KAPITA SELEKTA PROTOZOOLOGI

PUTRI LESTARI GABRILASARI405060080 / BFKUntar 2008

• Hospes definitif manusia:– Entamoeba (E. histolytica, E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. gingivalis)– Endolimax nana– Iodamoeba butschlii– Chilomastix mesnilli– Naegleria fowleri– Acanthamoeba (A. culbertsoni, A. castellani, A. polyphaga)– Giardia lamblia– Trichomonas (T. tenax, T. hominis, T. vaginalis)– Leishmania (L. donovani, L. tropica, L. brasiliensis)– Trypanosoma (T. rhodesiense, T. gambiense, T. cruzi)– Cyclospora cayetanensis– Plasmodium (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae)– Isospora (I. belli, I. hominis)

MENURUT HOSPES

• Hospes definitif manusia + hewan:– Babi : Balantidium coli , Blastocystis hominis– Kera : Balantidium coli , Cryptosporidium parvum , Blastocystis hominis– Reptil : Cryptosporidium parvum , Blastocystis hominis– Mamalia, burung: Cryptosporidium parvum– Marmut, kecoa, tikus, bebek, unta, koala : Blastocystis hominis

• Hospes definitif hewan (saja):– Ikan, kelinci : Eimeria → E.clupearum (ikan haring),

E.sardinae (ikan sardin), E.perforans (kelinci)

– Kucing (Felidae) : Toxoplasma gondii

• Hospes perantara:– Manusia, babi, sapi, burung : Toxoplasma gondii

MENURUT HOSPES

MENURUT HOSPES

• Hospes reservoir:– Anjing : Leishmania donovani (+ binatang buas)

Leishmania tropica (+ gerbil, binatang pengerat) Trypanosoma cruzi (+ kucing, tupai, armadilo, kera)

– Binatang liar : Leishmania brasiliensis– Antilop : Trypanosoma rhodesiense– Sapi, babi, burung : Trypanosoma gambiense

• Vektor:– Lalat : Phlebotomus → Leishmania (L. donovani, L. tropica, L. brasiliensis)

Glossina morsitans, Glossina pallipades, Glossina swinnertoni →Trypanosoma rhodesiense Glossina palpalis, Glossina tachinoides →Trypanosoma gambiense

Stomoxys calcitrans → Trypanosoma evansi– Kutu : Triatoma infectans, Rhodnius prolixus, Panstrongilus megistans

→ Trypanosoma cruzi

MENURUT TEMPAT HIDUP

• Otak: - Entamoeba histolytica* - Trypanosoma cruzi- Naegleria fowleri - Plasmodium falciparum*

- Acanthamoeba culbertsoni - Toxoplasma gondii- Trypanosoma rhodesiense*- Trypanosoma gambiense*

• Mulut: - Entamoeba gingivalis - Leishmania brasiliense* - Trichomonas tenax

• Paru: - Entamoeba histolytica * - Blastocystis hominis* - Entamoeba gingivalis - Plasmodium falciparum*

- Cryptosporidium parvum *

• Jantung: - Trypanosoma cruzi - Toxoplasma gondii

MENURUT TEMPAT HIDUP

• Hati: - Entamoeba histolytica * - Blastocystis hominis - Leishmania donovani - Plasmodium falciparum* - Trypanosoma cruzi

• Usus Halus: - Giardia lamblia - Blastocystis hominis - Cyclospora cayetanensis - Isospora belli - Cryptosporidium parvum - Isospora hominis

• Usus besar: - Entamoeba histolytica - Dientamoeba fragilis - Entamoeba coli - Balantidium coli - Entamoeba hartmanni - Trichomonas hominis - Endolimax nana - Chilomastix mesnilli - Iodamoeba butschlii - Cryptosporidium parvum

• Darah: - Trypanosoma - Plasmodium - Leishmania - Toxoplasma

CARA INFEKSI• Menelan kista matang:

- Entamoeba histolytica - Chilomastix mesnilli- Entamoeba coli - Balantidium coli- Giardia lamblia - Blastocystis hominis- Entamoeba hartmanni - Toxoplasma gondii- Endolimax nana- Iodamoeba butschlii

• Menelan ookista matang: - Cryptosporidium parvum - Isospora hominis- Cyclospora cayetanensis - Toxoplasma gondii- Isospora belli

• Melalui bentuk trofozoit: - Entamoeba gingivalis - Trichomonas vaginalis- Trichomonas tenax

CARA INFEKSI• Melalui vektor:

* Lalat: Phlebotomus → Leishmania Glossina → Trypanosoma rhodesiense , Trypanosoma gambiense Stomoxys calcitrans → Trypanosoma evansi

* Kutu: Triatoma infectans, Rhodnius prolixus, Panstrongilus megistans → Trypanosoma cruzi

* Nyamuk: Anopheles → Plasmodium

• Melalui air: - Naegleria fowleri - Acanthamoeba castellani- Acanthamoeba culbertsoni - Acanthamoeba polyphaga (+ saluran napas/kulit)

• Melalui fekal-oral:- Giardia lamblia - Blastocystis hominis- Cryptosporidium parvum

GEJALA

• Sindroma Disentri: - Entamoeba histolytica - Leishmania donovani - Balantidium coli - Plasmodium

falciparum

• Peritonitis: - Entamoeba histolytica - Balantidium coli

• Mata: - Acanthamoeba castellani - Trypanosoma cruzi - Acanthamoeba polyphaga - Toxoplasma gondii

• Uretritis: - Balantidium coli - Trichomonas vaginalis

• Ikterus: - Giardia lamblia - Toxoplasma gondii - Plasmodium falciparum

GEJALA

• Anemia: - Leishmania donovani - Plasmodium vivax - Plasmodium falciparum - Toxoplasma gondii

• Kulit: ULKUS - Entamoeba histolytica - Leishmania brasiliensis - Leishmania tropicaPKDL - Leishmania donovani SYANKER TRYPANOSOMA - T. rhodesiense - T. gambienseGRANULOMA - Leishmania brasiliensis - Trypanosoma cruzi

(chagoma)

EKSANTEM – Toxoplasma gondii

• Traveller’s diarrhea: - Giardia lamblia - Cyclospora cayetanensis

CARA DIAGNOSIS, dengan pemeriksaan:• Tinja:

- Entamoeba histolytica (histolitika) - Cyclospora cayetanensis (ookista)

- Iodamoeba butschlii (trofozoit/kista) - Blastocystis hominis (vakuolar)

- Chilomastix mesnilli (trofozoit/kista) - Isospora belli (semua stadium)

- Balantidium coli (trofozoit/kista) - Isospora hominis (stadium matang)

- Giardia lamblia (trofozoit/kista) - Eimeria (ookista)

- Cryptosporidium parvum (ookista)

• Cairan otak:- Naegleria fowleri (amoeboid) - Trypanosoma gambiense

(tripomastigot)

- Trypanosoma rhodesiense (tripomastigot) - Toxoplasma gondii (trofozoit)

• Sekret vagina:- Entamoeba histolytica - Toxoplasma gondii

CARA DIAGNOSIS, dengan pemeriksaan:• Darah:

- Leishmania donovani - Trypanosoma - Plasmodium

• Biakan:- Trichomonas vaginalis - Leishmania - Trypanosoma cruzi

• PCR: - Plasmodium - Toxoplasma gondii

• Biopsi:- Entamoeba histolytica (histolitika) - Leishmania

brasiliensis (amastigot)

- Acanthamoeba castellani (trofozoit/kista) - Trypanosoma (amastigot)

- Acanthamoeba polyphaga (trofozoit/kista) - Toxoplasma gondii (kista)

- Leishmania donovani (amastigot)

CARA DIAGNOSIS, dengan pemeriksaan:• Pungsi sumsum tulang:

- Leishmania donovani - Trypanosoma gambiense - Trypanosoma rhodesiense - Trypanosoma cruzi

• Percobaan binatang:- Leishmania donovani - Toxoplasma gondii- Trypanosoma cruzi (xenodiagnosis)

• Serologi:- Entamoeba histolytica (test hemaglutinasi/imunodifusi)

- Leishmania- Trypanosoma rhodesiense- Trypanosoma gambiense- Cryptosporidium parvum (ELISA/IFA)

- Plasmodium (dip-stick)

- Toxoplasma gondii (test warna Sabin Feldman/ELISA/IFA)

TERAPI

TERAPI• Qinghausu: - Naegleria fowleri - Plasmodium

• Pentamidin: - Leishmania donovani- Trypanosoma (T. rhodesiense, T. gambiense)

• Etilstibamin: - Leishmania donovani - Leishmania brasiliense

• Primakuin: - Trypanosoma cruzi- Plasmodium (anti relaps, gametosida, sporontosida)

• Spiramisin: - Cryptosporidium parvum - Toxoplasma gondii

• Azitromisin: - Cryptosporidium parvum - Toxoplasma gondii

• Pirimetamin: - Toxoplasma gondii- Plasmodium (profilaksis kausal, skizontisida darah)