micronutrients

IRON

•Form: Iron is ta"en u by lants as either #e

$%

&ferrous cation' or #e(%

&ferric cation'.

• Function: Iron is involved in hotosynthesis, resiration, chlorohyll formation, and many en)ymatic

reactions.

BORON

• Form: Boron is ta"en u by lants rimarily as *(B+( &boric acid' and *$B+( &borate'.

•

Function: Boron lays an imortant role in the movement and metabolism of sugars in the lant and

synthesis of lant hormones and nucleic acids. It also functions in lignin formation of cell walls.


2/10

MANGANESE

• Form: The rimary form of manganese uta"e is Mn$% &manganous ion'.

• Function: Manganese is a comonent of en)ymes and is also involved in hotosynthesis and root

growth. -dditionally, it is involved in nitrogen fixation.

ZINC

• Form: The Zn$% cation is the redominate form ta"en u by lants.

• Function: Zinc is a comonent of many organic comlexes and !- rotein. It is also an imortant

en)yme for rotein synthesis. -lso, )inc is involved in growth hormone roduction and seed

develoment.

MOLYBDENUM

• Form: Molybdenum is rimarily ta"en u as Mo+/$ &molybdate ion'.

• Function: It is involved in nitrogen fixation &conversion of !$ to !*/%' and nitrification &conversion of

!*/% to !+(

'.

COPPER

• Form: Coer is ta"en u as Cu$% &curic ion'.

• Function: Coer is also a comonent of en)ymes, some of which are imortant to lignin formation in

cell walls. It is also involved in hotosynthesis, resiration, and rocesses within the lant involving

nitrogen.

Cycling:

IRON

The iron cycle includes both mineral and organic forms.

Mineral Iron

Iron may exist:

• in the soil solution


3/10

o includes soluble iron and organic matter comlexes in the form of chelates

• as rimary minerals and0or reciitated minerals

• cation exchange site on soil articles

#e containing minerals may dissolve to relenish the soil solution as iron is removed by lants. 1ittle iron is

retained by the cation exchange sites of soil articles as comared to base and acid cations.

Organic Iron

+rganic cycling is an imortant rocess that ensures iron availability through the rocesses of minerali)ation and

immobili)ation.

Iron Chelation

Iron can also form strong comlexes with organic matter "nown as chelates &a 2ree" word meaning 3claw4'.

Chelation occurs between soluble organic comounds and certain metals in the soil through rocesses involving

microorganisms. Chelates are very imortant in micronutrient management because chelation increases the

solubility and lant uta"e of many metal micronutrients. 5e will encounter chelation again when discussing )inc,

coer and manganese.

MANGANESE

The manganese cycle is very similar to the iron cycle. The manganese cycle, too, has four fractions:

• manganese cations in soil solution

o includes soluble manganese and organic matter comlexes "nown as chelates

•

exchangeable manganese on soil articles &cation exchange sites'

• rimary and secondary manganesecontaining minerals

• soil organic matter

1i"e iron, little manganese is retained by the cation exchange sites of soil articles. Manganese may undergo

reciitation0dissolution, sortion0desortion on the C6C, minerali)ation0immobili)ation, and chelation.

ZINC


4/10

Zinc cycling includes:

• )inc cations in soil solution )inc

o includes soluble )inc and organic matter comlexes "nown as chelates

• )inc retained by soil articles on the cation exchange sites

• rimary and secondary )inccontaining minerals

• soil organic matter

Zinc bearing minerals can dissolve and suly )inc to the soil solution. +nce in the soil solution, )inc can be

immobili)ed, ta"en u by lants, retained by soil articles, or chelated with soluble organic matter. +rganic matter

containing )inc must undergo minerali)ation before it becomes available for lant uta"e.

COPPER

1i"e Zinc, the coer cycle includes:

• 7olution coer

o Includes soluble coer and organic matter comlexes "nown as chelates

• 6xchangeable coer on the cation exchange sites of soil articles

• 8rimary and secondary coer minerals

o Coer may be occluded, or buried, within the structures of various minerals, such as iron and

aluminum oxides

• +rganic coer

o Coer is more tightly bound to organic matter than the other micronutrients

o Coer deficiencies can occur in organic soils

Coercontaining minerals can dissolve and suly Zn to the soil solution. 1i"e )inc, coer can be immobili)ed

by microorganisms, ta"en u by lants, or exchanged on soil article surfaces. Coer may also form chelates

with soluble organic matter. +rganic coer must be minerali)ed before it is available for lant uta"e.


5/10

MOLYBDENUM

9nli"e the revious metal micronutrients, molybdenum exists as an anion in the soil solution. !onetheless, the

molybdenum cycle is similar to the others. The molybdenum cycle includes:

• 7oil solution

• 6xchangeable molybdenum on the anion exchange sites

• 8rimary and secondary molybdenum minerals

• +rganic matter

Instead of being held onto the cation exchange caacity, molybdenum is held to soil articles with an anion

exchange caacity &including amorhous materials, iron oxides, acidic "aolin clays'. +rganic molybdenum

undergoes minerali)ation and immobili)ation.

BORON

Boron exists in the soil as:

• soil solution boron

• exchangeable boron on the anion exchange caacity sites

• rimary and secondary boron minerals

• Boron and organic matter comlexes

Boron is the only nonmetal micronutrient described in this section. *(B+( is most common form of boron in soils

that have a * between and ;. The exchangeable boron buffers changes in the boron levels of the soil solution.

+rganic matter sulies lant available boron. Boron should be carefully managed when alied to the soil since

the range between boron sufficiency and toxicity levels is very narrow.

Factors affecting micronutrient availability

IRON

• Soil pH : The availability of iron may be limited in soils with high *, esecially in arid, calcareous soils.

o 6xcessive liming can induce iron deficiencies.


6/10

• Soil Moisture and Aeration: 8oorly aerated soils with excessive moisture in calcareous soil can

romote iron deficiencies.

o *owever, flooding of noncalcareous soils can imrove iron availability.

• Organic Matter : +rganic matter imroves iron availability due to chelation, which increases iron

solubility. -dditions of manure can increase chelation.

• Interactions with other nutrients: 6xcessive amounts of other micronutrients, articularly coer,

manganese, )inc and molybdenum, can decrease iron availability

MANGANESE

• Soil pH : 7oils with high * have limited manganese availability since manganese reciitates at high

*.

o +verliming soils can cause Mn deficiencies.

• Soil Moisture and Aeration: *igh soil moisture and oor aeration increases the availability of

manganese due to an increase in solubility.

• Organic Matter : Manganese availability increases with the addition of natural organic matter &i.e.

comost' due to favorable chelation which increases the level of exchangeable and solution

manganese.

• Climate: 5et conditions and warm temeratures increase manganese availability.

• Interactions with other nutrients: *igh amounts of coer, iron, and )inc may induce manganese

deficiency.

ZINC

• Soil pH : Zinc availability decreases as * increases.

o +verliming decreases Zn solubility.

• Zn adsorption: Though the relative amount of )inc on the cation exchange caacity is low, )inc is

attracted and held tightly to magnesite, dolomite and CaC+( minerals. -s a result, soils containing

these minerals can develo )inc deficiencies.


7/10

• Organic Matter : 7oluble )inc chelates increase )inc availability.

• Climate: Cool, wet weather generally has a negative effect on )inc availability.

o Increasing soil temeratures increases )inc availability.

• Flooding : #looding generally decreases )inc availability.

o *owever, lowering the * of flooded soils may increase )inc availability.

• Interactions with other nutrients: Coer, iron, manganese, and hoshorus can interfere with )inc

uta"e.

COPPER

• Soil texture: Coer availability is lower in highly leached, coarse textured soils.

• Soil pH : Coer availability decreases as * increases, rimarily due to decreased solubility of coer

minerals.

• Organic matter : Coer forms very tight bonds with organic matter &more so than any other

micronutrient', which may reduce its availability in organic &eat and muc"' soils.

• Buried Cu : Coer may be occluded, or 3buried,4 within the structure of clay minerals and oxides.

+ccluded Cu is not available to lants.

• Interactions with other nutrients: Coer availability to lants may be reduced when )inc, iron, and0or

hoshorus contents are high in the soil solution.

MOLYBDENUM

• Soil pH : 9nli"e the other micronutrients, the availability of molybdenum increases with increasing *.

o -s a result, liming acidic soils increases molybdenum availability.

• Fe/Al oxides: Molybdenum is strongly held onto the surfaces of aluminum and iron oxides, which

reduces its availability.

• Interactions with other nutrients: Coer and manganese can reduce the uta"e of molybdenum by

lants. 8hoshate enhances molybdenum uta"e.


8/10

• Soil moisture: 1ow levels of soil moisture reduce molybdenum availability.

BORON

• Soil pH : Boron availability decreases as * increases.

o 1iming can temorarily induce boron deficiencies, or lessen boron toxicities.

• Soil organic matter : +rganic matter increases boron availability.

• Soil texture: *ighly leached, coarse textured soils tend to have low boron availability.

• Plant actors: The range between boron sufficiency and boron toxicity is very narrow. Cro sensitivity to

boron varies, and it is imortant to become familiar with the boron sensitivity of your cro.

• Interactions with other nutrients: Cros are less sensitive to boron when there is amle amount of

calcium. This is because calcium acts to reduce boron availability. Boron may become deficient when

the Ca:B range is greater than


9/10

)a+le %, Ma*or ele(ents- their sources and !unctions in +acterial cells,

Element% of dry

weightSource Function

Carbon 50

organic compounds

or CO2 Main constituent of cellular material

Oxygen 20

H2O, organic

compounds, CO2,

and O2

Constituent of cell material and cell

ater! O2 is electron acceptor in

aerobic respiration

"itrogen #$ "H%, "O%, organic

compounds, "2

Constituent of amino acids, nucleic

acids nucleotides, and coen&ymes

Hydrogen 'H2O, organic

compounds, H2

Main constituent of organic

compounds and cell ater

()osp)orus %inorganic

p)osp)ates *(O$+

Constituent of nucleic acids,

nucleotides, p)osp)olipids, (-,

teic)oic acids

-ulfur #

-O$, H2-, -o,

organic sulfurcompounds

Constituent of cysteine, met)ionine,

glutat)ione, several coen&ymes

(otassium # (otassium saltsMain cellular inorganic cation and

cofactor for certain en&ymes

Magnesium 0.5 Magnesium salts/norganic cellular cation, cofactor for

certain en&ymatic reactions

Calcium 0.5 Calcium salts

/norganic cellular cation, cofactor for

certain en&ymes and a component of

endospores

/ron 0.2 /ron salts

Component of cytoc)romes and

certain non)eme ironproteins and a

cofactor for some en&ymatic reactions

)race Ele(ents

Table < ignores the occurrence of trace elements in bacterial nutrition. )race ele(ents are metal ions reAuired by

certain cells in such small amounts that it is difficult to detect &measure' them, and it is not necessary to add them to

culture media as nutrients. Trace elements are reAuired in such small amounts that they are resent as contaminants

of the water or other media comonents. -s metal ions, the trace elements usually act as cofactors for essential

en)ymatic reactions in the cell. +ne organisms trace element may be anothers reAuired element and viceversa, but

the usual cations that Aualify as trace elements in bacterial nutrition are Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, and Mo.

Car+on and Ener$. Sources !or Bacterial Groth

In order to grow in nature or in the laboratory, a bacterium must have an energy source, a source of carbon and other

reAuired nutrients, and a ermissive range of hysical conditions such as +$ concentration, temerature, and *.

7ometimes bacteria are referred to as individuals or grous based on their atterns of growth under various chemical

&nutritional' or hysical conditions. #or examle, hototrohs are organisms that use light as an energy sourceD

anaerobes are organisms that grow without oxygenD thermohiles are organisms that grow at high temeratures.

-ll living organisms reAuire a source of energy. +rganisms that use radiant energy &light' are called #hototro#hs.

+rganisms that use &oxidi)e' an organic form of carbon are calledheterotro#hs or "che(o&heterotro#hs. +rganisms

that oxidi)e inorganic comounds are called lithotro#hs.


10/10

The carbon reAuirements of organisms must be met by organic carbon &a chemical comound with a carbonhydrogen

bond' or by C+$. +rganisms that use organic carbon areheterotro#hs and organisms that use C+$ as a sole source of

carbon for growth are calledautotro#hs.

Thus, on the basis of carbon and energy sources for growth four maEor nutritional tyes of rocaryotes may be defined

&Table $'.

)a+le /, Ma*or nutritional t.#es o! #rocar.otes

Nutritional Type Energy SourceCarbon

SourceExamples

()otoautotrop)s ig)t CO2

Cyanobacteria, some

(urple and 1reen

acteria

()oto)eterotrop)s ig)tOrganic

compounds

-ome (urple and

1reen acteria

C)emoautotrop)s or

it)otrop)s*it)oautotrop)s+

/norganic

compounds, e.g.H2, "H%, "O2, H2-

CO23 fe acteria and

many 3rc)aea

C)emo)eterotrop)s or

Heterotrop)s

Organic

compounds

Organic

compounds

Most acteria, some

3rc)aea

-lmost all eucaryotes are either hotoautotrohic &e.g. lants and algae' or heterotrohic &e.g. animals, roto)oa, fungi'.1ithotrohy is uniAue to rocaryotes and hotoheterotrohy, common in the 8urle and 2reen Bacteria, occurs only in avery few eucaryotic algae. 8hototrohy has not been found in the -rchaea, excet for nonhotosynthetic lightdriven

-T8 synthesis in the extreme halohiles.

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/597282/ journal fx mironutri!nthttp://"ai#bio.wordpr!ss.com/2009/01/31/nutrisi$miroba$s!buah$!s!nsi$dasar$untu$!hidupan$miroba/http://t!xtbooo#bact!riolo%&.n!t/nut%ro.html
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/597282/http://zaifbio.wordpress.com/2009/01/31/nutrisi-mikroba-sebuah-esensi-dasar-untuk-kehidupan-mikroba/http://zaifbio.wordpress.com/2009/01/31/nutrisi-mikroba-sebuah-esensi-dasar-untuk-kehidupan-mikroba/http://textbookofbacteriology.net/nutgro.htmlhttp://zaifbio.wordpress.com/2009/01/31/nutrisi-mikroba-sebuah-esensi-dasar-untuk-kehidupan-mikroba/http://zaifbio.wordpress.com/2009/01/31/nutrisi-mikroba-sebuah-esensi-dasar-untuk-kehidupan-mikroba/http://textbookofbacteriology.net/nutgro.htmlhttp://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/597282/

tugas kultur sel - makro dan mikro nutrien

Documents