filsafat hukum sejarah, aliran dan pemaknaan.docx

8/19/2019 Filsafat Hukum Sejarah, Aliran dan Pemaknaan.docx

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FILSAFAT HUKUM

SEJARAH, ALIRAN DANPEMAKNAAN ·

Abdul Ghofur Anshori

GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY PRESS



KATA PENGANTAR

Hak Penerbitan © 2006 GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY. PRESS

p.a. !" #$% &'ak(&)&r% Y!*+akarta ,,2-#E)ai' / *)&pre((&*).a1.i

H!)epa*e/ 3ttp /44555 .*)&p.&*) .a1. i

Oil arang mengutip d an memperbanyak t anpa i zin tertu/is dari

penerbit, sebagian atau sel uruhnya d alam bentuk apa pun, baik

cetak, ptiotopr int, mi crofilm d an sebagai nya.

Bismillaliirrahma nil' rahiim

Puji syuur P!nulis "#nj#$#n !h#dir#$ AII#h S%T #r!n# #$#s

r#h&#$ d#n #r uni#'Ny# P!nu lis d#"#$ b!rh#si l &!nyusun buu

d!n (#n judul )ils#f#$ Huu& * S!j#r#h* Alir#n* d#n P!&#n##n + Sh# ,

l#-#$ s!r$# s#l#& P!nuIis h#$ur#n !"#d# N#bi .!s#r Muh#&&#d

SA % y#n( #r!n# #$#s "! rju#n(#nny#* d#"#$ &!nd#$ #n(#n "!n/!r#h,

#n b# (i u&#$ &#nu si# s#&"#i #hir 0#&#n+

.!rfils#f#$ #d#l#h b!rfiir r#di#l* radix #r$iny# ##r* s!hin((#

b!rfiir r#di#l #r$iny# b!rfiir s#&"# i ! ##r su#$u &#s#l#h* &!n,

d#l#& s#&"#i ! ##r '##rn y#* b#h#n &!l !-#$i b#$#s'b#$#s fisi

y#n( #d# * &!&#sui &!d#n "!n(!&b#r##n di lu#r s!su#$u y#n( fisi+

.!rfiI s#f#$ #d#l#h b!rfiir d# l#& $#h #" &#n# * i# &!n/#ri

h#i#$ &#n# d#ri s!su#$u + .!rfiir d#l#& $#h#" &#n# #r$iny#

&!n!&u#n &#n# $!rd#l#& d#ri s!su#$u* y#n( b!r#d# d#l#&

#ndun(#n s!su#$u i$u+ D#l#& fiIs#f#$* s!s!or#n( &!n/#ri d#n &!n

!&u#n j#-#b#n d#n bu#n h#ny# d!n(#n &!&"!r lih#$#n

"!n#&"##n (app earance)

s!&#$ #* &!l#in#n &!n!Ius uriny# j#u h di b#li "!n#&"##n i$uet akan perta)a

#78$.,-.#2.06

Diterbitkan an i1etak !'e3/

GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY PRESS

An**!ta IKAPI

0609#--#E

ISN 989$2067,0

De(e)ber 2006 d!n(#n &#sud &!n!n$u#n s!su#$u y#n ( dis!bu$ nil#i d#ri s!bu#h

r !#li$#s +

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d!n(#n .#b IV y#i$ u &!n(!n#i "!n(!r$i#n fiIs#f#$ * fiIs#f#$ huu&

d#n # lir#n "!&iir#n fiIs#f#$ huu& d# l#& lin$ #s#n s!j#r#h u&#$

&#nusi# +

P#d# b#(i#n y#n( !du# ##n &!&bi/#r##n $!n$#n( huu& i$u

s!ndiri y#n( di#ji s!/#r# fils#f#$i &!l i"u$i on$olo(i* !"is$!&olo(i*

# siolo(i huu&* $!ori huu&* fun(si d#n $uju#n huu&* h# d#n

!- #jib#n* &#s#l#h !#dil#n* "oIi$i huu&* d#n "!n!(##n huu&+

S!/#r# d!$#il &!n(!n#i b#(i#n y#n( !du# ini d#"#$ dib#/# d#l#& .#b

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.gmup.ugm.ac.id/







mailto:[email protected]



VI

V s#&"#i d!n(#n .#b 1 +

.uu fils#f#$ huu& ini dih#r#"#n d#"#$ &!ns$i&ul#si "#r#

&#h#sis-#* ##d!&isi * d#n "r#$isi di bid#n( huu& un$u d#"#$ b!r,

fiir s!/#r# fils#f#$i $!rh#d#" r!#li$#s huu& y#n( #d# di s!!lilin(ny#+

M!r!# dih#r#"#n $id# h#ny# 2$#hu huu&ny#2* ##n $!$#"i ju(#

d#"#$ &!n#n(#" &#n# d#n h#i#$ huu&+ S!hin((# d#"#$ &!nj#di

b!#l "#r# ins#n huu& d#l #& u"#y# &!n(#"l i#si#n huu&* &!n! ,

&u#n huu& (r echtvindingi , &!-ujud#n /i$#'/i$# huu&* #s#s'#s#s

huu&* &!l#u#n in$!r"r!$#si $!rh#d#" 2!&#u#n2 und#n('und#n(*

d#n &!l#u#n "!nil#i#n $!rh#d#" (!j#l#'(!j#l# y#n( #d# d#l#&

&#sy#r##$ d#ri sudu$ fils#f#$ huu&+

3!b!rh#sil#n P!nulis d#l#& "!nyusun#n buu fils#f#$ huu&

ini $id# l!"#s d#ri duun(#n "#r# "ih# y#n( $id# d#"#$ "!nul is

s!bu$#n s#$u "!rs#$u+ N#&un d#l#& !s!&"#$ #n ini P!nulis &!n(,

u/#"#n $!ri&# #sih !"#d# S#ud#r# Ah&#d Adi"ur#-#n y#n( $!l#h

d!n(#n s#b#r d#n #n$usi#s &!&b#n$u "!nulis d#l#& "ros!s !di$in(

n#s#h buu ini+ U/#"#n $!ri&# #sih ju(# "!nulis s#&"#i#n !"#d#

Pih# P!n!rbi$ G#dj#h M#d# Uni4!rsi$y Pr!ss y#n( $!l#h b!rs!di#

&!n!rbi$#n buu ini+

P!nulis#n buu ini di&#sud#n un$u &!&b!ri !&ud#h#n

d#l#& "ros!s b!l#j#r &!n(#j#r b#(i M#h#sis-# )#ul$#s Huu&

Uni4!rsi$#s G#dj#h M#d# d#n &#sy#r##$ u&u& y#n( &!&!rlu#n,

ny# +

Ahi&y# $i#d# (#din( y#n( $id# r!$# * &## b!(i$u "ul#

d!n(#n bu u ini y#n( di d#l#&n y# &#sih b#n y# $!rd#"# $ !s#l#h#n

d#n !ur#n(#n+ Un$u i$u P!nulis d#l#& !s!&"#$#n ini &!ny#&,

"#i#n $!rirn# #sih #$#s ri$ i d#n s#r #n y#n( ons$ ru $i f d#ri

"!&b#/# un$u "!n y!&"u&##n buu ini d#l#rrr !dis i'!disi &!nd#$#n(+S!&o(# buu ini d#"#$ &!&b!ri#n &#nf##$ d#l#& u"#y# "!&,

b#n(un#n huu& di n!(!ri ini + A&in+

Yo(y##r$#* D!s!&b!r 5667

Prof+ Dr+ Abdul Ghofur Anshori* S+H+* M+H +

DAFTARISI

3ATA PENGA NTAR ++ V

.A. I PENDAHU8UA N ++

A+ P!n(!r$i#n )ils#f#$ * P!&bid#n(#n )ils#f#$ d#n 8!$#

)ils#f#$ Huu&

.+ P!n(!r$i#n )ils#f#$ Huu&* M#nf## $ M!&"!l#j#ri

)ils#f#$ Huu&* d#n 3!dudu#n )ils#f#$ Huu&

d#l#& 3ons$!l#s i Il&u + 9

#. P!n(!r$ i#n )ils#f#$ Huu& ++ 9

5+ M#nf##$ M!&"!l#j#ri )ils#f#$ Huu& ++ 7

9+ Il&u'il&u y#n( .!ro bj! Huu& + :

.A.II PANDANGAN TE NTANG HU3UM PADA

;AMAN 38ASI3 + 11

A+ Huu& ;#&# n Yun#ni 3uno ++ 11

.+ Huu& ;#&# n Ro&#-i ++ <5

=+ Huu& "#d# Ab#d P!r$!n(#h#n + <9

.A. III PANDANGAN TENTANG HU3UM PADA

;AMAN M>DERN + <?

A+ ;#&#n R!n#iss#n/! ++ <?

.+ ;#&#n Aufl#run( + 5<

=+ P!n(!r$i#n Huu& Ab#d 1I1 + 59#. P#nd#n(#n Il&i#h #$#s Huu& ++ 59

5+ P #nd#n(#n His$oris #$#s Huu& + 5@

D+ P!n(!r$i#n Huu& Ab#d 11 ++ 5

.A. IV PANDANGA N TENTANG HU3U M E RA P>ST'

M>DERNISME + 57



Vlll I1

.A

I+ M!&b!d##n Du# J! nis 3#id#h Huu& @6

S$uf!nb#u Th!or i! @5

4B ) + 3!#dil#n M!nuru$ )il s#f#$ Huu& Isl#&

C<+ Ru#n( 8in(u" Huu& Isl#& C

5+ Huu& Isl#& d#n 3 !#dil#n 79

9+ Huu& Isl#& d#n 3!&#sl#h#$#n 7:

4 G + As"! Nil#i E$i# d#l#& Huu& (Juri stic Ethic s) C9

H+ Juri stic Logics P!n ((un ##n 8o(i# d#l#& Huu&

#$#u Il&u Huu& :@

.A. VI A8IRAN'A8IRAN HU 3 U M

:C

A+ Huu& Al #& + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + :C

I+ Huu& 3odr #$ Al #& d#l #& S! j #r# h::

5+ P! r!&b#n(# n Huu& 3od r#$ ?6

.+ Posi$i4is&! Huu& ?5

I+ P!n(!r$i#n + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +92

5+ Posi$i 4is&! An#li$i ?@

9+ Posi$i4is&! Pr#(&#$i ?C

A+ Esis$!nsi ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ <<@

.+ 3!b!b#s#n Esis$!nsi#l <<

. 3!b!b#s#n M#nusi# d#n 3!h!nd# T uh#n + + + + + + + + <<

D + 3!b!b#s#n Mor#l <5:

E+ 3o'Esis$!nsi <99

)+ 3!"!&ili#n ++ <9<+ P!n(!r$i#n H# Mili <9

5+ S!b#b H# Mili <9

9+ Prinsi" 3!"!&ili#n <9C

.A. I1 P>8ITI3 HU3UM <@6

A+ N!(#r# s!b#(#i Su&b!r H uu& <@<

<+ P!n(!r$i#n N!(#r# <@5

5+ T!rb!n$uny# N!(#r # <@9

9 + Unsur N!(#r# ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + <@9

@+ .!n$u N!(#r# <@

+ Susun#n N!(#r# <@.+ Huu& d#n 3!u#s ##n <@C

. Huu& d#n M#sy#r##$ <@:

A+ 8#$#r .!l##n( + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + +

57 I+ R#sion#l <6:

.+ Tr#dision#li s&! Isl#& 5: 5+ Mor#l + ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ + ++ + ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ + + ++ + ++ <6:

=+ )ils#f#$ P!r !nni#l s! b# (# i J!&b #$#n 95 .+ Nil#i Subj!$if Huu& <<6

. V ASPE3 * >NT>8>GI* NI 8AI E

DA8AM HU3UM

TI3A d#n 8>GI3A

9

<+ H# d#n 3!-#jib#n

5+ H# A0#si

<<6

<<5

A+

.+

P!n(!r$i#n Huu&

Huu& d#n Und#n('Und#n( N!( #r #

9

9:

.A. VIII+ 3E.E.ASAN M ANUSIA

HU3UM

d#n PEM. E.AN AN

<<@

. 3!b!rl #u#n Huu& 9?

D + Huu& s!b#(#i Nor&# <+ P!n(!r$i#n 3!h!nd# Tuh#n T# Fdir <<:

E+ Huu& d#n 3!#dil#n 5+ Alir#n <5<

<+ 3ons!" 3!#dil #n @7 9+ 3ri$i $!rh#d#" 3!b!r#d##n T #Fdir <57

5+ Huu& d#n 3 !#dil #n 9 @ + Hi&#h P!r/#y# "#d# T#Fdir <5C

. T!ori Huu& Mu&i

D + Huu& .!rl#nd#s#n %#hyu

D + Tuju#n Poli$i Huu& <6

.A.1 PENEGA3ANHU3UM <9

.A. VII A;AS HU3UM * ++ + ++ ++ ++ <6C A+ P!r#&"#s#n 3!&!rd!##n d#n P!&id#n##n <9A+ A0#s >bj!$ifHuu& <6: . + M#s#l#h'&#s#l#h d#l#& P!n !(##n Huu& <

?:

<65



#. Ironi 2N!(#r# Huu&2 Indon!si# <

5+ )!no&!n# 2P!n(#dil#n R#y#$2 < C

9+ M#fi# P!r#dil#n < :

DA)TAR PUS TA3A <76 BABI

INDE3S <7 PENDAHULUAN

A.I'ENGERTlAN FILSAFAT, I'EMBIDANGAN FILSAFAT

DAN LETAK FILSAFAT HUKUM

S!/#r# his$oris 0 #&#n $!rus b!r!&b#n( &!l#lui hi!r#ris "!r,

!&b#n(#n y#n( $!rus dib#r!n(i "ul# d!n(#n "!rub#h#n'"!rub#h#n

sosi#l * di&#n# du# h#l ini s!l#lu b!rj#l#n b!ririn(#n+ 3!b!r#d##n

&#nusi# y#n( d#s#r "!r$#&#ny# b!b#s* &!nj#di h#l y#n( "robl!&#$is

!$i# i# hidu" d#l#& o&uni$#s sosi#l+ 3!&!rd!##n diriny# &!n(,

#l#&i b!n$ur#n d!n(#n !&!rd!##n indi4idu'indi4idu l#in #$#u b#h,

#n d!n(#n &#hlu y#n( l#in+ S!hin((# i# $!rus $!ri#$ d!n(#n $#$#

os&i* b#h-# b#(#i&#n# i# h#rus b!rhubun(#n d!n(#n or#n( l#in*

d!n(#n #l#&* d!n(#n diriny# s!ndiri &#u"un d!n(#n Tuh#nny#+ M##

&un/ull#h $#$# #$ur#n* nor&# #$#u nil#i'nil#i y#n( &!nj#di !s!"##$,

#n uni4!rs#l y#n( h#rus di$##$i+ S!&#/#& h# l $!rs!bu$ di #$#sl#h

"!r#d#b#n &#nus i# di&ul#i * di&#n# &#nusi# h#rus s!l#lu &!njunjun(

$in((i nil#i'nil#i !&#nusi##n+ l# h#rus &!&!(#n(i nil#i'nil#i #$ur#n

y#n( b!rl#u &!n(#$ur hidu" &#nusi#+

)ils#f#$ #$#u dis!bu$ ju(# il&u fils#f#$ * &!&"uny#i b!b!r#"#

/#b#n( il&u u$#&# + =# b#n( I<&u u$#&# d#ri fils#f#$ #d# l#h on$olo(i*

!"is$i&olo(i * $!n$#n( nil#i #siolo(i * d#n &or#l !$i#+ >n$olo(i

&!$#fisi# &!&b#h#s $!n$#n( h#i#$ &!nd#s#r #$#s !b!r#d##n

s!su#$u + E"is$i&olo(i &!&b#h#s "!n(!$#hu#n y#n( di"!rol!h &#nu,

si#* &is#lny# &!n(!n# i #s# lny# su&b!r d#ri &#n # s#j##h "!n(!$#,

hu#n i$u di"!rol!h &#nusi#* #"##h uur#n !b!n#r#n "!n(!$#hu#n

y#n( $!l#h di"!r#l!h &#nusi# i$u d#n b#(#i&#n##h susun#n "!n(!$#,

hu#n y#n( sud#h di"!r#l!h &#nusi# + I<&u $!n$#n( nil#i #$#u #siolo(i

#d#l#h b#( i#n d#ri fils#f#$ y#n( husus &!&b#h#s &!n(!n#i h#i#$



5

n il# i b!r# i$# n d! n(#n s!su#$u + S! d# n(#n fi ls#f# $ &or#l

&!&b#h#s nil#i b!r #i $# n d! n(# n $in ( # h l# u & #nusi# di &# n# n il

# i d is in i &!n, !#u " b #i d#n b uru s!r$# b! n#r d#n s# l#h+

.!rfils#f#$ #d#l# h b!r"i ir r #d i# l* radix #r$iny# ##r* s!hin((#

b!r"i i r r# di#l #r$i ny# s#&"#i ! ##r su#$u &#s#l# h* &! nd# l#&

s#&, "#i ! ##r'##rny#* b# h#n &! l!-#$i b# $#s'b#$#s fisi y#n(#d#* &! &#s u i &!d#n "! n(! &b#r##n dilu#r s!su#$u y#n( fis i

AsyB#ri!*

5665 9+ .!rfi ls#f#$ #d# l#h b!r "i ir d#l#& $# h#" &# n#* i# &!n!#ri

h# i # $ & # n # d#ri s!s u# $u* .!r"iir d# l#& $#h#" & #n #

#r$iny# &!n!&u#n &#n# $/rd#l#& d#ri s!su# $u* y#n( b!r#d# d# l#

& #n, dun (#n s!su#$u i$u + D#l#& fils#f#$* s!s!or#n( &!n!#ri d#n

&!n!rnu, #n j# -#b#n d# n b u# n h#n y# d!n( #n &!&"!rli h# $# n "

!n #& " # # n (a ppeara nce ) s!rn #$#* & !l # in #n &!n!lusuriny# j#uh

d ib #l i "! n# rn, "# # n i$u d! n(#n &#sud &!n!n$u#n s!su#$u y# n(

dis! bu$ ni l#i d#ri s! b u# h r !#li$ # s +

)i ls# f#$ & ! &il ii o bj! b#h #s#n y# n( s# n(#$ lu# s * &! li"

u$i s! & u# h#l y#n( d# "# $ di j #n ( #u o l!h "i ir# n &# n usi#* d#n

b!ru s#h # &!&# n#i d un i# d# l#& h# l &# n# A ns hori* 566 9 +

II&u hu u& &!&i lii ru#n( lin(u" y#n( $!rb#$#s* #r/n# h#n y#

& !&" !l #j #r i $!n$#n( no r &# #$# u # $ur#n huu&+ .#ny#

"!rso # l#n' "!rso#l #n b/ r!n # #n d! n(# n hu u & &!& b#n ( i$# n

"! r$# ny## n' "! r$# ny## n l!b ih l#nj u$ y#n( &!& !rl u #n j#-#b#n

&!nd#s#r* P# d# ! ny# $##n ny# b#n y# "!r $#n y##n' "!r $#n y## n

&!nd#s#r i$u $i d# d #" #$ d i j#- #b l# ( i ol!h il& u hu u& +

P!rso#l#n'"!rso# l#n &!nd#s# r y# n( $id # di j#-#b ol! h il&u huu&

&!nj#di obj! b#h#s#n il& u fi ls#f#$+ )i ls# f#$ &!rn , " uny#i ob j!

b!r u"# s!(# l# s!s u#$u y# n( d#" #$ d ij #n ( #u ol /h "iir#n &#n u si #

A nshori* 566 @+

3 o n s/" hu u& &un(in d#"#$ di# $##n &! &" un y# i " !n (!r$i,

#n y# n( #&bi(u* d-i#r$i* s!hin((# d#"# $ &! ni&bul #n ! !li ru

#n "! n(!r$ i# n* b#i s!!#r# in$! l! $ u # l &# u"u n s!!#r# & or#l+ D#"#$

di #, $##n #d# d u# &# /#rn h uu & * y# i$ u h u u & y#n( d!sri" $i f

d#n huu& y#n( "r !s ri "$ if+ Hu u & y#n( d!s ri"$if ' decript ive

laws ' # d# l# h huu& y# n( & !nunju # n s! su#$ u i$u d#"#$ $!rj #

di* & is# ln y# huu& (r#4i $#s i* huu & Ar! hi &!d!s #$# u h u u&

y#n( b! r h ub un (# n d!n (#n il& u'i l& u ! # l#& #n + D i s# &" in( i$u *

d#"#$ " u l# $!r"i i r # n ol !h i$#



9

&!n(!n#i huu& y#n( $!l#h di$!n$u#n #$# u huu & y#n( &

!&b !ri "!$un ju ' pr ecriptive law ' &is#lny# huu& y#n ( di #$ur

ol !h "#r# o$o ri$#s y#n( &!n(#$ur #"# y#n ( bol !h d# n #" # y#n (

$id # bol!h di!rj ##n* Huu& inil#h y#n( &!ru"##n b #h#n "! n

! li$i# n fils#f # $ huu&* s/d #n (#n huurn y#n( d!sri"$if & !nj#d i

obj ! "!n!li$ i#nil&u "!n(!$#hu#n A sdi * <??: 5'

9+

D #l#& on$ ! s u&u& !s#l!h#n b#n y# di#i$#n d!n(#n

* !$##$#n !"#d# !$!n$u#n huu&+ N#&un ! s#l!h#n y#n( b !r$

u&"u !"#d# !s #d#r#n huu& ##n b#ny# b !ruru s#n d!n (#n $in (

#h l#u &#nusi# * d#n h#ny# s!!#r# "#rsi#l s#j # b! ruru s#n d

!n(#n h#l 'h#l b#$ ini #h M#dj id * <??5 57+ D!n(#n #$ # l#in * o r i!

n$#s i huu& l!bih b!r #$ & !n (#r#h "#d # di&!nsi !so$! ri s * d!n (#n

!rnun(in#n & !n (, #b#i#n di& !n si ! so $! ri s + Di4!r(!nsi #n$ #r#

!du# ori!n$#si !# (#& # , #n y#n( l#hiri !so$!ri s d#n b#$ini ! so

$!ri s &!&un!ul #n !#b #n ( il&u y#n( b!rb!d# * y#i$u sy#ri#h

huu& d#n thariqah (ta sawuj) .

B. PENGERTlAN FILSAFAT HUKUM, MANFAAT MEMPE•

LAJARI FILSAF AT HUKUM, D AN KEDUDUKAN FILSA•

FAT HUKUM DALAM KONSTELA SI ILMU

1. Pengertin Fil!"t H#$#%

S!! #r# s!d !rh# n # d#"#$ di#$# #n b#h -# fils #f#$ hu u&#d#l#h !#b#n( fils#f#$ * y#i$u fils#f#$ $in(#h l#u #$#u !$i# * y#n(

&!rn"!l#, j#ri h#i#$ huu& + D!n(#n #$# l#in * fil s#f#$ huu&

#d#l#h il&u y#n( &!&"!l #j#ri huu& s! / #r# filosofi s+ J #di o bj!

fils#f#$ huu& #d#l#h huu&* d#n obj! $!rs!bu$ di#ji s! !# r# &! nd #

l#& s#&"# i !"#d# in$i #$#u d# s#rny# * y#n( dis!bu$ h#i#$+

P!r$#ny##n $!n$#n( 2#"# h# i#$ huu& i$u 2 s!# li( us &!ru,

"# #n "!r$#ny##n fil s#f#$ huu& ju(#+ P! r$# ny # #n $!rs!bu$

&un(in s#j# d#"#$ dij# -#b ol!h il& u huu&* $!$#"i j#- #b# n y#n (

dib!ri #n $!&y#$# s! rb # $id# &!&u#s#n + M !nuru$ A"!ldoorn

<?: h#l $!r,

s!bu$ $id# l#in #r!n# huu& h#ny# & !&b!ri#n j#-#b #n y#n (

s!"ih#+



@

Il& u huu & h#ny# &!lih# $ (!j#l#'(!j #l# huu& s!b#(#i&#n#

d#"#$ di#&# $i ol!h "#n/# ind!r# &#nusi# &!n(!n#i "!rbu#$#n'"!rbu#$ ,

#n &#nusi# d#n ! bi# s##n' !b i#s##n &#sy#r##$+ S!&!n$#r# i$u *

"!r, $i&b#n(#n nil#i di b#li (! j# l# '(!j #l# huu& $!rs!bu$ lu"u$ d#ri

"!n(, #&#$#n il&u huu&+ Nor&# #id#h huu& $id# $!r&#su duni#

!ny#$##n (sein), $!$#"i b!r#d# "#d# duni# l#in (solen d#n mo geni ,s!hin((# nor&# h uu& bu#n duni# "!ny! lidi #n il&u huu&+

M!n(in(#$ obj! fil s#f#$ huu& #d#l#h huu&* &## &#s#l

#h #$#u "!r$#ny##n y# n( dib#h# s ol!h fils#f#$ huu& i$u"un #n$#r#

l#in b!ris#r "#d# #"#'# "# y#n( diur #i#n di#$# s* s! "! r$i hubun(#n

huu& d#n !u#s##n* h ubun (#n huu& odr#$ d#n huu& "osi$if*

#"# s!b#b or#n( &!n##$i huu&* #" # $uju#n huu&* s# &"# i

!"#d# &# s#l#h, &#s#l#h fils#f#$ huu& y#n ( r #&#i dibi/#r##n s##$

ini ol!h s!b#(i#n or#n( dis!bu$ &#s# l#h fil s#f#$ huu& on$!&"or !r *

s u#$u is$il#h y#n( ur#n( $!"#$* &! n( in(#$ s!j# dulu &#s#l#h $!r

s!bu$ ju( # $!l#h di"!r, bin/#n(#n s! "!r$ i &# s#l#h h# #s#si

&#nusi# d#n !$i# "rof !si huu&+ T!n$u s# j# $id# s!&u# &#s#l#h

#$#u "!r$#ny##n i$u ##n di ,

j#-#b d#l# & "!r uli#h#n fils#f#$ huu&+ S!b# (#i&#n# $!l#h disin(,

(un( di& u#* fils#f# $ hu u& &!&"riori$#s#n "!&b#h#s#nny#

"#d# "!r$#ny##n'"!r$#ny##n y#n( di"#nd#n( "oo '"oo s#j#+

A"!ldoo& <?: &i s#lny# &!ny!bu$ #n $i(#

"!r$#ny##n "!n$in( y#n( dib#h# s ol!h fils#f#$ huu&* y#i$u < #"##h

"!n(!r$ i#n huu& y#n( b!r l#u u&u& 5 #"##h d#s#r !u#$#n

&!n(i#$ d#ri huu& d#n 9 # "# #h y#n( di&#sud d!n(#n

huu& odr#$+ 8ili R#syidi <??6 &! ny!bu$# n "!r$ #ny##n y#n(

&!nj#di &#s#l#h fils# , f#$ huu&* #n$#r# l#in < hubun(#n

huu& d#n !u#s##n 5 hubun(#n huu& d! n(#n nil#i'nil#i

sosi#l bud#y# 9 #"# s!b #b n!(#r# b!rh# &!n (huu& s!

s!or#n( @ #"# s! b#b or#n( &!n##$i huu& &#s# l#h "!r$

#n((un(j#-#b#n 7 &#s#l#h h# &ili C &#s#l#h on $r# d#n

: &#s#l#h "!r#n#n huu& s!b#(#i s# r#n # "!&b#ru#n &#sy#r#

#$+

Ji# i$# b#ndin(#n #n$#r# #"# y#n( di!&u##n ol!h A"!l,

doo& d#n 8i li R #s yidi $!r s!bu$* $#&"# b#h-# &#s#l#h'&#s#l#h

y#n( di#n((#" "!n$in( d#l#& "!&b#h#s#n fils#f#$ huu& $!rus

b!r$#&b#h+ H#l ini s!sun((uhny# $id# $!rl!"#s d#ri s!&#in

b#ny#ny# "#r# #hli

huu& y#n( &!n!uni fils#f#$ huu&+ P#d# j#&#n du lu *

fils#f#$ huu& h#ny#l#h "rodu s#&"in(#n di #n$#r# s!i# n b#

n y# obj! "!ny! lidi #n "#r# filsuf+ P#d# &#s# s!#r#n(* fils#f#$

huu& sud#h &!nj#di "rodu u$#&# y#n( dib#h#s s! ndiri ol!h "#r# #hl

i hu u&+

S!b#(#i /#$#$#n $#&b#h#n * d#l#& b#ny# $uli s#n fils#f# $ hu

u& s!rin( diid!n$i#n d!n(#n jur isprud ence y#n( di#j #r#n $!ru

$#&# d i f#ul$#s'f#ul$# s huu& di A& !ri# S!ri#$+ Is$ il#h

jurisprudence b#h#s# In((ri s #$# u jurispruden ! b#h#s# J!r&#n

sud#h di(un##n d#l#& "od ex #uri s "ivilis di 0#&#n Ro&#-i+ Is$ il#h

ini di"o"ul!r#n $!ru$#&# ol!h "!n (#nu$ #lir#n "osi$i4is&! huu&+

3#$ # juri s"rud!n /! h#rus dib!d# #n d!n (#n #$#

yuri"rud!nsi s! b#(# i&#n# di !n#l d#I#& sis$!& huu& Indon!si# d#n

Ero"# 3on$i, n!n$#l "#d# u&u&ny# * di&#n# is$il#h yuri s"rud!n si

l!b ih &!nunju "#d # "u$us#n h#i& y#n( diiu$ i h#i&'h#i& l#in +

Huijb!rs <?:: &!ny#$##n * +

++++ d i ln((ri s jur isprudence b!r#r $ i #j#r#n #$#u il&u

huu&+ M## n#&" #l#h b#h-# "!n(#nu $'" !n(#nu$ " o si$ i4 is& !

yuridis $id# &#u bi /#r# &!n (!n #i su#$u fils# f# $ huu&+ > l! h

&!r!# #$# juri s, "rud! nsi si/K di#n ((#" l!bih $!" #$ * y# n i su# $u

!"#nd#i#n d#n !/#, #"#n y#n ( $in( (#l d#l#& b#$#s il& u hu u&+

A(#r $id# &!&bin(un(#n s! b# iny# is$ il#h

juris"rud!n/! $id# di$!rj!&#h#n ! d#l#& .#hs# Indon ! si# s!"!r$ i

y# n( dil#u#n Huijb!rs di #$# s &!nj#di yuris"rud !n si* $! $#"i

$!$#" di"!r $#h# n#n d#l#& !j##n #sliny#+

M!nuru$ Ri/h#rd A Posn!r <? ?@ y#n ( di&#sud d!n(#n

juri s"rud!n /! #d#l#h

+++ most $undamental. ge neral, and t heoritica l p lain

o$ anal%s es o $ the so cial pheno meno n called law. & or t he most

par t it d eals with prol ems and u se p ersp ecti ves, remo te

$rom da il% conc erns o$ l egal pract ion crs pro l em that cannot

e solved % re$er ence t o or % reasoning $r om conventional

legal materia ls

perspective that cannot e r edu ced t o legal d octrines or to

legal reasoning. an% o$ pro l ems o$jurisprud ence cross

doctrina l,



6

tempora l and nationa l oundaries .

B2 y#n( "#lin( &!nd#s#r* u&u&* d#n &!ru"##n #n#,

lisi s $!ori$is d#ri su#$u f!no&!n# sosi# l y#n( dis!bu$ d!n(#n

huu& + P#d# s!b#(i#n b!s#r b#(i#nny# s!su#i d!n(#n &# s#l#h

d#n &!n((un##n b!rb#(#i &#/#& "#nd#n(#n s!"!r$i r!&o$!

d#ri &#s# l#h !s!h#ri#n y#n( s!rin( dih#d#"i "#r# "r#$isihuurn * &#s#l#h y#n( $id# d#"#$ di"!/#h#n d!n(#n ruju#n

# $#u j#-#b #n' j#- #b# n d#ri su&b!r huu& bi#s# * y#i$u "#n,

d#n(#n y#n( $id# d#"#$ dir!dusi d#l#& do$ rin huu& +

.#ny# d#ri &#s# l#h'&#s#l#h jur is"rud!n/! y#n( b!rsif#$

lin$# s do$rin* $!&"or#l d#n national ounderies .

8#lu fils#f#$ di#r$i#nny# d!n(#n

B 2 the name we g ive the anal%sis o $'$undamental questions

, thus the traditio nal d e$inition o$jur sprudence as the p hilosop h%

o$ l aw. or as the application o$ philo soph% o $ law , i s pr ima

$a cie appropriat e.

+++ n# rn # $!rs!bu$ i$# b!ri#n un$u &! n(#n#l

isi s "!r $#n y##n'"! r$#ny##n &!nd#s#r * j#d i "!n(!r $i# n $r#di

sion#l d#ri juris"rud!n/! #d#l#h fils#f#$ huu&* #$#u

"!n !r#"#n d#ri fil s#f#$ huu&* y#i$u prima $aci e appropriate .

J#di Posn!r s!ndiri $id# &!&b!d##n "!n (!r $i#n d#ri du#

is$il# h i$ u* s!# li"un b#n y# ju(# "#r# #hli hu u & y#n(

&!n/ob# &!n/#ri di s$in(si d#ri !du#ny#+ H#ny# s#j# s!b#(#i&#n#

di#$ ##n ol!h 8ili R#syi di <?:: s!#li"un #d# "!rb!d##n #n$#r#

!du#ny# * $!$#" su#r un$u &!n/#ri b#$#s 'b#$#sny# y#n( $!(#s +

&. Mn" t Me%el (r i Fil! "t H#$ #%

.#(i s!b#(i#n b!s#r &# h#sis-#* "!r $#ny##n y#n( s!r in( dilon,

$#r#n #d#l#h #"##h &#nf##$ny# &!&"!l# j#ri fi ls#f#$ huu& i$u

A"##h $id# /uu" &#h#sis-# dib!#li d! n(#n il& u huu & s#j#

S!"!r$i $! l# h disin(( un( d i & u # * fils#f#$ $!r&#s u d#l#&

h# l

C

ini fils#f#$ huu& & !&ilii $i(# sif#$ y#n( & !&b!d##nny#

d!n(#n il&u'il&u l#in+ P!r$#&#* fils#f#$ &!&ilii #r #$!ris$i y#n(

b!r sif #$ &!n y!luruh+ D !n (#n /#r# b !r"iir y#n( holi s$i $!rs!bu$ *

&#h#sis-# #$#u si#"# s#j# y#n ( & !&"!l #j #ri fi ls# f# $ huu& di#j#

un$u b!r-#, -#s#n lu #s d#n $! rbu # + M!r !# di# j # un$u &! n

(h#r(# i "!&iir#n* "!nd#" #$ d#n "!nd iri#n or#n( l#in + i$u l# hs!b#bny # d#l# & fi ls#f#$ huu& "un di# j#r #n b!rb #(#i # lir #n "

! & i ir#n $!n$#n ( huu&+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n # "# bi l# &#h#si s- #

$!r s! bu $ $!l#h lulu s s! b #(#i s #rj #n# huu& u&"#&#ny# * d ih #r

#"#n i# $id# # #n b!rsi #" #ro (#n d#n #"riori * b#h -# di si"lin il&u

y#n( di& ili in y# l!bih $in((i dib#n, din (#n d!n (#n d isi"lin il& u

y#n( l#inny# +

= iri y#n ( l#i n * fils#f#$ huu& ju(# &!&il ii sif#$ y #n (

&!n, d# s#r+ Ar$iny# d #l#& & !n(#n#lisi s su#$u &#s#l#h * i$#

di#j# un$u b!r"ii r ri$is d#n r#di #l+ M !r !# y#n ( & !& "!l#j#ri

fils#f#$ huu& di#j # un$u & !& #h#&i huu& $id# d#l #& #r$ i hu

u& "o si$if s! &#$# + >r #n ( y#n ( &!&"/l #j#ri huu& d#l#& #r $i "osi$ if s!&# $# $id# ##n &#&"u &!&#nf##$# n d#n &!n (!&b# n(#n

huu& s!/#r# b#i #"# , bil # i# &!nj#di h#i& * &is#lny# di h #-

#$ ir #n i# # #n &!nj#di 2/or on ( und#n('und #n ( 2 b!l ## +

= iri b!riu$ny# y# n( $id # #l #h "! n$i n( ny# #d# l#h s i f# $

fils#f#$ y#n ( s "! u l# $ if + Sif# $ ini $id# bol /h di# r$i#n s! /#r# n !(#

$i f s! b#( #i si f#$ gamling . S!b#(#i&#n# din y#$ # #n o l!h Suri#su

&# n $r i <?: b #h-# s! &u# il&u y#n ( b!r !rnb #n ( s## $ ini b!

r&ul# d#ri si f# $ s"!, ul#$if $!rs !bu$+ Sif#$ ini &!n (#j # &! r! # y#

n( & !&"!l#j#ri fils#f#$ huu& un$u b!r"i ir ino4#$i f* s! l# lu &

!n/#ri s!su#$u y#n( b#ru+ M!&#n ( s#l# h s# $u /iri or#n ( y#n ( b

!r " i ir r#d i#l #d#l#h s!n#n( !"#d# h#l'h#l b#ru * T !n $u s#j# $ind

# #n s " ! u l# $i f y#n( dirn #su d di sini #d#l# h $ind##n y#n( $!r#r#h

* y#n ( d #"#$ d i"!r$#n((un(j #-#b#n s!/#r# il&i#h+ D !n(#n

b!r"iir s "! u l#$i f d #l#& #r$i "osi$if i$ul#h huu& d#"#$

di!&b#n(#n ! #r#h y# n ( di/i$# '/i$##n b!r s#&#+

= iri l#in l#(i #d#l#h sif #$ fil s#f#$ y# n ( r !fl!$if ri$is+

M!l#lui sif#$ ini * fils#f#$ huu& b!r(un# un$u &!&bi&bin( i$#

&!n(#n#lisis &#s#l#h'&#s#l#h huu& s!/#r# r #s ion #l d#n !&udi#n

&!rn"!r$#ny#, #n j#-#b#n i$u s!/#r# $!rus &!n!rus + J#-#b#n

$!rs!bu$ s!h#rusny# $id# s!!d# r di#n(#$ d#ri (!j#l# '(!j#l# y#n(

$#&"#* $!$#"i sud#h



:

s#&"#i !"#d# nil#i'nil#i y#n( #d# dib#li (!j#l#'(!j#l# i$u + An#lisis

nil#i inil#h y#n( &!&b#n$u i$# un$u &!n!n$u#n si#" s!/#r# bij#,

s#n# d#l#& &!n(h#d#"i su#$u &#s#l#h+

S!b#(#i b#(i#n d#ri fils#f#$ $in(#h l#u* &#$# uli#h fils#f#$

huu& ju(# &!&u#$ &#$!ri $!n$#n( !$i# "rof!si huu&+ D!n(#n

&!&"!l#j#ri !$i# "rof!si $!rs!bu$* dih#r#"#n "#r# /#lon s#rj#n#huu& d#"#$ &!nj#di "!n(!&b#n #&#n#$ luhur "rof!siny#+ S!j# dini

&!r!# di#j# un$u &!&#h#&i nil#i'nil#i luhur "rof!si $!rs!bu$ d#n

&!rnu"u $!rus id!#l is&! &!r!#+ S!#li"un dis#d#ri b#h-# d#l#&

!ny#$##nny# &un(in s#j# nil#i'nil#i i$u $!l#h *&!n(# l#& i

"!ni"is#n, "!ru"is#n+

S!"!r$i y#n( diun(#"#n ol!h R#dh#rishn#n d#l#& buuny#

*he +istor% o$ hilosoph%, &#nf##$ &!&" !l#j #ri fils#f#$ $!n $u s#j#

$!r&#su &!&"!l#j#ri fils#f#$ huu& bu#n h#ny# s!!d#r &!n/!r,

&in#n s! &#n (#$ &#s# !$i# i$# hidu"* &!l#in#n &!&bi&bin( i$#

un$u &#ju+ )un(si fils#f#$ h!nd#ny# &!n(ilh#&#n !y#in#n

!"#d# i$# un$u &!no"#n( duni# b#ru* &!n/!$# &#nusi#'&#nusi#

y#n( $!r(o lon( ! d#l#& b!rb#(#i b#n(s#* r#s d#n #(#&# i$u &!n(#bdi

! "#d# /i$#'/i$ # &uli # !&#nusi##n + )ils#f#$ $id# #d# #r$iny# s#&#

s!#li #"#b il# $id# uni4!rs#l* b#i d#l#& ru#n( lin(u"ny# &#u"un

d#l#& s!&#n(#$ny# Po!r-#r$#n# * <?::+

). Il%#*i+%# ng Ber-(e$ H#$#%

S!$!l#h &!&#h#&i fils#f#$ huu& d!n(#n b!rb#(#i sif#$ny#*

"!rlu ju (# di!$#hu i !$!r#i $#n #n$#r# fils#f#$ huu& ini d!n(# n il&u,

+il&u l#in y#n( ju(# b!robj! huu&+ Su#$u "!&bid#n(#n y#n( #(#

l!n(#" $!n$#n( ilrnu'il&u y#n( obj!ny# huu& dib!ri#n ol!h

Pu&#di Purb#/#r## d#n So!rjono So!#n$o <?:? +

Is$il#h 2disi"lin huu&2 s!ndiri s!b!n#&y# di#lihb#h#s##n

ol!h Pu&#di Purb#/#r## d#n So!rjono So!#n$o d#ri #$# legal

theor%, s!b#(#i&#n di&#sud#n ol!h %+ )ri!d&#nn+ H#l ini $#&"#

d#l#& $!rj!&#h#n #ry# )ri!d&#nn ol!h Pu&#di Purb#/#r##n d#n

=hid ir Ali <?:7 y#n( dib!ri #$# s#& bu$#n ol! h So!rjono So!#n$o

+ P!n!r j!&#h#n legal theor% d!n(#n 2disi"lin huu&2 disini

&un(in

?

##n &!&bin(un(#n* &!n(in(#$ un$u is$il#h y#n( s#&# ol!h "!n !r,

j!&#h l#in Mo h#& &#d Arif in* <??6 di(un## n is$ il#h 2$!ori

huu&2 +

Disi"lin huu& ol!h Purb#/#r##* So!#n$o* d#n =hidir Ali

di#r$i#n s#&# d!n(#n $!ori huu& d#l#& #r$i lu#s y#n( &!n/#u"

"oli $i huu&* fils#f#$ hu u& d#n $!ori hu u& d#l #& #r$i s!&"i$+

T!ori huu& d#l#& #r$i s!&"i$ inil#h y#n( dis!bu$ d!n(#n il&u

huu&+

Il&u huu& dib!d##n &!nj#di il&u $!n$#n( nor&# (norm-

wissenscha$ii, il&u $!n$#n( "!n(!r$i#n huu& (egri$$enwissenscha$ii

d#n il&u $!n$#n( !ny#$##n huu& (tatsach enwissenscha$t). Il&u

$!n$#n( nor&# #n$#r# l#in &!&b#h#s $!n$#n( "!ru&us#n nor&#

huu&* #"# y#n( di&#sud nor&# huu& #bs$r# d#n onri$ i$u* isi

d#n sif#$ nor&# huu&* !ss!nsi#li# nor&# huu&* $u(#s d#n !(un##n

nor&# huu&* "!& y#$ ##n d#n $#nd# "!& y#$##n nor&# huu&*

"!n yi&" #n( #n $!rh#d#" nor& # hu u& d#n !b!rl#u#n nor&# huu&+

S!l#nju$ ny# il&u $!n $#n( "!n(!r$i#n huu& #n$ #r# l#in &!&b#h#s

$!n$#n( #"# y#n( di&#sud d!n(#n &#sy#r##$ huu&* suby!

huu&* obj! huu&* h# d#n !-#jib#n* "!ri s$i- # hu u& d#n

hubun(#n huu&+ 3!du# j!nis il&u ini dis!bu$ d!n(#n il&u $!n$#n(

do(&#$i huu&+ =iri do(&#$i huu& $!rs!bu$ #d#l#h $!ori$is r#sio,

n#l d!n(#n &!n((un##n lo(i# d!du$if +

Il&u $!n$#n( !ny#$##ri huu& #n$#r# l#in Sosiolo(i Huu&*

An$ro"olo(i Huu&* Psiolo(i Huu&* P!rb#ndin(#n Huu& d#n

S!j#r#h Huu&+ Sosiolo(i Huu& &!&"!l#j#ri s!/#r# !&"iris d#n

#n#li$is hubun(#n $i&b#l b#li #n$#r# huu& s!b#(#i (!j#l# d!n(#n

(!j#l#'(!j#l# sosi#l l#inny#+ An$ro"olo(i Huu& &!&"!l#j#ri "ol# ,

"ol# s!n(!$# d#n "!n y!l!s# i#n ny# b#i "#d # &#s y#r# #$ s!d!rh#n#

&#u"un &#sy#r##$ y#n( s!d#n( &!n(#l#&i "ros!s &od!&is#si+

Psiolo(i Huu& &!&"!l#j#ri huu& s!b#(#i su#$u "!r-ujud#n "!r,

!&b#n(#n ji-# &#nusi# + P!rb#ndin(#n Huu& #d#l#h /#b#n( il&u

huu& y#n( &!&"!rb#ndin(#n sis$!&'sis$!& huu& y#n( b!rl#u

di d#l#& s!su#$u #$#u b!b!r#"# &#sy#r##$+ S!j#r#h Huu& &! &,

"!l#j# ri $!n$#n( "!r!&b#n (#n d#n #s#l'usul d#ri sis $!& hu u& d#l#&

su#$u &#sy#r##$ $!r$!n$u+ Purb#/#r## d#n So!#n$o* <?:?+ .!rb!d#



#0

d!n(#n il&u $!n$#n( nor&# d#n il&u $!n $#n( "!n(!r$i#n hu u& *

/iri il&u $!n$#n( !ny#$##n il&u ini #d#l#h $!ori$ is !&"iris d!n(#n

&!n(, (un##n lo(i# indu$if+

Poli$i Huu& &!n/#u" !(i#$#n'!(i#$#n &!&ili h n il# i'n

il#i d#n &/n!r#"#n nil#i'nil#i + )ils#f#$ Huu& #d# l#h "!r!n un(# n

d#n "!ru&us# n nil#'n il#i * !/u#li i$u fi ls#f#$ huu& ju(# &!n/# u"

"!ny!, r#si#n nil#i'nil#i * &is#lny# "!ny!r#si#n #n$#r# !$!r $ib#n d#n

!$!n, $r#&#n* #n$#r# !b!nd##n &#$!ri# lis&! d#n !#hl##n id!#

lis&!* #n$#r# !l#n((!n(#n nil#i'n il# i l#&# ons!r4#$is&! d# n

"!&b#h#, ru#n Purb#/#r## d#n So!#n $o * <?:?+ D#"#$ "u l# di

$#&b# h# n b#h-# "o li$i huu& s!l#lu b!rbi/#r# $!n$#n( huu&

y#n( di/i$#, /i $##n (J us "onstituendu nu d#n b!ru"#

&!nj#di#nny# s!b#(#i hu u& "os i$i f (Jus "onstitutuni% "#d# su#$u

&#s# &!nd# $#n( +

D#ri "!&bid#n(#n y#n( diur# i#n di #$#s* $#&"# b#h-#

fils#f# $ huu& $id# di&#su#n s!b#(#i /#b# n( d#ri fils#f# $ huu&

$!$#"i s!b#(#i b#(i# n d#ri $!ori huu& (lega l theor%) #$# u disi"li&

huu& + T!ori huu& d!n(#n d!&ii#n $id# s#&# d!n(#n fils#f# $

huu&* #r!n# y#n( s# $u &!n/# u" y#n( l#inny#+ S# $ji "$o R#

h#rjo <?:7 &!ny#$##n b#h-# $!ori h uu& bol!h dis! b u$ s! b#(#i

!l#n,

ju$#n d#ri us#h# &!& "! l#j#ri huu& "osi$if* s!$id# '$id#ny# d#l#&

uru$#n y#n( d!&ii#n i$ul# h i$# &!n(ons$r usi#n ! h#di r#n

$!ori huu& s!/#r# j! l#s+

T!ori huu& &!&#n( b!rb i/#r# $!n$#n( b#n y# h# l y#n( d#"#$

&#su ! d#l#& I#"#n (#n "oli$i huu&* fi ls#f#$ huu&* il&u h u u

& #$#u o&bin#si d#r i !$i(# bid#n( i$u + 3#r!n# i$u l#h $!ori hu u&

d#"# $ s#j# "#d# su#$u !$i# &!&bi/#r##n s!s u#$ u y# n( b!rsif#$uni4!rs#l * $!$#"i $id# $!r$u$u" !& un(in#n i# b!rb i/# r# &!n(!n#i

h# l'h# l y#n( s#n(#$ h#s &! n uru $ $!&"#$ d#n -#$ u $!r$!n$u + Ur#i# n

$!n$ #n ( fils#f# $ huu& d#n $!ori huu & di #$#s ir#ny# ## n

b!r(un# d# l#& r#n(# &!nj!l#s#n !l# &!n(! n#i #"# d#n di&#n#

l!$# fils#f# $ h uu& d# n $!ori huu& Indon!si#+

BAB 11

PANDANGAN TENTANG HUKUM PADA

/AMAN KLASIK

P!n( !r$i #n $!n$ #n( huu& $id# s!l#lu s#&#+ H#l ini b!r#i

$#n d!n (#n "!ru b#h#n "#nd#n(#n hidu" d#ri 0# &#n ! 0#&#n+ S!j#

#-# l 0# &#n &od!& #b #d !'< b#n y# or#n ( s!/#r# s "o n$#n

&!ny#&# , #n huu& d!n(#n huu& n!(#r# * huu & #d# l#h und

#n ('und #n(+ A #n $!$#"i "!n (!r$i #n huu& s!/#r# $r#dision#l

$id#l #h d!&i i#n+ D#l #& "#nd#n (#n $r#di sion#l huu& l! bih di"

#nd#n( s! b#(#i s!su#$u y#n ( b!rsif#$ idiil #$#u !$is Huijb!rs* <??

5< + P#d#0#

&#

n l#si #b

#d 7 SM'#b#d M huu& di#n ((#"s!b#(#i /!r&in #$u r#n # l#& s! &! s$#+ P#d# #b#d "/r$ !n (#h#n #b #d

M ' < M huu& y#n( di$ uju #d# l#h "!r#$ur #n '"!r#$ur#n y#n (

&!& #n/# r#n !$!n$u# n'! $!n$u# n A ll# h+

A. HUKUM /AMAN 0UNANI KUNO

P#d # &ul #n y# $#n((#"#n or#n('or #n ( yun#n i $!rh#d# "

"!n(!r, $i#n huu& &# sih "ri&i$ if+ P#d # 0#&# n i$u huu & di "#n d#

n( s! b#(# i !h #ru s#n #l#&i#h (n omos) b#i s! &!s$ # #l#& & #u"

un &#nu si# * /o n$oh l#i'l #i b!ru# s#* bud # #d# l#h bu d# *d#n s! b#(#iny#+ N#&un "#d# "!rj #l#n#nny#* $!"# $ny# s!j# # b# d @

SM #d# b!b!r#"# filo sof y#n( &!n (#r$i#n huu& s!/#r# b!r b! d# +

Pl #$o @5 C'9@C SM y#n( &!nuli s buu olit eia d#n om oi

&!&b!ri #n $#- #r #n "!n( !r , $i#n huu&* h#i #$ huu& d#n di4

!r(!ns iny# + .uu oliteia &!lu , i s#n &od!l n!(#r# y#n( #dil+

D#l#& buu $!rs !bu$ Pl#$o &!n(, un (#"#n (#(#s#nny# $!n $#n(

!ny#$##n b#h- # d#l #& n!(#r#



<5

$!rd#"#$ !lo&"o'!lo&"o d#n y#n( di&#sud d!n(#n !#dil#n

#d#l#h ji# $i#"'$i#" !lo&"o b!rbu#$ d!n(#n #"# y#n( s!su#i d!n(#n

$!&"#$ d#n $u(#sny#+ S!d#n(#n d#l#& buu omoi, Pl#$o &!nj!l#s,

#n $!n$#n( "!$unju dib!n$uny# $#$# huu&+ M!nuru$ Pl#$o*

"!r# $ur#n'"!r#$ur#n y#n( b!rl #u di$ul is d#l#& i$#b "!rund#n(#n*

#r!n# ji# $id# "!ny!l!-!n(#n d#ri huu& y#n( #dil suli$ dihin,d#r#n+

)ilosof l#in s!"!r$i Aris$o$!l!s 9@:'955 SM y#n( &!nulis

buu oliti/a ju( # &!& b!r i#n $#-#r#n b#ru "#d # "!n(!r$i#nny#

$!n$#n( huu&+ M!nuru$ Aris$o$!l!s* &#nusi# &!ru"##n 2&#hlu

"o lis2 (!oon politicon), di&#n# &#nusi# h#rus iu$ d#l#& !(i#$#n

"oli$ i d#n $##$ "#d# huu& "olis + 3!&udi#n Aris $o$!l!s &!&b#(i

huu& &!nj#di 5 du#+ P!r$#&# #d#l#h huu& #l#& odr#$* y#i$u

y#n( &!n/!r&in#n #$ur#n #l#&* s!l#lu b!rl#u d#n $id# "!&#h

b!rub#h+ Y#n( !du# #d#l#h huu& "osi$ if* y#i$u huu& y#n( dibu#$

ol!h &#nusi#+ 8!bih j#uh Aris$o$!l!s &!nj!l#s#n d#l#& buuny#

$!rs!bu$ b#h-# "!&b!n$u#n huu& h#rus s!l#lu dibi&bin( r#s#

!#dil#n* y#i$u r#s# y#n( b#i d#n "#n$#s b#(i or#n( y#n( hidu"

b!rs#&#+ Slo(#n y#n( &!nj!l#s#n $!n$ #n( h#i #$ !#di l#n &!nuru$

Aris$o$!l!s #d#l#h 2!"#d# y#n( s#&# "!n$in( dib!ri#n y#n( s#&#*

!"#d# y#n( $id# s#&# "!n$in( dib!ri#n y#n( $id# s#&#2+

B. HUKUM /AMAN ROMA 1l

P#d# "!r&ul##n 3!r#j##n Ro&#-i #b#d : SM* "!r#$ur#n

Ro&#-i h#ny# un$u o$# Ro&# C9 SM* !&udi#n &!lu#s d#n

&!nj#di uni4!rs#l+ P!r#$ur#n y#n( $!l#h &!lu#s d#n uni4!rs#l $!rs!bu$

dis!bu$ ju(# d!n(#n 2ius (!n$iu&2* y#i$u su#$u huu& y#n( di$!ri&#

s!&u# b#n(s# s!b#(#i d#s#r su#$u !hidu"#n b!rs#&# y#n( b!r#d#b+

S!l#in "!r#$ur#n y#n( #d# yurisdisi #-#lny# h#ny# un$u o$#

Ro&#* "!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$ ju(# b!rsif #$ #suis$is+ P!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$

h#ny# b!rl#u un$u un$u #sus'#sus $!r$!n$u s#j#* di&#n# "!r#$ur#n

$!rs!bu$ h#ny# dij#di#n "!do&#n b#(i "#r# h#i& d#l#& &!&u$us

su#$u "!r#r#+ S!$!l#h &!nj#di ius gentium, "!r# $ur#n $!rs!bu$

<9

b!rfun(s i s!b#(# i "!do&#n "#r# (ub !&u r -il#y#h y#n( b!r"!r#n

ju(# s!b#(#i h#i& + P!r!&b#n(#n $!rs!bu$ s!su#i ju(# d!n(#n

"!nd#"#$ s#rj #n# huu & Ro&#-i s##$ i$u s!"!r $i =i/!ro * G#lius*

Ul"#nus* d#n l#in'l#in+

P#d# 0#&#n ini* "#h#& y#n( b!r!&b#n( #d#l# h b#h-# fils#f#$

huu& b!rsif#$ idiil y#n( &!n!r#n(#n d#n &!nd#s#ri sis$!& huu& bu#nl#h huu& y#n ( di$!n$u#n huu& positi$lleges, &!l#in#n

huu& y#n( di/i$#'/i$##n d#n y#n( di/!r&in#n d#l#& leges $!rs! bu$

huu& s!b#(#i ius) . Jus b!lu& $!n$u di$!&u#n d#l#& "!r#$ur#n*

$!$#"i $!r-ujud d#l#& huu& #l#&i#h y#n( &!n(#$ur #l#& d#n

&#nusi#+ >l!h #u& S$o#* huu& #l#& y#n( &!l!bihi huu& "osi$i f

#d#l#h "!&y#$##n !h!nd# il#hi Huijb!rs* <?? 5+ M!nuru$ )+

S/hul$0 b#(i b#n(s# Ro&#-i "!rund#n('und#n(#n $id# b!(i$u "!n,

$in( * di/!r&in#n d#ri "!&y#$##n 01as 2ol/ des 3echts ist nichts das

2ol/ des 4eset!es0 b#n(s# huu& i$u bu#nl#h b#n(s# und#n(,

und#n( A"!ldoo&* <?:7 <+

Huu& Ro&#-i di!&b#n(#n ol!h 3!#is#r#n Ro&#-i

Ti&ur .y0#n$iu&* l#lu di-#risi !"#d# (!n!r#si'(!n!r#si s!l#nju$,

ny# d#l#& b!n$u 3od!s Huu&+ T#hun 5:'9@ s!luruh "!rund#n(,

#n !#is#r#n Ro&#-i diu&"ul#n d#l#& s#$u 3od!s #$#s "!rin$#h

3#is#r Yus$ini#nus* y#n( i# s!bu$ s!b#(#i "odex Juris 3umaui"odex

#ustinianus"orpus Juris "ivilis. 3!&udi#n di!&b#n(#n "#d # #b#d

"!r $!n(#h#n* d#n di"r#$!#n !&b#li "#d#! #is# r#n J!r&#n +

T!r#hir* huu& ro&#-i $!rs!bu$ &!nj#di $ul#n( "un((un( huu&

"!rd#$# &od !& d#l#& "ode "ivil N#" ol! on <:6@+

c. HUKUM PADA ABAD PERTENGAHAN

S!rin( #li i$# &!&b#/# du# s!j#r#h b!s#r #n$#r Isl#& d#n

.#r#$ s!##n'##n $# "!&#h s#lin( b!r$!&u #n$#r# !du#ny# #$#u

s!"!r$i du# s!j#r#h y#n( h#rus dib!d##n #n$#r# !du#ny#+ P#d#h#l

$id#l#h b!(i$u* !$i# i$# &#u &!&b#/# #$#u &!nyi&# s!j#r#h*

s#ins d#n il&u "!n(!$#hu#n y#n( ini $!l#h b!r!&b#n( "!s#$ di !r#

&ill!niu& s!#r#n( ini+ S!/#r# filosofis bis# dilih#$ !$i# duni# Isl#&



<@

d#l#& !!&#s#n+ .#ny# or#n('or#n( Ero"# .#r#$ "#d# u&u&ny#*

s!i$#r ur#n( l!bih #b#d "!r$!n(#h#n* n!(#r#'n!(#r# .#r#$ &!n(,

#l#&i !(!l#"#n d#n !&undur#n* s!$!l#h b!r#"# s##$ &!n(#l#&i

!&#ju#n di bid#n( fils#f#$'hususny# di n!(#r# Yun#ni'di#-#l #b#d

M#s!hi+ Al#& "iir &!r!# /!nd!run( &!n(#r#h "#d# "rof#nis$i+

S!hin((# .#r#$ h#&s &!n(#ui !&undur#nny#+3ronolo(i S!j#r#h !&#ju#n di .#r#$ bis# di$!lusuri s!j#

3!h#lif#h#n U&#y#h &#su ! S"#nyol And#lusi# $#hun C<<

dib#-#h "i&"in#n Abdurr#hrn#n #d'D#hil C M + P#d# &#s#

"!&!rin$#h#nny# Abdurr#h&#n #d'D#hil &!& b#n(un &#sj id* s!o,

l#h d#n "!r"us$###n di =ordo4#+ S!&!nj# i$u l#hirl#h s#rj#n#'s#rj#,

n# Isl#& y#n( &!&bid#n(i &#s#l#h'&#s#l#h $!r$!n$u s!"!r$i Abb#s

ibn )#&#s y#n( #hli d#l#& Il&u 3i&i#* Ibn Abb#s d#l#& bid#n(

)#r&#olo(i * Ibr#hi& ibn Y#hy# #l'N#FF#sh d#l#& bid#n( #s$rono&i

di&#n# i# d#"#$ &!n(hi$un( (!rh#n# d#n "!n!&u $!ro"on( bin$#n(

un$u "!r$#&# #li* Ibnu Jub#ir V#l!n/i#* <<@'<55: #hli d#l#&

S!j#r#h d#n G!o(r#fi* Ibn .#$u$h#h T#n(i!r* <96@'<9CC* Ibn #l,3h#$ib <9<C'<9C@* d#n Ibn 3h#ldun+

D#l#& bid#n( fils#f#$ ju(# l#hir b!b!r#"# $ooh s!"!r$i Ibnu

.#jj#h l#hir di S#r#(os#* -#f#$ $#hun <<9: M y#n( hidu" di S"#nyol

&!ny#in(i #l ')#r#bi d#n Ibn Sin# y#n( hidu" di .#(hd#d ibu o$#

3!h#lif#h#n Abb#siy#h+ l# &!nulis buu *adir al5utawahhid

y#n( &!rnb#h#s &#s#l#h !$os d#n !s#$olo(is+ )ilosof l#in Abu .#r

ibn Tuf#il l#hir di Gr#n#d#* -#f#$ $h <<: M &!nulis buu +a% in

6aq!han, Ibn Rusyd <<57'<<?: y#n( &!ru"##n "!-#ris "!&i ir#n

Aris$o$!l!s &!nulis buu Bida%alt al5 Mujtahid. P#d# "!r!&b#n(#n

s!l#nju$ny# Ibnu Rusyd &!l#hir#n #lir#n fils#f#$ b#ru $!rs!ndiri di

Ero"# * A 4or!is&!+

Ab#d P!r$!n(#h#n ini dido&in#si ol!h #(#&#* #(#&# 3ris$i#ni

di .#r#$ d#n #(#&# Isl#& di Ti&ur+ J#&#n ini &!&b!ri#n "!&iir#n,

"!&i ir#n b#ru &!si"un $id# &!n (hi l#n (#n s#& # s!#li !bud#,

y##n Yun#ni d#n Ro&#-i+ 3#ry#'#ry# Aris$o$!l!s di"!l#j#ri ol!h

"#r# #hli "i ir Isl#& y#n ( !&udi# n di$! rus#n ol!h #hli "ii r di

.#r#$+

)ilsuf Ar#b Isl#& y#n( di!n#l "!r$#&# #d#l#h #l'3indi*

<

C?7':C9M+ l# d!n(#n $!(#s &!n(#$##n b#h-# #n$#r# fils#f#$

d#n #(#&# $# #d# "!r$!n$#n(#n+ )ils#f#$ i# #r$i#n s!b#(#i "!&,

b#h#s#n $!n$ #n( y#n( b!n#r (al5ahs'an al5haqq). A(#&# d#l#&

"#d# i$u ju(# &!nj!l#s#n y#n( b!n#r+ M## !du#'du#ny#

&!&b#h#s y#n( b!n#r+ S!l#nju$ny# fils#f#$ d#l#& "!&b#h#s#n,ny# &!&##i ##l d#n #(#&#* d#n d#l#& "!nj!l#s#n $!n$#n(

y#n( b!n#r ju(# &!&##i #r(u&!n'#r(u&!n r#sion#l+ D!n(#n

fils#f#$ 2#l'H#FF #l'A--#l2ny#* #l'3indi* b!rus#h# &!&u&i#n

!!s##n Tuh#n d#ri #r$i b#ny#+ S!l#in #l'3indi* filsuf l#in y#n(

b#n y# b!rbi/#r# &!n(!n#i "!&u&i# n $#uhid #d#l#h #l')#r#bi

:C6'?6 M+ P!r/i#n "!&iir#n filsuf'filsuf "#d# f#s! #-#l

"!r!&b#n(#n fils#f#$ di#n$#r#ny# #d#l#h :'; Al#& qadim

d#l#& #r$i $# b!r&ul# d#l#& 0#&#n* 5 P!&b#n(i$#n j#s&#ni

$# #d#* 9 Tuh#n $id# &!n(!$#hui "!rin/i#n y#n( $!rj#di di

#l#&+ Ini #d#l#h $i(# d#ri du# "uluh ri$i#n y#n( di#ju#n #l,

Gh#0#li :' 6:'<<<< M $!rh#d#" "/&iir#n "#r# filsufIsl#&+

3ons!" #l#& qadim &!&b#-# !"#d# !ufur#n d#l#&

"!nd#"#$ #l'Gh#0#li #r!n# qadim d#l#& fils#f#$ b!r#r$i s!su#$u

y#n( -ujudny# $id# &!&"uny#i "!r&ul##n d#l#& 0#&#n y#i$u

$id# "!&#h $id# #d# di 0#&#n l#&"#u* d#n ini b!r#r$i $id#

di/i"$##n+ Y#n( $id# di/i"$##n #d#l#h Tuh#n* &## sy#h#d#$

d#l#& $!olo(i Isl#& #d#l#h la qadim a, ilallah, $id# #d# y#n(

F#di& s!l#in All#h+ 3#l#u #l#& qadim, &## #l#& #d#l#h "ul#

Tuh#n d#n $!rd#"#$l#h du# Tuh#n* ini &!&b#-# !"#d# "#h#&

s%iri/ #$#u "oli$h!is&!+ Tid# di/i"$##n bis# "ul# b!r#r$i $id#

"!rlu #d#ny# P!n/ i"$# y#i$u Tuh#n* d#n ini &!&b#-# "ul#

!"#d# #$h!is&!+ M!n(!n#i "!&b#n(i$#n j#s&#ni * #l'LurB#n

&!n((#&b#r#n #d#ny# "!&b#n(i$#n j#s&#ni i$u + U&"#&#ny#

#y#$ C:'C? d#ri LS+ Y#sin 07iapa %ang menghidup/an tulang-

tulang %ang telah rapuh ini8 9ata/anlah: 6ang menghidup/an

adalah 6ang encipta/ann%a pertama /ali. 2 3!&udi#n $!n$#n(

&#s#l#h !$i(#* Tuh#n $id# &!n(!$#hui "!rin/i#n y#n( #d# di

#l#& ju(# did#s#r#n #$#s !#d##n f#ls#f#$ i$u* b!rl#-#n#n



<7

d!n(#n #l'LurB#n #y#$ ? d#ri sur#$ al5;n'am: *iada daun %ang

ja tu }i %ang tida/ di/etahui5%a. Al'Gh#0#li &!n(!lu#r#n "!n,

d#"#$ b#h-# j#l#n s!b!n#&y# un$u &!n/#"#i h#i#$ bu#nl#h

fils#f#$ $!$#"i $#s#-uf+D#l#& bid#n( huu& &un/ul #lir#n ancilla theologiae, y#i$u

"#h #& y#n ( &!n!$#"#n b#h -# huu & y#n ( di$! $#"#n h#rus di,

/o/o#n d!n(#n #$ur#n y#n( $!l#h #d#* y#i$u !$!n$u#n'!$!n$u#n

#(#&#+ T!ori'$!ori &!n(!n#i huu& "#d# Ab#d P!r$!n(#h#n ini di!,

&u##n ol!h A(us$inus 9@'@96* Tho&#s AFuin#s <55'<5C*

d#n "#r# s#rj#n# Isl#&* #n$#r# l#in AI'S#fii :56+ M!nuru $ A(us$inus*

huu& #b#di #d# "#d# .udi Tuh#n+ Tuh#n &!&"uny#i id!'id! Ab#di

y#n( &!ru"##n /on$oh b#(i s!(#l# s!su#$u y#n( #d# d#l#& duni#

ny#$#+ >l!h #r!n# i$u* huu& ini ju(# dis!bu$ s!b#(#i huu& #l#&*

y#n( &!&"uny#i "rinsi"* 2J#n(#n b!rbu#$ !"#d# or#n( l#in* #"# y#n(

!n(#u $id# in(in b!rbu#$ !"#d#&u+2 D#l#& "rinsi" ini n#&"#

#d#ny# r#s# !#dil#n +

Ar$i huu& &!nuru$ Tho&#s AFuin#s #d#l#h #d#ny# huu&

y#n( d#$#n( d#ri -#hyu * d#n huu& y#n( dibu#$ ol!h &#nusi#+

Huu& y#n( did#"#$ d#ri -#hyu din#&##n huu& Il#hi "osi$if+

Huu& -#hyu #d# "#d # nor&# 'nor&# &or#l #(#&#* s!d#n(#n

huu& y# n( d#$#n( d#ri ##l budi &#nus i# #d# $i(# &#/ #&* y#i$u

huu& #l#&* huu& b#n(s#'b#n(s#* d#n huu& "osi$if &#nusi#-i+

Huu& #l#& b!rsif#$ u&u&* d#n #r!n# i$u $id# j!l#s+ M# # "!rlu

disusun huu& y#n( l!bih j!l#s y#n( &!ru"##n und#n('und#n(

n!(#r# y#n( &!n(#$ur !hidu"#n &#nusi# d#l#& &#sy#r##$+ I'Iuu&

ini dis!bu$ huu& "osi$if+ A"#bil# huu& "osi$if ini b!r$!n$#n(#n

d!n(#n huu& #l#&* &## huu& #l#&l#h y#n( b!rl#u+

3!#dil#n ju(# &!ru"##n su#$u h#$ y#n( u$#&# d#l#& $!ori

huu& Tho&#s AFuin#s+ M!si"un Tho&#s AFuin#s &!&b!d##n

#n$#r# !#dil#n dis$ribu$if* !#dil#n $u#r'rn!nu#r* d#n !#dil#n l!(#l*

$!$#"i !#dil#n l!(#l &!ndudui "!r#n#n y#n( s#n(#$ "!n$in(+ H#l ini

dis!b#b#n #r!n# !#dil#n l!(#l &!nun$u$ #(#r or#n( $undu "#d#

und#n('und#n(* s!b#b &!n$##$i huu& &!ru"##n si#" y#n( b#i+

J!l#sl#h b#h-# !du# $ooh 3ris$i#ni ini &!nd#s#r#n $!ori huu&ny#

<C

"#d # Hu u& Tuh#n+

P!&iir Isl#& &!nd#s#r#n $!ori huurnny# "#d# #(#&# Isl#&*

y#i$u "#d# -#hyu Il#hi y#n( dis#&"#i#n !"#d# N#bi + D#ri #hli "ii r

Isl#& AI'Sy#fii'I#h #$ur#n'#$ur#n huu & diol#h s!/#r# sis$!&#$is+

Su&b!r huu& Isl#& #d#l#h AI'Lur#n* !&udi#n H#dis y#n( &!ru,

"# #n #j#r#n'#j#r#n d#l #& hidu" N#b i Muh#&&#d s#- + P!r#$ur#n,

"!r#$u r#n y#n( dis! $uju i ol! h u&#$ ju(# &!nj#di huu&* huu&

&uf##$* y#n( dis!bu$ ju(# ij&# + Su&b!r huu& y#n( l#inny# #d#l#h

Fiy#s * y#i$u #n#lo(i #$#u "!rs#&##n+ Huu& Isl#& ini &!li"u$i s!(#l#

bid #n( !h idu"#n &#nusi#+ I'Iuu& Isl#& hidu" d#l#& ji-# or#n(,

or#n ( Isl#&* d#n b!rd#s#r#n "#d # #(#&#+ I'luu& Isl#& &!ru"##n

hidu" id!#l b#(i "!n(#nu$ny# + >l!h #r!n# Huu& Isl#& b!rd#s#r#n

"#d # Al Lur#n &## Huu& Isl#& #d# l#h huu& y#n ( &!&"uny#i

hubun(#n d!n(#n All#h* l#n(sun( s!b#(#i -#hyu+ A$ur#n huu&

h#rus dibu#$ b!rd#s#r#n -#hyu Muh#&&#d 3h#lid M#sud* <??7

<5'<9+

D!n(#n #$# l#in "#d# #b#d "!r$!n(#h#n ini #d# du# "#nd#n(#n

y#n( b!rb!d# + M!nuru$ Sy#fiBi &!n(#"# huu& h#rus di/o/o#n

d!n(#n !$!n$u#n #(#&# #r!n# huu& b!rhubun(#n d!n(#n -#hyu

s!/#r# l#n(sun(* s!hin((# huu& di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i b#(i#n d#ri

-#hyu+ .!rb!d# d!n(#n Sy#fi Bi* &!nuru$ A(us$inus d#n Tho&#s

AFuin#s huu& b!rhubun(#n d!n(#n -#hyu s!/#r# $id# l#n(sun(*

y#i$u huu& y#n( dibu#$ &#nusi#* disusun di b#-#h ins"ir#si #(#&#

d#n -#hyu Huijb!rs* <?? 5C+

P!n(!r$i#n huu& y#n( b!rb!d# ini &!&b#-# ons!u!nsi

d#l#& "#nd#n(#nny# $!rh#d#" huu& #l#&+ P#r# $ooh 3ris$i#ni

/!nd!run( un$u &!&"!r$#h#n#n huu& #l#& s!b#(#i nor&#

huu&* ##n $!$#"i bu#n dis!b#b#n ol!h #l#& y#n( d#"#$ &!n/i"$#

huu& &!l#in#n #r!n# #l#& &!ru"##n /i"$##n Tuh#n+ M!nuru$

Tho&#s AFuin#s #$ur#n #l#& $id# l#in d#ri "#r$isi"#si #$ur#n #b#di

(lex aeterna) y#n( #d# "#d# Tuh#n s!ndiri+ +

D#l#& Isl#&* #(#&# &!ru"##n "!n(#u#n &#nusi# un$u

b!rsi#" "#sr #h !" #d# s!su#$ u y#n ( l!b ih $in((i * l!b ih #(u n( d#n

l!bih u#$ d#ri &!r!#* y#n( b!rsif#$ $r#ns!d!n$#l+ T!l#h &!nj#di

fi$r#h &#nusi# un$u &!&uj# d#n si#" "#sr#h !"#d# s!su#$u y#n(



#-

di# #(un('#(un(#n un$u dij#di#n s!b#(#i Tuh#nny# + 6<!h #r!n#

Tuh#n $!l#h &!n!$#"#n huu&'huu&ny# b#( i &#nusi# * &## $i#d#

l#in s!b#(#i ons!u!nsi d#ri !"#sr#h#n $!rs! bu$ &#nusi# h#rus $##$

"#d# huu&'huurn $!rs! bu$+ Isl#& &!&#nd# n( $id# #d# "!rb!d##n

#n$#r# huu& #l#& d!n(#n huu& Tuh#n (s %ariat ) , < #r!n# sy#ri#$

y#n( di$!$#"#n All#h d#l#& Al'Lur#n s!su#i d!n(#n huu& #l#& i$u

s!ndiri* y#n( d#l#& Isl#& dis!bu$ $itrah . N#& un "!&#n# #n fi$r#h

d#l#& Isl#& j#uh l!bih $in((i d#ri"#d# "!&#n##n huu& #l#&

s!b#(#i&#n# di"#h#&i d#l#& on$ !s il&u huu&+ Ji# huu& #l#&

(lex naturae) di"#h#&i s!b#(#i !#r# s!(#l# y#n( #d# b!rj#l#n s!su#i

d!n(#n #$ur#n s!&!s$# #l#& s!"!r$i &#nusi# d#l#& b!r$ind# &!n('

!/!nd!run(#n'!/!nd!run(#n d#l#& j#s&#niny# Huijb!r s*

<??* &## $itrah b!r#r$ i "!&b!b#s#n &#nusi# d#ri !$!rj#j#h#n

$!rh#d#" !&#u#n j#s&#niny# y#n( s!rb# $id# $!rb #$#s "#d# !&#u#n

ruh#ni y#n( &!nd!#$ "#d# Tuh#n +

P#d# #b#d ini "#r# #hli !&udi#n &!&b!d##n #d# Ii&# j!ni s

huu&* y#i$u

#+ Huu& #b#di (lex a etema): r!n!#n# All#h $!n$#n( #$ur#n

s!&! s$# #l#&+ Huu& #b#di i$u &!ru"##n su#$u "!n (!r$i#n

$!olo(is $!n$#n( #s#l &ul# s!(#l# huu&* y#n ( ur#n( b!r"

!, n(#ruh #$#s "!n(!r$i#n huu& l#inny#+

b+ Huu& il#hi "osi$i f (l ex divino positiva) : huu& All#h y#n(

$!r#ndun( d#l#& -#hyu #(# &#* $!ru$ #&# &!n(!n#i "rinsi",

"rins i" !#dil#n+

!+ Huu& #l#& (lex naturais) : huu& All#h s!b#(#i&#n# n#&"#

d#l#& #$ur#n s!&!s$# #l#& &!l#lui ##l budi &#nusi#+

d+ Huu& b#n(s#'b#n(s# (ius ge ntium ): huu& y#n( di$!ri&#ol!h s!&u# #$#u !b#ny##n b#n(s#+ Huu& i$u y#n( b!r#s#l

d#ri huu& ro&#-i * l#&b#$ I#un hil#n( s!b#b dir!s!"si

d#l#& huu& "osi$if+

!+ Huu& "osi$if (lex humana positiva): huu& s!b#(#i&#n#

di$!n$u#n ol!h y#n( b!ru#s# $#$# huu& n!(#r#+ Huu& ini

"#d# 0#&#n &od !& di$#n((#"i s!b#(#i huu& y#n( s!j#$i+

BAB III

PANDANGAN TENTANG HUKUM PADA

/AMAN MODERN

3!&#ju#n y#n( $!rj#di di duni# Isl#&* $!&y#$# &!&ilii d#y#

$#ri $!rs!ndiri b#(i &!r!# or#n('or#n( .#r#$+ M## "#d# &#s#

s!"!r$i inil#h b#ny# or#n('or#n( .#r#$ y#n( d#$#n( ! duni# Isl#&

un$u &!&"!l#j#r i fils#f#$ d#n il&u "!n(!$#hu#n+ 3!&udi #n h#l ini

&!nj#di j!&b#$#n infor&#si #n$#r# .#r#$ d#n Isl#&+ D#ri "!&iir#n,

"!&iir# n il&i#h* r#sion#l d#n filosofis * #$#u b#h#n s#ins Isl#& &ul#i

di$r#nsf!r ! d#r#$#n Ero"#+ 3on$# #n$#r# duni# .#r#$ d#n Isl#& "#d #

li&# Ab#d b!riu$ny# $!&y#$# &#&"u &!n(#n$#r#n Ero"# "#d#

&#s# !b#n(i$#nny# !&b#li (renaisan ce) "#d# bid#n( il&u "!n(!$#,hu#n d#n fils#f#$+ S!l#nju$ny# b!r!&b#n( "#d# !r# b#ru y#i$u !r#,

&od!&+

A. /AMAN RENAISSAN2E

.!r!b#li#n d!n(#n #"# y#n( di#l#&i ol!h "#r# "!l#j#r .#r#$

d!n(#n #"# y#n( &!r!# d#"#$#n d#ri Isl#&* di&#n# (!r!j# &!&ilii

!u#s##n &u$l# di Ero"# $!or#si* &!ni&bul#n !r# b#ru

renaissance' !l#hir#n !&b#li+ Er# ini &!ru"##n &#nif!s$#si d#ri

"ro$!s "#r# #hli y#n( b!l#j#r d#ri Isl#& $!rh#d#" !u#s##n (!r!j#y#n( &u$ l# $!rs! bu$+ P#d# 0#&#n ini hidu" &#n usi# &!n(#l#&i

b#ny# "!rub#h#n + .il# "#d # #b#d "!r$ !n(#h#n "!rh #$i#n or#n(

di#r#h#n !"#d# duni# d#n #hir#$* &## "#d# 0#&#n &od!&

"!rh#$i#nny# h#ny# "#d#!hidu"#n duni# s#j#+ H#l ini di l#$#r,

b!l# #n(i ol!h !#d##n Ero"# y#n( s##$ i$u "!&#h#&#n $!n$#n(



56

#hir#$ dib#j# ol!h G!r!j#+ M#s# !u#s##n G!r!j# y#n( bi#s#

dis!bu$ s!b#(#i &#s# !(!l#"#n Ero"# $!l#h &!l#hir#n s!n$i&!n #n$i

G!r!j#+ M!r!# &!nuduh G!r!j# $!l#h b!rsi#" s!l#&# s!ribu $#hun

l#y#ny# "olisi y#n( &!&!ris# !y#in#n s!$i#" or#n(+

8#n$#s* l#hirl#h $!ori y#n( &!n!&"#$#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i

s!(#l#'(#l#ny# &!n((#n$i#n Tuh#n+ .!rd#s#r#n $!ori ini* &#nusi#,

l#h y#n( &!nj#di $olo uur !b#i#n d#n !buru#n+ Er# b#ru ini

$!l#h &!l#hir#n $!ori y#n( &!n (!! #& s!(#l# s!su#$u y#n( &!&b#$#si

, !b!b#s#n indi4idu &#nusi# + Aib#$ny#* #(#&# b!rub#h "!r#n d#n

&!nj#di s!b#$#s &#s#l#h indi4idu y#n( h#ny# di&#nf##$#n #l# s!s!,

or#n( &!&!rlu#n s#nd#r# n un$u &!n(usir !(!lis#h#n b#$in d#n

!s!ndiri#n+ A(#&# s!!#r# "!rl#h#n $!r(!s!r d#ri !hidu"#n &#sy#,

r##$ di Ero"# Huijb!rs* <?:+ .ur!h#rd$ d#l#& Huijb!rs* <?:

5? &!ny!bu$ !r# ini s!b#(#i 2"!n!rnu#n !&b#li duni# d#n &#nusi#2+

>!n(#n d!&ii#n * ;#&#n Mod!& #$#u Ab#d Mod!& di .#r#$ #d#l#h

0#&#n* !$i# &#nusi# &!n!&u#n diriny# s!b#(#i !u#$#n y#n(

d#"#$ &!ny!l!s#i#n s!(#l# "!rso#l#n'"!rso#l#n hidu"ny#+ M#nusi#

h#ny# di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!b#s y#n( ind!"!nd!n d#ri

Al#& d#n Tuh#n+ M#nusi# di .#r#$ s!n(#j# &!&b!b#s#n d#ri T#$#n,

#n Il#hi#h (*heo orphisnie=, un$u s!l#nju$ny# &!&b#n(un T#$#n#n

An$ro"o&or"his&! su#$u $#$#n#n y#n( s!&#$#'&#$# b!r"us#$ "#d#

&#nusi#+ M#nusi# &!nj#di $u#n #$#s n#sibny# s!ndiri+

3ondisi di &#s# i$u y#n( di"!nuhi d!n(#n !(!$ir#n #b#d "!r,

$!n(#h#n* $!l#h &!&bu#$ (!r##n +umani sme ini d!n(#n !!"#$ b!r,

!&b#n( lu#s di Ero"#+ M!nuru$ Hu&#nis&!* &#nusi# b!rsif#$ un((ul

s!b#(#i "rib#di di#n$#r# s!(#l# &#hlu l#inny#* hususny# d#l#&

"!r#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i "!n!i"$ # !bud#y##n+ Tooh'$ooh Hu&#nis,

&! i$u #d#l#h P!$r#!# <969'<9C@* D!sid!rius Er#s&us <@7?'<9C*

d#n Tho&#s Mor! <@C:'<9+ MP!ru b#h#n "#nd#n(#n ini b!r"!n(#,

ruh ju(# "#d# #(#&# 3ris$!n* y#n( &!-ujud d#l#& #(#&# b#ru y#i$u

#(#rn# Pro$!s$#n <5<C+ A(#&# ini l#hir s!b#(#i h#sil d#ri r!for&#si

#(#&# 3ris$!n ol!h M##r$!n 8u$h!r <@:9'<@7 Joh#nn!s =#l4in

<6?'<7@+ D#l#& bid#n( !il&u-#n &un!ul ju(# b!b!r#"# il&u,

-#n s!"!r$i =o"!&i!us <@C9'<@9* 3!"<!r <C<'<796* G#lil!i

<7@'<7@5* N!-$on <7@5'<C5C d#l#& bid#n( fisi#+

5<

.il# "!n(!r$i#n huu& 0#&#n l#si l!bih b!rsif#$ l#si* &##

"!n(!r$i#n huu& "#d# 0#&#n &od !& l!bih b!rsi f#$ !&"ir is+ M!nuru$

Huijb!rs <?? 5? h#l ini b!r#r$i b#h-# < T!#n#n $id# l#(i "#d#

huu& s!b#(#i $#$#n#n y#n( id!#l huu& #l#&* &!l#in#n "#d#

huu& y#n( dib!n$u &#nusi# s!ndiri* b#i ol!h r#j# &#u"un r#y#$

y#i$u huu& "osi$ if #$#u $#$# huu& n!(#r#* di&#n# huu& $!rj#lin

d!n(#n "oli $i n!(#r# 5 T#$# huu& n! (#r # diol#h ol!h "#r# s#rj#n#

huu& s!!#r# I!bih il&i#h 9 D#l#& &!&b!n$u $#$# huu& &#in

b#ny# di"iir#n $!n$#n( f#$#'f#$# !&"iris * y#i$u !bud#y##n

b#n(s# d#n si$u#si sosio'!ono&is &#sy#r##$ y#n( b!rs#n(u$#n+

P!r/i#n P!&iir#n $!n $#n( huu & "#d# 0#&#n ini #d#l#h

I+ Huu& &!ru"##n b#(i#n d#ri !bij##n &#nusi#

5+ T!r$ib huu& di-ujud#n d#l#& b!n$u n!(#r#* di&#n# di

d#l#&ny# &!&u#$ "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n y#n( h#rus

di$##$i ol!h -#r(# n!(#r# d#n &!&u#$ "!r#$ur#n huu& d#l#&

hubun(#nny# d!n(#n n!(#r# l#in+

9+ P!n!i"$# huu& #d#l#h r#j#+

)ilsuf'filsuf y#n( &! &un/ul#n "!&iir#n $!rs!bu$ #d#l#h

M#//hi#4!lli <@7?'<5C* J!#n .odin <96'<?7* Hu(o Gro$ius

<:9'<7@* d#n Tho&#s Hobb!s <::'<7C?+ D!n(#n s!&#n(#$ ini

"ul# Ero"# !&udi#n &!n/#ri duni# b#ru y#n( di$#nd#i d!n(#n

"!n !&u #n s!bu#h -il#y#h "#d# $#hun <@?5 y#n( !&udi#n

din#&#iA&!ri# +

B. /AMAN AUFKLARUNG

;#&#n Aufl#run( y#n( l #hir ur#n( l!bih "#d # #b#d !'<C

&!ru"##ri #-#l !&!n#n(#n su"!r&#si r#sion#lis&!* !&"iris&!* d#n

"osi $i4is&! d#ri do(&#$is A(#&#+ 3!ny#$##n ini d#"#$ di"#h#&i

#r!n# #b#d &od!& .#r#$ di$#nd#i d!n(#n #d#ny# u"#y# "!&is#h#n

#n$#r# il&u "!n(!$#hu#n d#n fils#f#$ d#ri "!n(#ruh A(#&# s!u,

l!ris&!+ P!r"#du#n#n$#r# r#sion#lis&!* !&"iris&! d#n "osi$i4is&!



55

d#l#& s#$u "#!$ !"is$i&olo(i &!l#hir#n #" # y#n( T+H Hu#l!y

dis!bu$ d!n(#n M!$od! II&i#h (7cienti$i c ethod).Mun/ulny# #lir#n'#lir#n $!rs!bu$ s#n(# $ b!r"!n(#ruh "#d# "!r,

#d#b#n .#r#$ s!l#nju$ny#+ D!n(#n &!$od ! il&i #h i$u* !b!n#r#n

s!su#$u h#ny# &!r!# "!rhi$un(#n d# ri s ud u$ fisio lo(is 'l#hiri#h

y#n( s#n(#$ b!rsif#$ "rof#ni !duni#-i#n #$#u !b !nd ##n+ A$#u

d!n(#n is$il#h l#in * !b!n#r#n il& u "!n(!$#hu#n h#ny# diuur

d#ri sudu$ oh!r!nsi d#n or!s"od!nsi+ D!n(#n -#$# n y# $!rs!bu$

sud#h d#"#$ di"#s$i#n b#h-#* s!(#l# "!n(!$#hu#n y#n ( b!r#d#

dilu#r j#n(#u#n indr# d#n r#sio s!r$# "!n(uji#n il&i#h di$ol#ny# *

$!r&#su di d#l#&, ny# "!n(!$#hu#n y#n( b!rsu&b!r "#d # r!li(i+

P!rin$isny# #d#l#h R!n! D!s/#r$/s <?7'<76 y#n( &!ndu,

du#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i subj! d#l#& us#h#ny# &!nj#-#b $#n$#n(#n

!b!r#d##n &#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu &iro os&i+ M#nusi# dij#di,

#n $i$i $ol# s!luruh "#nd#n(#n hidu"ny# + D!n(#n f#ls#f#hny# y#n(

#&#$ $!r!n#l 0cogito ergo 7l##l0 #r!n# b!r"iir &## #u #d#*

D!s/#r$!s l#h y#n( &!&b#-# "!&iir#n r#sion#lis&!+ >l!h #r!n# i$u

0#&#n ini dis!bu$ ju(# 0#&#n r# sion#lis&! * 0#&#n "!n/!r#h#n* 0#&#n

$!r#n( budi+ S!$!l#h D!s/#r$!s* fils#f#$ 0#&#n ini &!njurus ! du#

#r#h

<+ R#sion#lis&!* &!n(un((ul#n id!'id ! ## I &u&i+ Toohny#

#d#l#h %olff <7C?'<C@ * Mon$!sFi !u <7:?'<C* Vol$#ir!

<7?@'<CC:* Rouss!#u <C<5'<CC:* d#n I&&#nu!l 3#n$

<C5@'<:6@ +

5+ E&"iris&!* y#n( &!n!#n#n "!rluny# b#sis !& "&s b#(i

s!&u# "!n(!r$i#n+ Toohny# #n$#r# l#in John 8o/! <795,<C6@ d#n D#4id Hu&! <C<<'<CC7+

S!b!n#&y# !&"iris&!* y#n( b!r!&b#n( di In((ris s!j# #b#d

!'<C ini &!ru"##n su# $u /#r# b!r"ii r y#n( r#sion#l is ju(#* n#&un

d#l#& !&"ris&! l!bih &!n(u$#&##n "!n((un##n &!$od! !&"iris

y#i$u #"# y#n( $id# d#"#$ di#l#&i $id# d#"#$ di#ui !b!n#r#nny# +

P!r/i#n "!&iir#n "#d# 0#&#n ini #d#l#h "!r$#&#* huu&

di&!n(!r$i s!b#(#i b#(i#n su#$u sis$!& "iir#n y#n( l!n(#" y#n(

59

b!r sif#$ r#sion#l * an sich. 3!du #* $!l#h &un/ul id! d#s#r

ons!"si &!n (!n#i n!(#r# y# n ( id!#l+ P#d# 0#&#n ini n!(#r# y#n(

id!#l #d#l#h n!(#r# huu&+ .!b!r#"# "!& ii r#n b!r #i$#n d!n( #n

id! $!rs!bu$ di#n$#r#ny# John 8o/! y#n ( &!ny #$ ##n $!n $#n(

"!&b!l ##n h# -#r(# n!(#r # $!rh #d#" "!&!r in$#h#n y#n( b!r u #s#

Mon$!sFiu &!, ny#$##n $!n$#n( "!&is#h#n !u #s# #n n/(#r#d#l #& $i(# b#(i#n* y#i$u !s!u$if * l!(isl#$if d#n yudi#$if $ri#s

"oli$ i/# J+J + Rouss!#u &!ny#$##n $!n$#n( !un((ul#n &#nusi#

s/b#(#i subj! huu& + Rouss!#u &!ny#$##n ji# huu& &!nj#di

b#(i#n d#ri su#$ u !hi, du"#n b!rs#&# y#n( d!&or#$is* &## r#j#

s!b#(#i "!n/i"$# huu& "!rl u di (#n$i d!n(#n r#y#$ s!b #(#i

"!n/i"$# huu& d#n sub j! huu&+ I&&#nu!l 3#n$ &!ny#$##n

b#h-# "!&b!n $u#n huu& &!ru"##n inisi#$if &#nusi# (un#

&!n(!&b#n(#n !hidu"#n b!r, s#&# y#n( b!r&or#l Huijb!rs *

<?? 95 +

P#d# #hir #b#d VIII * /i$#'/i$# n!(#r# huu& &!n(ris$#l b!r,

diriny# n!(#r# A&!ri# S!ri#$ <CC7 d#n $!rj#diny# R!4olusi

+P!r# n/ is <C:?+ R!4olusi P!r#n/is diji-#i ol!h s!&boy#n

lierte , eg alite, $raternit e, y#n( &!nun$u$ su#$u $#$# huu& b#ru

#$#s d#s#r !d#ul#$# n r#y#$+ T#$# huu& b#ru $!rs ! bu$ !&udi#n

dib!n$u ol!h "#r# s#rj #n# P!r#n/i s #$#s "!r in$#h 3#i s#r N#"ol!on +

T#$# huu& b#ru $!rs/bu$ &!n/#"#i !b !rh#sil#nny# s!$ !l #h

diru&us#nny# "od e " ivil < :6@+ = od! = i4il $!rs! bu$ "#d# !r#

b!riu$ny# &!ru"##n su&b!r od! s n!(#r#'n!(#r# &od!&* #n$#r #

l#in .!l#nd#+

=+ PENGERTIAN HUKUM ABAD 3I3

1. Pn4ngn lI%i5 t! H#$#%

P#d# 0#&#n ini E&"irisrn! y#n( &!n!#n#n "!r luny# b#sis

!rn"iris b#(i s!&u# "!n(!r$i#n b!r!rnb#n( &!nj#di Posi$i4is&! y#n(

&!n((un##n &!$od! "!n(ol#h#n il&i#h+ D#s#r d#ri #lir#n ini di(#(#s

ol!h Au(us$ =o rn$! <C:?' I :C* s!or#n( filsuf P!r#n/is* y#n(

&!ny#, $# #n b#h-# s!j# r#h !bu d#y# #n &#n usi # dib#(i d#l#rn

$i(# $#h#"

$#h#" "!r$#&# #d#l#h $#h#" $!olo(is y#i$u $#h#" di&#n# or#n( &!n/#ri



5@

!b!n#r#n d#l#& #(#&#* $#h#" !du# #d#l#h $#h#" &!$#fisis y#i$u

$#h#" di&#n# or#n( &!n/#ri !b!n#r#n &!l#l#ui fils#f#$+ T#h#" !$i(#

#d#l#h $#h#" "osi$if y#i$u $#h#" di&#n# !b!n#r#n di/#ri &!l#ui il&u,

il&u "!n(!$#hu#n+ M!nuru$ =o&$! y#n( $!r#hir inil#h y#n( &!ru"#,

#n icon d#ri 0#&#n &od!& =o&$!* <:C@ 5+

.#(i fils#f#$ huu&* huu& di #b#d "!r$!n(#h#n #&#$ di"!,

n(#ruhi ol!h "!r$ irnb#n(#n'"!r$i&b#n(#n $!olo(is+ S!d#n(#n r!n$#n(

-#$u d#ri r!n#iss#n/! hin((# ir#'ir# " !r$!n(#h#n #b#d !'<?

$!r&#su d#l#& $#h#" &!$#fisis+ Aj#r#n huu& #l#& l#si &#u"un

fils#f#$'fils#f#$ huu& r!4olusion!r y#n( diduun( ol!h S#4i(ny*

H!(!l d#n M#r di-#rn#i ol!h unsur'unsur &!$#fisis $!r$!n$u+ T!ori,

$!ori ini &/n/ob# &!nj!l#s# n si f#$ huu& d!n(#n &!nunju !"#d#

id!'id! $!r$!n$u #$#u "rinsi"'"rinsi" $!r$in((i + P#d # "!r$!n(#h#n #b#d

!'<? s!bu#h (!r##n &ul#i &!n!n$#n( $!nd!nsi'$/nd!nsi &!$#fisi#

y#n( #d# "#d# #b#d'#b#d s!b!lu&ny#+ G!r##n ini &un(in dij!l#s,

#n s!b#(#i "osi$i4is&!* y#i$u s!bu#h si#" ilrni#h* &/nol# s"!u,

l#si's"!ul#si #"riori d#n &/&b#$#si diriny# "#d # d#$# "!n(#l#r n#n

Musl!huddin* O ??< 5C'5:+ "!nj!l#s# n b!ri u$ny# $/ n$#n( "osi $i4i s,

&! huu& ini ##n dij!l#s#n d#l#& .#b VI T!ori I'Iuu&* sub b#b

Posi$i4is&! Huu&+

&. P#nd#n(#n Hi!t-ri! t! H#$#%

Ab#d 1I1 di$#nd#i "!rub#h#n b/s#r di s!(#l# bid#n(* $!ru$#&#

#ib#$ "!r!&b#n (#n il&u "/n(!$#hu# n d#n $!nolo(i+ P!rub#h#n

y#n( di&ul#i d!n(#n "!r!&b#n(#n il&u "!n(!$#hu #n* "!n!&u#n

#l#$'#l#$ $!nolo(i* hin((# r!4olusi indus$ri* d#n $!rj#diny# "!rub#h#n,

"!r ub#h# n sos i#l b!s !r$ # &#s #l# h'r n#s #l# h sos i#l y#n ( &u/ ul !rnu,

di#n &!&b!ri ru#n( !"#d# "#r# s#rj#n# un$u b!r"iir $!n$#n( (!j#l#

"!r !&b# n(#n i$u s!nd iri+ P#d # #b# d'#b# d s!b !lu &ny #* or# n( &!r#s#

!hidu"#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i s!su#$u y#n( ons$#n y#n( h#&"ir $id#

b!r b!d # d!n (#n !h idu"# n &#s # l#lu + P#d # #b# d ini "!r #s# #n i$u

hil#n(* or#n( $!l#h s#d#r $!n$#n( s!(i his$oris !hidu"#nny#* $!n$#n(

!&un(in#n $!rj#diny# "!rub#h#n'"!rub#h#n y#n( &!&b!ri#n nil#i

b#r u d# l#& !hidu"#nny#+

5

P#d# #b#d ini* "!n(!r$i#n $!n$#n( huu& &!ru"##n "#nd#n(#n

b#r u #$# s hidu"* y#i $u hid u" s!b #(# i "!r !&b# n(# n &#nusi#d#n !bu,

d#y##n+ .!b!r#"# "!&iir#n $ooh y#n( &!n/!r&in#n h#O ini #d#l#h

H!(!l <CC6'O:9<* ) + Von S#4i(ny <CC?'<:7O* d#n 3#rI M#r

<:O :' I ::9+ H!(!l &!n!&"#$# n huu& d#l# & !s!luruh#n "!r-u,

jud #n roh y#n ( obj !$ if d#l #& /h idu "#n &#n usi #+ )+ Von S#4i(ny&!n!n$u#n huu& s!b#(#i unsur !bud#y##n su#$u b#n(s# y#n(

b!r ub#h d#l #& Iin $#s #n s!j#r#h+ T!r#hi r* 3#rl M#r &!&#nd#n(

huu& s!b#(#i /!r&in si$u#si !ono&is &#sy#r##$ So!$isno* <?:7@9'7< +

D. PENGERTIAN H UKUM ABAD 33

M/si"un $/rd#"#$ "!rs#&##n $!n$#n( "!&b!n$u# n sis$ !&

huu& y#n( b!rl#u * n#&un "#d # #b#d 11 ini #d# "!r b!d##n $!n$#n(

"!n (!r $i #n hu u& y#n ( h# ii+ Ad# du# #ru s b!s #r "#n d#n(# n $!n $#n( "!n (!r $i #n hu u& y#n ( h#i i 3+ ./r$!ns* <?:<

I+ Huu& s!b#iny# di"#nd#n( d#l#& hubun(#nny# d!n(#n "!,

&!rin$#h n!(#r# * y#i$u s!b#(#i nor&# huurn y#n( de $acto b!r,

l#u + Tol# uurny# #d#l#h !"!n$in(#n u&u& dilih#$ s!b#(#i

b#( i#n !b ud#y# #n d#n s/j #r# h su# $u b#n (s# + P#n d#n (#n ini

b!r su&b! r d#ri #li r#n sos iol o(i huu& d#n r/#li s&! huu&+

5+ Huu& s!h#rusny# di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i b#(i#n !hidu"#n !$is

&#nusi# di duni#+ >l!h #/n# i$u disini di#ui #d#ny# hubun(#n

#n$#r# huu& "osi$if d!n(#n "rib#di &#nusi#* y#n( b!r"!(#n( "#d # nor &#' nor &# !#dil #n+ Pri nsi " ini di# &bi l d#ri M fils#f#$

n!osol#s$i* n!o#n$is&/* n!oh!(!li#nis&! d#n fiIs#f#$

!sis$!nsi*



5C

BABI6

PANDANGAN TENTANG HUKUM

ERA POST*MODERNISME

A+ LATAR BELAKANG

>!n(#n on$!s ini* "!rlu ju(# di$!(#s#n #n$# r hubun(#n .#r#$

y#n( &od!& d#n "!r#n A(#&# r!s&i y#n( b!rl#u di s#n#* y#ni

ris$!n+ Ad# s!b#(i#n or#n( b!r#n((#"#n b#h-# s!luruh or#n( .#r#$

&!n(#nu$ A(#&# 3ris$!n* d!n(#n "!r!/u#li#n &inori$#s "!n(#nu$

Y#hudi+ An((#"#n s/&#/#+& ini s!ol#h'ol#h .#r#$ &#sih s!"!r$i .#r#$

"#d# #b#d "!r$!n(#h#n* !$i# $!rj#di "! r#n( s#lib y#n( "!r#d#b#nny#s##$ i$u #d#l#h dis!bu$ #b#d !i&#n#n + Ad# ju(# s!b#(i#n y#n( l#in

b!r#n((#"#n s!b#l iny#* y#i$u b#h-# s!luruh or#n( .#r# $ b!rsif#$

&#$!ri#li #$#u #(nos$i s!r$# s!"$i d#n $id# &!n(#nu$ s#$u A(#&#

#"#"un+ P#nd#n(#n s!&#/#& ini bis# dis!bu$ !liru* #r!n# y#n(

$!rj#di $id#l#h d!&ii#n+ P#d# Ab#d !'<C* b#h#n s!b!lu&ny#* y#i$u

!$i# renaissance, $!l#h $!rj#di u"#y# &!&b#-# duni# .#r#$ !#r#h

s!ul#ris&! d#n "!ni"is#n "!r#n A(#&# d#l#& !hidu"#n s!h#ri'h#ri

&#nusi#+ Ahi&y# b!r#ib#$ "#d# s!ju&l#h or#n( .#r#$ y#n( s!/#r#

"r#$is $id# l#(i &!n(#nu $ A(#&# 3ris $!n #$#u Y#hudi+ >r#n(

s!&#/#& =o&$!* y#n( "iir#n'"iir#nny# b!(i$u #n$i &!$#fisis &!n,

j#di j#l #n &ulus &!nuju !#r#h s!ul #ris&! >uni# .#r#$ + >i$#&b#hd!n(#n #j#r#n fils#f#$ sosi#l sosi#lis&!* M#r M#ris&! y#n(

&!n!(#s#n b#h-# A(#&# #d#l#h /#ndu &#sy#r##$* y#n( #r!n#ny#

i# h#rus di$in((#l#n+ Pun/# "!nol##n $!rh#d#" A(#&# 3ris$!n di

.#r#$ disu#r##n ol!h Ni!$0s/h! d!n(#n s$#$!&!nny# y#n( b#ny# di

!n#l or#n( *he 4od is dead.

3!&un/ul#n (#(#s#n'(#(#s#n s!&#/#& i$u &un(in di#ib#$'

#n #d#ny# !$id#n<#&"u#n sis$!& !i&#n#n y#n( b!rl#u dis#n#

un$u &!n(#o&od#si#n "!r!&b#n(#n &#sy#r##$ &od!rn d!n(#n

il&u "!n(!$#hu#ny#+ 3!&#ju#n &#sy#r##$ y#n( sud#h b!rh#sil d#n

b!(i$u "!r/#y# "#d# i"$!* #h i&y# b!r !&b#n( l!"#s d#ri on$rol

A(#&#+ I"$! y#n( l#nd#s#n "oony# b!rsif#$ s!ul!r b#(i s!b#(i#n

b!s#r or#n( di .#r#$ #hi &y# &!n((#n$ i#n "osisi A(#&#+ S!(#l#!bu$uh#n A(#&# s!ol#h bis# $!r"!nuhi d!n(#n i"$!+N#&un d#l#&

urun( -#$u y#n( "#nj#n( i"$! $!rny#$# &!n(hi#n#$i !"!r/#y##n

&#nusi#* !&#ju#n i"$! jus$ ru id!n$i d!n(#n b!n/#n#+ 3ondisi

inil#h y#n( $#&"#ny# &!&bu#$ &#sy#r##$ .#r#$ &!n(#l#&i #"#

y#n( dis!bu$ =# Nur >r+ Nurholis M#djid y#n( diu$i"ny# d#ri

.#i(!n$* 3risis E"is$i&olo(is * y#ni &#sy#r##$ .#r#$ $id# l#(i

&!n(!$#hui $!n$#n( &#n# d#n $uju#n hidu" (eaning and urpose oJ Li$e).

M#nusi# &od!& &!lih#$ s!(#l# s!su#$u h#ny# d#ri "in((ir#n

!sis$!nsiny# s#j# * $id# "#d# "us#$ s"iri$u#li$#s diriny#* s!hin((#

&!n(#ib#$#n i# lu"# si#"# diriny# + M!&#n( d!n(#n #"# y#n(dil#u#nny# s!#r#n('&!&b!ri "!rh#$i#n "#d# diriny# y#n( s!/#r#

u#n$i$#$if s#n(#$ &!n(#(u&#n * $#"i s!/#r# u#li$#$if d#n !s!luruh,

#n $uju#n hidu"ny#'&!ny#n(u$ "!n(!r$i#n'"!n(!r$i#n &!n(!n#i diri,

ny# s!ndiri'$!rny#$# d#n(#l+ >!#d!nsi #$#u !j#$uh#n &#nusi# di

0#&#n &od!rn ini $!rj#di #r!n# &#nsui# !hil#n(#n B"!n(!$#hu#n

l#n(sun(B &!n(!n#i diriny# i$u* d#n &!nj#di b!r(#n$un( b!rhubun(#n

d!n(#n diriny#+ I$u s!b#bny#* duni# ini &!nuru$ "#nd#n(#n &#nusi#

#d#l#h duni# y#n( &!&#n( $# &!&ilii di&!nsi $r#ns!d!n$#l+

D!n(#n d!&ii#n &!nj#di -#j# r ji# "!r#d#b#n &od!& y#n( di,

b#n( un s!l#&# ini $id# &!ny!r$##n h#l y#n( "#li n( !s!nsi#l d#l#&

!hidu"#n &#nusi#* y#i$u di&!nsi s"iri$u#l+ .!l##n(#n ini b#rudis#d#ri #d#ny# risis s"iri$u#l d#n risis "!n(!n#l#n diri+

S!j#r#h "!&iir#n .#r#$ &od!&* s!j# R!n! >!s/#r$!s di$#nd#i

d!n(#n us#h# &!nj#-#b $#n$#n(#n !b!r#d##n &#nusi# s!b#(#i

&#hlu &iro os&i+>!n(#n f#ls#f#hny# y#n( #&#$ $!r!n#l 0cogito

ergo sum0 #r!n# b!r"iir &## #u #d#+ T!$#"i s#y#n(ny#* bu#n

"!n(!ri#n y#n( &#in &!nd#l#& y#n( did#"# $* n#rnun jus $ru !#d##n

y#n( s!&#in &!nj#uh d#ri !sis$!nsi d#n "!n(!r$i#n y#n( $!"#$



5:

&!n(!n#i h#!#$ diri y#n( di"!rol!h+ M# S/h!!l!r* )ils#f#$ J!r&#n

d#ri #-#l #b#d ini &!n(#$##n* $# #d# "!riod! l#in d#l#& "!n(!,

$#hu#n b#(i diriny# s!ndiri* s!"!r$i "#d# "!riod! i$# ini + 3i$#'#$#ny#,

"uny# #n$ ro"olo( i il&i#h* #n$ ro"olo (i filosofis * d#n #n$ ro"olo( is $!o,

lo(is y#n( $# s#lin( &!n(!n#l s#$u s#&# l#in+ T#"i i$# $id# &!rni,

lii (#&b#r#n y#n( j!l#s d#n onsis$!n $!n$#n( !b!r#d##n &#nus i#(Human being. S!&#in b!r$u&buh d#n b#ny#ny# il&u'il&u husus

y#n( $!rjun ons!"si i$# $!n$#n( &#nusi# * &#l#h s!b#liny# s!&#in

&!&bin(un(#n d#n &!n(#bur#nny#+

M## d#ri i$ul#h* ji# i$# !&b#li#n "#d# b#h#s#n s!&ul#

$!n$#n( &!$od! il&i#h y#n( b!r-# $# r#sion#l d#n !&"iris* $!l#h

&!n(h#n$#r#n !hidu"#n &#nusi# "#d# su#s#n# &od!&is&!+ 3!&u,

di#n "#d# "!r!&b#n(#n s!l#nju$ny#* &od!& is&! &!l#hir#n /or#

"!&ii r#n y#n( &!n (#r#h "#d # r#s io#n#l is&! * "osi $i4i s&! * "r#(&#$is,

&!* s!ul!ris&! d#n &#$!ri#lis&!+ Alir#n'#lir#n fils#f#$ ini* d!n(#n

-#$# d#s#&y# y#n( s!ul!ris '&!rninj#& is$il#hny# )ri$/hjof

S/huon' sud# h $!rl!"#s d#ri 7cintia 7acra P!n(!$#hu#n su/i #$#u

hilosophia erenneis )ils#f#$ 3!#b#di#n+

B. TRADISIONALISME ISLAM

Pros!s &od!&is#si y#n( dij#l#n#n .#r#$ y#n( diiu$i n!(#r#,

n!(#r# l#in* $!&y#$# $id# s!l#lu b!rh#sil &! &!nu hi j#njiny# &!n(,

#n(#$ h#r#$ !rn#nusi##n d#n s!#li(us &!&b!ri &#n# y#n( l!bih

d#l#& b#(i !hidu"#n+ Mod!&is&! jus$ru $!l#h dir#s##n &!&b#-#

d#&"# $!rh#d#" $!rj#diny# !r#n/#u#n d#n "!nyi&"#n(# n nil#i'nil#i+

M#nusi# &od!& i#n dihin((#"i r#s# /!&#s d#n $id# b!r&#n#

d#l#& !hidu"#nny#+ M!r!# $!l#h !hil#n(#n 4isi !ill#hi#h#n #$#u

di&!nsi $r#ns!d!n$#l* #r!n# i$u &ud#h dihin((#"i !h#&"##n s"iri,

$u#l+ S!b#(#i #ib#$ny#* &#nusi# &od! & &!nd!ri$ # !$!r#sin(#n #li!,

n#si * b#i $!r#li!n#si d#ri diri ny# s!ndi ri* d#ri lin(un(#n sosi#lny#

&#u"un $!r#li!n#si d#ri Tuh#nny# +M!ny#d#ri ondisi &#sy#r##$ &od!& y#n( s!d!&ii#n* "#d#

#b#d !'56* $!ru$#&# s!j# b!b!r#"# d!#d! $!r#hir ini* &un/ul su#$u

5?

(!r##n y#n( &!n/ob# &!n((u(#$ d#n &!n(ri$i $!ori'$!ori &od!r,

nis#si * M#nusi# &!&bu$uh# n "ol # "!& ii r#n b#r u y#n (

dih#r#"#n &!&b#-# !s#d#r#n d#n "ol # !hidu"#n b#ru +

Hin((# !&udi#n &ul#i b!r&un/ul#n (!r##n'(!r##n r!s"onsif

#l$!&#$if s!b#(#i r!s, "on b#l i $!rh#d#" "!r il# u &#s y#r##$

&od!& y#n( $id# l#(i &!n(!n#l duni# &!$#fisi+ T!r&#su did# l#&ny# Tr#dison#lis&!

Isl#& y#n( dihidu"#n N#sr * #$#u (!r # #n e w ; g e di .#r#$ "#d # #hir d!-#s# ini+

3ri$i $!rh#d#" &od!&is&! d#n us#h# "!n/#ri#n ini s!rin( di,

s!bu$ d!n(#n &#s# "#s/# &od!&is&! "os$'&od!rnis&!+ M#s# ini

s!"!r$i y#n( di#$##n Jur(!n H#b!r&!s s!or#n( Sosiolo( d#n )ilosof

J!nn#n $id# h#ny# di$#nd#i d!n(#n /hidu"#n y#n( s!&#in &#$!,

ri#lis$i d#n h!donis$i* $!$#"i ju(# $/l #h &!n(#ib#$#n $!rj#diny#

in$rusi &#ssif d#n risis y#n( &!nd#l#& "#d# b! rb#(#i #s"! !hidu",

#n+ M#sy#r##$ "#d# Er# Pos$'Mod!rnis&! &!n/ob# un$u !lu#r d#ri

lin(#r#n risis $!rs! bu$ d!n(#n !&b#li "#d# hi&# h s"iri$u#l y#n($!rd#"#$ d#l#& s!&u# A(#&# o$!n$i+ M#nusi# "!rlu un$u &!&iir,

#n !&b#li hubun(#n #n$#r# Y#n( Su /i (7acred) d#n y#n( s!ul!r

(ro$an%.

G!r##n ini di!n#l d!n (#n s! b u$#n "!r!nn!i#lis&! #$#u

$r#di, sion#lis&! #d#l#h s!bu#h (!r##n y#n( in(in &!n(!&b#li#n

bibi$ Y#n( As#l* =#h#y# Y#n( As#l * #$ #u"un "rinsi"'"r insi" y#n (

#s#l* y#n( s!#r#n( hil#n(d#ri $r#disi "!&iir#n &#nusi# &od!&+

Un$u &!ny!bu$ b!b!r#"# n#&# $ooh y#n( &!lo"ori (!r##n'

(!r##n $!r, s!bu$ #n$#r# l#in 8ouis M#ssi(non <?75 * R!n!

Gu!non* An#nd# K. =oo&#r#s-#&y* Ti$us .ur/h#r$* H!nry =orbin

<?C:* M#r$in 8in(s* )ri$/jof S/houn* d#n &#sih b#ny# l# (i +

S!&!n$#r# di #l#n(#n &od!&is Isl#& (!r##n "!&b#h#ru#n

d#n "!&iir#n d#l#& Isl#& s!j# f#s! 76'#n hin((# d!-#s# ini &!n,

/ob# b!rsi#" l!bih ri$is $!rh#d#" id!'id! &od!&is#si s!b!lu&ny#*

d#n b#h#n $!rh#d#" s!b#(i#n !lo&"o "!&iir Isl#& y#n( &!n/ob#

&!n/#ri #l$!&#$if non'.#r#$ + 3!lo&"o y#n( dis!bu$ $!r#hir &is#l,

ny# H#s#n Alb#n# <?@?* Abul AB#l #l'M#ududi <?C?* S#yyid

Lu$hub <?7* d#n "!&u#'"!&u# Al'Ih-#n s!rin( dis!bu$

!lo&"o fund#&!n$#l is* #$#u l!bih $!"#$ BN!o'R!4i 4#lis Isl#&B



96

&!n(h!nd#i #(#r s!&u# "!rso#l#n !&od!r!n #n s!l# lu di!&b#li#n

!"#d# #/u#n #l'Lur#n * #s'Sunn#h d#n !hidu "# n " #r#

S#h#b#$ d#l#& "!n(!r$i#n $!s$u#l+ )#0lur R #h&#n <?:? *

Muh#&&#d Aroun <?5: * d#n Is&# Bil R#ji #l' )#ru Fi <?:7' y# n(

s!rin( dis!bu$ !lo&"o N!o 'Mod!rnis'b!rus#h# &/n/#ri r!l! 4#nsi

Isl#& b#(i duni# &od!rn Isl#&* b#(i &!r!# * #d#l#h #l'L ur B# n d#n

#s'Sunn#h y#n( &!si di$#n(#" "!s#n'"!s#n $!rs!bu$+ 3 !l o &"o ini

d#l#& "!rnb#h#, ru#nny# b!r!/!ndrun(#n ! #r#h hu& #nis$i* r#si o

n# lis$i* d#n lib!, r#lis$i+ S!d#n( $ooh'$ooh &usli& l#in s! " !r $i A

li Sy#riB#$i <?C? * H#ss#n H#nn#fi <?9 * d#n AbdiIl#h 8#rr #ui s!rin

( dis!bu$ "!ny!b#r "#h#& 3iri Isl#& b!r!"!n$in(#n &!&b!l# &#

ss#* r#y#$ $!r$ind#s d#n &!n#&"il#n Isl#& s!b#(#i !u #$#n

r!4olusion!r'"oli$i+ >l!h #r!n#ny# !lo&"o $!rhir ini * s!rin(

ju(# di s!bu$ s!b#(#i "!ny!b#r sosi#lis&! Isl#& d#n M#ris&! Isl#&

s!b#(#i &od!l "!&b#n(un#n di duni# Isl#&+ M!r!# &!n(u$u

-!s$!rni s#si d#n s!ul!ris#si &#sy#r#, #$ Isl#& * N#sion#li s&!* d#n

!s!s'! s!s #"i$#li s&!* d!&ii#n ju(# &#$!ri#lis&! s!r$# !'

$#b!r$uh#n#n M#ris&!+

3!&udi#n s!l#nju$ny# l#hir $ooh'$ooh "!&iir on$!&"or!r

l#in s!b#(#i "!&iir #l$ !rn#$if * y#ni S#y y! d Hu ss! in N#s r

y#n( &!n/ob# &!n#-#r#n ons!" nil#i 'nil#i /'I sl#rn#n y#n(

!&udi#n $!r!n#l d!n(#n s!bu$#n 2Ir#dision#li s& ! Isl#&B+

M!ru"##n (!r##n r!s"on $!rh#d#" !#/#u#n .#r#$ &od !rn y#n(

s!d#n( &!n(#l#&i !bobro#n s"iri$u#l* di&#n# &!nuru$ "!nil#i#n

N#sr &!ny#r#n#n #(#r Ti&ur &!nj#di#n .#r#$ s!b# (#i case

stud% (un# &!n(#&bil hi&#h d#n "!l#j#r#n s!hin((# Ti&ur $id#

&!n(ul#n(i !s#l#h#n, !s#l#h#n .#r#$+ S#yy!d Huss!in N#sr

b!r#n((#"#n * s!j#uh ini (!r#, #n'(!r##n fund#&!n$#l is #$#u

r!4i4#lis Isl#& $# l!bih &!ru"##n dio$orni $r#dision#lis&!'

&od!rnis&! * !b!r#d##nny# jus$ru &!nj#di $!rl#lu r#di#l d#n

$!rl#lu &!n(#r#h !"#d# &isi "oli$is d#ri "#d# nor&#$i'r!li(ius

nil#i'nil#i !'A(#&##n+ S!#li"un (!r##n'(!r#, #n s!"!r$i i$u* #$#s

n#&# "!&b#h#ru#n'"!&b#h#ru#n $r#dision#l Isl#&+

P#d # &o&!n s! j#r#h ini "ul#l#h s##$ y#n ( $!"#$ un$u &! &b!,

d##n (!r##n'(!r##n y#n( dis!bu$ s!b#(#i B)und#&!n$#lis&!

Isl#&B d#ri Isl#& Tr#dision#l y#n( s!rin( di!liru#n si#"#"un y#n(

$!l#h &!&b#/# #ry#'#ry# y#n( b!r/or# $r#dision#l $!n$#n( Isl#&

9<

d#n &!&b#ndin (#nn y# d!n(#n "!rj u#n(#n #lir#n'#lir#n B

fund#rn!n, $#lis B $!rs!bu$ s!( !r# d#"#$ &!lih#$ "!rb!d##n'"!rb!d##n

&!nd#s#r di#n$#r# &!r!# * $id# s#j# di d#l#& #ndun (#n $!$#"i ju( #

di d#l#&

Bili&B y#n( &!r!# n#f#s#n+ M#l #h#n y#n( dijului s!b#(#i fund#,

&!n$#lis&! &!n/#u" s#$u s" !$ru& y#n ( lu# s* y#n( b#(i#n'

b#(i#n, ny# d!#$ s!#li d!n(#n in$!r"r !$# si $r#d ision#l $!n$#n(

Isl#&+ T!$#"i $!#n#n u$#&# &#/#& (!r# #n "oli $o 'r!li (ius y#n(

s!#r#n( ini di, s!bu$ fund#&!n$#li s&! i$u &!&"uny#i "!rb!d##n

y#n( &!nd#s#r

d!n(#n Isl#& Tr#dision#l+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n "!rb!d##n y#n( $#j#&

#n$#r# !du#ny# $!rju s$ifi#si* s!#li"un $!rd#"#$ -il#y#h'-il#y#h $!r,

$!n$u* di&#n# b!b!r#"# j!ni s fund#&!n$#lis&! d#n di&!n si'di&!nsi

husus Isl#& Tr#dison#l b!rs!su#i#n+

G!r##n Tr#dison#lis&! Isl#& y#n( diid!#n d#n di!&b#n(,

#n N#sr* &!ru"##n (!r##n un$u &!n(#j# !&b#li ! B##r $r#disi y#n( &!ru"##n !b!n#r#n d#n su&b/r #s#l s!(#l# s!su#$u

d!n(#n &!n/ob# &!n(hubun(#n #n$#r# s!ul!r .#r#$ d!n(#n di,

&!nsi !'Il#hi#h#n y#n( b!rsu&b!r "#d# -#hyu A(#&#+ Tr#disio,

n#lis&! Isl#& #d#l#h (#&b#r#n #-#l s!bu#h ons!"si "!&iir#n

d#l#& s!bu#h b!n$u 7ophia erenu eis !#b#di#n+ Tr#dision#lis&!

Isl#& bol!h di#$##n ju(# dis!bu$ s!b#(#i (!r##n in$!l!$u#l s!/#r#

uni4!rs#l un$u &#&"u &!r!s"on #rus "!&iir#n .#r#$ &od!rn

&!ru"##n !f! d#ri fils#f#$ &od!rn y#n( !!nd!run( b!rsif#$ "rof#,

ni* d#n s!l#nju$ny# un$u s!#li(us d#"#$ &!&b!d##n (!r##n

Tr#dision#lis&! Isl#& $!rs!bu$ d!n(#n (!r##n )und#&!n$#lis&!

Isl#&* s!"!r$i h#lny# y#n( dil#u#n di Ir#n * Turi d#n !lorn"o,

!lo&"o fund#&!n$#l is l#in + Us#h# N#sr un$u &!n!lor#n id!

s!&#/#& i$u "#lin( $id# &!ru"##n $#-#r#n #l$!rn#$if s!bu#h nil#i,

nil#i hidu" b#(i &#nusi# &od!rn &#u"un s!bu#h n!(#r# y#n( $!l#h

$!rj#n(i$ "ol# "iir &od!& y#n ( /!nd!run( b!rsif#$ "rof#ni d!n(#n

(#y# s!ul!ris$iny# un$u !&udi#n !&b#li "#d# s!bu#h ##r

$r#disi y#n( b!rsif#$ $r#ns!d!n$#l+

S!b#(i&#n# y#n( di"!r(un##n ol!h "#r# !lo&"o Tr#di,

sion#lis* $!&# $r#disi &!nyir#$#n s!s u#$u Y#n( S#r#l * Y#n( Su/i*

d#n Y#n( Absolu$+ S!"!r$i dis#&"#i#n &#nusi# &!l#lui -#hyu &#u ,

"un "!n(un(#"#n d#n "!n(!&b#n(#n "!r#n s#r#l i$u di d#l#&



95

s!j#r#h !&#nusi##n $!r$!n$u un$u &#n# i# &#sud#n * d#l#& s#$u

/#r# y#n( &!n(i&"li#si#n b#i !sin#&bun (#n hori0on$#l d!n(#n

su&b!r &#u"un &#$# r#n$#i 4!r$i#l y# n( &!n(hubun(#n s!$i#"

d!nyu$ !hidu"#n $r#disi y#n( s!d#n( di" !rb in/#n (#n d!n(#n r!#li$#s+

$r#ns!d!n &!$#'his$ori#l+ S!#li (u s &#n# # bso lu$ &!&ili i#i$#n !&#n#si d#n no&in#si d#ri s!su#$u s! su# $u y#n(

"rof#n d#n #sid!n$#l+

Tr#disi &!nyir#$#n !b!n#r#n y#n( udus* y#n( l#n((!n( *

y#n( $!$#"* !bij#s#n##n y#n( #b#di ( sophi a perenneis% s!r$# "!n!,

r#"#n b!rsin#&bun(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi"ny# y#n ( l#n(sun( per ennei

$!rh#d#" b!rb#(#i si$u#si ru#n( d#n -#$u + Un$u i$ul#h Isl#& Tr#di,

sion#l &!&"!r$#h#n#n sy#ri#h s!b#(#i huu& Il#hi s!b#(#i&#n# i#

di"#h#&i d#n di#r$i#n s!l#&# b!r#b#d'#b#d d#n s! b#(# i&#n# i# di,

ris$#l#n d#l#& &#d 0#b'&#d0#b l#si+ Huu& &!ny#n(u$ !sufis,

$i#n* Isl#& Tr#dision#l &!&&"!r$#h #n#n Isl#&i$#s s!ni Isl#&*

#i$#nny# d!n(#n di&!nsi b#$ini* -#hyu Isl#& d#n ris$#lis#si h#,0#n#h s"iri$u#l A(#&# d#l#& b!n$u'b!n$u y#n( $#&"# d#n $!r,

d!n(#r* d#n d#l#& do&#in "oli$i * P!rs"!$i f $r#dision#l s!<#lu b!r,

"!(#n( "#d# r!#li s&! y#n( did#s#r#n "#d # nor& #'nor&# Isl#&+

. FILSAFAT PERENNIAL SEBAGAI JEMBAT AN

P!&bi/#r##n &!n(!n#i Tuh#n d#l#& !r#n(# s"iri$u#li$#s

uni4!rs#l d#n r!li(iusi$#s $r#nshis$oris &!ru"##n $o"i "!&bi/#r##n

u$#&# d#l#& fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l+ )ils#f#$ "!r!nni#l #$#u philosophia

perenn is did!finisi#n ol!h )ri$ hjof S/huon d#l#& Echo es

o$ erennial >isdom <??5 s!b#(#i the univ ersal 4nosis whichalwa%s has existed and alwa%s will exist. Aldous Hul!y d#l#& *he

errenial hilosoph% <?:@ fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l did!finisi#n s!b#(#i

< &!$#, fisi# y#n( &!n(#ui #d#ny# r!#li$#s ill#hi y#n( subs$#nsi#l

#$#s duni#

b!nd#-i* h#y#$i d#n ##li 5 Psiolo(i y#n( h!nd # &!n!&u#n

s!su#$u y#n( s!ru"# d!n(#n ji-#* #$#u b#h#n id!n$i d!n(#n r!#li$#s

il#hi 9 !$i# y#n( &!n!&"#$ #n $uju #n #hir &#nusi# di d#l#&

"!n(!$#hu#n $!n $#n( y#n( d#s#r* y#n( i&#n!n d#n $r#ns!d!n* y#n(

i&&!&ori#l d#n uni4!rs#l+

99

M!nuru$ S!yy!d Hoss!in N# sr d#l#& 9n owledg e and

the 7acred <?:?* di#l#n(#n &usli& P!rsi# $!l#h di !n#l is$il#h J

avidan 9hirad #$#u al5+i/tnah al59halidah y#n ( di$!&u #n d# ri

#ry# M# s, #-ih ?95'<696+ Di d#l#& #ry#ny# i$u* Ibn M#s# -ih

&!&bi/#r#, #n s!j!nis -#-#s#n fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l d!n(#n &!n(ul#s

(#( # s#n d#n "!&iir#n or#n('or#n( d#n fil suf y#n( di#n((#" su/ i

y#n( b!r #s#l d#ri P!rsi# 3uno* Indi# d#n Ro&#-i+ J#uh s!b !lu& Mi

s#-ih* "!&!lu Hindu V!nd#$# $!l#h &!n(h#y#$i do$rin

fund#&!n$#l fils#f#$ "!r!n, ni#l d#l#& is$il#h S#n#$#n# Dh#r&#

2#(#&# #b #di 2 + Do$rin s!& #/#& i$u ju(# di$!&u#n d#l#& $r#disi

Yun#ni 3l# si * $!ru$#&# d#l#& for&ul#si fils#f#$ Pl#$o+

S!d#n(#n d#l#& duni# 3ris$!n b#ny# di$!&u#n "#d# $ulis#n

&is$ius J!r&#n d#n $!olo( 3ris$!n M!i$!r E/h#r$+ D#l#& duni#

Isl#& y#n( s!&#/#& d!n(#n fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l b#n y# di$!&u#n

d#l#& #ry# '#ry# #u& su fi+

In$i "#nd#n(#n fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l #d#l#h b#h-# d#l#& s!$i#"

#(#&# d#n $r#disi ! so$!ri $!rd#"#$ su#$u "!n(!$#hu#n d#n "!s#n

!#(#&##n y#n( s#&# * y#n( &un/ul &!l#lui b!r#(#& n#&# * b!r#(#&

b!n$ u y#n( dibun (us ol!h sis $!&'sis$ !& for&#l ins$i$us i !#(#&##n+

3!s#&##n i$u diis$il#h#n d!n(#n tran sc endent unit % o$ religions

!, s#$u#n $r#ns!nd!n #(#&#'#(#&# Suidi* <??C + M##* "#d#

$in(#$ th e "?lillon vision, #$# Hus$on S&i$h #$#u "#/l# $in(#$

transcen- dent #$# #u& "!r!nni#lis s!&u# #(#&# &!&"uny#i

!s#$u#n* #l#u $id# &#l#h !s#&##n (#(# s#n /l#s#r+

D!n(#n d!&ii#n /#r# b!r"iir fils#f#$ $!l#h s#&"#i "#/l# "un,

/# il&u y#n( d#l#& Isl#& s!rin( dis!bu$ Il&u 8#duni+ S!hin((# $#&,

"# b#h-# r#n# h $#s #-uf s!#l i"un $!l#h &#su /l#l#& fils#f#$

"!r!nni#l ini+

N#&un ji# i$# $!l##h l!bih j#uh* $#s#-uf d#n fils#f#$ "!r !nni#l

#$#u "#r# sufi /l#n filsuf "!r!nni#lis &!&ilii d#s #r "ij##n y#n(

b!rb!d# + P!r!nni#lis b!r#n(#$ d#ri fils#f#$ &!$#fisi# "#d# ons!"si

!#rif#n $r#dision#l+ S!d#n(#n $# s#-uf "#r# sufi b!r#n(#$ /l#ri

sy#ri#$* y#n( &!l#lui j#l#n thariqat un$u &!n/#"#i h#i#$+ M!nuru$

"#r# sufi s!s!or#n( $id# ##n d#" #$ &!l#u#n "!n(!&b#r##n s"iri,

$u#l* ji# $i/l# /li&ul#i d#ri sy#ri#$+ 8o(i# filsuf #/l#l#h s!"!r$i lin(,

#r#n d!n(#n s#$u $i$i di$!n(#h lin(#r#n d!n(#n (#ris r#di#l



9@

"!n(hubun( d#ri $i#" sudu$ (#ris lin(#r#n ! $i$i $!n(#h lin(#r#n*

di&#n# un$u &!n/#"#i $i$i $!n(#h filsuf &!l#lui (#ris'(#ris r#di#l

y#n( &!ru"##n j #lur'j# lur thariqat . S!d#n(#n fils#f#$

"!r!nni#l d#"#$ di(#&b#r #n s!"!r$i (!l#s #/# #$#u &u$i#r# y#n(

&!nd#"#$ s#$u sin#r d#n !&udi#n sin#r i$u b!r"!nd#r di4!r(!n

&!nj#di b!b!r#"# sin#r l#in y#n( b!r- #& #'-#& i* di&#n# s#$u sin#r

$!rs!bu$ &!n( (#& , b#r#n sin#r Tuh# n d#n sin#r y#n( b!r-#&#'

-#&i #d#l #h !#rif#n $r#dision#l y#n( #d# "#d# &# sin('&#sin(

#(#&#+ Tu(#s filosof disini #d#l#h &!n!lusuri sin#r'sin#r $!rs! bu$

un$u &!n/#"#i s#$u sin#r u$#&# y#ni sin#r Tuh#n +

Sufi &!n((un##n / as%$ in$uis i un$u &!n/#"#i R!#li$#s

Mu$l# s!d#n( #n filosof &#s ih &!n((un# #n lo(i# h!r&!n

!u$i+ 9as%$ ##n l#hir d#n &un/ul d#ri s##$ !rj# r#sio dil#u#n

d!n(#n &!&b!b#s#n r#sio d#r i &!#n is&! b!nd#-i .ur/h# rd$ *

<?:@ <5C, Hubun(#n r!#li$#s b!nd#-i d#n ruh#ni bis#

di"#h#&i d#l#& &od!l &u$#si b!nd# ! !n!r(i id!# * di&#n#

/#h#y# !n!r(i #d#l#h fun(si d#n bis# &un /ul d#ri su#$u b!nd#

fisi y#n( di(!r# #n &!ny!n$uh "#r$i! l ud#r# d!n(#n !/!"#$#n$!r$!n$u Mulh#n* 566@+ 3#syf #d#l#h su#$u b!n$u !rj# in$!l!

#$#u r# sio &!l#lu i su#$u &!#nis&! y#n( dis!bu$ ol!h Suhr #-#rd i

#$i 4i$#s #iudlu ri Y#0d i*

<??@+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n / as%$u/anlah &!$od! y#n ( $ib#'$ib #

&un/ul $#n"# !rj# in$!l!* $!$#"i &!ru"##n h#sil d#ri !rj# in$!l!

#$#u r#s io i$u s!ndiri+ D#l# & b#h#s# y#n( b!rb! d#* #syf #d#l#h

h#sil evol usi- /ontinu in$!l! #$#u r#sio !$i# &!n !&"#$#n s!luruh

$in(#$ "!n( !, $#hu#n $!n$#n( r!#li$#s l!bih r!nd#h y#n( di "!r o l!h

s!b!lurnny# d#l#& !s#$u#n sin$!$i b#ru R#h&#n * 5666 9 <@'9 <+

BAB6

ASPEK ONTOLOGI, NILAI ETlKA

DAN LOGlKA DALAM HUKUM

A. PENGERTIAN HUKUM

H#i#$ huu& d#"#$ dij!l#s#n d!n(#n /#r# &!&b!r i#n su#$u

d!finisi $!n$#n( huu&+ S#&"#i s##$ ini &!nuru$ A"!ldoo& s!b#(# i,

&#n# diu$i"ny# d#ri I&&#nu!l 3#n$ * "#r# #hli huu& &#sih &!n/#ri

$!n$#n( #"# d!finisi huu& (och suchen die juristen eine 1e$inition

!u ihrem Begri$Je von 3echt). D!finisi $!n$#n( huu& y#n( di!&u#,

#n "#r# #hli huu& s#n(#$ b!r#(#&* b!r(#n$un( d#ri sudu$ &#n#

&!r!# &!lih#$ny#+ Ahli huu& .!l#nd# J + 4#n 3#n <?:9 &!nd!fi ,nisi#n huu& s!b#(#i !s!luruh#n !$!n$u#n'!$!n$u#n !hidu"#n

y#n( b!rsif#$ &!&#s#* y#n( &!lindun(i !"!n$in(#n'!"!n$in(#n

or#n( d#l#& &#sy#r##$+ P!nd#"#$ $!rs!bu$ &iri" d!n(#n d!finisi d#ri

Rudolf 4#n Jh!rin( y#n( &!ny#$ ##n b#h-# huu& #d#l#h !s!<uruh,

#n nor&#'nor&# y#n( &!&#s# y#n( b!rl#u d#l#& su#$u n!(#r#+

H#ns 3!ls!n &!ny#$##n huu& $!rdiri d#ri nor&#'nor&# b#(#i&#n#

or#n( h#rus b!r"!ril#u+ P!nd#"#$ ini diduun( ol!h #hli huu& Indo,

n!si# %irjono Projodioro <??5 y#n( &!ny#$##n b#h-# huu&

#d#l#h r#n(#i#n "!r#$ur#n &!n(!n#i $in(#h l#u or#n('or#n(

s!b#(#i #n((o$# su#$u &#sy#r##$* s!d#n(#n s#$u's#$uny# $uju#n d#ri

huu& i#l#h &!nj#&in !s!l#&#$#n * !b#h#(i##n d#n $#$# $!r$ib&#sy#r##$ i$u+ S!<#nju$ny# >+ No$oh#&idjojo <?C b!r"!nd#"#$

b#h-# huu& #d#l#h !s!luruh#n "!r#$ur#n y#n( $!r$ulis d#n $id#

$!r$ulis y#n( bi#s#ny# b!rsif#$ &!&#s# un$u !l#u#n &#nusi#

d#l#& &#sy#r##$ n!(#r# s!r$# #n$#r n!(#r#* y#n( b!rori!n$#si "#d#

du# #s#s y#i$u !#dil#n d#n d#y# (un#* d!&i $#$# $!r$ib d#n d#&#i



97

d#<#& &#sy#r##$+

D!finisi'd!finisi $!rs!bu$ &!n((#&b#r#n b!$#"# lu#s s!sun(,

(uhny# huu& i$u+ 3!lu#s#n bid#n( huu& i$u diluis#n ol!h

Pu&#di Purb#!#r## d#n So!rjono So!#n$o <?:7 d!n(#n &!ny!bu$

s!&bil#n #r$i huu&+ M!nuru$ &!r!# huu& d#"#$ di#r$i#n s!b#(#i

< il&u "!n(!$#hu#n* y#i$u "!n(!$#hu#n y#n( $!rsusun s!!#r# sis$!,&#$is #$#s d#s#r !u#$#n "!&iir#n 5 disi"lin* y#i$u su#$u sis$!&

#j#r#n !ny#$##n #$#u (!j#l#'(!j#l# y#n( dih#d#"i 9 nor&# * y#i$u

"!do&#n #$#u "#$o#n si# " $ind # #$#u "!r il#u#n y#n ( "#n $#s #$#u

dih#r#"#n @ $#$# huu&* y#i$u s$ru$ur d#n "ros!s "!r#n(#$ nor,

&#'nor&# huu& y#n( b!rl#u "#d# su#$u -#$u d#n $!&" #$ $!r$!n$u

s!r$# b!rb!n$u $!r$ulis "!$u(#s* y#i$u "rib#di '"rib#di y#n(

&!ru, "##n #l#n(#n y#n( b!rhubu n(#n d!n( #n "!n !(##n hu u&

(#aw- en$orcement o$$icer) 7 !"u$us#n "!n(u#s# * y#i$u h#sil

"ros!s disr!si C "ros!s "!&!rin$#h#n * y#i$u "ros!s hubun(#n

$i&b#l b#li #n$#r# unsur'unsur "oo d#ri sis$!& !n!(#r##n :

si#" $ind#, $#ndu #$#u "!ri!l#u#n 2$!r#$ur2* y#i$u "!ri!l#u#ny#n( diul#n(, ul#n( d!n(#n !#r# y#n( s#&# y#n( b!r$uju#n un$u

&!n!#"#i !, d#&#i#n d#n ? j#lin#n nil#i'nil#i* y#i$u j#lin#n

d#ri ons/"si, ons!"si #bs$r# $!n$#n( #"# y#n( di#n((#" b# i d#n

buru+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n #"#bil# i$# in(in &!nd!finisi#n huu&

s!!#r# &!&u#s, #n* i$# h#rus d#"#$ &!ru&us#n su#$u #li&#$

y#n( &!li"u$i "#lin(

$id# s!&bil#n #r$i huu& i$u+ Su#$u "!!rj##n y#n( $id# &ud#hK

%#l#u"un huu& d#"#$ did!finisi#n &!nuru$ s!i#n b#ny#

"!n(!r$i# n * $!$#"i s!!#r# u&u& huu& di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i nor&#

* y#i$u nor&# y#n( &!n(#ndun( nil#i'nil#i $!r$!n$u+ Ji# i$#

b#$#si huu& d#l#& "!n(!r$i#n s!b#(#i nor&#* $id# l#lu b!r#r$ihuu& id!n$i d!n(#n nor&#+ Nor&# #d#l#h "!do&#n &#nusi#

d#l#& b!r,

$in(#h l#u+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n* nor&# huu& h#ny#l#h s#l#h s#$u

s#j# d#ri s!i#n b#ny# "!do&#n $in(#h l#u i$u+

Di lu#r nor&# huu& $!rd#"#$ nor&#'nor&# l#in+ Purb#!#r##

d#n So!#n$o <?:? &!ny!bu$#n #d# !&"#$ nor&#* y#i$u I !"!r,

!#y##n 5 !susil##n 9 so"#n s#n$un d#n @ huu&+ Ti(# nor&#

y#n( dis!bu$#n di&u# d#l#& !ny#$##nny# b!lu& d#"#$ &!rnb!ri,

#n "!rlindun(#n y#n( &!&u#s#n s!hin((# di"!rlu#n nor&# y#n(

9C

!!&"#$* y#i$u nor&# huu&+ M!nuru$ Sudino M!r$ousu&o <??<

"!n y!b# bny# #d#l#h < &#s ih b#n y# !"!n$in(#n'!"!n$ in(# n l#in

&#nusi# y#n( &!&!rlu#n "!rlindun(#n* $!$#"i b!lu& &!nd#"#$ "!r,

lindun(#n d#ri !$i(# nor&# sosi#l $!rs!bu$ 5 !"!n$in(#n'!"!n,

$in(#n &#nusi# y#n( $!l#h &!nd#"#$ "!rlindun(#n d#ri !$i(# nor&#

sosi#l $!rs!bu$ b!lu& !uu" $!rlindun(i * #r!n# d#l#& h#$ $!rj#di "!l#n((#r#n * r!#si #$#u s#nsin y# dir#s# #n b!l u& !u u" &!&u#s,

#n+ S!b#(#i !on$oh * nor&# !"!r!#y##n $id# &!&b!ri#n s#nsi

y#n( d#"#$ dir#s##n s!!#r# l#n(sun( diduni# ini+ D!&ii#n "ul# ji#

nor&# !susil##n dil#n((#r* h#ny# ##n &!ni&bul#n r#s# &#lu #$#u

" !ny!s#l#n b#(i "!l#uny# * $!$#"i d!n(#n $id# di$#n(#" d#n di#dili

, ny# "!l#u $!rs!bu$* &#sy#r##$ &un(in ##n &!r#s# $id# #&#n+

P!rlindun(#n y#n( dib!ri#n ol!h nor&# huu& di#$##n l!bih

&!&u#s#n dib#ndin(#n d!n(#n nor&#'nor&# y#n( l#in* $id# l#in

#r/n# "!l#s#n##n nor&# huu& di#$##n l!bih &!&u#s#n dib#n,

d in(#n d!n(#n nor&#'nor&# y#n( l#in* $id# l#in #r!n# "!l#s#n##n

nor&# huu& i$u d#"#$ di"#s##n+ A"#bil# $id# dil#s#n##n* "#d# "rinsi"ny# ##n di!n##n s#ns i ol!h "!n(u#s# + Di sini $!rlih#$

b!$#"# !r#$ hubun(#n #n$#r# huu& d#n !u#s##n i$u+

3!u#s##n y#n( di&ilii i$u"un $!rb#$#s sif#$ny# s!hin((#

nor&# huu& y#n( in(in di$!(##nny# "un &!&ilii d#y# j#n(#u

y#n( $!rb#$#s+ 3/nd#$i d!&ii#n* bu#n $id# &un(in $!rd#"#$ nor,

&#'nor&# huu& y#n( b!rl#u uni4!rs#l d#n #b#di $id# dib#$#si

ol!h ru#n( d#n -#$u * y#n( ol!h s!b#(i#n #hli huu& dis!bu$ d!n(#n

huu& odr#$ #$#u huu& #l#&+ D#ri sini $i&bul hubun(#n y#n( !r#$

#n$#r# huu& odr#$ d!n(#n huu& "osi$if+

D#ri s!i#n b#ny# d!finisi y#n( #d#* &!nuru$ P#ul S!hol$!n

#d# b!b!r#"# !iri'!iri huu&* s!b#(#i&#n# diu$i" ol!h A. Gun#-#nS!$i#rdj# <??6 C? '?6 y#i$u

<+ Huu& #d#l#h #$ur#n "!rbu#$#n &#nusi#+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n

&!nuru$ #hli huu&* $#$#n#n huu& #d#l#h huu& "osi$if y#n(

dibu#$ ol!h "!&!rin$#h d#n "!&!rin$#h #d#l#h su&b!r huu&

5+ Huu& bu#n h#ny# d#l#& !"u$us#n* &!l#in#n d#l#&



9:

r!#lis#siny# + M!nuru$ Prof+ P#d&o %#hyono* S+H+* huu&

y#n( b!rl#u d#l#& su#$u n!(#r# &!n/!r&in#n "!r"#du#n

si#" d#n "!nd#"#$ "i&"in#n "!&!rin$#h d#n &#sy#r##$

&!n(!n#i huu& $!rs!bu$+

9+ Huu& ini &!-#jib#n + A"#bil# huu& "osi$if $!l#h di$!$#"#n&## s! $i#" -#r(# n!(#r# -#jib un$u &!n##$i huu& s!su#i

d!n(#n und#n('und#n(+

@+ Ins$i$usion#li huu&+ Huu& "osi $if &!ru"##n huu& ins$i$u,

sion#l d#n &!lindun(i &#sy#r##$+

+ D#s#r huu&+ S!$i#" huu& &!&"uny#i d#s#r* y#i$u &!-#jib,

#n d#n &!n(h#rus#n+ P!l#s#n##nny# d!n(#n id!olo(i

b#n(s# +

B. HUKUM DAN UNDANG*UNDANG NEGARA

Ad# b#ny# "!n(!r$i#n $!n $#n( huu&* n#&un ji # i$# d!fini,

si#n huu& d#l#& $#$# hidu" &#sy#r##$ &od!rn $!n$u ##n l!bih

&ud#h &!nd!finisi#nny#+ T!n$u s#j# "!n(!r$i# n huu& 0#&#n

&od!rn d!n(#n 0#&#n "ri&i$if ##n b!rb!d#* &!si"un s!/#r# h#ii

"!n(!r$i #nny# #d#l#h s#&#+ Ji# fils#f#$ b!rus#h# &!n/#ri &#n # y#n(

h#ii d#ri su#$u f!no&!n#* &## sud#h s!h#rusny# disini i$# &#&"u

&!n/#ri &#n# y#n( h#ii d#ri huu& i$u s!ndiri * &!l!-#$i ru#n(

d#n -#$u * &od!rn &#u"un "ri rni$ if

P#r# #n$ro"olo( &!n!#n#n h#l ini + 8!o"old Pos"isil &is#l,ny#* &!n(#$##n b#h-# $id# #d# #l#s#n un$u &!n(#$##n b#h-#

su#$u &#sy#r##$ y#n( $id# &!rnilii "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n y#n( #bs,

$r# di#n((#" s!b#(#i &#sy#r##$ $#n"# huu& + M!nuru$ Pros"isil

"!n(#-#s#n sosi#l &!ru"##n unsu r in$i d#ri huu&+ =iri &!nd#s#r

d#ri f!no&!n# y#n( $!r&#su d#l#& B#$!(or i ons!"$u#l ini #d#l#h

b#h- # (!j#l # i$u h#rusl#h &!ru"# #n "!n(#-#s#n sosi#l y#n( &!l!&,

b#(# Ihro&i * <?:@ ?5'??+

9?

.il# i$# &!n(h#d#"i b!n$u'b!n$u huu& y#n( #$u#l "#d#

0#&#n &od!& ini * i$# s#&"#i "#d# !y#in#n b#h-# huu& y#n(

&!&"uny#i #r$i yuridis y#n( sun((uh'sun((uh #d#l#h huu& y#n (

di$!n$u#n ol!h "!&!rin$#h su#$u n!(#r#* y#i$u und #n('und#n( H uij

, b!rs * <?? @6+ H#l ini j!l#s d#l#& !ny#$##n b#h-# "!r #$ur

#n , "!r# $ur#n y#n( b!rl #u d#l#& l!&b#(# non 'n!(#r# *&!&bu$uh#n "!n!(uh#n d#ri n!(#r# su"#y# b!r l# u sun((uh'

sun((uh s!/#r# yuri, dis + S!b#(#i&#n# h#lny# huu& #d#$ h#ny#

di"#nd#n( s!b #(#i hu u & y#n( s#h * bil# $!rd#"#$ "!n( #u# n ol! h

n!(#r# !"#d # -# r(# n!(#r# y#n( ##n &!n((un##n huu& #d#$ny#

$!rs!bu$+

=+ KEBERLAKUAN HUKUM

P!rb!d##n #n$#r# "!r#$ur#n yuridis d#n $id# yuridis di(#&b#r ,

#n s!/#r# $!"#$ ol!h H+8+A H#r$ <?C?+ H#r$ &!ny #$ ##n b#h-#su# $u n!(#r# $id# bol!h dis#rn##n d!n(n n!(#r# "o lisi d#n

#id#h, #id #h huu& su#$u n!(#r# $id# bol!h dis#&##n d !n(#n

s!"!r$ i "!rin$#h s!or#n( "!r#&"o y#n ( d#"#$ &!&#s# or#n( l#in

un$u &!ny !r#h#n h#r$# y#n( di&ilii #(#r dis!r#h#n !" #d #

"!r#&"o $!rs!bu$* ji# $id# ##n di!n##n s#n si (gunman

situation). M!n u, ru$ H#r$ s!j#uh di"#nd#n( d#ri lu# r "!n(!r $i#n Au

s$in $!n $#n ( hu u& $!"#$* s!b#b &!&#n( b!n #r b#h- # "!r in$# h'

"!ri n$#h y#n( dis! bu$ huu& di!lu#r#n ol!h s!s!or#n( y#n(

b!ru#s # d#n bi#s#ny# di$##$i * n#&un s!sun((uhny# #d# #s"! l#in

y#n( $id# di" !rh#$i #n ol!h Au s$in * y#i$u #s"! in$!rn+ As"!

in$!rn un$u &!n$# #$ i su#$u #$ur#n

+ h#ny# d#"#$ di&ilii ol!h or#n('or#n( y#n( hidu" " #d# -il#y#h

di&#n# "!r#$ ur#n $!rs! bu$ b!rl#u+ S!b#l iny# #s"! in$!rn $id# ##n

dir#s##n ol!h or#n('or#n( y#n( hidu" dilu #r -i l#y# h

di&#n# "!r# $ur#n $!rs !bu$ dib!rl#u#n+ >r#n('or#n( y#n( hidu" d#l

#& su#$u -ily#h $!r$!n$u &!n!ri&# huu& y#n( di$!$#" #n s!

b#(# i hu u& &!r!# d#n &!r !# &!r#s# $!ri #$ "#d#ny# s!b#b

di$ !n$u#n ol!h "!&!rin$#h s!ndiri+

D#ri "!nj!l#s#n di#$#s d#"#$ i$# si&"ul#n b#h-# huu& y#n(

s!sun((uhny# #d#l#h huu& y#n( l!( #l #$#u s#h + .il # "!r#$ur#n

'



@6

"!r#$ur# n di$!n$u#n ol!h su#$u ins$#nsi y#n( b!r- !n#n(* d#l #& h#l

ini "!&!ri n$#h y#n( s#h* d#n di$!n$u#n &!nuru$ ri$!ri# y#n( b!rl#u

&## "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$ b!rsif#$ s#h #$#u l!(#l d#n &!&,

"uny# i !u#$#n yuridis (validit%). >l!h #r!n# i$u h#l ini b!rb!d#

d!n(#n !bi#s##n y#n( $id# b!rl#u s!/#r# yuridis* #r!n# $id#

&!&!nuhi #s"! l!(#li$#s+M!nuru$ Sudino M!r$ousu&o* #(#r su#$u "!r#$ur#n "!run,

d#n('und#n(#n d#"#$ b!rl#u !f!$if d#l#& &#sy#r##$ h#rus &!&i,

lii !u#$#n b!rl#u+ Ad# $i(# &#/#& !u#$#n b!rl#u* y#i$u !u#$,

#n b!rl#u filosofis* sosiolo(is d#n yuridis+ Und#n('und#n( &!&ilii

!u#$#n yuridis #"#bil# "!rsy#r#$#n for&#l $!rb! n$uny# und#n(,

und#n( $!l#h $!r"!nuhi+ S!d#n(#n und#n('und#n( &!&ilii !u#$#n

b!rl#u s!/#r# sosiolo( is #"#bi l# und#n('u nd#n ( $!rs!bu $ b!rl#u

!f!$if s!b#(#i s!bu#h #$ur#n'#$ur#n d#l#& !hidu"#n &#sy#r##$

s!r$# d#"#$ dil#s#n##n+ 3!u#$#n b!rl#uny# huu& s!/#r# sosiolo,

(is di d#l#& &#sy#r## $ #d# du# &#/#& M!r$ousu& o* <??7 :C

I+ M!nuru$ $!ori !u#$#n (#lachtstheorie) huu& b!rl#u s!/#r#

sosiolo(is j i# di"#s##n b!rl#uny# ol!h "!n(u#s# +

5+ M!nuru $ $!ori "!n(#u# n ianer/ennungstheoriei huu& b!rl#u

s!/#r# sosiolo(is ji# di$!ri&# d#n di#ui &#sy#r##$+

Huu& &!&ili !u#$#n b!rl#u filosofis #"#bil# #!d#h huu&

$!rs!bu$ s!su#i d!n(#n /i$#'/i$# huu& (rechtsidee) su#$u b#n(s#+

A(#r b!rfun(si* &## #!d#h huu& h#rus &!&!nuhi !$i(# unsur

$!rs!bu$ s!#li(us+

.#(#i&#n# i$# d#"#$ &!n(!$#hui b#h-# su#$u "!r#$ur#n b!r,

si f#$ l!(#l M!nuru$ H#r$ #d# du# /#r# un$u &!nj#-#bny#

+. Me%e4$n D# Jeni! Ki45 H#$#%

3#id#h huu& $!rb#(i &!nj#di du# b#(i#n* #id#h "ri&!r d#n

#id#h s!und!r+ 3#id#h "ri&!r* y#i$u #id#h y#n( &!n!n$u#n !l#,

u#n or#n(+ 3#id#h "ri&!r dis!bu$ "!$unju "!n(!n#l (rules o$ recog-

nition), s!b#b #id#h ini &!ny#$##n &#n##h huu& y#n( s#h+

@<

3#id#h s!und!r* y#i$u #id#h y#n( &!n!n$u#n sy#r+#$ b#(i b!rl#u,

ny# #id#h "ri&!r+ 3#id#h ini ju(# y#n( &!ru"##n sy#r#$ b#(i

"!rub#h#n #id#h "ri& !r (rules o$ change), d#n b#(i di"!/#h#nny#

onfli (rules o$adjudication +

V#n >!r Vli!s &!&b#h#s##nny# s!b#(#i #s#s for&#l d#n #s#s

&#$!ri#l+ As#s for&#l* $!r#i$ d!n(#n "ros!dur "!& bu#$#n "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n+ Di&ul# i d#ri $#h# " "!rsi#"#n "!& bu# $#n "!r,

#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n d#n &o$i4#si dibu#$ny# su#$u "!r#$ur#n

"!rund#n('und#n(#n + As#s for&#l &!li"u$i

# + As#s $uju#n y#n( j!l#s* $!r# i$ d!n(#n s!j#uh &#n # "!r#$ur#n

"!rund#n('und#n(#n &!nd!s# un$u dib!n$u+

b+ As# s or(#nl!&b#(# y#n( $!"#$* $!r#i$ d!n(#n !-!n#n(#n

l!&b#(# "!&b!n$u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n d!n(#n

&#$!ri &u#$#n y#n( di&u#$ did#l#&ny#+

/+ As#s "!rluny# "!n(#$ur#n* $!r#i$ d!n(#n "!rluny# su#$u &#,s#l#h $!r$!n$u di#$ur d#l#& su#$u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n(,

und#n(#n+

d+ As#s d#"#$ dil#s#n##n* $!r#i$ d/n(#n "!n!(##n su#$u "!r,

#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n+ Ji# $id# d#"#$ di$!(##n &##

su#$u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n ##n !hil#n(#n fun(si

d#n $uju#nny# s!r$# &!n((!ro(o$i !-ib#-##n "!&b!n$uny# +

!+ As#s ons!nsus * y#i$u !s!"##$#n #n$#r# r#y#$ d!n(#n "!&,

b!n$ u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n * #r!n# "!r# $ur# n "!run,

d#n('und# n(#n $!rs! bu$ ##n dib!rl#u #n !"#d# r#y#$+S!hin((# "#d# s##$ diund#n(#n &#sy#r##$ si#"+

Y#n( !du# #d#l#h #s#s &#$!riil* y#i$u $!r#i$ d!n(#n subs$#nsi

su#$u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n+ As#s &#$!riil &!li"u$i

#+ As#s $!r&inolo(i d#n sis$!&#$i# y#n( b!n#r* $!r#i$ d!n(#n

b#h#s# huu &"!run d#n('und#n(#n + Y#i$u bis# di&!n(!r $i ol!h

or#n( #-#&* b#i s$ruu$ur &#u"un sis$!&#$i#ny#+



@5

b + As#s d#"#$ d i!n#li * y#i$u d#"#$ di!n#li j!nis d#n

b!n$uny#+ /+ As#s "!r l#u#n y#n ( s#&# d#l#& huu&+

d+ As#s !"#s$i#n hu u&+

!+ As#s "!l#s#n ##n hu u& s!su #i d!n(#n !#d##n indi 4idu +

2. 7tu$enau *heorie

T!ori ini d i!&b#n( #n ol!h b!b!r #"# "!&iir #n$#r #

l#in M!rl* H#ns 3!ls!n d#n H+8+A H# r$ + P#d# in$iny# $!ori ini d i&#

sud , #n un$u &!nyus un su#$u hi!r #r i nor&#'no r&# s!hin((#

b!rl#" i s, l#"is d#n b!rj!nj#n('j!nj #n(+ Su#$u "!r#$ur#n b#ru d#"#$

di#ui s!/#r # l!(#l* bil# $id# b!r$ !n$#n(#n d!n(#n "!r#$ur#n'"!r #$u r#n

y#n( b! rl #u "#d# su#$u j !nj#n( y#n( l!bih $in((i+ S!l uruh sis$!&

huu& &!&"u, ny#i s$ru$ur "ir#&id# l* &ul#i d#ri y#n( # b s$r#

id!o lo( i n !(#r# d#n UUD s#&"#i y#n( onri$ UU d#n "!r#$ur#n

"!l#s#n##n+ M!nuru$ H#ns N#-i#sy d# l#&2Th!ori ! 4on S$uf !n

b#u d!s R!/h$sordnun(2 #d# !&"#$ ! lo&"o "!nj !nj#n(#n

"!rund#n( 'und #n( #n

<+ Nor&# d# s#r (rundnor& + Nor &# d#s#r n!(#r# d#n huu&

y#n( &!ru "# #n l#nd#s#n #hir b#(i "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ ur#n

l!bih l#nju$+

5 + A$ur#n'#$ur#n d#s#r n!(#r# #$#u ons$i$usi * y#n(

&!n!n$u#n nor&#'nor& # y#n( &!nj#&in b!rl#nsun(ny#

n!(#r# d#n "!n, j#( ##n h#'h# #n((o$# &#sy#r##$+ A$ur#nini b!rsif#$ u&u& d#n $id # &!n( #ndun( s#nsi * &## $id#

$!r&#su "!rund#n(, und#n(#n+

9 + Und#n('und #n( for&#l y#n( di d#l#&ny# $!l#h &#su

s#nsi, s#nsi d#n dib!rl #u#n d#l#& r#n(# &!n(#$ur

l!bih l#nju$ h# l'h#l y# n( di&u#$ d#l#& und#n('und#n( d#s#r+

@ + P!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur# n "!l#s#n# #n d#n "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n

o$ono&+

@9

Di d#l#& sis$!& "!rund#n('und#n(#n di!n#l #d#ny# hi!r#ri

!-!rd##n #$#u uru$#n+ Ad# "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih $in((i d#n #d# "! r,

#$ur#n y#n( l!bih r!nd#h+ P!rund#n('und#n(#n su#$u n!(#r# &!ru"#,

#n su#$u sis$!& y#n( $id# &!n(h!nd#i #$ #u &!&b!n#r#n #$#

u &!&bi#r#n #d#ny# "!r$!n$#n(#n #$#u onfli di d# l#&ny# + Ji#

$!r , ny#$# #d# "!r$!n$#n(#n y#n( $!rj#di d#l#& su#$u sis$!& "!r#$ur #n "!rund#n('und#n(#n &## s#l#h s#$ u d#ri !d u#ny# h#rus

#d# y#n (

di&!n#n(#n d#n #d# y#n( di#l#h#n+ M !nuru$ && No + <6 $#hu

n

566@ $!n$#n( P!&b!n$u#n P!r#$ur#n P!rund#n('und#n(#n d#l #&

"#s# l C #y# $ < dis!bu$ #n j!nis d#n hi!r#r hi P!r#$ur#n P!rund#n( ,

und#n(#n #d#l#h s!b#(#i b!riu$

<+ UUD <?@

5+ Und#n('Und#n ( UUP!r#$ur#n P!&!rin$#h P!n((#n$ i

Und#n('Und#n( P!r"u

9+ P!r#$ur#n P!&!rin$#h PP

@ + P!r#$ur#n Pr!sid!n

+ P!r#$ur#n D#!r#h P!rd#

.#(i "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n y#n( b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n

"!r#$u r#n y#n( l!bi h $in((i * &## d#"#$ dil#u #n Judi cial 3eview uji

y#n( di#ju#n &!l#lui (u(#$#n d#n !b!r#$#n !"#d# M#h,

&#h 3ons$i$usi d#n M#h#&#h A(un(+ S!"!r$i dis!bu$#n d#l#&

P#s#l 5@= UUD <?@ b#h-# M#h#&#h 3ons$u$usi b!r-!n#n(&!n(#dili $in(#$ "!r$#&# d#n $!r#hir y#n( "u$us#nny# b!rsif#$ fin#l

un$u &!n(uji Und#n('Und#n( $!rh#d#" Und #n('Und#n( D#s#r+

S!d#n(#n M#h#&#h A(un( s!b#(#i&#n# $!r/#n$u& d#l#& P#s#l

5@A #y#$ < r!d#si b!r-!n#n( &!n(uji "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n(,

und#n(#n di b#-#h Und#n('Und#n( $!rh#d#" Und#n('Und#n(+

Ad# b!b!r#"# #s#s y#n( &!nd#s#ri "!n(#$ur#n !dudu#n

&#sin('&#sin( "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n* M!nuru$ Sudino

M!r$ousu&o* s!$id#ny# #d# 9 #s#s #d#(iu& d# l#& $#$# uru$#n

"!r#$u r#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n As# s lex sup eriori iderogat legi

in$e- riori, As#s lex specialis derogate legi generali, d#n As#s lex

posteriori



@@

derogat legi priori M!r$ousu&o* <??7 :':C+

As#s lex superiori derogat legi inJeriori b!r#r $i "!r# $ur#n y#n(

l!bih $in((i ##n &!lu&"uh#n "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih r!nd#h+ J#di ji#

#d# su#$u "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih r!nd#h b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n "!r#$ur#n

y#n( l!bih $in((i* &## y#n( di(un##n #d#l#h "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih

$in((i $!rs!bu$+ As#s lex specialis derogate legi generali b!r#r $i "#d# "!r# $ur#n y#n( s!d!r#j#$ * "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih husus &!lu&"uh#n

"!r#$ ur#n y#n( u&u&+ J#di d#l#& $in(# $#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n

y#n( s!d!r#j#$ y#n( &!n(#$ur &/n(!n#i &#$!ri y#n( s#&# * ji# #d#

"!r$!n$#n(#n di#n$#r# !du#ny# &## y#n( di(u n## n #d#l #h "!r,

#$ur#n y#n( l!bih husus+ As#s lex posteriori d erogat legi priori b!r,

#r$i "#d# "!r#$ur#n y#n( s!d!r#j#$* "!r#$ur#n y#n( "#lin( b#ru &!lu&,

"uh#n "!r#$ur#n y#n( l#&#+ J#di "!r# $ur#n y#n( $!l#h di(#n$ i d!n(#n

"!r#$ ur#n y#n( b#ru* s!/#r# o$o&#$is d!n(#n #s#s ini "!r# $ur# n y#n(

l#&# $id# b!rl#u l#(i+

Di s#&"in( i$u #d# #s#s l#in y#n( "!rlu di"!rh#$i#n d#l#&

"rins i" $#$# uru$#n "!r#$ur#n "!ru nd#n('und#n(#n s!"!r$i di!&u#,#n ol!h .#(ir M#n#n * y#i$u

<+ D#l#& $#$# uru$#n "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(# n #d# !$!n$u#n

u&u& b#h-# s!$i#" "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n h#rus &!,

&ilii d#s#r huu& "#d# "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n y#n(

l!bih $in((i $in(#$#nny# "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n y#n(

l!bih r!nd#h $id# bol!h b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n "!r#$ur#n "!r,

und#n('und#n(#n y#n( l!bih $in((i * di&#n# "!r#$ur#n "!run,

d#n('und#n(#n y#n( l!bih r!nd#h d#"#$ di$un$u$ un$u dib#$#l,

#n* b#h#n b#$#l d!&i huu&+

5 + Isi #$#u &#$!ri "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n $in(#$#n l!bih

r!nd#h $id# bol!h &!nyi&"#n(i #$#u b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n

"!r#$ ur#n "!rund#n('und #n(#n y#n( l!bih $in((i* y#n( dibu#$

$#n"# -!-!n#n( (onevoegheid) #$#u &!l#&"#ui -!-!n#n(

tdetournement de pouvoir), d#n un$u &!nj#(# d#n &!nj#&in

"rins i" $!rs!bu$ #(# r $id# disi&"#n(i #$#u dil#n((#r* &##

$!rd#"#$ &!#nis&! "!n(uji#n s!/#r# yudisi#l #$#s s!$i#"

@

"!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('u nd#n (#n #$#u !bij##n &#u"un $ind##n

"!&!rin$#h l#inny#* $!rh#d#" "!r# $ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n

y#n( l!bih $in((i $in(#$#nny# #$#u $in(#$ y#n( $!r$in((i y#i$u

Und#n('Und#n( D#s#r+

D. HUKUM SEBAGAI NORMA

Y#n( di&#sud huu& b!rsif#$ nor&#$if y#i$u #"#bil# "!&!,

rin$#h y#n( s#h &!n(!lu#r#n "!r#$ur#n &!nuru$ "!rund#n('und#n(#n

y#n( b!rl#u* "!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$ di$#n((#"i s!b#(#i nor&# y#n(

b!rl#u s!/# r# yuridis* y#i$u "!r#$ur# n $!rs!bu$ $!r#s# &!-#jib#n

s!d!&ii#n ru"# s!hin((# or#n( y#n( $id# &!&#$uhi "!r#$ur#n d#"#$

di$un$u$ huu&#n &!l#lui "!n(#dil#n+

M!&#h#&i huu& s!b#(#i nor&# b!r#r$i ju(# &!&#h#&i

huu& s!b#(#i s!su#$u y#n( s!h#rusny# (das 7olen). M!&#h#&i

huu& s!b#(#i das 7olen b!r#r$i ju( # &!n(ins y#fi b#h -# huu&

&!ru"##n b#(i#n d#ri !hidu"#n i$# y#n( b!rfun(si s!b#(#i "!do,

&#n y#n( h#rus diiu$i d!n(#n &#sud su"#y# !hidu"#n i$# di#$ur

s!d!rnii#n ru"# s!hin((# h#'h# d#n !-#jib#n'!-#jib#n or#n(

dib#(i s!b#(#i&#n# &!s$iny#+ .il# huu& di#ui s!b#(#i nor&# *

&## huu& h#rus di$##$i+ Huurn di$##$i bu#n #r!n# $!rd#"#$ su#$u

!u#s##n di b!l##n(ny# * &!l#in#n #r!n# &!-#jib#n i$u $!r,

&#su h#i#$ huu& i$u s!ndiri + Ini ju(# b!r&#n# b#h-# ji# su#$u

"!r#$ur#n $id# di$##$ i #$#u b#ny# dil#n((#r * bu#n b!r#r$i !u#$#n

"!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$ s!b#(# i nor& # hil#n( + S!l#in i$u b#ny#ny# "!l#n(,

(#r#n'"!l#n((#r#n $!rh#d#" "!r#$ur#n y#n( #d#* bu#n b!r#r$i ju(#

&!&b#-# i$# "#d# !si&"ul#n un$u &!ni#d##n su#$u "!r#$ur#n*

#r!n# s!#li l#(i huurn &!n(#$ ur #"# y#n( s!h#rusn y# (das

7olell) bu#n "ro"osisi $!n$#n( s!su#$u y#n( $!rj#di (das 7ein).

>l!h #r!n# i$u "!&y#$##n ini h#rus dib#li d!n(#n "!&y# $##n

#d#ny# nor&#huu&!us 7olenatllran $!n$#n( #"# y#n( s!h#rusny#

s#j# &#sih $!rj#di b#ny# "!l#n((#r#n * #"#l#(i ji# $id# #d#+

H#ns 3!ls!n <::<'<?C9 &!nd!finisi#n yuris"rud!nsi s!b#(#i



@7

"!n(!$#hu#n ##n nor&#'nor&# + D!n(#n is$il#h nonn#'nonn# i# &!,

&#h#&i s!bu#h "!r$i&b#n(#n hi"o$!sis y#n( &!ny#$##n b#h-#

&!l#u#n #$#u $id# &!l#u#n su#$u $ind##n $!r$!n$u ##n diiu$i

ol!h su#$u $ind##n &!&#s# d#ri n!(#r#+ .#r#n(si#"# s!!#r# $id#

s#h &!n(#&bil su#$u b!nd# b!r(!r# &ili or#n( l#in* su#$u nor&#

b!r#r$ i b#h-# d#l#& si$u#s i $!r$!n$u n!(#r# ##n &!l#u#n "!&#,s##n un$u b!r"!ril#u $!r$!n$u+ Huu& &!ru"##n su#$u sis$!& y#n(

dib#(i ! d#l#& nor&#'nor&# "!&#s##n s!&# !#& i$u !s!nsiny#

&!ru"##n s!bu#h $#$#n#n &!&#s# y#n( d#$#n( d#ri lu#r .od!n,

h!i&!r* <?7C <66+

)un(si "!n(und#n(#n l!(isl#si #d#l#h un$u &!n!n$u#n isi

nor&#+ Nor&# u&u& d#n &!ny!di##n or(#n'or(#n d#n "ros!dur,

"ros!dur "!n(#dil#n d#n "!n(#dil#n'"!n(#dil#n #d&inis$r#$if b#(i

"!l#s#n##n nor&#'nor&# ini+ Al#$ d#l#& "ros!s &!n(onr!$#n

nor&#'nor&# #d#l#h !u#$#n yudisi#l* y#n( dil#s#n##n ol!h "!n(,

#dil#n'"!n(#dil#n d#n "!r#dil#n'"!r#dil#n #d&inis$r#$if+ >$ori$#s !,

"u$us#n "!n(#dil#n &!n!n$u#n #"##h d#n d#l#& !#r# #"# su#$unor&# u&u& h#rus di#"li#si#n ! d#l#& #sus onr!$+

Huu& &!nuru$ 3!ls!n &!ru"##n s!bu#h $!ni husus or(#,

nis#si sosi#l+ =iri h#s huu& bu#n s!b#(#i su#$u $uju#n #hir $!$#"i

s!b#(#i #l#$ husus* s!b#(#i s!bu#h #l#$ "!rn#s##n y#n( d!n(#n

d!&ii#n $id# #d# nil#i "oli$i #$#u !$i &!n!&"!l* s!bu#h #l#$ y#n(

nil#iny# $i&bul l!bih d#ri s!!d#r $uju#n y#n( &!l!bihi huu& i$u

.od!nh!i&!r* <?7C <6<+ J#di !&un(in#n huu& #l#& s!!#r#

#$!(oris di$ol# ol!h 3!ls!n+

E. HUKUM DAN KEADILAN

+. K-n!e Ke4iln

.!rbi!#r# &!n(!n#i !#dil#n* ir#ny# "!rlu &!ninj#u b!rb#(#i

$!ori "#r# #hli+ S#l#h s#$uny# #d#l#h Pl#$o+ Musl!huddin di d#l#&

buuny# hilosoph% o$ #slamic Law and ?rientalists, &!ny!bu$#n

"#nd#n(#n Pl#$o s!b#(#i b!riu$

$8

#n his view, justice consists in a harmonious r elation, etween

the various parts o$ the social organism . Ever% citi !en must do hi s

dut% in his appointed place and do the thing $or which hi s natur e

i s est suited Musl!huddin* <?:7 @5+

D#l#& &!n(#r$i#n !#dil#n* Pl#$o s#n(#$ di"!n(#ruh i ol!h

!i$#'!i$# ol!$i4is$i y#n( & !&#nd#n( !#dil#n s!b#(#i hubun(#nh#r&onis d!n(#n b!rb#(#i or(#nis&! sosi#l+ S!$i#" -#r(# n!(#r#

h#rus &!l#u#n $u(#sny# s!su#i d!n(#n "osisi d#n sif#$ #l#&i#hn y#+

P!nd#"#$ Pl#$o $!rs!bu$ &!ru"##n "!&y#$##n !l# s* &##

!#dil#n Pl#$onis b!r#r$i b#h-# "#r# #n((o$# s!$i#" &#sy#r##$ h#ru s

&!ny!l!s#i#n "!!rj##n &#sin('rn#sin( d#n $id# bol!h &!n!#&"uri

urus#n #n((o$# !l#s l#in+ P!&bu#$ "!r#$ur#n h#rus &!n!&"#$#n

d!n(#n j!l#s "osisi s!$i#" !lo&"o &#sy#r## $ di &#n# d#n si$u#si

b#(#i&#n# y#n( !o!o un$u s!s!or#n(+ P!nd#"#$ $!rs!bu$ b!r#n(#$

d#ri #su&si d#s#r b#h-# &#nusi# bu#nl#h su#$u ji-# y#n( $!risolir

d#n b!b#s &!l#u#n #"# s#j# y#n( di!h!nd#iny# * $!$#"i &#nu si#

#d#l#h ji-# y#n( $!ri#$ d!n(#n "!r#$ur#n d#n $#$#n#n uni4!rs#l y#n(

h#rus &!nundu#n !in(in#n "rib#diny# !"#d# or(#ni ol!$if+

D#ri sini $!r!s#n "!&#h#&#n b#h-# * !#dil#n d#l#& on s!"

Pl#$o s#n(#$ $!r#i$ d!n(#n "!r#n d#n fun(si indi4idu d#l#& &# sy#r#,

#$+ <d!#lis&! !#dil#n ##n $!r!#"#i bil# d#l#& !hidu"#n s!&u#

unsur &#sy#r##$ b!ru"# indi4idu d#"#$ &!n!&"#$#n diriny# "#d#

"ro"orsi &#sin('rn#sin( d#n b!r$#n((un( j#-#b "!nuh $ !rh#d#" $u(#s

y#n( di!&b#n* s!l#nju$ny# $id# d#"#$ &!n!#&"uri urus#n d#n $u(#s

!lo&"o l#in+ 3!s#n l#inny# #d#l#h Pl#$o &!&b!n$u &#nusi# d#l#&

o$#'o$# !lo&"o r#sis * "!r#n su#$u !lo&"o $id# d#"#$

&!ny!b!r#n( ! !lo&"o l#in+ 3!#dil#n h#ny# ##n $!r-ujud &#n#,

#l# &#nusi# &!ny#d#ri s$#$us sosi#l d#n $u(#sny# s!b#(#i d!l!(#si

!lo&"ony# s!ndiri+8#in h#lny# d!n(#n Aris$o$!l!s* &!nuru$ny# !#dil#n b!risi

su#$u unsur !s#&##n* b#h-# s!&u# b!nd#'b!nd# y#n( #d# di #l#&

ini dib#(i s!!#r# r#$# y#n( "!l#s#n##nny# dion$rol ol!h huu&+

D#l#& "#nd#n(#n Aris $o$!l!s !#dil#n dib#(i &!nj#di du# b!n$u+

ertama, !#dil#n dis$ribu$if* #d#l#h !#dil#n y#n( di$!n$u#n ol!h



@:

"!& bu# $ un d#n('und#n(* dis$ribusiny# &!&u#$ j#s#* h#* d#n !b#i,

#n b#(i #n((o$#'#n((o$# &#sy#r##$ &!nuru$ "rinsi" !s#&##n "ro,

"ors ion#K+ 9edua, !#dil#n or!$if* y#i$u !#dil#n y#n( &!nj#&in*

&!n(#-#si d#n &!&!lih#r# dis$ribus i ini &!l#-#n s!r#n(#n's!r#n(#n

il!(#K+ )un(si or!$if !#dil#n "#d# "rinsi"ny# di#$ur ol!h h#i& d#n

&!ns$#bil#n !&b#li status quo d!n(#n /#r# &!n(!&b#li#n &ili

orb#n y#n( b!rs#n(u$#n #$#u d!n(#n /#r# &!n((#n$i ru(i #$#s &i li

, ny# y#n( hil#n( Mus l!huddin* <??< 97+

Aris$o$! l!s d#l#& &!n(#r$i#n !#dil#n s#n(#$ di"!n(#ruhi ol!h

unsur !"!&ili#n b!nd# $!r$!n$u+ 3!#dil#n id!#l d#l# & "#nd#n(#n

Aris$o$!l!s #d#l#h !$i# s!&u# unsur &#sy#r##$ &!nd#"#$ b#(i#n

y#n( s#&# d#ri s!&u# b!nd# y#n( #d# di #l#&+ M#nusi# o l!h Aris$o,

$!l!s di"#nd#n( s!j#j#r d#n &!&"uny#i h# y#n( s#&# #$#s !"!rnili,

#n su#$u b#r #n ( &#$!ri+

P#nd#n(#n Aris$o$! l!s $!rs!bu$ di s#$u sisi di$ol# ol!h s!or#n(

filsuf 3on$!&"or!r %illi#& 3+ )r#n!n#* "#nd#n(#n

$! n$#n ( !#dil#n s!b#(#i "!&b# (i#n s#& # r#$# #d#l#h s isi y#n(

di$o, l#* s!d#n(#n "#nd#n(#n y#n( di$!ri&# )r#n!n# #d#l#h

!#dil#n &!ru"##n dis$ribusi b#r#n(* ##n $!$#"i dis$ribusi y#n(

#dil bu#n h#ny# dis$ribusi s#&# r#$#* ##n $!$#"i b!rb!d# d#l#&

!#d##n $!r$!n$u

ju(# &!r u"##n !#di l#n* P!nd#"#$ )r#n!n# s! l!n(#"ny# s!b#(#i

,

&#n# diu$i" )!inb!r(

Li/e most ot her write rs, &ran/ ena eg ins )' accepting

;ris- totle 's $ormal pr inc iple o $j ustice , t hat relevantl% similar cases

shou ld e treated similarl%, u t &ra n/e na devot es more attent iontha n ;ris- t otle d id t o the select ion o$ a material principle o$

distri ution. +e ag rees with ;risto tle t hat the essence o$ distri

utive o$ injustice is ar itra r% d iscriminat ion etween relevan tl%

s imilar cases, ut disagree over which characteristics are

relevantl% similar and which discrim ina tions are aritrar%, aligning

himsel$ with ;ristot le old ad versaries, the eq ualita rian democrats

)!inb!r( !d+* <?C 5<@ +

S!d#n( #n H!rb!r$ S"!n/!r &!n(#r$i#n !#di l#n #d#l#h !b!

' b#s#n + S! $i #" or#n( b!b #s & !l#u #n #"# y #n( i# in(in #n #s#l

$id# &!n ((#n ((u or# n( l#in Mu sl!huddin* <?? < 97+ P#

nd#n(#n in i



@?

s#n(#$ on$r#s bil# d ih #d#" #n d!n(#n "#nd#n(#n Pl#$o +

3!b!b#s#n in d i4id u# lis #d#l#h s!su#$u y# n( s#n(#$ dihind#ri ol!h

Pl#$o* s!&!n, $#r# H!rb!r$ S"!n/!r s!b#liny#* !#dil#n jus$ru

b!r#n (# $ d#ri !b!, b#s#n indi 4idu + S!d#n(#n !s#&##nny#

$!rl!$# "#d# "!n(!r$i#n $id# d#"#$ &!n((#n((u !"!n$in(# n or#n(

l#in+ Ar$iny#* !b!b#s#n in d i4idu y#n( di$#-#r#n ol!h S"!n/!r

$!$#" "#d# #su&si b#h-# &#nusi# hidu" b!rd#&"in(#n d!n(#n&#nusi# l#in* s!hin((# s!$i#" $ind##n h#rus &!n(#/u "#d# du#

"!r$i &b# n(# n* y#i$ u "!r $i& b#n (#n !" !n$ in( #n "rib #di d#n

!"!n$in(#n or#n( l#in s!b#(#i b!n$u "!r, h#$i#n ol!$if+

3!ls!n #d#l#h $ooh y#n( b!rus#h# &!r!dusi s!ju&l#h $!ori

!#dil#n &!nj#di du# "ol# d#s#r* R#sion#l d#n M!$#fisi+ Ti"! r#sio,

n#l s!b#(#i $i"! y#n( b!rus#h# &!nj#-#b "!r$#ny##n $!n$#n( !#dil#n

d!n(#n /# r# &!nd!finisi#nny# d#l#& su#$u "o l# il&i#h #$# u Fu#si,

il&i#h+ D#l#& &!&!/#h#n "!rso#l#n !#dil#n $i"! r#sion#l b!rl#n,

d#s#n "#d# ##KB Pol# ini di-#i li ol!h Aris$o$!l!s + S!d#n(#n $i"!

M!$#fisi &!ru"##n r!#lis#si s!su#$u y#n( di#r#h#n ! duni# l#in di

b# li "!n (#l #&#n &#nusi#+ Pol# inO di-#i li ol!h P l#$o+ D# l#& "#

n, d#n(#n D!-!y !#dil#n $id# d#"#$ did!finisi#n* i# &!ru"##n

id!#lis&! y#n( $id# r#sion#l Musl!huddin* <??< 9C+

M!nuru$ John R#-ls !b!b#s#n d#n !s#&##n &!ru"##n

un sur y#n( &!nj#di b#(i#n in$i $!ori !#dil#n+ R#-ls &!n!(#s# n

b#h -# !b!b#s#n d#n !s #&# #& s!h#r usn y# $id # di orb #n #n d!&i

&#nf## $ sosi#l #$#u !ono&i* b!$#"#"un b!s#rny# & #nf##$ y#n( d#"#$

di"!rol!h d#ri s udu$ i$u+ R#-ls "! r/#y# b#h- # su# $u "!rl#u#n y#n(

s#&# b#(i s!&u# #n((o$# &#sy#r##$ y#n( $!r#o&od#si d# l#&!#di l#n for&#l #$#u ju(# dis!bu$ !#dil#n r!(ul#$if* s!sun((uhny#

&!n(#ndun( "!n(#u#n ##n !b!b#s#n d#n !s#&##n b#(i s!& u#

or#n( R#-ls* <?C< ?+

T!ori !#dil#n R#-ls y#n( dis!bu$ "rinsi" '"rinsi" "!r $#rn#

!#dil#n i$u * b!li o l# d#ri su# $u on s!" !#d i l#n y#n( l! b ih u&

u & y#n( diru&us#nny# s!b#(#i b!riu$

;ll socia l values '' liert% and opportunit%, income and weal

th, and the ases o$ se l$5respect5rare to e distriuted equall% unless

and



6

unequal distriution o$ an%, or all , o$ these values is to ever%one 's

advantag e R#-ls * <?C< 75+

Ad# du# h#l y#n( "!n$in( d#"#$ di/#$#$ s!hubun(#n d!n(#n

ons!" 2 !#dil#n u&u& $!rs!bu$+ P!r$#&# * !b!b#s#n di$!&"#$#n

s!j#j#r d!n(#n nil#i'nil#i l#inny#* d#n d!n(#n i$u ju(# ons!" u&u&

!#dil#n $id# &!&b!ri $!&"#$ is$i&!-# $!rh#d#" !b!b#s#n+ H#l ini b!rb!d# d!n(#n ons!" !#d il#n R#-l s y#n ( b!r## r "#d# "rinsi" h#

d#n bu#n "#d# "rinsi" &#nf##$+ 3!du# * !#dil#n $id# s!l#lu b!r#r$i

s!&u# or#n( h#rus s!l#lu &!nd#"#$#n s!su#$u d#l#& ju&l#h y#n(

s#&# !#dil#n $id# s!l#lu b!r#r$i s!&u# or#n( h#rus di"!rl#u#n

s!/#r# s#&# $#n"# &!&"!rh#$i#n "!rb!d##n'"!rb!d##n "!n$in( y#n(

s!/#r# obj! $if #d# "#d # s!$i#" indi4idu !$id #s#&# #n d# l#& dis$ri,

busi nil# i'nil #i sosi#l s!l#lu d#"#$ dib!n#r#n #s# l#n !bi j## n i$u

di$!&"uh d!&i &!nj#&in d#n &!rnb#-# &#nf##$ b#(i s!&u# or#n(+

R#-ls &!& b!ri#n $!&"#$ d#n &!n(h#r(#i h# s!$i#" or#n( un$u

&!ni&#$i su#$u hidu" y#n( l#y# s!b#(#i &#nusi# * $!r&#su &!r!#

y#n( "#lin( $id# b!run$un(+.!rl#nd#s#n d#ri "rinsi" u&u& $!rs!bu$ di #$#s * R#-ls &!ru,

&us#n !du# "rinsi" !#dil#n s!b#(#i b!riu$

&ir st, each per son is to have an eq ual ri ght to the

mo st ext ensive asic liert% comp atile with similar liert% $or

others 7 econd, social and economic inequlit ies ar e t o e rang e so

that the% ar e oth (a) r easonale e xp ected to e to ever% one's

advantag e, and () attached to positions and o$$ices o pe n to all R#-ls

* <?C< 76

M!nuru$ R#-ls* !u#$#n d#l#& !#dil#n d#l#& #r$i &airness

jus $ru $!rl !$# "#d# $un$u $#n b#h-# !$i d#s#&##n dib!n#r#n s!j#uh

ju(# &!& b!r i#n !un$un(#n b#(i s!&u# "ih# d#n s!# li(u s &! &,

b!ri "rior i$#s "#d# !b!b #s#n + Ini &!ru"##n du# $un $u $#n d#s#r

y#n( di"!nuhi d#n d!n(#n d!&ii#n ju(# &!&b!d##n s!/#r# $!(#s

ons!" !#dil#n s!b#(#i &airness d#ri $!ori'$!ori y#n( diru&us#n

d#l#& n#"#s in$uisionis&! d#l#& /#r#-#l# $!olo(is+

Un$u $!rj#&inny# !f!$i4i$#s d#ri !du# "rinsi" !#dil#n i$u*

R#-ls &!n!(#s#n b#h-# !du#ny# h#rus di#$ur d#l#& su#$u $#$#n#n

y#n( dis!bu$ny# serial order. D!n(#n "!n(#$ur#n s!"!r$i i$u* R#-ls

<

&!n!(#s#n b#h-# h#'h# s!r$# !b!b#s#n'!b!b#s#n d#s#r $id#

d#"#$ di$u#r d!n(#n !un$un(#n sosi#l d#n !ono&is+ Ini b!r#r$i

"rin si" !#dil#n y#n ( !du # h#ny# bis# &!nd#" #$ $!&"#$ d#n di$!r#",

#n #"#bil# "rinsi" !#dil#n y#n( "!r$#&# $!l#h di"!nuhi+ A r$iny#

"!n!r#"#n d#n "!l#s#n##n "rin si" !#dil#n y#n( !du# $id# bol!h

b!r$ !n$#n(# n d!n (#n "rins i" !#d il#n y#n ( "!r$#&#+ D!n (#n d!&ii#n

h#'h# d#n !b!b#s#n'!b!b#s#n d#s#r d#l#& ons!" !#dil#n

&!&ilii "rirori$#s u$#&# #$#s !un$un(#n sosi#l d#n !ono&is+

So!#n$o &!ny!bu$ du# u$ub /i$r# !#dil#n y#n( h#rus &!l!,

#$ d#l#& s!$i#" $ind##n y#n( h!nd# di#$##n s!b#(#i $ind##n

#dil+ ertama , amin em Laedere, y#ni 2j#n(#n &!ru(i#n or#n(

l#in2* s!/#r# lu#s #0#s ini b!r#r$i A"# y#n( #nd# $id# in(in #l#&i*

j#n (#n l#h &!n y!b#b#n or#n( l#in &!n (#l#&iny#2+ 9edua , 7uum

"uique *riuere, y#ni 2b!r$ind#l#h s!b#ndin(2+ S!/#r# lu#s #0#s ini

b!r#r$i 2A" # y#n( bol!h #nd# d#"# $* bi#r#nl#h or#n( l#in b!rus#h#

&!nd#"#$#nny#2 So!#n$o* <?:: 5:+ A0#s "!r$#&# &!ru"##n

s!ndi equalit% y#n( di$uju#n !"#d# u&u& s!b#(#i #0#s "!r(#ul#n

hidu" + S!d#n(#n #0#s !du# &!ru"##n #0#s equit% y#n( di#r#h#n

"#d # "!ny#&# #n #"# y#n( $id# b!rb!d # d#n &!&b!d##n #"# y#n(

&!&#n( $id# s#&#+

Di b#li "!n(!r$i#n !#dil#n $!r s!bu$* "#r# fil suf huu& !&#,

sy#r##$#n $!l#h &!ru&us#n $!ori !#dil#n $id# d#l#& is$il#h'is$il#h

y#n( &u$l#* $!$#"i b!r#i$#n d!n(#n "!r#d#b#n+ Ni!$0s/h! &!&#h#&i

!#dil#n s!b#(#i !b!n#r#n d#ri or#n( y#n( u#$+ S!&!n$#r# Hobb!s

&!n(!&u##n ons!" y#n( l#in $!n$#n( !#dil#n+ 3!#dil#n #d#l#h

#"#bil# "!rj#nji#n dil#s#n##n s!b#(#i&#n# &!s$iny# Musl!huddin *

<??< <C6+ 8#in l#(i "!nd#"# $ D!-!y Musl!h uddin* <??< C:* b#(i,

ny# !#dil#n $id# d#"#$ di(#&b#r#n d#l#& "!n(!r$i#n y#n( $!rb#$#s+3!#dil#n #d#l#h !b#i#n y#n( $id# b!rub#h'ub#h * b#h#n "!rs#in(,

#n #d#l#h -#j#r d#n #dil d#l#& #"i$#lis&! o&"!$i$if'indi4idu#lis$i +

Ahirny# )r!id&#nn Musl!huddin* <??< C? &! n(o&!n$#ri* b#h-#

!(#(#l#n s$#nd#r !#dil#n s! l#&# ini #d#l#h #ib#$ !s#l#h#n s$#nd#r

d#s#r "!&b!n$u !#dil#n i$u+ S$#nd#r !#dil#n y#n( &u$l# #d#l#h

!#dil#n d!n(#n d#s#r #(#&#+

Prinsi" !#dil#n b#rn d#"#$ di#$##n b!rsif#$ uni4!rs#l ji#



5

d#"#$ &!n!#u" s!&u# "!rso#l#n !#dil#n sosi#l d#n indi4idu#l y#n(

&un!ul+ Uni4!rs#l d#l#& "!n!r#"#nny# &!&"uny#i $un $u

$#n,

$un$u$#nny# h#rus b!rl#u b#(i s!luruh #n((o$# &#sy#r##$+ D#"#$

diuni4!rs#l#n d#l#& h#rus &!nj#di "rinsi" y#n( uni4!rs#li$#s

"!n!ri &##nn y# d#"#$ di!&b#n( #n s!l uruh -#r(# &#sy#r##$+ A(#r

d#"#$ di!rnb#n(#n d#n &!&bi&bin( $ind##n -#r(# &#sy#r##$*

&## "rinsi"'"rinsi" $!rs!bu$ h#rus d#"#$ diu&u&#n d#n di&!n(!r$i

s!$i#" or#n(+ M#s#l#h !#dil#n &un!ul !$i# indi4idu'indi4idu y#n(

b!rl#in#n &!n(#l#&i on$li #$#s !"!n$in(#n &!r!# * &## "rinsi",

"rinsi" !#d il#n h#rus &#& "u $#&"i l s!b#(#i "!&b!r i !"u$us# n d#n

"!n!n$u #h ir b#(i "!rs!l isih #n &#s #l# h !#d il#n + Prinsi" !#dil#n

y#n( d#"#$ di$!ri&# s!luruh &#sy#r##$ ##n &!nj#di "rinsi" !#dil#n

y#n( bu#n s!!d#r l#hir d#ri #$# 2s!$uju2 * $!$#"i b!n#r'b!n#r &!ru,

"##n j! l&##n !s!"# #$#n y#n ( &!n(i# $ d#n &!n (#ndun ( isy#r#$

o&i$&!n &!nj#(# !l!s$#ri#n "rinsi" !#dil#n $!rs!bu$+ D!n(#nd!&ii#n s!s!or#n( !&udi#n &!&"!r$i&b#n(#n 2bi#y# "siolo(is2

y#n( h#rus di$#n((un( d#l#& &!&!nuhi o&"!ns#si !s!"##$#n

"!n(i #$ (!r# sosi#l d#n indi4 idu#l $!rs! bu$+

3ons!" !#dil#n* b#h#n ons!" !"#s$i#n d#n !b!n#r#n ##n

s!l#lu b!r!4olusi* ol!h #r!n# i$u !#dil#n h#rus &#&"u &!l#u#n

in$!r#si sirul#r d!n(#n "!r!&b#n(#n il&u'il&u l#in* #n$#r# l#in

$!olo(i* id!olo(i* d#n $!nolo(i+ P!r!&b#n(#n !#dil#n di .#r#$

&is#lny#* ons!" !#dil#n y#n( "#d # &ul#ny# sif#$ny# m% tologica

#, "#d# &#s# ini !#di l#n h#ny# $!rd#"#$ "#d# "#r# d!-#+ Aris $o$!l !s d#n

Pl#$o !&udi#n &!n(!&b#n(#n ons!" !#dil#n $!rs!bu$ &!nj#di

in$!l!$u#l'r#sion#l+ 3!#dil#n !&udi#n di#i$#n d!n(#n ins$i$usi d#nol!$ifi$#s !hidu"#n &#nusi#+

P!rub#h#n ons!" !#dil#n d#ri -#$u ! -#$u l!bih b#ny#

$!rj#di "#d# d#$#r#n o"!r#sion#l* s!d#n(#n sif#$ny# s!l#lu s$#$is d#n

"oli$i s+ D#r i ons!" "!rub#h#n d#n d!n(#n b!r" !(#n( "#d# ons!"

2h#2 !&udi#n di!&b#n(#n dif!r!nsi#si j!nis !#dil#n+ T#n$#n(#n

u$#&# d#l#& "!&b!n$u#n "rinsi" !#dil#n di 0#&#n s!#r#n( ini

#d#l#h b#(#i&#n# &!n!#ri ! !l#h di #n$#r# b!n$ur#n lib!r#lis&! d#n

sosi#lis&!* $!ru$#&# y#n( &!ny#n(u$ "!r!&b#n(#n !ono&i*

s!hin((# !#dil#n &!nj#di !r#$ #i$#nny# d!n(#n !ono&i+ Ar$iny#

9

ons!" "rinsi" !#dil#n &!nj#di s#n(#$ &#j!&u #r!n# bis# b!r,

b!n $u ons!" $!ol o(is * ons !" !$is * ons!" huu&* ons!" "oli$i*

ons!" sosiolo(is* d#n ons!" !ono&i+

&. H#$#% 4n Ke4iln

Tuju#n #hir huu& #d#l#h !#di l#n + >l!h #r!n# i$u* s!(#l#

us#h# y#n( $!r#i$ d!n(#n huu& &u$l# h#rus di#r#h#n un$u

&!n!&u#n s!bu#h sis$!& huu& y#n( "#lin( /o!o d#n s!su#i

d!n(#n "rinsi" !#dil#n+ Huu& h#rus $!rj#lin !r#$ d!n(#n !#dil#n*

huu& #d#l#h und#n('und#n( y#n( #dil* bil# su#$u huu& onri$*

y#ni und#n('und#n( b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" !#dil#n*

&## huu& i$u $id# b!rsif#$ nor&#$if l#( i d#n $id# d#"#$ di#$##n

s!b#(#i huu& l#(i+ Und#n('und#n( h#ny# &!nj#di huu& bil#

&!&!nuhi "rinsi"'"rinsi" !#dil#n+ D!n(#n #$# l#in* #dil &!ru"##n

unsur ons$i$u$if s!(#l# "!n(!r$i#n $!n$#n( huu& Huijb!rs* <??

C6+Sif#$ #dil di#n((#" s!b#(#i b#(i#n ons$i$u$if huu& #d#l#h

#r!n# huu& di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i b#(i#n $u(#s !$is &#nusi# di duni#

ini* #r$iny# &#nusi# -#jib &!&b!n$u hidu" b!rs#&# y#n( b#i

d!n(#n &!n(#$u&y# s!/#r# #dil+ D!n(#n #$# l#in !s#d#r#n &#nusi#

y#n( $i&bul d#ri h#$i nur#ni $!n$#n( $u(#s su!i "!n(!&b#n &isi

!#dil#n s!/#r# s"on$#n #d#l#h "!ny!b#b &!n(#"# !#dil#n &!nj#di

unsur ons$i$u$if huurn+ Huijb!rs &!n#&b#h# n #l#s #n "!nunj#n(

&!n(#"# !#dil#n &!nj#di unsur ons$i$u$ifhuu&

A. P!&!rin$#h n!(#r# &#n#"un s!l#lu &!&b!l# $ind##n d!n(#n

&!&"!rlih#$#n !#dil#n y#n( ny#$# di d#l#&ny#

.+ Und#n('und#n( y#n( $id# s!su#i d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" !,

#dil#n s!rin(#li di#n((#" s!b#(#i und#n('und#n( y#n( $!l#h

us#n( d#n $id# b!rl#u l#(i +

=+ D!n(#n b! r$ind# $id# #dil* su#$u "!& !rin$#h#n s!b!n#&y#

b!r $ind# di lu#r -!-!n#n(n y# y#n ( $id# s #h s!!#r # huu&+



@

3ons!u!nsi "#nd#n(#n on$in!n$#l sis$!& $!n$#n( nil#i !#dil,

#n huu& #d#l#h und#n('und#n( y#n( #dil * #dil &!ru"##n unsur

ons$i$u$if d#ri s!(#l# "!n(!r$i#n huu&* h#ny# "!r#$ur#n y#n( #dil

y#n( dis!bu$ huu&

#+ huu& &!l!bihi n!(#r# + N!(#r# "!&!rin$#h $id# bol!h

&!&b!n$u huu& y#n( $id# #dil+ 8!bih "!r/#y# "#d# "rinsi", "rinsi" &or#l y#n( di&u#$ d#l#& und#n('und#n( d#ri "#d#

!bij#s#n##n &#nusi# d#l#& b!n$u "u$us#n'"u$us#n h#i&+

b+ si#" !b#ny##n or#n( $!rh#d#" huu& &!n/!r&in#n "!,

n(!r$i#n huu& ini* y#i$u huu& s!b#(#i &or#l hidu" nor&#

id!#l+

/+ "rinsi"'"rinsi" "!&b!n$u#n huu& "rinsi"'"rinsi" !#dil#n

b!rsif#$ !$is* &## huu& s!b#(#i !s!luruh#n &!-#jib#n

s!/#r# b#$ini#h+

Un(#"#n $!rs!bu$ s!j#l#n d!n(#n o&!n$#r 3h#n <?C:C*Prof!ssor #nd H!#d D!"#r$&!n$ of Poli$i/#l S/i!n/! Uni4!si$y of

Sind

!"ery state has und erta/en to eradicate the scourges o$

ignorance disease, squalor, hung er and t%pe o$ injustice

among its citi!ens so that ever%od% ma% pursue a happ% li$e in a

wa% .

D#ri un(#"#n $!rs! bu$ $!r(#&b#r s!bu#h "!n(!r$i#n* b#h-#

$uju#n #hir huu& b!ru"# !#dil#n h#rus di/#"#i &!l#lui s!bu#h

ins$i$usi l!(#l d#n ind!"!nd!n d#l#& s!bu#h n!(#r#+ H#l $!rs! bu$

&!nunju#n "!n$in(ny# &!-ujud#n !#dil#n b#(i s!$i#" -#r(#n!(#r# &#nusi# s!b#(#i ori!n$#si huu&+ T!ru$#&#s!$!l#h "!r#n(

duni# !du#* s!rin(#li #ib#$ "!n(#l#&#n "#hi$ y#n( di$in((#l#n

#u& N#0i y#ri( &!ny#l#h(un##n !u#s##nny# un$u &!&b!n$u

und#n('und#n( y#n( &!l#n((#r nor&#'nor&# !#dil#n* &#in b#ny#

or#n( y#n( s#&"#i "#d# !y#in#n b#h-# huu& h#rus b!r#i$#n

d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" !#dil#n *un$u d#"#$ di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i

huu&+ .il# $id#* &## huu& h#ny# "#n$#s dis!bu$ s!b#(#i

$ind##n !!r#s#n b!l## Huijb!rs* <?? C<+

D#l#& bid#n( huu&* !#dil#n &!nj#di $u(#s huu& #$#u

&!ru"##n !(un##n huu&+ 3!#dil#n y#n( &!nj#di $u(#s huu&

&!ru"##n h#sil "!ny!r#si#n #$#u !s!r#si#n #n$#r# !"#s$i#n huu&

d!n(#n !s!b#ndin(#n huu&+ S!/#r# id!#l !"#s$i#n huu& &!ru,

"##n "!n/!r&in#n #0#s $id# &!ru(i#n or#n( l#in* s!d#n(#n !s!'I b#ndin(#n huu& &!ru"##n "!n/!r&in#n #0#s b!r$ind# s!b#ndin(+

>l!h #r!n# !s!r#si#n #n$#r# !"#s$i#n huu& d!n(#n !s!b#ndin(#n

huu& &!ru"##n in$i "!n!(##n huu&* &## "!n!(##n huu&

s!sun((uhny# di"!n(#ruhi ol!h

#+ Huu& i$u s!ndiri

b+ 3!"rib#di#n "!n!(# huu&

/+ )#sili$#s !s#d#r#n d#n !"#$uh#n huu& &#sy#r##$

d+ T#r#f !s#d#r#n d#n !"#$uh#n huu& &#sy#r##$

!+ 3!bud#y##n y#n( di#nu$ &#sy#r##$ So!#n$o* <?::

5?+

P!n!(##n huu& bu#n $uju#n #hir d#ri "ros!s huu& #r!n#

!#dil#n b!lu& $!n$u $!r/#"#i d!n(#n "!n!(##n huu&* "#d#h#l

$uju#n #hi&y# #d#l#h !#dil#n + P!&y#$##n di #$#s &!ru"##n isy#r#$

b#h-# !#dil#n y#n( hidu" di &#sy#r##$ $id# &un(in s!r#(#&+

H#l ini dis!b#b#n !#dil#n &!ru"##n "ros!s y#n( b!r(!r# di #n$#r#

du# u$ub /i$r# !#dil#n+ aminem Laedere s!&#$# bu#nl#h !#dil#n*

d!&ii#n "ul# 7uum "uique *riuere y#n( b!rdiri s!ndiri $id# d#"#$

di#$##n !#dil#n+ 3!#dil#n b!r(!r# di #$#r# du# u$ub $!rs!bu$+

P#d# su#$u !$i# !#dil#n l!bih d!#$ "#d# s#$u u$ub* d#n "#d# s##$

y#n( l#in* !#dil#n l!bih /ondon( "#d# u$ub l#inny#+

3!#dil#n y#n( &!nd!#$i u$ub aminem Laedere #d#l#h "#d#

s##$ &#nusi# b!rh#d#"#n d!n(#n bid#n('bid#n( !hidu"#n y#n( b!r,

sif#$ n!$r#l+ A#n $!$#"i ji# y#n( di"!rso#l#n #d#l#h bid#n( !hidu",

#n s"iri$u#l #$#u s!nsi$if* &## y#n( dis!bu$ #dil b!r#d# l!bih d!#$

d!n(#n u$ub 7uum "uique *riuere. P!n(!r$i#n $!rs!bu$ &!n(' I



7

isy#r#$#n b#h-# h#ny# &!l#lui su#$u $#$# huu& y#n( #dil or#n(,

or#n( d#" #$ hid u" d!n(#n d#&#i &!nuju su# $u !s!j#h$!r##n

j#s&#ni &#u" un ro h#ni+

P#r# s#rj #n# In((ris d#n A&!ri# d#l #& &!&!(#n( "rinsi"

!, #di l#n l!bih b#ny# di-#rn#i d!n( #n fils#f# $ !&" iris&! d#n

"r#(, &#$is&! + P#d# in$iny# "#nd#n(#n ini b!r#n((#" #n b#h- #

!b!n#r#n b! r#s#l d#ri "!n(# l#&#n d#n "r#$! hidu"+ 3#r!n#ny#

y#n( diu$#&#, #n d#l#& &!n#n(#ni huu& #d#l#h hubun(#n d!n(#n

r!#li$#s hidu" * bu#n d!n(# n "rinsi"'"rinsi" #bs$ r# $!n$#n ( !#d il#n+

>l!h #r!n# i$u #dil d#n $id# #dil $id# $!r"!n(#ruh ol!h "!n (!r$i #n

$!n$#n( huu&* $!$#"i l!bih b#ny# di-#rn #i o l!h r!#li$#s "r#

(&#$is+ 3ons!u!nsi "#nd#n(#n ini #d#l#h

<+ P#d# "rinsi"ny# huu& $id# &!l!bi hi n!(#r# y#n( di#n((#"

s# &# d!n(#n r#y#$ + Huu& #d #l#h s#r#n# "!&!rin$# h

un$u &!n(#$ur &#sy#r##$ s!/#r# #diK* $id# #d# ins$#nsi y#n(

l!bih $in((i d#ri huu&+ 3#r!n# !&u n( in#n d#ri

!$id##dil#n $!$#" #d#* dih#r#" #n b#h-# d#l#& "r#$i huu& !y#in#n, !y# in#n r#y#$ d#n !b ij#s#n##n "#r#

h#i& &!n(hind#ri "!nyi&"#n(#n y#n( $!rl#l u b!s #r+

5+ H uu& #d#l#h #"# y#n( b!rl#u d e $a cto. d#n i$ul#h

#hirny# $id# l#in d#ri"#d# !"u$us#n h# i& d#n juri r#y#$+

S!&!n$#r# r#y# $ ju( # &!ny#d#r i b#h-# huu& $# l#in

d#ri #"# y#n( $!l#h di$!n$u#n +

9 + M!nu ru $ #lir#n !&" iris&!* huu& s!b#(#i sis$!& $id# rn!-

#, ji b#n s!/#r# b#$ini#h* s!b#b $id# di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i b#(

i#n $u(#s !$is &#nusi#+ Huu& h#rus di$##$i s!b#b #d# s#nsi

b#( i "!l#n((#r#n b!ru"# huu&#n* s!d#n(#n !$##$#n

s!/#r# b#$in i#h l!bih b#ny# di s!b#b#n ol!h !y#in#n

#(#&# H uijb!rs* <?? C6+

S!o r#n ( filsuf huu& A&!ri# 8#$in 8ouis R!/#s!ns

Si/h!s &! n(#$# #n b#h -# di s#$u sisi !"#s $i#n d#n !#&#n#n

&!ru "##n $u j u#n "ri&!r d#n &!nd!s# b#(i huu&* di l#in si si

!#dil#n h#ru s dius#h##n ol!h "#r# "!&bu#$ huu& s!b#(#i $uju#n

#hir y#n( l!bih

C

j#uh+ Huu& $id# dil#hir#n un$u &#nusi# #r!n# #l#s#n in(in

&!&b!ri#n u"!$i #$#u "!n(hor&#$#n !"#d# $!ori !#dil#n* $!$#"i

un$u &!&!nuhi ur(!nsi y#n( $id# bis# dihind#r#n b#( i !#&#n#n

d#n !"#s$i#n !hidu"#n sosi#K+ P!r$#ny##n $!n$#n( s!b#b &us#b#b

+ &#nusi# &!&bu#$ huu& $id# dij#-#b d#l#& s$ru$ur $!ori !#dil#n*

##n $!$#"i d#l#& s!b u#h nil#i y#n( l!bih r!nd#h* !#&#n#n #d#l#h

s!su#$u y#n( l!bih /o/ o b#( i &#nusi# Musl!huddin* <??< 9: +

.od!nh!i&!r Musl!huddin * <??< 9: &!n(#$##n* 2#d # !r#,

(u#n s!rius2* #"##h sis$!& sosi#l y#n( &!&!nuhi sy#r#$'sy#r#$ !,

"#s$i#n #$ur#n #$#u huu& b is# !f!$if $#n"# !h#dir#n unsur y#n(

subs$#nsi#l y#i$u !#dil#n+ Ji# r# s# !#dil#n s!b#(i#n b!s#r &#sy# ,

r##$ dihin# d#n di"!ros# ol!h s!bu#h sis$!& y#n( &!n(#u huu&

un$u &!n!(##n ondisi 'ond isi hidu" y#n( s!su#i d!n(#n #$ur#n*

&## o$ori$#s "ubli ##n &!n(#l#&i !suli$#n d#l#& &!nj#(# sis$!&

huu& &!l#-#n us#h#'us#h# sub4!rsif+

>r #n('or#n( $id# ##n b!r$#h#n l#&# &!n(h#d#"i s!bu# h

$#$#n#n y#n( &!r!# r#s# s#&# s!#li $id# s!su#i d#n $id# &#su ##K+ P!&!rin$#h y#n( &!&" !r$ #h#n#n #$ur#n s!&#/#& i$u ##n

$!rj!r#$ d#l#& !suli$#n'!sul i$#n s!rius d#l#& "!l#s#n##nny# + Ar$i,

ny# * s!bu#h $#$#n#n y#n( $id# b!r# #r "#d # !#dil#n s#&# #r$i

ny# d!n(#n b!rs#nd#r "#d# l#nd#s#n y#n( $id# #&#n d#n

b!rb#h#y# + S!b#(#i&#n# diun(#"#n John Di/inson 23i $# $id#

h#ny# &!&, bu$uh#n s!bu#h sis$!& "!r#$ur#n u&u& y#n( b!r/#&"ur

b#ur* $!$#"i #$ur# n y#n( b!rd#s#r#n "#d# "rinsi" !#di l#n2

Musl!huddin* <??<

9:+

F. KEADILAN MENU RUT FILSAFAT HUKUM ISLAM

+. R#ng Ling$# H#$#% I!l%

M!&bi/#r##n huu& Isl#& b!r#r$i b!rbi/#r# Isl#& i$u s!nd iri*

s!b#b &!&is#h#n #n$#r# huu& Isl#& d!n(#n Isl#& #d# l#h s!s u#$

u y#n( &us$#hil* s!l#in huu& Isl#& i$u b!rsu&b!r d#ri #(#&#

Isl#&* huu& Isl#& ju(# $id# d#"# $ di"is#h#n d#ri i&#n d#n

!susil##n



:

#hl#+ S!b#b !$i(# o&"on!n in$i #j#r#n Isl#& y#ni i&#n*

huu&* d#n #hl# #d#l#h s#$u r#n(#i#n !s#$u#n y#n( &!&b!n$u

#(#&# Isl#& i$u s!ndiri Ali* <??7 <:+

S!$!l#h &!n(ris$#l &!nj#di Isl#& d#n di$urun#n ! &u#

bu&i* &## Isl#& &!nj#di rahmatan #i$ 'dlamin y#n( &!n/#u"

s!luruh #s"! !hidu"#n+ As"! !hidu"#n i$u s!ndiri $!rdiri #$#s $i(# b#(i#n "oo ("ardinal 7uject atter) y#i$u Tuh#n (*heolog%),

&#nusi# (;nthropholog%) * d#n #l#& ("osmolog%). 3u&"ul#n #j#r#n,

#j#r#n "oo Isl#& $!rs!bu$ $!r#n(u& ' b#i $!rsur#$ &#u"un $!rsir#$,

d#l#& #l'Lur#n d#n H#dis y#n( &!&b!n$u s!bu#h #j#r#n $!n$#n(

Isl#& y#n( l#0i& dis!bu$ 'aqidah. Ahi&y# #id#h ju(# $!rb#(i

&!nj#di $i(# b#(i#n* #id#h $!n$#n( Tuh#n* #id#h $!n$#n( &#nusi#*

d#n #id#h $!n$#n( #l#&+ S!l#&# ini "!&#h#&#n $!n$#n( #id#h

dib#$#si "#d# b#(i#n tauliid &!ny#n(u$ Tuh#n* M#l#i#$* R#sul*

3i$#b* T#dir* d#n h#ri i#&#$* "#d#h#l #id#h &!ny#n(u $ $o$#li$#s

&#s#l#h $!n $#n( !'Tuh#n#n * !'#l#&#n* d#n !&#nusi##n+

Aid#h $!n $#n( Tuh#n #d#l#h !s"r!si $!ori$i y#n( b!r-ujud!y#in#n ($aith) #$#u "!&iir#n $!n$#n( Tuh#n* s!d#n(#n

#id#h $!n$#n( &#nusi# y#ni !s"r!si $!ori$i y#n( b!r-ujud !y#,

in#n #$#u "!&iir#n $!n $#n( &#nusi#* d#n #id#h

$!n$#n( #l#& #d#l#h !s"r!si $!ori$i y#n( b!r-ujud !y#in#n ($aith)

#$#u "!&iir#n (thought) $!n$#n( #l#& * s!l#in #l#& &#nusi# s!ndiri

S#biF* <??7 5+ I#$#n #id#h $!rs! bu$ "!rIu di#$u#lis#si#n

d#l#& $ind##n ny#$# y#n( bi#s# dis!bu$ &u#&#l#h+ Mu#&#l#h

bu#nl#h h#l y#n( h#ny# b!r$# li#n #n$#r# &#nusi# d!n(#n &#nusi#*

$!$#"i s!luruh, ny# dij#n(#u* y#ni &u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" Tuh#n*

&u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" &#nusi#* d#n &u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" #l#&+

Mu#&#l#h $!rh#d#" Tuh#n* y#ni !s"r!si sosiolo(i y#n(

b!r-ujud "!l#y#n#n $!rh#d#" !h!nd# Tuh#n di #l#& ini* y#n(

s#s#r#nny# #d#l#h &#nusi# ju(#* &u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" &#nusi# #d#l#h

!s"r!si sosiolo(i y#n( b!r-ujud "!l#y#n#n $!rh#d#" s!s#&# &#nu,

si#* s!d#n(#n &u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" #l#& #d#l#h !s"r!si sosiolo(i

y#n( b!r-ujud "!l#y#n#n $!rh#d#" #l#&* d#n s#s#r#nny# #d#l#h

&#nusi# ju(#+ D!n(#n #$# l#in #l'Lur#n &!&b#-# #j#r#n y#n(

&!&u#$ #s"!'#s"! j#s# $!rh#d#" Tuh#n* #l#& d#n &#nusi#+ D!n(#n

?

d!&ii#n #"# y#n( di&u#$ d#l#& #l'Lur#n #i$#nny# d!n(#n hubun(,

#n hubun(#n !s!i&b#n(#n $!&y#$# j#uh l!bih lu#s d#ri #n((#"#n

s!l#&# ini* b#h-# hubun(#n !s!i&b#n(#n h#ny#l#h "!l#y#n#n

s!s#&# &#nusi# un$u &#nusi# l#inny# S#biF* <??7 5:+

D#ri "ros!s #$u#lis#si #j#r#n Isl#& !&udi#n &!l#hir#n nil#i*

nil#i ini y#n( u&u& di#$##n ib#d#h* &## ib#d#h'"un !&udi#n$!rb#(i ! d#l#& $i(# #$!(ori+ Ib#d#h !"#d# Tuh#n* ib#d#h &!l#lui

&#nusi#* d#n ib#d#h l!-#$ #l#& + Ib#d#h !"#d# Tuh#n #d#l#h nil#i

"!n(#bdi#n y#n( s!/# r# l#n(sun ( dij# l#n#n b!rd#s#r #n $un $un#n

#id#h sy#ri#$* s!d#n( ib#d#h &!l#lui &#nusi# #d#l#h nil#i y#n(

$!r#ndun( d#l#& "!l#y#n#n !"#d# s!s#&# &#nusi#+

P!l#y#n#n y#n( $!l#h b!rb!n$u nil#i ib#d#h* &!nj#di nil#i y#n(

b!rhubun(#n l#n(sun( #n$#r# &#nusi# d!n(#n Tuh#n* d#n n#n$iny#

!&b#li ju(# !"#d# &#nusi#+ S!d#n(#n ib#d#h l!-#$ #l#& #d#l#h

nil#i y#n( $!r#ndun( d#l#& "!l#y#n#n $!rh#d#" #l#& lin(un(#n

hidu"* nil#i ini ju(# &!nj#di nil#i y#n( b!r(un# b#(i &#nusi# d#l#&

hubun(#nny# d!n(#n Tuh#n* d#n n#n$iny# !&b#li !"#d# &#nusi#

ju( # b#i d#l#& on$!s !hidu"#n duni# &#u"un !hidu"#n s!sud#h

!hidu"#n duni# #hir#$+

Aid#h* &u#&#l#h* d#n ib#d#h #d#l#h (!r#ji-# r#(# &#nusi#+

S!b#(#i &usli&* !s!luruh#n (!r# ji-# r#(# $!rs!bu$ di#$ur d!n(#n

su#$u "!r#n(#$ y#n( dis!bu$ huu& Isl#&+ M!y#ini Isl#& b!r#r$i

$!ri#$ d!n(#n huu& Isl#& i$u s!ndiri* s!d#n(#n huu& Isl#& h#ny#

##n b!r-ujud &#n##l# huu& $!rs!bu$ di$!r#"#n (tanjid!) ol!h

"!rn!lu'"!&!luny# d!n(#n doron(#n b#$in y#n( u#$ As,

Shiddi!Fy* <??9 <9+

T#$#n#n !s!i&b#n(#n $!rs!bu$ b!rsif#$ su"r#n#$ur#l d#n #&#$

&!nduun( !&un(in#n'!&un(in#n y#n( #d# d#l#& !hidu"#n

s!h#ri'h#ri* d!n(#n sif#$ (#nd#ny# uni4!rs#l d#n #b#di+ l# $!$#" s#&#

un$u s!(#l# 0#&#n d#n un$u s!&u# or#n(+ J#son* s!b#(#i&#n# di

u$i" Musl!huddin <??<* @: &!n(un(#"#n

Huu& Isl#& &!n!&u#n su&b!r u$#&#ny# "#d# !h!nd#

All#h s!b#(#i&#n# di-#hyu#n !"#d# N#bi Muh#&&#d+ l# &!n/i",

$##n s!bu#h &#sy#r##$ &u&in* -#l#u"un &!r!# &un(in $!rdiri



76

#$#s b!rb#(#i suu d#n b!r#d# di -il#y#h y#n( #&#$ j#uh $!r"is#h+

A(#&#* $id# s!"!r$i n#sion#lis&! #$#u (!o(r#fi* &!ru"##n !u#$#n

/ohesi$ u$#&# + N!(#r# i$u s!ndir i b!r#d# di b#-#h (suordinate) #l,

Lur#n* y#n( &!&b!ri#n ru#n( (!r# s!&"i$ b#(i "!n(und#n(#n

$#&b#h#n* $id# un$u diri$i &#u"un "! rb!d##n "!nd#"# $+ Duni# ini

h#ny# di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i ru#n( d!"#n b#(i or#n( l#in d#n s!su#$u

y#n( l!bih b#i b#(i or#n( y#n( b!ri&#n+ Al 'Lur#n ju( # &!n!n$u#n

#$ur#n'#$ur#n b#(i $in(#h l#u &!n(h#d#"i or#n('or#n( l#in &#u"un

&#sy#r##$ un$u &!nj#&in s!bu#h $r#disi y#n( #&#n + Tid# &un(in

&!&is#h#n $!ori '$!ori "oli $i d#n !#dil#n d#ri #j#r# n'#j#r#n N#bi

y#n( &!n!(#s#n #$ur#n'#$ur#n $in(#h l#u * b#i &!n(!n#i !hidu",

#n b!r#(#&# * !lu#r(# * sosi#l d#n "oli$i+ Ini &!ni&bul#n huu&

$!n$#n( /-#jib#n/-#jib#n d#ri"#d# h#'h#* !-#jib#n &or#l

&!n(i#$ indi4idu* d#ri &#n# $id# o$ori$#s bu&i y#n( bis# &!rnb! ,

b#s$u(#s#nny #* d#n or#n( y#n( $id# &!n$##$i ##n &!ru(i#n

!hidu"#n &#s# &!nd#r#n(2 +

S!l#&# ini s!"!r$iny# or#n( s!"##$ b#h-# huu& h#ny#

&!n(#$ur urus#n &#nusi# d!n(#n &#nusi# y#n( l#in d#n huu& b#ru

#d# s!$!l#h #d#ny# &#nusi# * y#n( b!r#r$i "ul# huu& h#ny# #d# d#l#&

&#sy#r##$ &#nusi# d#n s!ol#h'ol#h huu& di lu#r &#sy#r##$

&#nusi# $id# "!rn#h #d# + A#n $!$#"i #l#u i$# &!&"uny#i "!nd#"#$

b#h-# huu& i$u &!&"uny#i fun(si &!n(uru s $#$# $!r$ib &#sy#r##$*

&## $!n$u i$# h#rus "ul# &!n(#ui b#h-# s!$i#" &#sy#r##$ y#n( di

d#l#&ny# $!rj#di $#$# $!r$ib #d#l#h di#$ur ol!h huu&+ .!r#r$i huu&

#d# d#l#& &#sy#r##$ y#n( di d#l#&ny# $/rd#"#$ $#$# $!r$ib+ A"#bil#

i$# &!&b!ri#n #r$i !"#d# #$# &#sy#r##$ s! b#(#i su#$ u !#d##n

b!ru&"ul b!rs#rn#'s#rn# d#l#& su#$u $/&"#$ y#n( $!r$!n$u d#n

&!nj#l#n#n fun(siny# &#sin('&#sin(* &## !#d##n b!r&#sy#r##$

i$u bu#n s#j# $!rj#di "#d # &#sy#r##$ &#nusi #* $!$#"i ju (# "#d#

s!luruh &#sy#r##$ y#n( &#ujud ini+ Ad# &#sy#r##$ b!nd# &#$i *

&#sy#r##$ $u&buh'$u&buh#n* &#sy#r##$ bin#$#n(* d#n &#sy#r##$

y#n( l!bih lu#s y#i$u &#sy#r##$ $#$# sury#+

D#l#& &#sy#r##$ $!rs!bu$ di #$#s $!rlih#$ #d#ny# $#$# $!r$ib+

Huu& ;rchimede s d#l#& il&u fisi# &!nunju#n #d#ny# huu&

&#sy#r##$ b!nd# &#$i* y#n( &!n(#$ur $#$# $!r$ib b!nd# /#ir*

6#

.!r#(#&ny# $u&buh'$u&buh#n y#n( hidu" di d#!r#h d#n ili& y#n(

b!rl#in#n &!nunju #n #d#n y# huu& $u&buh'$u&buh#n * y#n(

&!n(#$ur $#$# $!r$ib flor#+ Ad#n y# un$# di "#d#n( "#sir d#n #d#ny#

!rb#u $!rs! b#r di s!luruh dun i# #d#l#h $#nd# #d#ny# huu& y#n(

&!n(#$ur $#$# $!r$ib f#un#+ Ti&bulny# &#$#h#ri s!$i#" "#(i dis!b!l#h

$i&ur d#n $!rb!n#& di s!b!l#h b#r #$* &!nunju#n #d#ny# huu&d#l#& "!r"u$#r#n d#n "!r!d#r#n bu&i * y# n( &!n(#$ur $#$# $!r$ib $#$#

sury# Abdo!rr#o!f * <??: 9+

P!n(!r$i#n di #$#s &!nunju#n b#h-# #d# $#$# $!r$ib di lu#r

&#sy#r##$ &#nusi#+ Huu& &!nuru$ #l'Lur#n j#uh l!bih lu#s d#ri

"#d# huu& y#n( di#r$ i#n ol!h s!b#(i#n b!s#r #hli huu& s!l#&# ini +

>r#n( .#r#$ &!&b!ri#n is$il#h "#d# huu& y#n( &!n(#$ur s! luruh

(!r# d#n $#$# $!r$ib b!nd# &#$i d#n hidu" s!b#(#i atural Law

N#shr * <?:< <5* d#n d#l#& Isl#& dis/bu$ 7unnatullah. Sunn#$ull#h

#d#l#h !$!n$u#n' !$!n$u#n #$#u huu&'huurn All#h y#n( b!rl#u

un$u #l#& s!&!s$# y#n( &!nj#di s!b#b !s!r#si#n hubun(#n #n$#r

b!n d# y#n( #d# di d#l#&n y# $!r&#s u &#nusi# Ali * <??7 56+ A#n$!$#"i #d# "!rb!d##n #n$#r# huu& y#n( #d# d#l#& &#sy#r##$

&#nusi# d/n(#n huu& di lu#r &#sy#r##$ &#nusi#+ P/rb!d##n i$u

di$i&bul#n ol!h b!rb!d#ny# obj! y#n( di#$ur ol!h huu& i$u

&#sin('&#sin(+ .!nd# &#$i d#n $u&buh'$u&buh#n $id# &!&ilii

"!n( #l#&#n "siis * #r!n# !du# &#hlu ini &!&#n ( $id# &!rn,

"uny#i #l#$ un$u $!rb !n$uny# "!n(#l #&# n "siis + %#l#u "un bin#,

$#n( n#&"# &!&ilii #l#$ un$u &!&b!n$u "!n(#l#&#n "siis*

s!"!r$i o$# d#n susun#n sy#r# f * ##n $!$#"i $in(#h l#uny# sud#h

di$!n$u#n ol!h n#luri (instinc). S!!or burun( $id# "!rlu &!n/#ri

"!n( #l#&#n d#n b!l#j# r un$u &!&bu #$ s#r#n(ny#* $u&buh'$u&buh#n

$id# "!rlu b!l#j#r d#n &!n/#ri "!n(#l#&#n b#(#i&#n# /#r#ny#$u&buh d#n b!r!rnb#n(+ 3#r!n# $id# #d#ny# unsur #l#$ un$u &!n,

j#d i# n "!n(#l#&#n "siis * &## un$ u #l#& &#s y#r# #$ b!n d# &#$i*

$u&buh#n* d#n h!-# n All#h &!nj#di#n huu& b#(i &!r! # $id#

b!rub#h'ub#h ons$#n+

M#nusi# s!b#(#i suby! s!#li(us obj! huu& Isl#& &!&!,

(#n( "!r#n#n s!n$r#l d#l#& #$u#lis#si huu& Isl#& y#n( s!l#lu &!&,

"!rh #$i#n b!n$ u !s!i&b#n(#n di s!(# l# bid#n(* bu# n h#ny#



75

!s!i&b#n(#n #n$#r# hubun(#n &#nus i# d!n(#n &#nusi#* $!$#"i l!bih

j#uh d#ri i$u !s!i& b#n(#n #n$#r# &#n usi # d!n (#n #l#&* d#n &#nusi#

d!n(#n Tuh#n+ Huu& Isl#& di#$##n &!ny # n(u$ s!luruh #s"!

y#n( maujtid did#s#r#n "#d# #su&si b#h -# ! s! i& b#n (#n y#n(

#d# di s!luruh #l#& #d#l#h $#$ # $!r$ib huu& All # h S % T

sunn#$ull#h y#n( -#jib diy#ini !b!n#r#nny#+D!n(#n d#s#r "!n(!r$i#n di #$# s* sunn#$u ll# h &!nj#di

"!n$in( un$u di$!l##h* b#(#irn#n# b!n$u !s !i&b#n (# n i$u*

hubun(#n b#(#i, &#n # y#n( d#"#$ &!nj#(# !s!i&b#n(#n + M!&"

!l#j#ri sunn#$ull#h $# b!d# "!n $in (ny# d!n( #n &!&"!l#j #ri huu&

* #r!n# sunn#$ull#h s!ndiri #d#l#h huu&+ A#n $!$#"i* &#nu si#

b#( #i& #n#"un $!$#" dib#$#si ol!h sif#$ insdni%%ahtv%e s!hin((# b#ny#

h#l y#n( $!r#i$ d!n(#n sunn#$ull#h $id# &#&"u di$!l##h* #hirny#

#d# sunn#$ull#h y#n( $!$#" &!nj#di &is$!ri s#&"#i h#ri i#&#$+ A(#r

$uju#n $!rs!bu$ d#"#$ $!r/#"#i * $!n$ul#h &#nusi# h#rus "#$uh d#n

$##$ $!rh#d#" "!r#$u r#n'"!r#$ ur#n y#n ( $!l#h di$!n$u #n ol!h

huu& i$u+ 8#n$#s $i&bul "!r$#ny##n * b#(#i& #n# #(# r or#n( Isl #&&#u "#$uh $!rh#d#"

huu& Isl#&* d#n &!nj#di#nny# s!b#(#i wa %

of li $ e.

3!"#$uh#n s!s!or#n( $!rh#d#" huu& di"!n(#ruhi ol!h du#

f#$or+ ,erta @@@ a * f#$or in$!rn#l* y# i$u doron(#n y#n( $i&bul

d#ri d#l#& diri &#nusi# i$u s!ndiri+ 9edua , f#$or ! s$!rn # l* y#i$u

doron(#n y#n( $i&bul s!b#b #d#ny# "!n(#ruh un sur d#ri lu#r diri

&#nusi#+

)#$or in$!rn#l y#n( &!&"!n(#ruh i !"#$uh#n s!s!or#n(

$!rh#d#" huu& #d#l#h ji-# or#n( i$u s!n d ir i + P!r$#ny##n

s!l#nju$ny# #d#l#h b#(#i&#n# &!n(#$ur ji-# s! s!or#n( #(#r &#u&!&#$uhi huu&+ P!rso#l#n ini $!n$u $id# d#" #$ dibi/#r##n ol!h

huu& i$u s!ndiri* s!b#b huu& $id# &!n(#$ur "!rbu#$#n or#n(

s!/#r# b#$in ji-# d#n fiir#n* huu& h#ny# &!n(#$ur "!rbu #$#n

s!/#r# l#hir s#j#+ A#n $!$#"i #l'Lur#n &!n(#$ur "!r!&b#n(#n ji-#

&#nusi#* &## b!r#r$ i #l'Lur#n &!&b!ri#n d#s#r su"#y# huu&

di"#$uhi ol!h &#nusi# b!rd#s#r#n !s#d#r#n huu& d#l#& ji-#ny#+

3!s#n y#n( $i&bul s! l#&# ini s!"!r$iny# il&u huu& &!&bi#r,

#n s#j# ji-# &#nusi# b!r!&b#n( #"# #d#ny#* $!$#"i di s#&"in( i$u

&!nun$u$ "ul# su"#y# d#l#& ji-# &#nusi# #d# !s#d#r#n un$u &!,

&#$uhi huu&* &un(in !s#n i$u #ib#$ r enaissance y#n( &!&bu#$

79

&#nusi# &#bu ol!h !&!rd!##n for&il * s!hin((# &#nusi# b!rbu#$

d#l#& &#sy#r##$ d!n (#n ! b! b#s #n "!nuh* $id# "!rIu

di#$ur+

+ Aib#$ny# n#f su &!n j#di r# j# (!r # l#n(#h &#nusi# y#n( &!nd#"#$

!u#$#n d#ri !u#s##n &#sy#r# #$+

A"#bil# h#-# n#fsu &#nusi # $id# di#$ur * &## y#n( $i&bul#d#l#h !s!-!n#n('-!n#n(#n* y# n( u# $ & !n ind#s y#n (

l!&#h #ib#$ny# !s!j#h$!r##n $id# # #n $!r-u jud+ >l!h s!b#b i$u h

#rus #d# "!r #$u r#n y#n ( &!&b# -# h#-# n#fs u s!s!or#n( ! #r#h

"!r!rnb#n(, #n y#n( "o si$if* s!hin((# &#nusi# &!&"uny#i ji-#

y#n( $id# l#(i &!nind#s "ih# y#n( l!&#h h#ny# un$u &!&u#s#n

h#-# n#fsuny# + Ar$iny# "!n#n#&#n ji-# !s#d#r#n &!&#$uhi huu&

y#n( #d# h#rus did#hulu#n s!b!lu& di!n#l#n "#d# huu& i$u

s!ndiri +

Di s#&"in( unsur ji-#* f#$or l#in y#n( &!&"!n(#r uhi !"#,

$uh#n s!s!or#n( $!rh#d#" huu& #d#l #h f#$or huu& d#n #ib#$

"!l #n( (#r#n hu u& i$u s!nd iri+ D!n (#n #$# l#in* unsur di lu#r diri

&#nusi# ju(# &!&!rlu#n "!rh#$i#n s!riu s+ I'Iuu& s!b#(#i "!ny!b#b

!"#$uh#n !s$!rn#l h#rus disosi#lis#si#n ! d#l#& ji-# &#nusi#*

s!hin((# "!r$!rnu#n du# unsur !"#$uh#n huu& d#"#$ &!l#hir#n

$ind##n y#n( s!su#i d!n(#n !h!nd# huu&* s!b#b "!l#n((#r#n

huu& &!n(#ib#$#n s#nsi y#n( d!n(#n !s#d#r#n "!n uh b!rus#h#

un$u dihind#ri+

&. H#$#% I!l% 4n Ke4iln

D#l#& "#nd#n(#n fils#f#$ * $uju#n #hir huu& #d#l#h !#dil#n+

3#i$#nny# d!n(#n huu& Isl#&* !#dil#n y#n( h#rus di/#"#i &!s$i

&!n(#/u "#d# "!do&#n "oo #(#&# Isl#&* y#i$u #l'Lur#n d#n

H#dis+ Ar$iny# $uju#n !#dil#n &!l#lui j#lur huu& h#rus b!r#-#l d#ri

du# s!(i d#n &!n(#r#h !"#d# !#dil#n du# s!(i "ul#+ Di#$##n

b!r# -#l d#ri du# s!(i #r!n# "!do&#n Isl#& b!ru"# #l'Lur#n d#n

H#dis di s#$u s!(i h#rus &#&"u & !ny#$u d!n(#n "!do&#n "rinsi"

!#dil#n s!/#r# u&u& &!nuru$ "#nd#n(#n &#nusi# di l#in s!(i + Tu(#s

#-#l y#n( !&udi#n dih#d#"i #d#l#h u"#y# for&ul#si #l'Lur#n d#n

H#dis ' husu sny# y#n( b!r#i$#n d/n(#n huu& ' #(#r &#&"u

$#&"il s!su#i d!n(#n "rinsi" !#dil#n s!/#r# u&u& + P!r"#du#n du#



7@

s!(i ini dih#r#"#n &!nj #d i "ro du s$ #n d # r "#nd u#n &! n / #r i !# d

il#n l!-#$ j#lur huu& + P#d# #hi&y# " !do & # n $!rs!bu$ & #& " u &

!nj#di s$#nd#r huu& uni4!r s#l y#n( &#&"u $#&"il di & #n#"un d #n

#" #n, "un s!su#i d!n (#n fi$r#h di$urun #nny # Isl#& ! &u# b u&i+

M#sud d# ri &u#r# ! # d il# n du # s!(i #d#l# h $uju #n # h ir

b!r u"# !#di l#n y#n( h#ru s di/#" #i ol!h s!bu#h sis$! & hu u& uni4!r

, s#l &!s$i b!rori !n$# si "#d # !#dil #n $!rh#d #" &#nusi # & # h lu

d#n !#dil#n !" #d# All#h h # liF + 3!#dil#n b#(i &#nusi# &! n(#r#h

" #d # b!r b#( #i d!f ini si !#dil#n y#n ( bu #n $id# &un( i n #n$#

r# s# $u &#sy#r##$ &#nu si# d !n ( #n l#inn y# b/rb!d# d#l# &

&!n ( #r$i#n !#dil#n huu&+ Ar$in y# fl!sib!li$# s "ro d u !#di l#n

&u$l# di" ! rlu , #n d#l#& h!$ !ro( !ni$# s &#nu si# d # n lin(u

n(# n ny#* s!d#n(#n &u#r# !#dil#n !" #d# All#h #d #l#h "rodu

huu& y# n( # d# $!$# " &!n!&"#$#n All #h s/ su#i d !n(# n "ro "o rs

i'N y# s!b #(#i T u h#n * d # n !(i#$#n &#nu si# d#l #& u"#y# for &ul # s i

$uj u#n hu u & b! ru "# !#dil , #n ju(# $!$#" b!r#d# d #l#& oridor ib # d

# h !"#d#'Ny#+

P!nd#"#$ s/ &#/# & ini s!j#l #n d!n(#n u n( # "# n )ri

!d&#nn * b#h -# 2s! l#&# s $# nd# r "rin si" ! #dil # n $id# b!r"!(# n(

"#d # # ( # &#* &## "!do&#n i$u $id # # #n & ! n/ # "# i $i$i id!#l

"r ins i" !# d il#n 2+ P#d#h#l s!bu#h "rin si" #d#l #h s$# nd#r y#n(

$id# "!&#h b !rub#h + P!rub#h#n h#ny# #d # "#d# $# $#r#n o "!r #si on# l

y#n( &! n( ! l ilin( iny #+

P!n(!r$i#n huu& Isl#& y #n ( d/&ii#n lu# s d!n (#n b !rb # (

#i h#l y#n( $!r #i$ d!n(#nny# & ! nj #d i sin(#$ d#l#&

un(#"#n M#/Don#ld y#n ( &!ny!bu$ huu& Isl # & #d#l#h 0t he

scie nce o $ all things , human and d evine0 M#/ Don # ld * <? 7 77+ P#nd#n (#n M#/Don#ld $!rs!bu$ &!ru"##n ri s$ #l is# s i d #r i

sis $! & huu& Isl#& y#n( &#&"u &!lih#$ "lu r#li$ #s s!b #( # i r !#l i$# s

!& " iri s + Plur#l di sini bu #n h#n y# &#nusi # d#l #& b!n $u hub u n(# ll

(#ris hori0on$#l * $!$#"i "lu r#l y#n ( &!ny#n (u$ hubun(#n ho r i0on$#

l d#n 4!r$i#l+ Isy#r#$ !#dil#n huu& y#n ( di!h!nd#i All#h

$!r$u#n ( d #l#& fir&#n'Ny#

2 H# i or#n ('or#n( y#n( b!ri& #n * h!nd#l#h #&u j #di or#n

(, or#n( y#n( s!l#lu &!n !(##n !b /n#r#n #r! n# All#h*

&!nj#di s#si d!n (#n #dil+ D#n j#n(#nl#h s! #l i'#li !b !n/i#n&u

$!rh#d#" s!su#$u #u& * &!ndoron( #&u un$u b!rl #u $id# #dil

+ .!rl#u #dill#h* #r !n # #dil i$u l!bih d!#$ ! "# d# $#-#+ D#n

b!r$#-#l#h



7

!"#d# All#h* s!sun((uhny# All#h M#h# M!n(!$#hui #"# y#n (

#&u "!rbu#$2 LS + Al M#'id#h :+

Ay#$ di #$#s $urun b!r#-#l d#ri "!ris$i-# y#n( &!n i&"#

NuB &#n .in .#syir+ P#d# su#$u !$i# Nu B&#n .in .#syir &!nd#"#$

su#$u "!&b!ri#n d#ri #y#hny#* !&udi#n U&i U&r#$# bin$i R#-#h#h

b!r #$# 2A u $id # ## n ridh# s#&"#i "!ris $i- # ini dis #s i#n ol!h

R#sulull#h2+ P!rso#l#n i$u !&udi#n dib#-# ! h#d#"#n R#sulull#h

SA%+ un$u dis#si#n + R#sul !&udi#n b!r#$# 2 A " # # h

s!&u# #n#&u &!nd#"#$ "!&b!ri#n y#n( s#&# 2 J #-#b #y#h

Nu B&#n 2Tid#2+ R#sul b!r#$# l#(i 2T#u$l#h !n( # u !"#d# All#h

d#n b!r , bu# $ #dill #h !n(# u !" #d# #n#' #n# rn u 2+ S!b#(i#n "!r#- i

& !ny! , bu$# n * 2S!sun((uhny# #u $id# &#u & !nj #di s#si d#l#&

!/ur#n(, #n2+ M!nd!n(#r j#-#b #n i$u l#n$#s #y#h NuB &#n "!r (i

d#n &! &, b#$ #l #n "!&b!ri# n !" #d# Nu B&#n HR+ .uh#ri Musli&+

Es!nsi #y#$ $!r s!bu$ di #$#s #d #l#h s! &#n (#$ &!n!(##n !,

#dil#n !"#d# si#"#"un $#n"# "#nd#n( bulu+ Isl#& &!&ilii s$#nd#r

!#dil#n y#n( &u$l# d!n(#n "!n((#bun (#n nor&# d#s#r Il#hi d!n(#n

"ri ns i" d#s #r !# dil #n ins#ni+ Huu& di $!r#"#n !"#d# s!&u# or#n(

#$#s d#s#r "!rs#&##n * $id# dib!d##n #n$#r# y#n( #y# d!n(#n y#n(

&isin * #n$#r# uli$ hi$#& d!n(#n uli$ "u$ih * #n$#r# "!n(u#s# d!n(#n

r#y#$ j!l#$#+ 3!#dil#n huu& ju(# di$!r#"#n d#l#& l#"#n(#n !,

s!i&b#n(# n !s/j#h $!r##n i&b#l #n #$#s j#s# * d#l#& #r$i#n !s!i&,

b#n (#n #n$ #r# Bh# d#n !-#jib#n + 3!hidu"#n &#j!&u d#l#& &# sy# ,

r##$ &!nun$u$ !#dil#n di$!(##n d!n(#n /#r# s!$i#" indi4idu

$!r"!nuhi h#ny# * b#i h# j#s &#n i &#u"un h# roh#n i * &#$!ri#l &#u, "un s"i ri$ u#l + S!$ i#" ind i4idu b!rh# un$u &!n(! "lo i$# si !&#rn,

"u# n d#n b# #$n y# b#( i !" !n$in (#n "rib#d i d#n &#sy#r##$ny#+

3!#dil#n d#l#& Isl#& & !ru"##n "/r"#du#n h#r&oni s #n$#r#

huu& d!n(#n &or#li$#s* Isl#& $id# b!r$uju#n un$u &!n(h#n/ur#n

!b!b#s#n indi4idu* $!$#"i &!n(on$rol !b !b#s#n i$u d!&i !s!l#r#s#n

d#n h#r&onis#si &#sy#r##$ y#n( $!rdiri d#ri indi4idu i$u s!ndiri +

Huu& Isl#& &!&ilii "!r#n d#l#& &!nd#&#i#n "r ib# di d!n(#n

!"!n$in(#n ol!$if* bu#n s!b#liny#+ indi4idu dib!ri h# un$u

&!n(!&b#n(#n h# "rib#diny# d !n(#n sy#r#$ $id# &!n((#n((u



77

!"!n$in(#n or#n( b#n y#

Sy#ri#$ Isl#& #d#l#h od! huu& d#n od! &or#l s!#li(us+

Sy#ri#$ Isl#& &!ru" ##n "ol# y#n( lu#s $!n$#n( $in(#h l#u &#nusi#

y#n( b!r#s#l d#ri o$ori$#s !h!nd# All#h y#n( $!r$in((i* s!hin((#

(#ris "!&is#h #n$#r# huu& d#n &or#li$#s s#&# s!#li $id# bis#

di$#ri s!/#r# j!l#s s!"!r$i "#d# &#sy#r##$ .#r#$ "#d#u&u&ny#+

I$ul#h s!b#bny# &!n(#"# !"!n$in(#n d#n si(nifi#nsi s!&# /#& ini

&!l!#$ d#l#& "!n(#&bil#n !"u$us#n huu& d#l#& Isl#& Dj#&il*

<??C<@+

D#l#& &!l!$##n #$ur#n'#$ur#n uni4!rs#l b#(i "!rbu#$#n

&#nusi#* All#h &!nj#di#n nor&# d#n &or#li$#s huu& s!b#(#i

l#nd#s#nny# Sy#h* !d+* <??5 <79+ D!n(#n #d#ny# s$#nd#r &or#l

Isl#& i$ul#h* &## l#"#n(#n "!r(!s!r#n &or#l d#l#& Isl#& &!nj#di

s#n(#$ s!&"i$+ Ar$iny#* "!r(!r##n ! #r#h !buru#n s!l#lu dih#d#n(

d#ri b!rb#(#i #r#h d!n(#n s$#nd#r #$ur#n b#i d#n buru &!nuru$

huu& Isl#&+

.#syir <?:@ 5C'9< &!n(#nulir $uju#n huu& Isl#& s!b#(#i ertama, "!ndi di#n "rib#di* "!ndi di#n "rib#di di&#sud#n un$u

&!nj#di#n indi4idu s!b#(#i &#nusi# y#n( b!r(un# b#(i diriny#

s!ndiri d#n &#sy#r##$ny#+ Di/on$oh#n* or#n( y#n( &!nj#l#n#n

"u#s# didid i "rib# diny# un$u &!nj #di or#n( y#n( &!&"uny# i !"!,

##n sosi#l+ 9edua, &!n!(##n !#dil#n* !#dil#n y#n( h#rus

di$!(##n &!li"u$i !#dil#n "rib#di* !#dil#n huu&* !#dil#n sosi#l*

d#n !#dil#n duni#+ 3!#dil#n "rib#di di#r$i#n s!b#(#i s!$i#" indi4idu

b!r !-#jib#n un$u &!&!nuh i s$#nd#r !bu$ uh#n "rib#din y#* b#i

y#n( &!ny#n(u$ h# j#s&#ni#h &#u"un ruh#ni#h+ H# j#s&#ni#h

&!ny#n(u$ h# #$#s "#n(#n* s#nd#n(* d#n "#"#n y#n( &!&!nuhi

s$#nd#r !s!h#$#n+ S!d#n(#n h# ruh#ni#h &!li"u$i "!&!nuh#n!bu$uh#n "!ndidi#n* !bu$uh#n ##n #j#r#n #(#&# #(#r di"!nuhi

s!b#(#i&#n# &!s$iny#+ 3!#dil#n huu& #d#l#h !#dil#n s!$i#" indi,

4idu di d!"#n huu&+ S!$i#" indi4idu &!&"uny#i h# d#n !-#jib#n

y#n( s#&# di d!"#n huu&+ S!d#n(#n !#dil#n sosi#l b!r#r$i indi,

4idu s!b#(#i #n((o$# &#sy#r##$ &!&"uny#i h# d#n !-#jib#n y#n(

h#rus di"!nuhi s!/#r# s!i&b#n(+ 3!#dil#n duni# &!ru"##n !#dil#n

hubun(#n #n$#r n!(#r# di duni#+ S!$i#" n!(#r# d#l#& hubun(#nny#

7C

d!n(#n n!(#r# l#in h#rus did#s#r#n "#d# "rinsi" +!b!rs#&##n d#n

!s#&##n h# d#n !-#jib#n+

9etiga, &!&!lih#r# !b#i#n hidu"* huu& Isl#& b!r$uju#n

un$u &!-ujud#n !b#i#n hidu" h#ii* s!&u# y#n( &!nj#di

!"!n$in(#n hidu" &#nusi# di"!rh#$i#n+ S!d#n(#n !"!n$in(#n

&#nusi# &!nuju hidu" h#ii dib#(i &!nj#di $i(# h#l

#+ 3!"!n$in(#n !s!nsi#l (al5ashdlih adh51haruri%alu, y#i$u !,

"!n$ in(#n y#n( &u$ l# dibu $uh#n ol!h &#nus i# d#l#& hidu",

ny#+ 3!"!n$in(#n i$u &!li"u$i !"!n$in(#n #(#&#* !"!n$in(#n

&!&!lih#r# ji-#* !"!n$in(#n &!&!lih#r# h#r$#* !"!n$in(#n

&!&!lih#r# ##l* d#n !"!n$in(#n &!&!lih#r# !$urun#n+

b+ 3!"!n$in(#n y#n ( $id# !s!nsi# l (al5aslidlih al5+aji%%ah),

y#i$u !"!n$in(#n y#n( $id# !s!nsi#l* ##n $!$#"i dibu$uh#n

&#nusi# un$u &!n(hind#ri masaqqat. Mis#lny# di"!rbol!h,

#nny# or#n( &!nin((#l#n "u#s# d#l#& !#d##n s#i$ d#n

di"!rbol!h#n &!l#u#n "!r/!r#i#n d#l#& !hidu"#n

"!r #-in#n y#n( $id# h#nnonis+

/+ 3!"!n$in(#n "!l!n(#" ial5aslrdlih al59atndli%ahs, y#i$u

!"!n$in(#n y#n( #"#bil# $id# $!r"!nuhi $i/<# ##n &!ni&,

bul#n mudliarat b#(i !hi/<u"#n &#nu si# #"#l#(i &!rus#

!hidu"#n &#nusi#+ Mis#lny# &!n(!n##n "##i#n y#n( b#(us

!$i# "!r(i ! &#sjid* &!n(#d##n -#li&#h "!r#-in#n* d#n

l#in'l#in+

Huu& Isl#& #d#l#h huu& y#n( b!rsu&b!r d#ri Y#n( M#h#

Adil+ !d#ul#$#n huu& Isl#& #d#l#h &ili All#h s!&#$#

2In(#$l#h* &!n/i"$##n d#n &!&!rin$#h h#ny#l#h h# All#h+M#h# Su/i All#h* Tuh#n s!&!s$# #l#rn2 LS+ VII @+

2.#r#n(si#"# $id# &!&u$us#n "!r#r# &!nuru$ #"# y#n(

di$urun#n All#h* &## &!r!# i$u #d#l#h or#n('or#n( y#n( f#si

LS+ V @C+

3!d#ul#$#n All#h b!r#d# /<i #$#s s!luruh d!finisi !/l#ul#$#n

y#n( $!l#h di!&u##n &#nusi# #r!n# All#h &!ru"##n !d#ul#$#n



7:

b#(i s!lu ruh #l#& d#n &#nu si# + Tid# #d# #$# !/u#l i 3a y#n( bis#

&!li"u$i "!n(!r$i#n !d#ul#$#n All#h+ l# s!b#(#i "!n(u#s#* "!lindun(*

"!&b!ri h#r#"#n* "!&b!ri r!j!i * "!n(# $ur s!#li(us "!ny!rn"u&#+

Aus$in* s!b#(#i&#n# diu$i" Musl!huddin <??< @7 &!&b!ri,

#n d!finisi huu& s!b#(#i "!rin$#h d#ri y#n( b!rd#ul#$* huu& #d#,

l#h #$ur#n y#n( di$!n$u#n un$u &!&bi&bin( &#nusi# ol!h &#nusi#

i$u s!ndiri + Huu& #l# Aus$in $!r"is#h d#ri !#dil#n* huu& y#n(

duluny# b!rl#nd#s#n b#i d#n buru* s!#r#n( di(#n$i &!nj#di

huu& b!rd#s#r#n !u#s##n d#ri #$#s#n + P!n(!r$i#n ini &!n(,

isy#r#$#n b#h-# huu& #d#l#h "!rin$#h s!or#n( Tir#n+ A#n $!$#"i

All#h bu#nl#h Tir#n + P!rin$#h Tuh#n &!ru"##n huu& "osi$if* ##n

$!$#"i $!$#" d#l#& oridor ! #dil#n* #r!n# All#h M#h# Adil* M#h#

3#sih* d#n M#h# "!ny#y#n( +

Huu& Isl#& s!b#(#i j!l&##n d#ri huu& All#h S%T* &!ru,

"##n "!r"#du#n d#ri 2#"#2 huu& i$u d#n 2b#(#irn#n#2 huu& i$u

s!h#rusny#+ D!n(#n #$ # l#in* huu& Isl#&* di s#&"in( huu& "osi $if

ju(# huu& id!#l* s!b#b huu& Isl#& &!&#nd# n( obj! huu& Isl#& bu#n h#ny# &#nusi# d!n(#n s!(#l# "!rso#l#n y#n( #d# di d#l#&ny#+

A#n $!$#"i huu& Isl#& &!nj#n(#u s!luruh #s"! !s!i&b#n(#n

s!b#(#i s#l#h s#$u unsur !#dil#n+

). H#$#% I!l% 4n Ke%!l5tn

P!n(!$#hu#n $!n$#n( $uju#n u&u& sy#rBi d#l#& "!&b!n$u#n

su#$u huu& &!ru"##n h#l $!r"!n$in( un$u &!&#h#&i n#sh d#n

&!n!r#"#nny# "#d # b!rb#(#i !j#di#n+ P!n(!$#hu#n $!n$#n( $uju#n

u&u& sy#r Bi ju(# b!rfun(si un$u &!n(is$ i&b#$h#n huu& d#l#&

"!r&#s#l#h#n y#n( $id# #d# n#shny#+ 3!r!n# s!rin( $!rj#di b#h-#su#$u n#sh $!r#d#n( s!/#r# l#hir iy#h s!"!r$i b!r$!n$#n(#n* d#n "!r,

so#l#n $!rs! bu$ h#ny# bis# dis!l!s#i#n ji # i$# &!n(!$#hui $uju#n

u&u& sy#r Bi y#i$u d!n(#n &!n(hil#n(#n "!r$!n$#n(#n $!rs!bu$ d#n

&!&bu#$ sin$!sis d#ri $!sis'$!sis d#n #n$i $!sis n#sh'n#sh $!rs!bu$ #$#u

&!n$#rjih#n s#l#h s#$uny#+ N#sh'n#sh sy# rB i ju(# $id# ##n d#"# $

di"#h#&i d!n(#n b!n#r* ji# i$# $id# &!n(!$#hui &#sud u&u&

+ sy#rBi d#l#& "!nsy#ri#$#n huu&+ D!rnii#n "ul# i$# h#rus

&!n(!$#'

7?

hui s!b#b's!b#b $urunny# su#$u huu& $!rh#d#" #sus'#sus $!r$!n$u

y#n( $!rj#di s##$ i$u + T!$#"i un$u y#n( $!r#hir ini ##n dij!l#s#n

d#l#& i$#b $#fsir* asaun nu!ul d#n sunn#h y#n( s#hih+ S!$id#ny#

#d# $i(# s#s#r#n huu& Isl#&

I. P!nyu/i#nji-# tta!/i%ah an5nats% +P

y#i$u #(#r s!$i#" &usli& &!nj#di su&b!r !b#i#n b#(i &#sy#,r##$ lin(un(#nny#+ H#l ini dii&"l!&!n$#si#n d!n(#n b!rb#,

(#i &#/#& b!n$u'b!n$u ib#d#h &#hdhoh y#n( disy#riB#$#n+

5+ 3!#dil#n sosi#l

h#l ini b!rl#u b#i b#(i s!s#&# &usli& &#u"un d!n(#n non

&usli&+ )ir&#n All#h 01an janganlah se/ali5/ali /eencian

terhadap suatu /aAlll * mendorong /amu untu/ erla/u tida/

add. Berla/u add lah, /arena add itu leih de/at / epada

taqwa0 #l'M#id#h:+

9+ 3!&#sl#h#$#nM#sl#h#$ y#n( di!h!nd#i Isl#& #d#l#h &#sl#h#$ y#n( h#ii*

d#n bu#n &#sl#h#$ y#n( b!rd#s#r#n h#-# n#fsu+ A#n $!$#"i

&#sl#h#$ y#n( h#ii y#n( &!ny#n(u$ !"!n$in(#n u&u&*

bu#n !"!n$ in(#n "ih# $!r$!n$u s#j#+ M#sl#h#$ ini &!n(#/u

!"#d# "!&!lih#r##n $!rh#d#" li&# h#l* y#i$u &!&!lih#r#

#(#&#* ji-#* h#r$#* ##l* d#n !$urun#n ;#hr#h* <??@ @9,

@:+

M!nuru$ Abdul %#h#b 3h#l#f* $uju#n u&u& sy#rBi d#l#& &!n,

sy#ri#$#n huu&'huu&ny# i#l#h &!-ujud#n !&#sl#h#$#n &#nu,

si# d!n(#n &!nj#&in h#l'h#l y#n( dharuri "ri&!r* haji%%at s!un ,d!r* d#n tahsini%at $!rsi!r + H#l y#n( dharuri% i#l#h s!su#$u y#n(

&!nj#di l#nd#s#n b!rl#n(sun(ny# !hidu"#n &#nusi# y#n( &!s$i #d#

un$u onsis$!nsi !&sl#h#$#n &#nusi#+ A"#bil# $id# #d#* &## ##n

rus#l#h s$ru$ur !hidu"#n &#nusi#* $!rj#di !#/#u#n* !rus##n

d#n disharmon% d#l#& !hidu"#n + H#l'h#l y#n( dharur% b#(i &#nusi#

&!li"u$i #(#&# * ji-# * ##l* !hor&#$#n* d#n h#r$# !#y##n +

M!nj#(# !li&# h#l $!rs! bu$ &!ru"##n h#l y#n( dharur% b#(i

&#nusi#+



80

H#l y#n( haji% #d#l#h s!su#$u y#n( di"!rlu#n &#nusi# un$u

!l#"#n(#n d#n !l!lu#s##n $!rh#d#" b!b#n $#lif y#n( di$#n((un(,

ny#+ +aj i% &!n(#/u !"#d# "!n(hil#n(#n !suli$#n &#nusi# d#n

&!&b!ri#n !rin(#n#n !"#d# &#nusi# #$#s b!b#n $#lif y#n(

di$#n((un(ny# d#n &!&"!r& ud#h b#(i &#nusi# un$u &!l#u#n

b!rb#(# i &#/ #& "!rbu $#n d#l #& bid #n( &u#&#l #h+ S!d#n (# n tahsini

#d#l#h s!su#$u y#n( di!h!nd#i ol!h &or#l d#n !$i# $!rh#d#" "!r,

bu#$#n &#nusi#+ *ahsini% &!n(#/u "#d# #hl# y#n( &uli#* #d#$

is$i#d#$ y#n( b#i d#n s!(#l # s!su#$u y#n( di#n((#" b#i $!rh#d#"

"!r il#u d#n "! rbu# $#n &#nusi#+

#+ 3!"!n$in(#n !s!nsi#l (al5ashdlih adh51haniri%ahj

Y#i$u !"!n$in(#n y#n( &u$l # dibu$uh#n ol!h &#nusi # d#l#&

hidu"ny#+ 3!"!n$in(#n i$u &!li"u$i !"!n$in(#n #(#&#* !"!n,

$in(#n &!&!lih#r# ji-#* !"!n$in(#n &!&!lih#r# h#r$#* !"!n,

$in(#n &!&!lih#r# ##l* d#n !"!n$in(#n &!&!lih#r# !$urun,

#n+

b+ 3!" !n$ in(# n y#n ( $id # !s!nsi# l (al5asluilih al5+aji%%ah)

Isl#& $!l#h &!nsy#ri#$# n huu&'huu& "#d# bid#n( tnuatna-

lah, jina%ah d#n 'iadah y#n( b!r$uju#n un$u &!n(hil#n(#n

!suli$#n d#n &!&b!ri #n !&ud#h#n b#(i &#nusi#+ J#di di,

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int ernis praetor non indi can Huijb!r s* <?:: 59< '59@ +

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u$ nil#i'nil#i d#s#r hidu"* s!hin((# d!n(#n d!&ii#n !h!nd#

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< Sir!(#r* <?:@ 7'77+

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o'!sis$!nsi !$isny# + M!&#n( b!n#r b#h-# huu& s!/#r# l#n(sun (

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di(#l#n(+

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@+ Huu& &!n/i"$##n !b!b#s#n+

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b!n$u "rib#di s!$i#" indi4idu + Di s#&"in( i$ u huu& di$u#n(#n d#l#& b!n$u $!r$ulis* s!hin((# d#"#$ di!$#hui d!n(#n

j ! l#s d#n

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P!nd #"#$ S!$i#rdj# di #$#s s!sun((uhny# b!lu& d#"#$ &!nun,

ju #n #d#ny# di#l!$i# #"#bil# i$# &!&##i ru&us#n di#l!$ i#

y#n( i$# su#i d#n y#n( $id# i$# su #i+ 3 #d#n ('#d#n( huu &

d#$#n( d!n(#n #&#$ b#i * #"#bil# huu& i$u &!&b !ri#n "!rlindun(,

#n !"#d# i$#+ D#l#& huu& #d# l#r#n(#n'l#r #n(#n y#n ( $id# bol !h



...

-$ :

i$# l#n((#r * s!"!r$i &is#lny# &!n/uri* &!ni"u* &!n((#n(u !#&#n#n

d#n "!rbu#$#n'"!rbu#$#n l#in y#n( d#"#$ di#$!(ori#n &!l#n((#r

huu& + J#di d#l#& !hidu"#n s!h#ri'h#ri * i$# $id# d#"#$ l!"#s d#ri

huu&* $id# d#"#$ &!n(hind#ri huu&+ M#u $id# &#u* su# #$#u

$id# su# * huu& s!l#lu #d# di s!i$#r i$# d#n &!&"uny#i "!r#n#n

"!n$in( d#l#& !hidu"#n b!r&#sy#r## $ d#n b!&!(#r#+

.!(i$u "ul# h#lny# d!n(#n &or#l+ A$ur#n'#$ur#n &or#l ju(# #d#

di s!ilin( i$# * su# #$#u $id# su# * #$ur#n'#$ur#n &or#l ju(# &!n(,

i#$+ Tu(#s #$ur#n &or#l &!n(#d##n !4#lu#si "#d# huu&+ Tu(#s ini

#d#l#h &!&#h#&i huu& "osi$if s!b#(#i huu& d#n &!&b!n$u

su#$u $!ori y#n( b!rsif#$ r #sion#l &!n(!n#i b#(#i&#n# huu& i$u y#n(

s!h#rusny#+ E4#lu#si ini d#"#$ b!rsif#$ di#l!$is &#u"un #"li#$if*

s!su#i d!n(#n $i$i sin( (un( y#n( dis!n$uh+ Di#l!$is* #"#bil# i$#

"##i un$u &!nin (#$#n "rib#di &#nusi#* &!nin(#$#n &#nusi#

s!b#(#i &#nusi#+ A"li#$if * #"#bil# &or#l i$# "##i s/b#(#i !4#lu#$or

"#d# huu&* hususny# i$# "##i un$u &!nyoro$ i $uju#n &!&b!ri

huu&#n "#d# or#n( y#n( &!l#n((#r huu&+ Tuju#n ini s!l#in

&!lih#$ l#$#r b!l##n( s!j#r#h si "!l#n ((#r* ju( # h#rus &!n(in(#$

d#&"# "osi$ify#n( ##n did#"#$ di &#s# d!"#n Asdi * <??: 5C'5: +

H. JURISTIC LOGICS 7PENGGUNAAN LOGIKA DI DALAM

HUKUM ATAU ILMU HUKUM8

8o(i# #d#l#h s#$u di #n$#r#ny# /#b#n('/#b#n( u$#rn# fiIs#f#$+

S!b#(#i s!bu#h is$il#h* lo(i# b!r#r $i su#$u &!$od # #$#u $!ni y#n(

di/i"$##n un$u &!n!li$i !$!"#$#n "!n#l#r#n + P!n#l#r#n #d#l#h su#$u

b!n$u "!&iir#n + .!n$u'b!n$ u "!&iir#n y#n( l#in #d#l#h "!n(!r,

$i#n #$#u ons!" (conceptus concept) , "ro"osisi #$#u "!&y#$##n

(propositio statement) , d#n "!n#l#r#n (ratiocinium reasoning)

So!#dijo* 566 I 9+ 8o(i# #$#u "!n#l#r#n b!r#i$#n d!n(#n "ros!s

b!!rj#n y# r#sio #$#u ##l &#nusi# d#l#& u"#y# &!n#n( #" #$#u

&!n/#"#i !b!n#r#n* #$#s d#s#r "ro"osisi'"ro"osisi #$#s s!su#$u

!ny#$##n (un# s#&"#i !"#d# !si&"ul#n d!n(#n &!n((un##n

huu&'huu& b!rfiir+ Pros!s b!rfiir &#nusi# d#"#$ d!n(#n &!n('

(un##n du# /#r# #$#u &!$od! + 3!du# &!$od! i$u #d#l#h b!rfiir

s!/#r# indu$if d#n b!rfiir s!/#r# d!du$if * #$#u di#$##n ju(# #d#

lo(i# d!du$if + =#r# b!rfiir d!n(#n &!$od! 'rn!$od! ini d#"#$ &!li,

b#$#n "!n((un##n silo(is&! y#n( di d#l#&ny# #d# "ro"osisi s!b#(#i

"r!&is! &#yor d#n "r!&is! &inor* s!hi n((# s#&"# i !"#d# s!bu#h

!sirn"ul#n d#l#& u"#y# &!n/#"#i #$#u rn!n!&u#n B !b!n#r#n +

Di!n#l #d# lo(i# for&#l d#"#$ ju(# dis!bu$ lo(i# b!n$u* d#n

lo(i# &#$!ri#l Io(i# isi+ 3!b!n#r#n y#n( di/#"#i d!n(#n &!n((u,

n##n &!$od! b!rfiir d!&ii#n s/b#(#i&#n# di$!r#"#n d#l#& b!r,

b#(#i bid#n( "!n(! $#hu#n il&i#h #d#l#h du# &#/#& !b!n#r# n * y#i$u

!b!n#r#n for&#l d#n !b!n#r#n &#$!ri#l+ 3!b!n#r#n y#n( di/#"#i

ju( # b!r4#r i#si d#l#& $in(# $#nny# * d#ri s!su#$u y#n( &u$l#* !b!,

n#r#n y#n( "#s$i* hin((# !b!n#r#n s!b#(#i su#$u !&un(in#n+

Juristic logic y#n( di&#sud#n d#l#& buu ini #d#l#h un$u

&!ny!bu$#n #s" ! lo(i# y#n( $!rd#"#$ #$#u di(un##n di d#l#&

huu& #$#u "!n(!$#hu#n il&i#h huu&+ P!n!r#"#n &!$od!'&!$od!

b!rf iir y#n( l#0i& b!rl#u "#d# b!rb#(#i bid#n( il&u l#in s!l#in il&u

huu& un$u di$!r#"#n d#l#& huu& #$#u ilrnu huu& "!rlu di#ji

!&b#li s!/#r# ri$is $!n$#n( !s!su#i#n #$#u !$!"#$#nny#+

8o(i# indu$if d#n lo(i# d!du$if l#0i& b!rl#u d#l# & bid#n(

ilrnu #l#&+ Di d#l#& s/j#r#h "/r!&b#n(#n ilrnu * &!$od! "!n/li$i#n di

d#l#& il&u'il &u #l #& #d#l#h &!$ od! y#n( l!bih d#hulu &un/ul * y#n(

!&udi#n "!n!r#"#nny# &!ny!b#r ! d#l#& bid#n( il&u'ilrnu sosi#l*

$!r&#su il&u huu&+ A#n $!$#"i s!sun((uhny# &!$od!'&!$od!

$!rs!bu$ $id# s!r$# &!r$# b!rl#u d#l#& bid#n( huu&* #r!n# bid#n(

il&u huu& &!&il ii obj! &#nusi# y#n( #r#$!ris$iny# b!rb!d#

d#n $id# d#"#$ s!&#$#'&#$# dis#&##n d!n(#n obj!'obj! fisi+

M#nusi# &!&ilii nil#i y#n( b!rb!d# + D!&ii#n "ul# huu&'huu&&#$!&#$is $id# d#"#$ di$!r#"#n b!(i$u s#j# s!/#r# s#&# !"#d#

&#nusi# s!"!r$i h#lny# "#d# obj!'obj! fisi+

566 @C* 7< b!r"!nd#"#$ b#h- # "!n!l i$i#n huu&

s!sun((uhny# #d#l#h b!rb!d# d!n(#n "!n!li$i#n il&u sosi#l l#inny#+

D#l#& "!n!li$i#n huu&* lo(i# silo(is$i y#n( di$!r#"#n b!r!n#n

d!n(#n #d#ny# "r!&is &#yor d#n "r!&is &inor d#l#& s!bu#h #r(u,

&!n$#si huu& (un# &!n/#"#i s!bu#h !b!n#r#n s!b#(#i s!bu#h



:7

si&" ul#n ny# #d#l#h $id # s!s!d!rh#n# silo(is&!'silo(is&!

$r#disio, n#l+ S!l#i n i$u "!rlu un$u di!$#hu i b#h -# d#l# &

il&u +huu& $!rd#"#$ $i(# l#"is#n y# i$u do(&#$i huu&* $!ori

huu&* d#n fils#f#$ huu&+ .!rhubun( d!n (#n h#I ini * s! bu#h

"!n !li$i #n #$#s su#$u isu #$ #u &#s#l #h i$u h#ru s &!&"!r$i&b #n (#n

$!rl!bih d#hulu #"##h isu #$#u &# s#l #h i$u #d #l#h isu huu& #$# u

&#s#l#h huu& #$#u bu#n + 3 !&udi#n* "!n!l i$i#n h uu & h#rus

&!&"!rh#$i#n !$i(# l#"is#n $!r s!bu$+ P!n !li$i#n #$#s &#s#l #h

huu& d#l #& $#$#r#n do(&#$i #d# l#h # "#bi l# s!su#$u &# s# l#h

#$# u isu huu& i$u &!ny#n(u$ !$!n$u#n huu& y#n ( r! l!4# n

d!n(#n f#$# y#n( dih#d#"i+ P!n!li$i#n huu& d# l#& $#$#r#n $!ori h

uu& #d# l#h bil#&#n# isu #$#u &#s#l#h huu&ny# &! n(#ndun( o

ns! " huu& + S!d#n(#n "!n! li$ i#n huu&

d#l#& $#$ #r#n filos o fis* isu huu& h#rus &!ny#n(u$ #s#s'#s#s hu u&+

D#l #& si lo( is&! #d# huu&'huu& y#n( b!rl #u d#l#&

&!n#, ri s! b u# h !s i&"ul #n d #n &!n !n$u#n #"##h

!si&"ul#n y#n( di #&bil i$u s# l#h #$#u b!n#r+ =o n $oh si lo(

is&! $r#dision#l y#n( s!d!rh#n# & is#lny# So! #d ijo* 566 I @6 * ::

<+ S!&u# "#hl #- #n #d# l#h or #n (

b!rj#s#* 3 #r$ in i #d #l#h "#hl #-#n+

J adi: 3 #r$ini #d# l#h or#n ( y#n( b! rj#s #

5 + 3#l #u "#/#&y# d#ri M !d #n d#$#n( &!n !n (o * Ad#&s!n#n( s! #li +

D #ri M !d #n "#/#&y# d#$#n( &!n !n (o d#n &!n (in#" diru&#h # b#n( ny#+

M## A d#& s!n#n ( s! # li+

BAB6I

A8l RAN'A8l RAN HUKUM

A. HUKUM ALAM

P#r# "!&iir 0#&#n d#hulu u&u&ny# &!n!ri&# su#$u huu&*

y#i$u huu& #l#& #$#u huu& odr#$+ .!rb!d# d!n(#n huu& "osi$i f

s!b#(#i&#n# di$!ri&# ol!h or#n( d!-#s# ini* huu & # l#& y# n(

di$!ri&# s!b#(#i huu& $!rs!bu$ b!rsif#$ $id# $!r$ulis+ H uu& #l#&

di$#n((#"i $i#"'$i#" or#n( s!b#(#i h uu & o l!h s!b#b &!n y#$# #n

# "# y#n( $!r&#su #l#& &#nusi# s!ndiri* y#i $u odr#$ny# H uijb!rs*

<??

:5+

Huijb!rs <?? :5 &!&b!d##n "!n((un## n is $i l#h

huu& #l#& d!n(#n huu& odr#$+ M!nuru$ Huijb!rs is$il#h y#n(

b!n#r un$u &!ny#$##n huu& y#n( di&#sud #d# l#h 2huu&

odr#$2 d#n bu#n 2huu& #l# &2 + Huijb!rs &!n((un##n is$il#h

$!rs!bu$ b!r, d#s#r#n "!n(!r$i#n is$il#h l#$in l ex natural is bhs +

In((ris natural l aw) y#n( di$!rj!&#h#n d#l#& .#h#s# Indon!si#

&!nj#di 2hu u& odr#$2 d#n bu#n lex naturae bhs+In((ris law o$

nature) y#n( di$!rj!&#h#n d#l#& .#h#s# Indon!si# &!nj#di 2

huu& #l#&2 + S!/#r# "#nj#n( l!b#r Huijb!rs &!n!r#n(#n s!b#(#i

b!ri u$

. Lex natura e &!ru"##n /#r# s!(# l# y#n( #d# b!rj #l #n s!su#i d!n(#n #$ur#n s!&!s$# #l#&+ M!nuru$ "#r# sofis Yun#ni #b#d

SM d#n Tho&#s Hobb!s* =h + D#r-in* H S"!n/!r* d+* hu u & #

l#& i$u &!n(u#s#i !hidu"#n &#nusi# ju(# s!"!r$i &# hlu hidu "

l#inn y# y#n( &!n(iu$i !/!nd!run(#n'!/!nd!run(#n j#s &#n iny#*

/o n$o h sif#$ !$#&##n* !r#us#n* s#lin( &!&#n(s#* d# n l# in

s!b#(# iny #+ S!b#liny#* lex natura lis &!n#nd##n b#h-# $!rd#"# $

$un$u $#n fund#, &!n$#l d#l#& hidu" &#n usi# y#n( &!nj#di ny# $# d

#l#& -u j udny# s!b#(#i &#lu y#n( b!r##l budi+ D!n(#n

&!n(i u$i l ex naturalis



::

&#nusi# $id# &!n(iu$i n#luriny# y#n( ir#sion#l* &!l#in#n "!r$i&,

b#n(#n ##l budi d#n r#s# &or#l+ N#&un d#l#& l ex naturalis ju(#

di#ui b#h-# huu& y#n( di#nu$ bu#nl#h !(i#$#n r#sion#l &!lulu+

Huu& i$u &!ru"##n b#(i#n #$ur#n #l#& s!&!s$# #l#& n#$ur# y#n(

s!b!n#rny# &!ru"##n su#$u !s!luruh#n os&is y#n( "!nuh r#h#si#

y#n( $id# d#"#$ dij#n(#u ol!h ##l budi &#nusi#+

D#l#& .#h#s# Indon!si#* is$il#h 2huu& #l#&2 l!bih &!n#n,

d##n lex naturae d#l#& #r$i y#n ( u&u&* y#i$u s!b#(#i d#y# y#n(

&!ny!b#b#n b#h-# s!(#l# y#n( #d# di duni# ini b!rj#l#n &!nuru$

#$ur#n y#n( $!l#h di$!$#"#n+ 3#r!n#ny# un$u &!n(un(#"#n #r$i

lex naturalis s!b#iny# di"##i is$il#h l#in y#i$u huu& odr#$+

Huu& odr#$ l!bih u#$ d#ri "#d# huu& "osi$if* s!b#b

&!ny#n(u$ &#n# !hidu"#n &#nus i# s!ndiri+ 3#r!n#ny# huu& i$u

&!nd#hului huu& y#n( diru&us#n d#l#& und#n('und#n( d#n b!r,

fun(si s!b#(#i #0#s b#(i huu& y#n( diru&us# n d#l#& und#n(,

und#n( $!rs!bu$+ D!n(#n #$ # l#in huu& #d#l#h #$ur#n* b#sis b#(i

#$ur#n i$u di$!n$u#n d#l#rn #$ur#n #l#&i#h y#n( $!r-ujud d# l#&

odr#$ &#nusi#+

+. H#$#% K-4rt 4l% Se(r5

# + ;#&#n l#si

Toohny# #d#l#h Aris$o$!l!s + M!nuru$ Aris$o$!l!s &#nusi#

s!b#(#i &#hlu "oli$i (C??@ pol tic oni h#rus &!nyu&b#n( b#(i

N!(# r# y#n ( &!ru"# #n !-#jib#n #l#&i# h b#(i l#i 'I#i y#n(

&!&"uny#i h#'h# yuridis s!b#(#i -#r(# "olis+

b+ Ab#d "!r$!n(#h#n

Toohny# #d#l#h Tho&#s AFuin#s+ M!nuru$ AFuin#s huu&

odr#$ s!b#(#i "rinsi"'"rinsi" s!(#l# huu& "osi$if* b!rhubun(#n

l#n(sun( d!n(#n &#nusi# d#n duni# s!b#(#i /i"$##n Tuh#n+ Prinsi",

"rin si" $!rs!b u$ dib#( i &!nj #di du#* y#i$u

<+ Prinsi" huu& odr#$ "ri&!r* y#i$u "rinsi" huu& y#n( $!l#h

:?

diru&us#n ol!h "#r# "!&iir S$o# 0#&#n l#si+ Prinsi"

huu& odr#$ "ri &!r y#i$u honeste vivere hidu" $!rhonn#$*

neminem laedere $id# &!ru(i#n or#n( l#in* unicuique suutn

triuere &!&b!ri#n or#n( l#in s!su#i h#ny#+

5+ Prinsi" huu& odr#$ s!und!r* y#i$u nor&#'nor& # &or#l

s!"!r$i j#n(#n &!&bunuh* &!n/uri d#n l#in s!b#(#iny#+

D#l#& h#l ini Tho&#s AFuin#s &!n((#bun(# n lex naturalis

d!n(#n lex aeterna huu& #b#di y#n( #d# "#d# Tuh#n* d#l#& d!fi,

nisiny# lex naturalis aliud est quam participatio legis aeternae

in rationali creatura huu& odr#$ i$u $id# l#in #d#l#h "#r$isi"#si

huu& #b#di d#l#& /i"$##n y#n( b!r##l budi Huijb!rs* <?? :9+

/+ ;#rn#n r#sion#lis&!

P#d# 0#&#n ini l#0i& di$!ri&# b#h-# huu& odr#$ s!b#(#i

"!rn y#$# #n ##l budi "r# $is &#nusi#+ P#r# "!&ii r 0#rn#n ini /!nd!,

run( &!nyusun su#$u d#f$#r huu& odr#$ y#n( di#n((#" $!$#"

b!rl#u d#n #b#di + P#d # 0#&#n ini Hu(o Gro$ ius &!ny# $##n "rinsi"

huu& a priori. y#i$u huu& odr#$ y#n( b!rl#u "osi$if+ M!nuru$

Gro$ius* #d# du# &#/#& "rinsi"'"rinsi" d#l#& ons!"ny# $!rs!bu$*

y#i$u

I+ Prinsi "'"rins i" d#s# r* &! li"u$i "rinsi" u"uny#'#u"uny#*

"rinsi" !s!$i##n "#d# j#n ji* "rinsi" (#n$i ru(i* "ri nsi " "!rluny#

huu&#n+

5+ Prinsi"'" rinsi" y#n( &!l !#$ "#d # subj! huu& * &! li"u$i h#

#$#s !b!b#s#n* h# un$u b!ru#s# #$#s or#n( l#in* h# un$u b!r u#s# s!b#(# i &#j i#n * h# un$u b !ru#s# #$#s &ili+

d+ A-#l #b#d 11

P#d# #-#l #b#d ini b!b!r#"# "!&iir b!rus#h# l#(i un$u

&!nyusun su#$u d#f$#r huu& odr#$* di#n$#r#ny# M!ssn!r+ M!nuru$

M!ssn!r huu& odr#$ s#&# d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" d#s#r b#(i !hi'



?6

du"#n sosi#l d#n indi4idu#l+ D!finisi huu& odr#$ d#ri M!ssn!r

b!rbunyi 1as aturrecht ist die ?rdnung del' in del' menschilchen

atur mit ihren Eig enverantwortlich/eiten egrundeten ei!elmen -

schlichen und gesellscha$tlichen Eigen!ustandig/eiten huu& odr#$

#d#l#h #$ur#n h#'h# o&"!$!nsi h#s b#i "rib#di &#u"un

&#sy#r##$ y#n( b!r##r d#l#& odr#$ &#nusi# y#n( b!r$#n((un(,

j#- #b s!ndiri + M!nuru$ M!ssn! r $!rd#"# $ $i(# &#/#& huu& odr#$ *

y#i$u

<+ Huu& odr#$ " ri&!r y#n ( &u$l#* y#i$u &!&b!ri#n !"#d#

$i#" or#n( s!su#i h#ny#+ D#ri "rinsi" ini di$urun#n "rinsi",

"rins i" u&u& s!"!r$ i j#n(#n &!&bunu h * d#n s!$!rusny#+

5 + H# fund#&!n$#l* y#i$u !b!b#s#n b#$in* !b!b#s#n #(#&#* h#

#$#s n#&# b#i* h# #$#s privac%, h# #$#s "!&i#h#n* h#

un$u &!&b!n$u !lu#r(#* d#n s!b#(#iny# +

9 + Huu& odr#$ s!und!r* y#i$u h# y#n( di"!rol!h #r!n# b!r,

#i$#n d!n(#n si$u#si !bud#y##n* &is#lny# h# &ili d#n#0#s,

#0#s huu& #d#$ +

&. Per$e%ngn H#$#% K-4rt

P!&iir 0#&#n ini &!n!ri&# b#h-# $!rd#"#$ "rinsi"'"rinsi"

$!r$!n$u y#n( &!nj#di "!do&#n b#(i "!&b!n$u#n und#n('und#n(*

ol!h #r!n# i$u d!-#s# ini &un/ul s#$u #n((#"#n b #h-# huu& odr#$

s!"!r$i b#n(i$ !&b#l i s!b#(#i&#n# disu# r##n Ros/ o! Pound <?:5

5@* Ei!&# Ho&&!s <?7<* d#n %olf(#n( 3lu!n <?C? + N#&un

b!rb!d# d!n(#n "!&iir 0#&#n dulu* "!&ii r 0#&#n ini &!n(insy#fi

b#h-# hidu" &#nusi# b!rs if#$ din#&is+ Din#&isny# &#sy#r##$ $!r,/!r&in d#l#& "#nd#n(#n'"#nd#n(#nny# * &is#lny# &#s#l#h "!rbud#,

#n* 0#&#n dulu h#$ ini s!su#$u y#n( -#j# r d#n s!su#i d!n(#n &#r$#b#$

!&#nusi##n* n#&un i$# h#rus #ui b#h-# "#nd#n(#n $!rs!bu$ !liru*

=on$oh y#n( l#in &is#lny# &#s#l#h !s!$#r##n (!nd!r* d#n l#in

s!b#(#iny#+

D!&ii#nl#h d#"#$ di"#s$i#n b#h-# &#nusi# &!l#lui "iir#n,

ny# &!Iih#$ diriny# d#l#& su#$u si$u#si hsi$oris #$u#l $!r$!n$u* d#n

?<

b#h-# (#&b#r#n &#n usi # $!n $#n( diriny# $!rus b!rub#h d# l#& lin$#s,

#n s!j#r#h+ N#&un #d#ny# !s#d#r#n $!n$#n( "!rub#h#n "#nd#n(#n,

"#nd #n(# n $!r$!n$u &!&bu$ i#n ju(#* b#h -# &#nu si# &#&"u &!n(,

#$#si si$u#si his$orisny# d#n &#&"u &!n!r#"#n #$ur#n'#$ur#n hidu"

y#n( ur#n( l!bih $!$#"+ 3#r!n#ny# "#d# 0#&#n s!#r#n( ini di$!ri&#

#d#ny# "rinsi"'"rinsi" y#n( h#rus di(un##n d#l#& &!nyusun "!r,#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n* $!$#"i "rinsi"'"rinsi" i$u u&u&ny# $id# di"#nd#n(

l#(i s!b#(#i "rinsi" y#n( #b#di Huijb!rs* <?? :+

S##$ ini huu& odr#$ y#n( $!r"!rin/i s!"!r$i 0#&#n l#si d#n

"!r$!n(#h #n $id# l#(i di#n((#" b!rs if#$ #b#di * #r!n# din#&isny#

!hidu"#n &#nusi#+ N#&un "rinsi" i$u $!$#" #d# * d!n(#n l!bih u&u&

s!"!r$i !#dil#n* !jujur#n* !so"#n#n d#n l#in'l#in+ Prinsi" i$u

&!&ilii !$!$#"#n* $!$#"i ju(# su#$u !lon((#r#n un$u b!rub#h

s!su#i "!r!&b#n(#n 0#&#n+

S!#r#n( ini b#n y# s#rj#n# $id# r!l# &!n! ri&# #d#ny# du#

&#/#& huu&* y#n( s#$u $!l#h &!nj#di und#n('und#n( d#n y#n( l#in

y#n( di"iir#n s!b#(#i huu& d#s#r y#n( I!bih u#$ d#ri"#d#und#n('und#n(+ >l!h #r!n# "#r# #hli huu& s!n#n$i#s# &!l!&b#(#,

#n ins$i$usion#lis#si #$#u for&#lis#si "rinsi"'"rinsi" huu& d!n(#n

&!&#su#nny# d#l#& und#n('und#n( d!n(#n &!n(#do"siny# d#l#&

!r#n(# r#sion#I+ D!n(#n ini "ul# s!b!n#& y# b!r#r$i b#n y# "!&iir

&!nol# "osi$i4is&! huu&* $!$#"i s!#li(us &!n(#ui b#h-# huu&

y#n( b!n#r #d#l#h huu& "osi$if+

N#&un d!&i i#n "#r# "osi$i4is &!&#nd#n( b#h-# "rinsi",

"rins i" huu& y#n ( $!rd#"#$ d#l#& huu & odr# $ s!b#(#i "rinsi"

r!(ul#$ifb!l##* y#i$u s!b#(#i "!do&#n b#(i $!rb!n$uny# huu&* d#n

bu#n s!b#(#i "rinsi" ons $i$u $if d#ri huu&+ Ar$ iny# "rinsi"'"rinsi"

$!rs!bu$ &!&#n( h#rus diind#h# n "#d # s##$ und #n('und #n( di,

b!n$u* n#&un bil# und#n('und#n( y#n( #d# s!#nd#i ny# b!r$!n$#n(#n

d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" huu& odr#$* &## und#n('und#n( $!rs!bu$

$!$#" s#h b!rl#u+ D!n(#n #$# l#in &!nuru$ "#r# "os$i4is /!nd!run(

&!n(#nu$ "rinsi" !"#s$i#n huu&* dib#ndin(#n d!n(#n s#rj#n#

$r#dision#l y#n( l!bih &!&"!rh#$i#n "rinsi" !#dil#n d#n !&#n,

f##$#n huu& b#(i &#sy#r##$+



92

B. POSITI6ISME HUKUM

<+ Pengertin

Posi$i4is&! d#l#& "!n(!r$i#n &od!& #d#l#h su#$u sis$!& fil,

s#f#$ y#n( &!n(#ui h#ny# f#$#'f#$# "os i$if d#n f!no&!n#'f!no,

&!n# y#n( bis# diobs!r4#si+ D!n(#n hubun(#n obj!$if f#$#'f#$# inid#n huurn'huu& y#n( &!n!n$u#nny#* &!nin((#l#n s!&u# "!ny!,

lidi#n &!nj#di s!b#b's!b#b #$#u #s#l'#sul $!r$in((i Musl!huddin*

<??< 5C+ D!n(#n #$# l#in* "osi$i4is&! &!ru"##n s!bu#h si#"

il&i#h* &!nol# s"!ul#si's"!ul#si #"riori d#n b!rus#h# &!&b#n(un

diriny# "#d# d#$# "!n(#l#&#n+ T!ori ini di!&b#n(#n ol!h Au(us$

=o&$!* s!or#n( s#rj#n# P!r#n/is y#n( hidu" "#d# $#hun <C?: hin((#

<:C+

Di&ul#i d!n(#n "!r$!n(#h#n !du# #b #d !'<?* "osi$ i4is&!

&!nj#l#r ! d#l#& s!(#l# /#b#n( il&u "!n(!$#hu#n sosi#l* $!r&#su

il&u "!n(!$#hu#n huu&+ i# b!rus#h# un$u &!nd!"# "!r$i&b#n(#n,

"!r$i&b#n(#n nil#i'nil#i d#ri il&u Yuris"rud!nsi d#n &!&b#$#si $u(#sil&u'il&u ini "#d# #n#lis#* d#n &!ndob# $#$#n#n huu& "osi$if+ P#r#

"osi$i4is &!n(#j#r#n b#h-# huu& "osi $ifl#h y#n( &!ru"##n

huu& y#n( b!rl#u d#n huu& "osi $if disini #d#l#h nor&#'nor&#

yudisi#l y#n( dib#n(un ol!h o$ori$#s n!(#r#+ l# ju(# &!n!#n#n

"!&is#h#n !$#$ huu& "os i$i f d#ri !$i# d#n !bij#s#n##n sosi#l d#n

/!nd!run( &!n(id!n$ifi#si#n !#dil#n d!n(#n l!(#li$#s* y#i$u

!$##$#n !"#d# #$ur#n'#$ur#n y#n( di$!n$u#n ol!h n!(#r#+

Posi$i4is&! huu& #d# 5 b!n$u* y#i$u "osi$i4is&! yuridis d#n

"osi$ i4is&! sosiolo(is

#+ Posi$i4is&! yuridisD#l#& "!rs"!$if "osi$i4is&! yuridis* huu& di"#nd#n(

s!b#(#i su#$u (!j#l# $!rs!ndiri y#n( "!rlu diol#h s!/#r# il&i#h+

Tuju#n "os$i4is&! yuridis #d#l#h "!&b!n$u#n s $ru$ur's$ru$ur

r#sion#l sys$!&'sis$!& yuridis y#n( b!rl#u+ D#l#& "r#sisny#

ons!" ini &!nurun#n su#$u $!ori b#h-# "!&b!n$u#n huu&

b!rsif#$ "rof!ssion#l y#i$u huu& &!ru"##n /i"$##n "#r# #hli

huu&+

4

?9

Prinsi"'"rinsi" "osi$i4is&! yuridis #d#l#h

<+ Huu& #d#l#h s#&# d!n(#n und#n('und#n(*

ini did#s#r#n "!&iir#n b#h-# huu& &un/ul b!r,

#i$#n d!n(#n N!(#r#* s!hin((# huu& y#n( b!n#r #d#l#h

huu& y#n( b!rl#u d#l#& su# $u N!(#r#+

5+ Tid# #d# hubun(#n &u$l# B #n$#r# huu& d#n &or#l+Huu& #d#l#h /i"$##n "#r# #hli huu& b!l##+

9+ Huu& #d#l#h su#$u closed logical s%stem .

Un$u &!n#fsir#n huu& $id# "!rlu bi&bin(#n nor&#

sosi#l* "oli$i d#n &or#l &!l#in#n /uu" disi&"ul#n d#ri

und#n('und#n(+ Toohny# #d#l#h R+ 4on Jh!rin( d#n John

Aus$in (anal%tical jurisprudence).

b+ Posi$i4is&! sosiolo(is

D#l#& "!rs"!$if "osi$i4is&! sosiolo(is* huu& di"#n,

d#n( s!b#(#i b#(i#n d#ri !hidu"#n &#sy#r##$+ D!n(#n d!&i,

i#n huu& b!rsif#$ $!rbu# b#(i !hidu"#n &#sy#r##$+ 3!$!r,

bu##n $!rs!bu$ &!nuru$ "osi $i4is&! sosiolo(is h#rus dis!lidii

&!l#lui &!$od! il&i#h+ Toohny# #d#l#h Au(us$! =o&$! <C:?,

<:C y#n( &!n/i"$##n il&u "!n(!$#hu#n b#ru* sosiolo(i+

D#l#& $!ori huu& &od!&* "osi$i4is&! $!l#h &!nd#"#$#n

"!n(!r$i#n u&u&+ Posi$i4is&! huu& $!l#h &!&#nif!s$#si#n diriny#

! d#l#& yuris"rud!nsi #n#li$i * y#n( disini dis!bu$ Posi$i4is&! An#,

li$i+ Posi$i4is&! An#li$i b!r$i$i $ol# d#ri su#$u $#$#n#n huu& $!r,

$!n$u* di&#n# d#ri si$u dij#rin( ons!"'ons!"* "!n(!r$i#n'"!n(!r$i#n

d#n "!rb!d##n '"!rb!d##n fund#&!n$#l $!r$!n$u d!n(#n &!n((un##n

&!$od! y#n( s!"!nuhny# indu$if* !&udi#n &!&b#ndin(#nny#d!n(#n "!rb!d##n'"!rb!d##n* ons!"'ons!" d#n "!&iir#n'"!&iir,

#n fund#&!n$#l $!r$!n$u d#ri $#$#n#n huu& l#in un$u &!&#s$i#n

s!ju&l#h unsur y#n( s#&# .od!nh!i&!r* <?7C ?9+ D!n(#n /#r# ini*

Posi$i4is&! An#li$i b!r#r$i &!l!n(#"i il&u "!n(!$#hu#n huu&

d!n(#n #n#$o&i su#$u sis$!& huu&* "rinsi"ny# &!&is#h#n huu&

y#n( #d# (das sein) d!n(#n huu& y#n( s!h#rusny# (das solen)

)ri!d&#nn* <??6 5C+



?@

&. P-!iti9i!%e Anliti$

S#rj#n# y#n( &!&b#h#s s!/#r# o&"r !h !n sif sis$!& "osi$i4is,

&! huu& #n#li$i #d#l#h John Aus$in <C?6'<:?* s!or#n( yuris

In((ris+ l# &!nd!finisi#n huu& s!b#(#i su#$u #$ur#n y#n( di$!n$u,

#n un$u &!&bi&bin( &#hlu b!r##l ol!h &#hlu b!r##l y#n(

$!l#h &!&ilii !u#$#n &!n(#l#h#nny#+ S!hin((# #r!n#ny# hu,u&* y#n( di"is#h#n d#ri !#dil#n d#n s!b#(#i (#n$iny# did#s#r#n

"#d# id!'id! b#i d#n buru* dil#nd#s#n "#d# !u#s## n y#n( $!r'

$in((i )ri!d&#nn* <??6 5:+ *

M!nuru$ Aus$in* il&u yuris"rud!nsi &!&bi/#r##n huu&,

huu& "osi$if* #r!n# &!&"!r$i&b#n(#n $#n"# &!&"!rh#$i#n b#i

#$#u buruny# huu&'huu& i$u+ S!&u# huu& "osi$if b!r#s#l d#ri

"!&bu#$ huu& y#n( s#n (#$ &!n!n$u#n* s!b#(# i y#n( b!rd #ul#$+ l#

&!nd!finisi#n "!n(u#s# s!b#(#i s!or#n( &#nusi# su"!riori y#n(

&!n!n$u#n* bu#n d#l#& !bi#s##n !$##$#n !"#d# s!or#n( y#n(

s!##n'##n su"!riori d#n y#n( &!n!ri&# !bi#s##n !$##$#n d#ri

su#$u &#sy#r##$ $!r$!n$u+ la &!nj!l#s#n b#h-# #$#s#n i$u &un(in

s!or#n( indi4idu* s!bu#h l!rnb#(# #$#u s!u&"ul#n indi4idu+ P!n(u#,

s# $id# d!n(#n s!ndiriny# dii#$ ol!h b#$#s#n huu& b#i di"#s##n

ol!h "rinsi"'"rinsi" #$#s#n #$#u ol!h huu&'huu&ny# s!ndiri+

3#r#$!ris$i huu& y#n( $!r"!n$in( &!nuru$ $!ori Aus$in $!r,

l!$# "#d# #r#$!r i&"!r#$ifny# + Huu& di"#h#&i s!b#(#i su#$u

"!rin$#h d#ri "!n(u#s#+ A#n $!$#"i &!&#n( $id# s!&u# "!rin$#h

ol!h Aus$in di#n((#" s!b#(#i huu&* &!nuru$ "#nd#n(#nny# h#ny#

"!rin $#h'"!rin $#h u&u & y#n( &!n(h#rus#n s!s!or#n( #$#u or#n(,

or#n( un$u b!r$ind# #$#u b!rs#b#r d#ri su#$u !l#s "#n$#s &!nd#"#$

#$ribu$ huu& .od!nh!i&!r* <?7C ?+ M!nuru$ Aus$in s!bu#h

"!rin $#h y#n( &!&!nuhi sy#r#$ s!b#(#i huu& $id# h#rus !lu#r

l#n(sun( d#ri s!bu#h b#d#n l!(isl# $if su#$u n!(#r#* s!&i s#l P#rl!&!n

di In((ris+ l# bis# s#j# !lu#r d#ri s!bu#h b#d#n r!s&i "!&!rin$#h

di&#n# o$ori$#s "!&bu#$#n huu& $!l#h did!l!(#si#n ol!h "!n(u#s#+

M!nuru$ Aus$in huu& bu#$#n h#i& #d#l#h huu& "osi$if d#l#&

"!n(!r$i#n y#n( s!b !n#&y# d#ri is$il#h ini* #r!n# #$ur#n'# $ur#n y#n(

dibu#$ h#i& &!l#lui !u#$#n huu& &!r!# b!ru"# !u#s##n y#n(

?

dib!ri#n ol!h n!(#r#+ D!n(#n o$ori$#s s!&#/#& i$u &un(in $!l#h

dij#&in s!/#r# j!l#s $#"i bi#s#ny# i# &!&b!riny# &!l#lui "!rs!$uju#n

s!/#r# di#&'di#& .od!nh!i&!r* <?7C ?7+

Ad#ny# b!rb#(#i j!nis huu& di$!r#n(#n ol!h $ooh "osi$i4is,

&! John Aus$in <?C6'<:?+ M!nuru$ di# huu& dib!d##n &!nj#di

du#

I+ Huu& All#h* &!ru"##n su#$u &or#l hidu" d#ri"#d# huu&

d#l#& #r$i s!j#$i+

5+ Huu& &#nusi#* y#ni s!(#l# "!r#$ur#n y#n( dibu# $ ol!h

&#nusi# s!ndiri+

Huu& &#nusi# dib!d##n l#(i &!nj#di

#+ Huu& y#n( sun((uh'sun((uh (properl% so called). Huu&

ini #d#l#h und#n('und#n( y#n( b!r#s#l d#ri su#$u !u#s##n

"oli$i * #$#u "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur# n "rib#di'"r ib#di s-#s $# y#n(

&!nuru$ und#n('und#n( y#n( b!rl#u +

b+ Huu& y#n ( s!b !n#&y# bu#n huu& (improperl% so

called) . S!"!r$i "!r#$ur#n '"!r#$ur#n y#n( b!rl#u b#(i su#$u

lub ol#hr#(#* "#bri * d#n s!b#(#iny#+ P!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n

ini bu#n huu& d#l#& #r$i y#n( s!sun((uhny#* s!b#b $id#

b!r#i $#n d!n(#n "!&!rin$#h s!b#(#i "!&b !n$u huu&+

Ji# i$# &!n(#/u "#d# #"# y#n( di#$##n ol!h Aus$in &##

&!nuru$ Huijb!rs <?? @< #d# du# $urun#n "#nd#n(#n

<+ .id#n( yuridis &!nd#"#$ $!&"#$ y#n( $!rb#$#s* y#i$u &!nj#di

unsur n!(#r#+ %il#y#h huu& b!r$!"#$#n d!n(#n -il#y#h su#$u

n!(#r#+

5+ Huu& &!n(#ndun( #r$i !&#j!&u#n s!b#b $!rd#"#$ b!b!r#"# bid#n( huu& di s#&"in( n!(#r# * -#l#u"un bid#n('bi d#n( i$u

$id# &!&"uny#i #r$i huu& d#l#& #r$i y#n( "!nuh+ Huu&

d#l#& #r$i y#n( s!sun((uhny# #d#l#h huu& y#n( b!r#s#l d#ri

n!(#r# d#n y#n( diuuh#n ol!h n!(#r#* Huu&'huu& l#in

$!$#" d#"#$ dis!bu$ huu&* $!$#"i $id# &!&ilii #r$i yuridis

y#n( s!sun((uhny#+



?7

Aus$in &!ny#$##n d!&ii#n #r!n# b!r$ol# d#ri !ny#$##n

b#h-# $!rd #"#$ su#$ u !u #s##n y#n( &!rnb!r i#n "!rin $#h'"!rin$#h

d#n #d# or#n( y#n( &!n##$i "!rin$#h'"!rin$#h $!rs!bu$+ Tid# "!n$in(

&!n(#"# or#n( &!n##$i "!rin$#h'"!rin$#h $! rs !b u$* #d# or#n(

y#n( &!n$##$i #r!n# rn!r#s# &!&ili i !- #jib #n u n$u

&!&"!rh#$i#n !"!n$in(#n u&u& * $#u$ ##n !#/#u#n * $!r" #s#

d#n l#in s!b#(#i, ny# $id# &!nj#di "!rso#l#n+ Y#n( j!l#s ji # $id# &!n$##$i* &## ##n di!n##n s#nsi + M## un$u d#" #$ dis! b u$

huu& &!nuru$ Aus$in di"!rlu#n #d#ny# unsur 'unsur s!b#(#i b!riu $

< #d#ny# "!n(u#s # (souvereighnit%% , 5 su#$u "! rin$#h (command)

, 9 !-#,

jib #n un$u &!n##$i (dut%) , d#n @ s#ns i b#(i &!r!# y#n( $id# $##$

(sanction +

D!n(#n d!&ii#n Aus$in* s!b#(#i&#n# di#$##n ol!h )ri!d,

&#n <??6* &!n((#n$i id!#l !#dil#n y#n( s!/#r# $r#dision#l di"#n,

d#n( s!b#(#i "oo u$#&# s!(#l# huu&* d !n(#n "!r in$#h s!or#n(

"!n(u#s#+ D!fin isi Aus$ in d#l#& )ri!d&#n* <??6 $!n$#n( huu& b!rbunyi s!b#(#i b!riu$

Ever% posit ive is directl% or circuito usl%, % sou

vereighn individual or od%, to a mem er or mem ers o$

ind ependent political societ% its auth or i s s up reme.

Huu& #d#l#h $i#" '$i#" und#n('und# n( "os i$i f y#n( di$!n$u#n

s!/#r# l#n(sun( #$#u $id# I#n(sun ( ol !h s!or#n( "rib#di #$#u s!!,

lo&"o or#n( y#n( b!r-ib#-# b#( i s/or#n( #n((o$# #$#u #n((o$#,

#n((o$# su#$u &#sy#r##$ "oli$i y#n( b/rd#ul #$* di&#n# y#n( &!&,

b!n$ u huu& #d#l#h y#n( $/r$in((i+

M!nuru$ Huijb!rs <?? !l!&#h#n u$#&# $!ori Aus$in $!rl!$#

"#d# "#nd #n(# n b#h- # n!(#r# d#n huu & #d# l#h !ny# $##n b!l##+

Huu& di#n((#"ny# $id# l#in d#ri"#d# "!rin$#h'"!rin$#h y#n( di!,

lu#r#n ol!h y#n( b!ru#s# d#n y#n( bi#s#ny# di$##$i + H#l ini b!r#r$i

ji # "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur# n $!rs !bu$ s!/# r# d e $a cto di$##$i* "!r#$ur#n,

"!r# $ur#n $!rs!bu $ di#n((#" b!rl #u ju( # s!/#r # de jure. H#l ini

&!nuru$ Huijb!rs $id# d#"#$ dib!n#r#n* &!nuru$ Huijb!rs huu&

y#n( s!sun((uhny# #d#l#h huu& y#n( l!(#l+

?C

T!ori Aus$in y#n( b!rl#nd#s#n "#d# "!rin$#h "!n(u# s#,

"!n (u#s# d#l#& #r$i n!(#r# &od !& !&udi#n d i!&b#n (#n ol!h

Rudolf 4on Jh!rin( d#n G!or(! J!llin!+ 3#u& "o s i$i4i s& ! s! j #

d#r i Aus$in* #&#$ $!r"!n(#ruh ol!h $!ori huu& d!n(#n &!n (ub#h

"!n!, #n#n d#ri $!ori'$!ori !#dil#n &!nj#di $!ori'$!ori n!(#r# b!rd#ul#$

n#sion#l s!b#(#i (ud#n( d#n su&b!r !u#s##n huu& + H# ns 3 !ls!n

d#n "#r# "!n(iu$ny# y#n( s!/#r# ol!$ if di !n#l s!b# (#i 2 M #0

h#b %in#2 !&udi#n &!n(!&b#n(#n "osi$i4i s&! #n# li$is A us $in +

Kriti$ t! Te-ri A#!tin

P!n((olon(#n Aus$in y#n( &!n(#$!(ori#n s!& u# huu&

s!b#(#i "!rin$#h $!l#h diri$i ol!h b!rb#(#i "!nulis s!"!r$i .ry/!*

Gr#y* Di/!y* y#n( &!n(#n((#" h#'h# "ri4#$* und#n('und#n( #d&i,

nis$r#$if d#n huu&'huu& d!l#r#$ori $id# bis# di(olon(#n s!b #(#i

"!rin$#h + Dis#&"in ( i$u* $!ori Aus$in $id# &!n#-#r#n "!&!/#h#n

d#l#& &!n(h#d#"i in$!r"r!$#si'in$!r"r!$#si y#n( b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n (#n

su#$u !#d##n #$#u "r!s!d!n+ P!&is#h#n huu& s!/#r# !$#$ d# ri /i$#,

/i$# !#dil#n ju(# dib#n$#h ol!h "!&iir'"!rniir l#in +

). Posi$i4is&! Prg%ti$

S!b#(#i l#-#n d#ri $!ori Aus$in #d#l#h (!r##n #u& R!#lis

A&!ri# y#n( dis!bu$ Posi$i4is&! Pr#(&#$is* y#n( &!&"!l#j#ri

huu& s!b#(#i #ry#'#ry# d#n fun(si'fun(siny# bu#n s/b#(#i y#n(

$!r$ulis di #$#s !r$#s+ H#l ini &!ru"##n su# $u "!nd!#$#n "r#(&#$ is

$!rh#d#" huu&* y#n( &!n(#r#h "#d# #hir s!(#l# s!su#$u * h#sil d#ri

#ib#$'#ib#$ny#+ S!b#(#i&#n# diny#$##n ol!h )ri!d&#nn * &!nj!l#n(

#hir #b#d !'<?* s!"$isis&! y#n( s!h#$ y#n( &!ny!r#n( "!ndir i#n

juri s"ru d!ns i #n#li $is &!n(#&bil du# b!n $u y#n( #&#$ b!rb!d# su#$u

id!#lis&! huu& b#ru y#n( s!b#(i#n b!rsif#$ &!$#fisi d#n s!b#(i#n

l#(i b!rsif#$ sosiolo(is* l!n$ur d#n b!r$!#d &!l#-#n #su&si "osi$i4is,

&! #n#li$is d#n &!n(#r#h un$u &!n!li$i r!#li$#s'r!#li$#s &#sy#r##$

&od!& d#l#& hubun(#n &!r!# d!n(#n huu& &od!& )ri!d&#nn*

<??6 5?@+



?:

Posi$i4is&! Pr#(&#$i d#n An#li$i &!ru"##n ubu'ubu y#n(

$!r"is#h d#l#& ons!"'ons!" huu& &!r!#+ .#(i #u& "osi$i4is

An#li$is* huu& di"is#h#n d#ri !$i#* s!rn!n$#r# #u& Posi$i4is Pr#(,

&#$is &!l!#$#n &#n# "!n$in( !b#i#n !$i * $!$#"i !s!nsi d#ri

!b#i#n 's!b#(#irn#n# diny#$##n ol!h %iIIi#& J#&!s' #d#l#h b!n#r,

b!n#r &!&u#s#n !in(i n#n'!in(in#n+ Ros/o! Pound l#h ir <:C6

"!ndiri fiIs#f#$ sosi#l A&!ri# * b!n #r 'b!n#r $!r"!n(#ruh ol!h fils#f#$

Pr#(&#$is y#n( di!&u##n ol!h %illi#& l#&!s* #r!n# i# &!n(,

#n((#" $uju#n #hir huu& d#l#& r#n(# & !&u#s#n !in(in#n,

!in(in#n s!&#si&#l &un(in+

Huu& &!nuru$ Posi$i4is&! Pr#(&#$i * h#rus di$!n$u#n ol!h

f#$#'f#$# sosi#l y#n( b!r#r$i s!bu#h ons!"si huu& d#l#& "!rub#h,

#n $!rus &!n!ru s d#n ons!" &#sy#r##$ y#n ( b!rub#h l!bih /!"#$

dib#ndin(#n huu&* s!&!n$#r# Posi$i4is&! An#li$i &!&"!r$#h#n,

#n !s$#bil#n y#n( #u d#l#& huu& + 3#u& Posi$i4is Pr#(&#$is

&!&!n$in(#n huu& s!h#rusny#* s!d#n(#n $/ori Aus$in h#ny# &!,

&!n$in(#n B#"# huu& i$uB+ P!rb!d##n ini dis#&"in( y#n( l#inny#

&!&bu#$ Posi$i4is&! &!nj#di s/bu#h $!ori y#n( &!n(#l#&i on$r#,

disi d#l#& diriny# s!ndiri+

=+ TEORI HUKUM MURNI

P!&b#h#s#n u$#&# H#ns 3!ls!n l#hir <::< d#l#& $!ori

huu& &urni #d#l#h un$u &!&b!b#s#n i')& huu& d#ri unsur

id!olo(is + 3/#dil#n &is#lny#* ol!h 3!ls!n di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i s!bu#h

ons!" id!olo(is+ l# &!lih#$ d#l#& !#dil#n s!bu#h id! y#n( $id#

r#sion#l d#n $!ori huu& &urni $id# bis# &!nj#-#b $!n$#n( "!r$#,ny##n $!n$#n( #"# y#n( &!&b!n$u !#dil#n #r!n# "!rny#$##n ini

s#&# s!#li $id# bis# dij#-#b s!/#r# il&i#h+ Ji# !#dil#n h#rus di,

id!n$i#n d!n(#n l!(#Ii$#s* d#l#& #r$i $!&"#$* /#dil#n b!r#r$i &!&!,

lih#r# s!bu#h $#$#n#n huu& "os i$if &!l#lui #"li#si !s#d#r#n

#$#sny#+

T!ori huu& &urni &!n!nuru$ 3!ls!n #d#l#h s!bu#h $!ori

huu& "osi$if + T!ori ini b!rus#h# &!nj#-#b "!r$#ny##n 2#"# huu&

??

i$u2 $!$#"i bu#n "!r$#ny##n 2#"# huu& i$u s!h#ru sny#2 + T!ori ini

&!n(ons!n$r#si#n diri "#d# huu& s!&#$#'&#$# d#n b!rus#h#

&!l!"#s#n il&u "!n(!$#hu#n huu& d#ri /#&"ur $#n (#n ilrnu "!n(!,

$#hu#n #sin( s!"!r$i "siolo(i d#n !$i#+ 3!ls!n & !&is #h #n "!n(!r,

$i#n huu& d#ri s!(#l# unsur y#n( b!r"!r#n d#l #& "!&b!n$u#n

huu& s!"!r$i unsur'unsur "siolo(i * sosiolo(i* s! j#r#h* "oli $i * d#n

b#h#n ju( # !$i#+ S!&u# un sur ini $!r&#su Bid ! huu& B #$#u B

isi huu&B + Isi huu& $id# "!rn#h l!"#s d#ri unsur "oli$i* "si is*

sosi#l, bud#y#* d#n l#in'l#in+ .u#n d!&i i#n h#lny# d!n(#n

"!n(!r$i#n huu&+ P!n(!r$i#n huu& &!ny#$##n huu& d#l#& #r$i

for&#lny#*

y#i$u s!b#(#i "/r#$ur#n y#n( b!rI#u s!/#r# yuridis + Inil#h huu&

d#l#& #r$i y#n( b!n#r * huu& y#n( &urni (das reine 3echt).

M!n(#"# !-#jib#n y#n( $!rI!$# d#l#& #id#h huu& #d#l#h

su#$u !-#jib#n yuridis M!nuru$ "/n(#nu$ "osi$i4is&!* h#l ini $!r,

s#n(u$ d!n(#n su#$u /h#rus#n !s$!& * y#i$u #r!n# #d# "#s##n,

#n/#&#n d#ri "ih# lu#r ji# $id# &!n##$i+ D#s#rny# #d#l#h b#h-#

#s#l &ul# s!(#l# huu& #d#l#h und#n('und#n( d#s#r n!(#r#+ >#l#&

r!l#si n!(#r# #d# "!n(u#s# d#n #d# r#y#$* #d# y#n( &!&b!ri "!rin$#h

d#n #d# y#n( h#rus &!n##$i "!rin$#h+

P#nd#n(#n !du# &!ny#$##n b#h-# h#l ini $!rs#n(u$ d!n(#n

su#$u !-#jib#n in$!rn * y#i$u #r!n# doron(#n d#ri b#$in un$u &!n!,

ri&#ny# s!b#(#i su#$u !-#jib#n y#n( h#rus di$##$i+ 3!-#jib#n yuri,

dis di#n((#" s!b#(#i su#$u doron(#n b#$in y#n( $id# d#"#$ di!l##n+

8#lu b#(#i&#n# huu& d#"#$ &!-#jib#n s!/#r# b#$in M!nuru$

H#ns 3!ls!n <::<'<?C9 #d#l#h #r!n# #d#ny# !-#jib#n yuridis*

s!b#b &!&#n( b!(inil#h "!n(!r$i#n i$# $!n$#n( huu& + su#$u "!r,

#$ur#n y#n( #'nor&#$if$id# &#su ##l * d#n $id# &!ru"##n huu&+M!&inj#& is$il#h I&&#nu!l 3#n$* 3 !ls!n &!ny#$##n b#h-# !-#,

jib#n huu& $!n n#s u d#l#& "!n(!r$i#n $r#ns!d!n$#l'lo(is * y#i$u

2&!-#jib#n2 h#rus di$!ri&# s!b#(i sy#r#$ y#n( $id# d#"#$ di!l##n

un$u &!n(!r$i huu& s!b#(#i huu&+ Ji# &!nuru$ 3#n$ #d# nor&#

d#s#r (grundnorm) b#(i &or#l y#n( b!rbunyi b!r l#u l#h s!su#i

d!n(#n su#r# h#$i&u* &## &!nuru$ H#ns 3!ls!n d#l#& huu& ju(#

$!rd#"#$ su#$u nor&# d#s#r y#n( h#rus di#n((#" s!b#(#i su&b!r !h#,

rus#n dibid#n( huu& + Nor&# d#s# r (grundnorm) $!rs!bu$ b!rbunyi



<66

or#n('or#n( h#rus &!ny!su#i#n diriy# d!n(#n #"# y#n( $!l#h

di$!n$u#n+

M!si"un 3!ls!n $!l#h b!rus#h# &!nj#-#b "!r$#ny##n $!n$#n(

&!n(#"# huu& &!-#j ib#n s!/#r# b#$in* + n#&un j#-#b#n 3!ls!n

b#n y# diri $i #r !n# ons!" nor &# d#s#r #bs $r# ny# $id # d#"#$

di"#h#&i+ 3ri$i ini &!&b#-# 3!ls!n &!n!ri&# $!ori stu$enau.

M!nuru$ 3!ls!n sy#r#$ s#$u's#$uny# b#(i su#$u "!r#$ur#n un$u d#"#$

dis!bu$ s!b#(#i huu& y#n( &!-#j ib#n #d#l#h b#h-# $ !rd#"#$ su#$u

&ini&u& !f!$i4i$#s y#i$u or#n( h#rus &!n##$iny#+ D!n(#n !si&,

"ul#n ini 3!ls!n sud #h b!r #l ih ! "osi $i4 is& ! huu&+

J#-#b#n y#n( l#in dib!ri#n ol!h ons!"si Isl#& $!n$#n( &#n#

sy#ri#$ s!b#(#i huu& y#n( &!-#jib#n+ S!or#n( &usli& h#rus

&!n(insy#fi b#h-# !hidu"#nny# $!l#h di#$ur ol!h sy#ri#$+ Sy#ri#$

$!rs!bu$l#h y#n( &!&b!ri &#n# s#r#l "#d# s!$i#" #s"! !hidu"#n*

&!n!i"$##n !s!i&b#n(#n "#d# &#sy#r##$* d#n &!ny!di##n &!di#

b#(i u&# $ &#nusi# #(# r d#" #$ &!n j#l #n #n !h idu "#n s#l !h s#r#$

d!n(#n nil#i* s!r$# un$u &!&!nuhi fun(si &#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu

Tuh#n y#n( di$!&"#$#n di &u# bu&i #(#r &!n(#bdi#n diri !"#d#

!h!nd#'Ny#+ M!nuru$ S#yyid Hoss!in N#sr 5669 ?6 &!l#lui

sy#ri#$ * s!or#n( &usli& &!&"uny#i "o$!nsi un$u d#"#$ &!l#&"ui

&#n# !so$!ri sy#ri#$ i$u s!ndiri d#n &!n!&"uh j#l#n (thariqat)

&!nuju !b!n#r#n (ha/i/at) y#n( $!r#ndun( di b#li sisi l#hir d#n

#j#r#n'#j#r#n huu& y#n( su!i+

N#s r &!nj! l#s #n b#h -# sy#ri# $ #d# l#h (#r is y#n ( &!rnb !n$ u

s!bu#h lin(#r#n * $i#"'$i#" $i$i d#l#& (#ris y#n( &!lin(#r $!rs!bu$

&!-#ili $!&"#$ b!r"ij# u&#$ &usli&+ Ti#"'$i#" r#dius y#n( &!n(,

hubun(#n s!$i#" $i$i sudu$ "#d# (#ris lin(#r#n ! $i$i di $!n(#h

lin(#r#n i$u &!nyirnbol#n thariqat, d#n $i$i y#n( b!r#d# di$!n(#h#d#l#h h#i#$* y#n( &!nj#di su&b!r !b!r#d##n (#ris r#di#l* d#n

sudu$ (#ris y#n( &!&b!n$u lin(#r#n+ S!&u# b#(i#n lin(#r#n*

d!n(#n $i$i di $!n(#h* (#ris lin(#r#n d#n (#ris r#di#lny# d#"#$ diu&,

"#& ## n &!-# ili $o$# li$#s $r#disi Isl#&+ S!s !or #nn ( di"!r!n#n#n

un$u &!&ilih s#l#h s# $u I (#ris r#di#l s!b#(#i ru$! y#n( &!n(#n$#r,

#nny# ! $i$i y#n( b!r#d# di $!n(#h'$!n(#h lin(#r#n* n#&un

d!n(#n s#$u sy#r#$ y#ni &!l#lui (#ris "!rrnul##n d#ri lini y#n(

<6<

&!&b!n$u lin(#r#n+ S!d!&ii#n b!s#r &#n# sy#ri#$* s!hin((#

$#n"#ny# "!n(!&b#r##n s"iri$u#l $id# ##n &un(in d#"#$ di$!&"uh*

d#n d!n(#n d!rnii#n #(#&# i$u s!ndiri $id# ##n d#"#$ di"r#$i#n+

D#ri sini i$# &!n(!$#hu i b#h-# ons!" N#sr di#$#s $!l#h

&!nj!l#s#n ons!" $r#ns!d!n$#l'Io(is huu& y#n( di!&u##n

I&&#nu!l 3#n$+

Kriti$ t! te-ri Kel!en

Sin(#$ny# $!ori 3!ls!n &!rnb#$#si diriny# "#d# huu& s!b#,

(#i&#n# #d#ny# $#n"# &!&"!rh#$i#n !#dil#n #$#u !$id##dil#nny#+

A#n $!$#"i &!nuru$ S$#&&!r !&urni#n &u$l# b#(i $!ori huu&

#"#"un #d#l#h $id# &un(in+ 3!ls!n h#rus &!n(#ui &#n##l# $!ori

ini &!&#sui "!r$#ny##n $!n$#n( nor&#'nor&# fund#&!n$#l y#n(

b!r$! n$# n(# n+ P!r $#ny##n* y#n ( &!ru"## n nor&#'nor&# fund#&!n$#l

y#n( 4#lid* dirn#n# $!ori &urniny# $id# bis# &!n(hind#ri* #r!n#

$#n"# i$u &## !s!luruh#n b#n(un#n i$u ##n run$uh )ri!drn#nn*

<??6 5:+ D#ri sisi l#in* 8#u$!r"# !h$ s!o r#n( "!n(iu $ 3!ls!n $!l#h

&!rn"!r$#ny##n #"##h $!ori hi!r#ri nor&#'nor&# huu& $id#

&!ny#$##n s!!#r# l#n(sun( s!bu#h "!n(#u#n ##n "rinsi"'"rinsi"

huu& #l#&* -#l#u"un 3!ls !n &!ny!r#n( !r#s id!olo(i huu& #l#&

)ri!d&#nn* <??6 5:7+

3!!u#li $!ori huu& &urni &!ny#$##n b#h-# si$u#si'si$u#si

y#n( &!n(#b#i#n "ilih#n di#n$#r# du# id!olo(i #l$!rn#$if* s!&i s#l

in$!r"r!$#si'in$!r"r!$#si y#n( &!&"!rd!b#$#n und#n('und#n(* $!ori

ini &!nol# &!rnb!ri#n bi&bin(#n #"#"un ju(# b#(i "!&!!#h#n

#$#s'#$#s onfli s!&#!#& i$u+ Tid# d#"#$ dis#n(#l b#h-# huu&

d#l#& #sus'#sus s!&#!#& i$u $id# bis# diin$!r"r!$#si#n d!n(#n$#n"# &!nunju !"#d# /i$#'/i$# huu&+ S!l#nju$ny# huu& &!nuru$

Aus$in d#n 3!ls!n &!ru"##n s!bu#h $#$#n#n y#n( di(#r#nsi ol!h

#n!#&#n'#n!#&#n 'y#n( &!nuru$ )ri!d&#nn &!ru"##n !iri h#s

huu& ri&in#l' i# &!n(#b#i#n fun(si u$#&# huu& s!b#(#i #l#$

on$rol sosi#l* dilu#r "ros!s "!n(#dil#n #$#u "!nun$u$#n "!rd#$ #+

D!n(#n "!rnb!ri#n !u#s##n* $id# &!l#lui $#$#n#n y#n( di(#r#nsi

ol!h #n!#&#n'#n!#&#n* huu& &!&ilii on$ribusi d#l#& !hidu"#n



#02

sosi#l+ l# &!&un(in#n indi4idu'indi4idu bis# &!&b!n$u hubun(,

#n'hubun(#n huu& &!r!# d!n(#n or#n('or#n( l#in &!l#lui on$r#*

-#si#$* "!r#-in#n d#n $ind##n huu& l#inny#+

D. HUKUM BERLANDASKAN 1AH0U

M!n#ri un$u di!#$#$ b#h-# Ros!o! Pound &!n#nd#i !j#di,

#n'!j#di#n "#d# #b#d !' I ? y#n( &!&b!ri s!bu#h r#n(#i#n b#ru

!"#d# huu& #l#rn d!n(#n h#sil b#h-# huu& #l#& diin$!r"r!,

$#si#n s!su#i d!n(#n "!rub#h#n sosi#l d#n !hil#n(#n #r#$!r

id!#lny# s!b#(#i huu& y#n( l!bih $in((i + l# &!n(#$##n

3#r!n# !&#/!$#n or(#nis#si sosi#l f!od#l* !n#i#n "!rd#,

(#n(#n d#n !r# "!n !&u#n* olonis#si d#n !s"loi$#si #$#s su&b!r,

su&b!r b!nu#'b! nu# b#r n* b!r s#r n## n d!n (#n rnun/u lny # n#$ion'

+ n#$ion &!n((#n$i#n $u&"u#n $!ri$ori#l y#n( di"!(#n( ol!h bud#*

ru!&bu$uh#n s!bu#h huu& n#sion#l y#n( dis#$u#n d#l#rn do&in#si

n#sion#l+ S$#r!y &/n(#ju#n odifi#si !"#d# H!nry VIII d#n

Durnoulin &!n(hi&b#u h#r&onis#si d#n unifi#si huu& #d#$

P!r#n/is d!n(#n /difi#si #hirny#+ P#r# $!olo( yuris Pro$!s$#n #b#d

!' <? &!n/&u#n s/bu#h b#sis fils#f#$ un$u &! &!nu hi !in(in#n,

!in(in#n -#$u i$u d#l#rn n!(#r# y#n( dinob#$#n s!b#(#i b!rs if# $

!$uh#n#n d#n d#l#& huu& #l#& y#n( di"is#h#n dari $!olo(i d#n

b!r l#nd#s#n s!&#$# '&#$# !"#d# ##l * &!r!fl !si #n !y# in# n $#

$!rb#$#s "#d# ##l d!n(#n d#$#n(ny# renaissance. J#di s!$i#" yuris

n#sion#l bi#s# &!n#fsir#n s!ndiri huu& #l#& b!r#$ !&#rn"u#n

##lny#* s!b#(#i&#n# setiap or#n( 3ris$/n bis# &!n#fsir#n finn#n

Tuh#n un$u diriny# s!ndiri s!"!r$i y#n( di$unju#n ol!h ##l d#n

!s#d#r#nny#+ Disisi l#in "#r# Yuris 3#$oli #l#n(#n 3on$r#'r!for,

&#si &!n!&u#n s!bu#h asis fils#f#$ un$u &!&!nuhi !in(in#n,!in(in#n y#n( s#&# d#l#rn s!bu#h ons!"si huurn #l#& s!b#(#i

su# $u sis$ !& b#$#s#n'b#$#s#n "!rbu#$#n &#nusi# y#n( &!n(!s"!si#n

sif#$ &#nusi#* y#i$u (#(# s#n rn#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu r#sion#l* d#n

huu& "osi$if s!b#(#i sis$!& id!#l y#n( &!n(!s"r!si#n huu&

s!bu#h n!(#r# y#n( tida/ &!ny#$u Pound* <?9 <9'<@+

#07

D#ri sini fils#f#$ huu& d!n(#n ##l s!b#(#i b#sisny#* #&bru

#r!n# huu& #l#& di$#fsir#n ol!h s!$i#" yuris &!nuru$ ##lny#

s!ndiri "#d#h# l b!rb!d# d#ri s#$u ! l#in or#n( d#n l#in $!&"#$

Musl!huddin* <??< @6+

I'Iu&! $!l#h &!&b!ri#n r!&b!s#n #n#lisis lo(is y#n( &!n(,

h#n/ur#n "r!$!nsi huu& #l#& $!rh#d#" 4#lidi$#s il&i#h+ T!ori

huu& #l#& di$#nd#s#n "#d# s/bu#h ons!"si ##l s!b#(#i "o$!nsi

y#n( &!l!#$ "#d# diri s!$i#" &#nusi# d#n &!n/i"$##n nor&#'nor&#

"!rbu#$#n y#n( #b#di d#n "#s$i+ Hu&! &!&"!rj !l# s b#h-# ##l

s!"!r$i di"#h#&i d#l#& sis$!& huu& #l#& &!n(#/#u#n $i(# h#l

b!rb!d#

#+ 3!b!n#r#n'!b!n#r#n y#n( $id# d#"#$ dihind#r#n d#n "!n,

$in(* y#n( #&#$ s!dii$ s!#li s!"!r$i #sio&#'#sio&# &!$!&#,

$i#+ Asio&# $!rs! bu$ $id# #d# d#l #& #-#s#n $in(#h l#u

&#nusi#+

b+ Hubun(#n #n$#r# f#$#' f#$# #$#u !j#di#n'!j#d i#n y#n( s!!#r#

for&#l dij! l#s#n &!l#lui Bs!b #b d#n #ib# $B #r!n# f#$# d#n

!j#di#n s!l#lu di#sosi#si#n d#l#& su#$u "ol# husus* s!b#(#i

b#h#n b#(i "!n(#l#&# n d#n obs!r4#si+ T!$#"i $id# #d# !"!rlu,

#n lo(is d#l#& #sosi#si s!&#/#& i$u* i# s!&#$#'rn#$# s!bu#h

b#h#n b#(i hubu n(#n !&"iri s!d#n(#n obs!r4#si #$#s

hubun(#n'hubun(#n ini &!ru"##n obj! il&u "!n(!$#hu#n

!&"iri+

!+ P!rbu#$#n &#nusi# y#n( Brn#su ##lB+ T!ori'$!ori huu& #l#&

&!n(#su&si#n b#h-# #d# "rinsi"'"rinsi" $in(#h l#u r#sion#l

y#n( #r!n#ny # &/ru"##n b#(i #n d#ri 4#lidi$#s uni4!rs#l d#n

"!n$ in( S#bin! * <?7@ ?+

An#lis# di#$#s &!nunju#n b#h-# ons!" ##l y#n( dij#di#n

$u&"u#n $!ori huu& #l#&* h#ny#l#h s!bu#h !#!#u#n d#ri $i(#

f#$or y#n( "!n(!r$i#nny# #&#$ b!rb!d# ini+ 3#r!n# i$u* Hu&!

&!nol# ##l+ M!nuru$ny# ##l h#ny#l#h s!&#$#'&#$# h#y#l#n* d#n

dibu#$'bu#$+ Un$u ini Musl!huddin &!ny#$##n

I



<6@

)ils#f#$ huu& y#n( b!r$uju#n &!n/#"#i !#dil#n &u$l#

b!rl#nd#s#n "#d# huu& #l#&* $id# ##n b!r$ #h#n l#&# s!l#&# ##l*

y#n( s!l#lu b!rub#h* &!nj#di D!&iin# "ul# !#dil#n i$u

s!ndiri &!ru"##n #r#$!r /#ir d#n $id# bis# &!&b!ri#n s!bu#h

d!finisi y#n( $!"#$+ 3!du# f#$or ini &!ny!b#b#n !l!&#h#n fils#f#$

huu&* -#l#u"un i# $#l#h b!rju#n( !r#s un$u &!n/#"#i $uju#n y#n(

diin(in#nny#+ Ini &!&bu$i#n "!rb!d##n #n$#r# ##l d#n -#hyu+A#l (#(#O &!n/#"#i !#dil#n* $!$#"i -#hyu $!l#h &!nj#di su&b!r

#b#di b#(i !#dil#n d#n "#d# !ny#$##ny# s!b#(#i !#dil#n &u$l#+

3#r!n# h#ny# Tuh#nl#h y#n( &!n(!$#hui #"# y#n( &u$l# b#i d#n

#dil un$u &#nusi#+ 3#r!n# i$u Isl#& &!nd!#$i !#dil#n d!n(#n /#r#

y#n( dij!lB#s#n ol!h Tuh#n d#n &!nuru$ "!$unju y#n( di(#ris#n

ol!h -#hyu* #r!n# ons!" !#dil#n $id# "!&#h b!rub#h &#u"un

b!r4#ri#si $!$#"i $!$#" #b#di dib#-#h -#hyu Musl!huddin* <?? @< +

M!nuru$ As Sy#$ibi* Abu ;#hroh <??@* Abdul %#h#b 3h#l#f

<??@* Isl#& $!l#h &!nsy#ri#$#n b!rb#(#i huu& y#n( &!nj#&in

$!r-ujudny# h#l 'h#l y#n( dharuri "ri&!r y#n( &!Ii"u$i #(#&#*

ji- #* ##l * !hor&#$#n * d#n h#r$ # !# y##n d#n &!nj#&in "!&!Iih#,r##n $!rh#d#" !li&# h#l $!rs!bu$+

<+ M!&!lih#r# #(#&#

A(#&# #d#l#h s!u&"ul#n #id#h* ib#d#h* huu& d#n und#n(,

und#n( y#n( disy#ri#$#n ol!h All#h un$u &!n(#$ur hubun(#n

&#nusi# d!n(#nNy#* d#n hubun(#n #n$#r &#nusi# 3h#l#f*

<??@ 9<@+ Un$u &!-ujud#n d#n &!&!Iih#r# #(#&#* Isl#&

$!l#h &!nsy#ri#$#n i&#n d#n huu& "oo #j#r#n d#s#r isl#&

ts%ahadatain, shol#$* 0##$* "u#s# R#&#dh#n* d#n h#ji* !-#,

jib #n b!rd#-#h un$ u &!ny!ru &#n usi # !" #d# #(#& #* !-#,

jib #n b!rj ih#d un$ u &!&!r#n (i or#n('or#n( y#n ( &!n(h#l#n(i#(#&#* huu&#n $!rh#d#" or#n( y#n( &ur$#d d#ri #(#&#* d#n

huu&#n $!rh#d#" "!&bu#$ id 'ah &!n(#d#'#d# d#l#&

#(#&#+

5+ M!&!lih#r#ji-# ial5uha$ad!ah ala an5a$s%

Y#i$u &!&!lih#r# h# un$u hidu" $!rhor&#$ d#n &!&!lih#r#

ji- # #(# r $!rhind#r d#ri $ind## n "!n(#ni#y##n* b!ru"# "!&'

<6

bun uh#n* "!& o$o n(# n #n( (o$# b#d #n &#u "un $ind##n &!lu,

#i+ T!r&#su & !&!lih#r # !&uli# #n d#n h#r(# diri &#nusi#

d!n(#n j#l#n &!n/!(#h "!rbu#$#n qad!c$ &!nuduh b!r0in#*

d#n &!lindun(i !b!b#s#n b!r"iir* b!r"!nd#"#$* b!r#ry# d#n

b!r(!r# di$ !n(#h din#&i # sosi#l s!" #nj #n( $id # &!ru(i#n

or#n( l#in ;#hr#h* <??@ @?'6+9+ M!&!lih#r# ##l (al5uha$ad!ah ala al5 'aql)

Y#i$u &!nj#(# ##l # (#r $id# $!r!n# b#h#y# !rus# #n y#n(

&!n(#ib#$#n or#n( y#n( b!rs#n(u$#n $id# b!r(un# l#(i

di&#sy#r##$* &!nj#di su&b!r !buru#n d#n "!ny#i$ b#(i

or#n( l#in+ Ar$i "!n$in( "!&!lih#r##n ##l

#+ S!$i#" indi4idu s!b#(#i b#(i#n d#ri s!bu#h $#$#n#n &#,

sy#r##$* &## ##l y#n( di&ilii ol!h s!$i#" #n((o$#

&#sy#r##$ &!&ilii fun(si sosi#l* S!b#b d!n#(#n ##l

$!rs!bu$* s!$i#" indi4idu iu$ &!&b!n$u "o l# !hidu"#n

&#sy#r##$+

b+ >r# n( y#n ( &!&bi #r #n ## lny# d#l #& !rus##n * ##n

&!nj#di b!b#n y#n( h#rus di"iul ol!h &#sy#r##$+

/+ D!n(#n rus#ny# ##l s!s!or#n ( &## &!&un(in#n

$i&bulny# !$id#$!r$ib#n d#l#& &#sy#r##$+ M#sy#r##$

##n &!n#n((un( r!sio #$#s $!rj#diny# !j#h#$# n d#n

"!l #n( (#r #n y#n ( dis!b#b# n ol! h rus #n y# ##l

;#hr#h* <??@ @?'6+

>l!h #r!n# i$u Isl#& &!nsy#ri#$#n "!n(h#r#&#n &inu&#n

h#&#r d#n s!(#l# h#l y#n( &!&#bu#n y#n( &!ny!b#b#n

hil#n(ny# rus#ny# ##l+

@+ M!&!lih#r# !$urun#n tal5uha$ad!ah ala an5aslt

Y#i$u &!&!lih# r# $#$#n#n nil#i d#l#& "ros!s "! r(#ul#n di#n$#r#

s!s#&# &#nusi# d#n &!n/!(#h $!rj#diny# !rus##n biolo(is

y#n( di#ib#$#n ol!h !$id#$!rj#(##n did#l#& "ros! s in$!r#si

s!s#&# &#nusi#+ >l!h #r!n# i$u Isl#& &!l#r#n( &!ni#h d#n

b!rhubun(#n !l#&i n d!n (#n &uh ri& ny# (incest) d#n &!l#r#n(

b!r0in # d!n (#n &!& b!r i# n s#nsi y#n ( s!b!r#$'b!r#$ny#



<67

b!ru"# huu &#n hadd.

+ M!&!lih#r# h#r$# tal5uha$ad!ah ala al 5ali

Un$u &!n(h#si l#n d#n &!rn"!rol!h h#r$# !#y##n * Isl#&

&!nsy#r#$#n !- #j ib#n b!ru s#h# un$u &!rn"!rol!h r !0!i

* !b!b#s#n b!r&u#&# l#h* "!r$u#r#n * "!rd#(#n(#n d#n

!rj#, s#&# d#l#rn us#h# + S!d #n (#n un$u &!& !lih#r# h#r$#

* Is l#& &!nsy#ri#$#n "!n(h#r#&# n "!n/uri#n d!n (#nhuu&#n hadd b#(i s!$i#" or#n( y# n( &!l #u#nny# * d#n

&!n(h#r#&#n rib# #r!n# $!r&#su "! rb u# $#n #n i#y#

(d !alim) $!rh#d#" or#n( l#in d#l#& h#l h#r$#+

BAB 6II

A/ASHUKUM

P!n (!r$i#n #0#s huu& #d#l#h " rin si" '"rin si" y#n (

di#n((#" d #s#r #$#u fund#& !n huu& #$#u "!n (!r $i#n d#n nil# i'n il#i

y#n( &!n, j #d i $i$i $ol# b!r"i ir $!n$#n( huu rn #$# u $i$i $ol#

b#(i "!&b !n,

$u#n und#n('und #n ( d#n in$!r"r !$ #si und#n('und#n( #$#u

"rinsi", "rinsi" y#n( !dudu#nny# l!bih $in (( i d #ri"#d# huu&

y#n( di$ !n$u, #n &#nusi# * Ad# $i(# &# /#& #0#s h u u& H uijb!rs *

<?? :5

I+ A0#s obj !$if huu& y#n( b!r si f#$ &or#l+ Prin si" ini $!l#h

#d# "#d# "#r# "!&iir ;#&#n 3l# si

5+ A 0#s obj !$i f huu& y#n( b!rsif#$ r#sion# l* y#i$u "r insi"'"rin,si" y#n( $!r& #su "!n(!r$i#n huu& d#n #$ur#n hidu" b!rs#&#

y#n ( r#sion#l+ Prinsi" '"rinsi" ini ju(# $!l#h di$ !ri&# s! j # d#hu

, lu* ##n $!$#" i b#ru diun( #" #n s!/#r# ny#$# s!j#

&ul#iny# 0#&# n &od !& * y# i$u s!j# $i&bulny# n!(#r#'

n!(#r# n#sion#l d#n huu& y#n ( dibu#$ ol !h #u& yuris s!/#r#

"ro f !sion#l+

9+ A0#s subj!$if huu& y#n( b!rsif#$ &or#l d#n r#sion#l* y#i$u

h#'h# y#n ( #d# "#d# &#nu si# d#n y#n( & !nj#di $i$i

$ol# "!&b!n$u#n huu& + P!r!&b#n(#n huu& "#lin(

n#&"# "#d# bid #n( ini+

Huu& d#l#& #r$i obj!$if &!n#nd##n #id#h y#n( s!b#(#i

nor&#$if &!n(#$ur #id#h !h idu" #n b!r&#sy#r## $+ Hu u& d#l#&

#r$i subj!$if &!n #nd # #n h# d#n !-#jib#n y#n( #d# "#d#

or#n( y#n( &!ru"##n #n ((o$# &#sy#r# #$ * y#n i s!b#(#i subj! h

uu& + S!"!r$i #0#s '#0# s y#n(



<<6

#r!n# b!r#i$#n d!n(#n n!(#r# d#n b!rsif#$ &!nun$u$ un$u

di$##$i+

Di#$#s diny#$##n b#h-# nor&#'nor&# b!rd#s#r #$#s !h!nd# *

s!b#bny# #d#l#h b#h-# su#$u !h#rus#n y#n( d#l#& $i#"'$i#" nor&#

&!n(#nd#i#n b#h-# #d# 2s!su#$u y#n( &!n(h!nd#i2+ D!&ii#n

"ul# d#l#& bid#n( huu& * 2s!su#$u y#n( &!n(h!nd#i2 i$u #d#l#h

-#r(# n!(#r# y#n( b!rs#&#'s#&# &#u &!n(#$ur hidu"ny# s!/#r#

yuridis+ >l!h #r/n# i$u d#l#& bid#n( huu&* sus$u !h!nd# yuridis

&!ru"##n ##r d#n sy#r#$ s/luruh huu& "osi$if+

R+ S$#&&l!r &!n!r#n(#n b#h-# !h!nd# yuridis $!rs!bu$

bu#nl#h su# $u r!#li$#s "siolo(is * s!"!r$i h#lny# !h!nd# un$u

&!&b!ri#n h#r$# ji# s!s!or#n( dir#&"o+ 3#r!n# &!&b!ri#n h#r$#

bu#nl#h su#$u !-#jib#n yuridis * &!l#in#n s!&#$#'&#$# ol!h s!b#b

$#u$ "siis+ >l!h #r/n# i$u !h!nd# "siolo(is $!r&#su bid#n(

2#d#2* bu#n bid#n( 2h#rus2+ T#&"# ju(# b#h-# !h!nd# "sio,

lo(is i$u b!rsif#$ subj!$if* s!d#n(#n !h!nd# yuridis b!rsif# n!$r#ld#n obj!$if 3!ls!n+ M!nuru$ S$#&&l!r !h!nd# b!b#s d#n o$ono&

y#n( &!&b#n(un hidu" b!rs#&# s!/#r# yuridis b!rsif#$ for&#l b!l##

d#l#& #r$i &ortnen a prio ri 9anti, d#n $id# #d# s#n(u$ "#u$ny#

d!n(#n isi su#$u $#$# huu& y#n( b/rsif#$ &#$!riil+ >l!h #r!n# i$u

h#rus dib!d##n d/n(#n $!li$i #n$#r# "!n(!r$i#n huu& y#n( for&#l*

d#n id! huu& y#n( &#$!ri#l Huijb!rs* <?:: <6'<7+

B. NILAI SUBJEKTIF HUKUM

+. H$ 4n Ke:(i.n

H# #d#l#h !is$i&!-##n y#n( &!&bu# !&un(in#n b#(iny#

un$u di"!rlu#n s!su#i d!n(#n !is$i&!-##n $!rs!bu$+ 3!-#jib#n

#d#l#h "!r&in$##n b!ru"# si#" #$#u $ind##n y#n( s!su# i d!n(#n

!is$i&!-##n y#n( #d# "#d# or#n( l#in+ Ad# du# &#/#& h#

<+ H# y#n( di#n((#" &!l!#$ "#d# $i#"'$i#" &#nusi# s!b#(#i

&#nusi# s!b#b b!r#i$#n d!n(#n r!#li$#s hidu" &#nusi# s!ndiri+

II I

H# ini &!ru"##n b#(i#n d#ri !sis$!nsi !$is &#nusi# di duni#

ini+ John 8o/! &!n!r#n(#n b#h-# &#nusi# "#d# 0#&#n

"urb## l# "un &!n(!$#hu i h# d#n !-#jib#n y#n( #d# "#d #

diriny# s!b#(#i&#n# di#j#r#n ol!h #l#&+ M!nuru$ 8o/!* 0*h e

state o$ nature has a law o$ nature to gove rn it , whi ch

olig es ever%one, and reason, which is that law, t ea ches all

man/ind who will ut consult it, that eing all equal and ind ep

endent, no one ought to to harm another in hi s li$ e, health,

li ert% or possesions0 2N!(#r# #l#&2 $!l#h &!&ilii

2huu& #l#&2 un$u &!n(#$u&y#* y#n( &!-#jib#n

s!s!or#n( d#n d!n(#n #l#s#n $!rs!bu$ i# i$# s!bu$ s!b#(#i

huu&* &!n(#j#r#n s!&u#

j!n is &#nus i# y#n( ##n &!&in$# "!$un juny#* d!n(#n &! &,

"!rl#u#nny# s#&# r#$# d#n $id# s#lin( b!r(#n$un( * $id# #d#

y#n( s# lin( &!ny#i$i s#$u s#& # l#in d#l#& !hidu"#nny#*

!s!h#$#nny#* !b!b#s#n #$#u d#l#& h#l !" !&ili#n =o"l!s,

$on* <?7<'<?C <9:

5+ H# y#n( #d# "#d# &#nusi# #ib#$ #d#ny# "!r#$ur# n "!run,

d#n('und#n(#n+ H# ini $id# l#n(sun( b!rhubun(#n d!n(#n

&#r$#b#$ &#nusi#* $!$#"i &!nj#di h# s!b#b $!r&u#$ d#l#&

und#n('und#n( y#n( s#h+

H# d#n !-#jib#n &#nusi# &!l!#$ s!b#(#i #ib #$ &#nusi#

&!&ilii &#r$#b#$+ M#nusi# &!&ilii &#r$#b#$* &!n(#"# 3#r!n#

&#nusi# &!ru"##n &#hlu is$i&!-# y#n( $id# #d# b#ndin(#nny#

di duni#+ 3!is$i&!-##n ini n#&"# d#l#& "#n(#$ny#* bobo$ny#* r!l#,

siny#* fun(siny# s!b#(#i &#nusi#+ .u#n s!b#(#i &#hlu indi4idu#l*

&!l#in#n s!b#(#i #n((o$# !l#s &#nusi#* y#n( b!rb!d# d!n(#n $u&, buh'$u&buh#n d#n bin#$#n(+ 3!is$ i&!-##n &#nusi# d#"# $ di$!r#n(,

#n s!b#(#i b!riu$

#+ S!/#r# on$olo(is

#+ M!nuru$ f ilsuf Yun#ni* Sol#s $i d#n Ar#b* &#nusi# #d# l#h

&#hlu is$i&!-# y#n( $in((#l "#d# $#n((# y#n( "#lin( #$#s

s!luruh hi!r#ri &#hlu'&#hlu* s!b#(#i -ujud y#n( b!r##l

budi d#n#$#u /i" $##n Tuh#n+ b+ M# S/h!l!r &#nusi# &!ru"##n su#$u &#hlu ruh#ni y#n(



<<5

&!l!bihi &#hlu'&#hlu l#inny# #r!n# ##l budiny# y#n(

$r#ns!d!n+

/+ G M#r/!l &#nusi# b!r sif#$ is$i&!-# #r!n# s!b#(#i "rib#di

y#n( &!&!rlu#n or#n( l#in+

b+ S!/#r# !$isI&&#nu!l 3#n$ &!ny#$##n b#h-# nil#i&#nusi# $!rl!$# d#l#&

!b!b#s#nny# d#n o$ono&iny#* y#n( ny#$# d#l#& "r#sis hidu"*

d#l#& hidu" &or#lny#+ T!$#"i hidu" &or#l y#n( b!&il#i i$u b!r##r

d#l#& nil#i r!li(iusny#* s!b#b !b!b#s#nny# b!r#s#l d#ri Tuh#n +

&. H$ A;!i

H#'h# #s#si &#nusi# di#ui s!b#(#i b#(i#n hu&#nis#si hidu"

y#n( $!l#h &ul#i $!r(#l#n( s!j# &#nusi# &!nj#di s#d#r $!n$#n( $!rn,

"#$n y# d#n $u(#sn y# di duni# ini+ >l!h #r!n# i$u h# #s#si di#n((#"

s!b#(#i fund#&!n y#n( di#$#sny# s!luruh or(#nis#si hidu" b!rs#&#h#rus dib#n(un+ H# 'h# #0#si dib#(i d#l#& du# j!nis

<+ H# #0#si indi4idu#l y#i$u h# #$#s hidu" d#n "!r!&b#n(#n

hidu" s!"!r$i h# #$#s !b!b#s#n b#$in* h# #$#s n#&# b#i* h#

#$#s !b!b#s#n #(#&#* d#n s!b#(#iny#+ H#'h# d#s#r ini disu,

sun $!ru$#&# d!&i "!rlindun(#n "rib#di &#nusi# $!rh#d#"

!u#s##n N!(#r#+

5+ H# #0#si s!b#(#i &#h lu sosi#l* y#n( dib#(i d# l#& h#'h#

!ono&is* sosi#l d#n ul$ur#I+

Aniversal 1eclaration o$ +uman 3ight <?@: $id# &!n/i"$#,

#n h#'h# #0#si* $!$#"i h#ny# &!&#lu&#nny# * &!li"u$i

#+ M#nusi# &!&"uny#i h#'h# !b!b#s#n "oli$i* di&#n# $i#"

"rib#di h#rus dilindun(i $!rh#d#" "!ny!l!-!n(#n d#ri "ih#

"!&!rin$#h+

b+ M #nusi# &!&"uny#i h#'h# !b!b#s#n sosi#l * y#i$u h# un$u

&!&!nuhi !bu$uh#n "oo s!"!r$i s#nd#n(* "#n(#n* "!r#-#$,

#n* !s!h#$#n d#n "!ndidi#n+

##7

M#nusi# &!&"uny#i h#'h# !b!b#s#n si"il d#n "oli$i d#l#&

&!n!n$u#n "!&!rin$#h#n d#n poli c% "!&!rin$ #h#n $!rs!bu$+



<<

BAB 6III

KEBEBASANMANUSIA

DANPEMBEBANANHUKUM

Huu& b!rsif#$ &!-#jib#n&!&b!b#n#n d#n l#-#n d#ri

"!&b!b#n#n #d#l#h /b/b#s#n + M#nusi# di/i"$##n ol!h Tuh#n d#l#&

!#d##n b!b#s d#n &!rd!#* l#lu b#(#i&#n# !dudu#n huu& d#l#&

on$!s !b!b#s#n &#nusi#

A+ EKSISTENSI

Esi s$/nsi #d#l#h /#r# &#nusi# b!r#d # di duni# s!b#(#i subj ! y#n( onri$+ P!n (!r$i#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i subj! y#n( onri$ disini

&#sudny# #d#l#h &#nusi# d#l#& "!n( !r$i#n subj !$ if'onr i$

y#i$u &#nusi# d#l#& !dudu#nny# s!b#(#i subj ! di duni#

Esis$!nsi &!li"u$i du# di&!nsi di&!nsi i&&#n!nsi *

y#i$u #"# s#j# y#n( dil#u#n &#nusi# b!r"us#$ "#d # ! s#d#r#n

&#nusi# $!n$#n( diriny#* s!hin((# s! luruh hidu"ny# di#l#&i

s!b#(#i b#(i#n diriny# (atinlsistit) , d#n di&!nsi $r#ns!d!nsi *

y#i$u &#nu si# $id# hidu" d#l#& b#$in s#j# * $/$#"i #"# y#n(

dir#s##nny# d#l#& b#$in i$u #d#l#h #"# y#n( #d# di lu#r diriny#+

I D#l#& fils#f#$ $!n$#n ( &#nusi#* "!r$#&#'$#&# &#nusi# di&!n(/r$i s!/#r#

oby!$if'#bs$r# y#i$u d#l#& d/finisi home est animal rationale &#nusi# #d#l#h

rn#hlu y#n( b/r##l budi+ 3/&udi# n &#nusi# di&!n (!r$i s//#r# subj!$if'#bs$r#

d#l#& u/#"#n D!s/#r$/s* co gi to ergo sum s#y# b/r"iir &## s#y# #d#* di&#n#

$!#n#nny# $/rl!$# d#l#& /hidu"#n b#$in + T!r#hir d#l#& fils#f#$ !sis$/nsi#l

&#nusi# di&!n(!r$i s// #r# subj!$if'onri$* &#nusi# #d#l#h subj! di duni#+ 8ih#$

Huijb!rs <?? 5 +

M#nusi# s!b# (#i subj ! y#n( i&&#n!n d#n $r#ns!d!n b!rsif# $

din#&is * h#l ini di$#nd#i d!n(#n !ny#$##n b#h- # &#nusi# b!r!&,

b#n( &!nuju #r#h ! d!" #n + S!l#in i$u &#nusi# ju(# b!r!&b#n(

&!l#lui $ind# #nny# s!n dir i+ Sif#$ &#nu si# y#n( din#&is $!rs!bu$

&!&un/ul#n id! un/i b#(i "!n(!r$i#n &#nusi# * y#i$u !b!b#s#n+

B. KEBEBASAN EKSISTENSIAL

M#nusi# &!&#n( $id # b!b# s un$u &#su ! duni# #r !n#

i# $id# d#"#$ &!&ilih d#ri s i#"# i# dil #hir#n * di&#n# i# ##n l#hir *

#"#

j!n is !l#&inny# * b#(#i& #n# b!n$u $ubuhny# d#n l#in s!b#(#iny# +

N#&un s!$!l#h &#nusi# b!r#d# di duni# s!sun((uhny# i# &!ru"##n

&#hlu y#n( b!b#s + 3!b !b#s#n $!rs!bu$ &!ny#n(u$ &#s# d!"#n *

bu#n &#s# y#n( l#&"#u + M# s# y#n( l#&"#u &!ru"##n &#s# y#n(

h#rus i# $!ri&# d#n s!b#(#i !n y#$##n d#ri diriny# y#n( $id# d#"#$ i#

hil#n(#n+ M#nusi# !&udi#n &!n !n$u#n #r$i diriny# d#n &!-ujud,#n !hidu"#nny# s!b#(#i ul$ur !bud#y##n + 3ul$ur &!ru"##n

si&bol !is$i&!-##n diriny# s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!b#s+ 3ul$ur

$!rs!bu$ d#l#& $in(#$#n y#n( l!bih $in((i $!r&#nif!s$#si &!nj#di

"!r#d#b#n + >l!h !sis$!n si &#nusi# #d# !$i# i# s!b#(#i subj! di

duni# &#&"u &!n/i"$##n bud#y# d#n "!r#d#b#n d#l #& r#n(#

&!-ujud#n !hidu"#nny#+ D!n(#n #$# l#in &#nusi# y#n( $id#

b!rbud#y# d#n $id# b!r#d# b b!r#r$ i $!l#h !hi l#n(#n !sis$!nsiny#

s!b#(#i &#nusi# s! b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!b#s !hil#n(#n !b!b#s#n

!sis$!nsi#lisny#+

M!n(#"# s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!b#s &#nusi# jus$ru $!ri#$

d!n(#n bud#y# d#n #d#b M#nusi# di#r$i#n s!b#(#i &#hlu b!b#s*

$id# di&#sud#n b#h-# s!&u# $ind##nny# b!b#s + 3!b!b#s#n disini

#d#l#h b!b#s ##n su#$u $ind##n &#nusi#-i (actus humanus% d#n

bu#n b!b#s ##n su#$u $ind##n &#nusi# (actus hominisi. Tind##n

&#nusi# (actus hominist #d#l#h $ind##n y#n( d#"#$ dil#u#n &#nu,

si#* s!"!r$i b!rj#l#n * &!nolon( or#n( l#in* &!n/uri* &!&"!ros# *

&!&bunuh d#n l#in s!b#(#iny# * n#&un bu#n ini y#n( di&#sud

d!n(#n !b!b#s#n !sis$!nsi#l &#nu si#+ 3!b!b#s#n !sis$!nsi#l #d#l#h

<<C



<<7

!b!b#s#n y#n( b!r"#n(#l "#d# !b!b#s#n ##n $ind##n &#nusi#-i

(actus humanus) , y#i$u "!rbu#$#n y#n( s!su#i d!n(#n odr#$lfi$r#h

&#nusi# s!su#i d!n(#n "!$unju d#ri y#n( &!n/i"$##nny#+

D#ri sini i$# d#"#$ &!&#h#&i ji# d#l#& s!j#r#h fils#f#$ s!n#n,

$i#s# $i&bul !r#(u#n $!n$#n( !&un(in#n &#nusi# &!&ilii $ind#,

#n b!b#s s!j #$i &!nuru$ 3 .!r$!ns <?: 9??'@<5 h#l ini dis!b#b,

#n ,

#+ M!nuru$ "#h#& &#$!ri#lis&!'d!$!r&inis$is* s!&u#ny# b!rj#l#n

&!nuru$ s!b#b'#ib#$ y#n( i$# !n#l d#ri #l#& &#$!ri#l+

M#nusi # s!b#(#i &#hluj #s&# ni $id# lu"u$ d#ri huu& s!b#b

#ib#$ ini+

b+ )r!ud d#l#& 2$!o ri b#-#h s#d#r2 &!n(#$##n b#h-# s!luruh

!l#u#n &#nusi# b!r#s#l d#ri doron(#n b#-#h s#d#r y#n( $id#

diu#s#i !h!nd# i$#+

/+ M!nuru$ "#h#& s$ru$ur#lis&!* &#nusi# $!rb!l!n((u d#l#&

s$ru$ur's$ru$ur y#n( &!n((!n((#& !hidu"#nny# di duni#+

M!nuru$ filsuf s$ru$ur#Blis&! &#nusi# s!b!n#rny# bu#n indi,

4idu + .#h-# di# &!r#s# diriny# indi4idu * &!ru"##n su#$u

h#y#l#n ilusi+ M#nusi# $!rb!l!n((u d#l#& s$ru$ur's$ru$ur

&#sy#r##$* s!d!&ii#n ru"# s!hin((# i# $id# &#&"u &!&,

bu#$ s!j# r#hny# s!ndiri +

.#h-# &#nusi# #d#l#h su#$u &#hlu y#n( b!b#s $id# d#"#$

dibu$i#n s!/#r# &#$!&#$is* $!$#"i d#"#$ dib!n#r#n b!rd#s#r#n

"!n(#l#&#n s!ndiri + D#s#r !b!b#s#n &#nus i# #d#l#h b#h-# i# &!&,

"uny#i su#$u "#nd#n(#n y#n( lu#s #$#s b!b!r#" # !&un(in#n y#n(

#d# "#d# diriny# s!ndiri &#u"un "#d# l#"#n(#n $ind##nny#+ P#n,

d#n(#n uni4!rs#l ini y#n( &!ni&bul#n #l$!rn#$if b!r$ind# + Y#n( b!rsi f#$ h#i i b#(i !b!b#s#n &#nusi# #d#l#h b#h-# $ind##nny#l

"ilih#nny# b!r#s#l d#ri diriny# s!ndiri+ M!nuru$ Huijb!rs <?? @

inisi#$if"ilih#n s!ndiri &!ru"##n unsur y#n( &!n!n$u#n b#(i !b!,

b#s#n su#$u $ind##n+ 8!bih l#nju $ Hui jb!rs &!ny#$## n b#h-# &#nu,

si# b!rsif#$ b!b#s s!b#b i# &!&"uny#i B##lbu diB d!n(#n "#nd#n(#n

uni4!rs#l d#n B !h!nd#B un $u &!&ilih #"# y#n( di!h!nd#iny#

s!ndiri+ Huijb!rs &!n(ri$i "!n(!r$i#n !b!b#s#n &#nusi# d#l#&

<<C

buu J+P+ S#r$r! L 'etr e et le neant y#n( &!ny!$##n b#h-# !b!b#s#n

&!nuru$ &#n#ny# $!rl !$# d#l #& !&#&"u#n &#nusi# un$u

&!n(#, $##n B$id# B $!rh#d#" &#s# l# luny#+ M!nuru$ Huijb!rs*

d!n(#n "!r, ny#$##n s!"!r$i ini b!r#r$i in$is#ri !b!b#s#n s!b#(#i

inisi#$if"ilih#n #$#s d#s#r "!n(!r$i#n $!l#h di#b#i#n+

3!b!b#s#n &#nusi# $id# $#n"# b# $#s+ Ti# " '$i#" "ilih#n

#d#l#h $!rb#$#s* b#i #r!n# f#$or !s$!rn#l &# u"un in$!rn#l+

T!rb#$#sny# "ili h#n dis!b#b#n h#l#n(#n'h#l#n(#n b# i y#n(

b!rs if# $ !s$!rn#l &#u"un y#n( b!rsif#$ in$!rn#l+ D#l#& fil#s#f#$

$r#dision#l * #d# !&"#$ h#l#n(#n y#n( di&#sud

#+ H#l#n(#n y#n( b!r#s#l d#ri b#$in* y#i$u !$id#"!n(!$#hu#n

(ignorantia) !$#u$#n (metus) d#n n#fsu (passio).

b + H#l#n(#n y#n( b!r#s#l d#ri lu#r b#$in* y#i$u !!r#s#n (violen-

tia) #$#u $!#n#n #$#u "#s##n Huijb!rs* <?? +

3!b!b#s#n d#ri h#l#n(#n'h#l#n(#n $!rs!bu$ b!ru"# "ilih#n #$#u

inisi#$if un$u &!&ilih d#n b!r$ind#+ Di d#l#& b#$in* !$id# "!n(!,$#hu#n &!ru"##n h#l#n(#n d#l#& b!r$ind#* s!b#b #r!n#ny# !(i#$,

#n ##l budi diur#n(i+ S !d#n(#n ! $#u$#n d#n n#fsu &!ru"##n

h#l#n(#n b!r$ind# #r!n# i# &!ny!b#b#n !(i#$#n !h!nd#

diur#n(i+

Di lu#r b#$in si$u#si fisi s!s!or#n( d#n "!rl#-#n#n y#n( b!r,

#s#l d#ri lin(un(#n* hususny# "!n((un##n !!r#s#n* d#"#$ di"#n,

d#n( s!b#(#i h#l#n(#n b#(i b!r$ind# s!/#r# b!b#s ju(#+ T!ri!bih*

"!n((un##n !!r#s#n d#ri "ih# lu#r !b!b#s#n d#"#$ hil#n( s#&#

s!#li+ .il# !$!rb#$#s#n b!r$ind# dis!b#b#n ol!h or#n( l#in s!/#r#

$id# -#j#r* !$!rb#$#s#n i$u di#l#&i s!b#(#i !$id#b!b#s#n+ D!n(#n

d!&ii#n d#"#$ disi&"ul#n b#h-# !b!b#s#n b!ru"# ini si# $if b!b#s b!r$ind#* b!b#s &!&ilih &!ru"##n !b!b#s#n d#ri h#l#n(#n d#n

"#s##n+

In$is#ri !b!b#s#n #d#l#h b#h-# &#nusi# d#"#$ b!r$ind#

&!nuru$ inisi#$if s!ndiri d#n "ilih#n s!ndiri #$#s d#s#r "#nd#n(#nny#

y#n( uni4!rs#l+ Ti#"'$i#" $ind##n $!rdiri d#ri $i(# unsur :#; $ind##n

i$u s!ndiri 5 #s#l $ind##n d#n 9 $uju#n $ind##n+ M#n# !b!b#s'

<<: <<?



<<:

#n #d#l#h bil# &#nu si# &#&"u &!n(#r#h#n di r iny # !#r#h

su#$u $uju#n y#n( b!rnil#i b#(iny#+ M#n# !b!b #s#n s/ &#/#&

inil#h y#n( dis!bu$ s!b#(#i !b!b#s#n ! si s$!n si#l * #r !n # ! b!

b#s#n di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i s#r#n# un$u &!n/#"# i $uj u#n hidu"ny#* d#n

d! n(#n d!&i i#n &!n( !&b#n (#n !sis$!n siny# s!s u#i d!n(#n /i$#'

/i$# in$i "rib#diny# Huijb!r s* <?? 7 +

D#ri sin i d#"#$ disi&"ul #n b#h -# ons!" ! b!b#s#n !s

is$!n' si#l* #d#l#h

3!b !b #s#n !sis$!n si#l #d#l #h !b !b#s#n y#n( di(un##n

s!, b#( # i s#r#n# un$u &!n/#" # i $uju #n hidu" ny#* un$u &!n

(!&, b#n(#n !sis $!nsiny# s!s u#i d!n(#n /i$#'/ i$# in$ i "rib#din

y#+

Tuju#n in$i "rib#di $id# h#rus b#i * $! $#"i j u(# d#"#$ b!r

sif #$ j#h#$+ S/hin((# b#i #$#u j #h#$ $id # $!r& #su d#l #&

"!r$i&, b#n(#n b#h-# i$u &!ru "##n !b !b#s#n !s is$!ns i# l+

Ni!$ s0h ! d#n S#r$r! &!n (#$ ##n b#h-# h#ny# or #n ( y#n(

u#$, l#h y#n ( ##n b!rh# sil hid u" s!/#r# b!b#s* y#i $u or#

n( y#n( &#&" u &!n (#$#si h#l#n (#n'h#l#n(#n di #$#s+

=+ KEBEBASAN MANUSIA DA N KEHENDAK TUHAN

+. Pengertin Ke5en 4$ T#5n 7T <4ir8

Y#n( di&#sud d!n(#n is$il#h $#Fdi r "# d# "!&b#h#s#n ini

#d#l#h Dadar (; #5Dadar 9h airuhu wa 7 %arruhu) #$#u Dadlia' d#n

Dadar (;# Dadha wal Dadar). S!/#r# !$ i&olo(i s qadha #d#l#h b!n$u

tnashdar d#ri #$# !rj# qadha y#n( b!r#r$i !h!nd# #$#u !$!$#"#n

huu&* y#i$u !h!nd# #$#u !$!$#"#n huu& All#h $!rh#d#" s!(# l#s!su#$u+ S!d#n(#n qadar s!/ #r# !$i&olo(is #d#l#h b!n$u mashdar

d#ri qadara y#n( b!r#r$i uur#n #$#u !$!n$u#n * y#i$u uur#n #$#u

!$!n$u#n All#h $!rh#d#" s!(#l# s!su#$u Ily#s * <??5 <:5+ M!nuru$

Hil#bi * qadlia #d#l#h !!s!usi * "!l#s#n##n "!n /i"$##n s!(#l# s!su#

, $u s!d#n( L#d#r #d#l#h !$!n$u#n'!$!n$u#n y#n ( #d# "#d#

/i"$##n i$u J#i0* <??7 9C + Hill#bi l!bih l#nju$ &!n(!&u ##n b#h-#

d!n(#n &!&"!l#j#ri qadha #"# y#n( di/i"$##n A ll# h un$u

&!n(!$#hui

<<?

F#d#&y# i$ul#h $i&bu l il&u "!n(!$#hu #n +

Ul#&# y#n( l# in &!ny #$# #n b#h-# qadha #d#l#h

!ny#$##n huu& y#n( $!l#h di$!$#"#n All# h s! j # ! aman a !al %

d#l#& il&u Tuh #n $!rh#d#" s! su#$u * y#n( s!# r# n( $! l#h $!r-ujud*

s! "! r$i hidu"* &#$i * s!n#n(* sus#h * d#n s!b# (#iny# + S! d#n(# n F# d#r

#d#l# h r !n/#n# #$#u "ro(r#& y#n( b!r#d# di d#l #& il&u Tu h#n ( !

am an a! al%) un$u &!n!n$u#n s!(#l# s! su#$u $!ori$ is + D#ri "!n(!

r$i#n i$u d#" #$ disi&, "ul#n b#h- # qadha &!ru"##n &#nif /s$ #si d#ri

qada r.

Muh#&&#d N# Bi& Y#sin &!ny#$##n s!/#r # $!r&inolo(is #d #

ul#&# y#n( b!r"!nd#"#$ b#h-# !du# is$il#h $#di &!&"uny#i " !n(!r ,

$i#n y#n( s#&# d#n #d# "ul# y#n( &/&b !d##n "!n (!r$i#n !du#ny#+

Y#n( &!&b!d##n * &!nd!finisi#n L# d# r s!b#(# i Il&u All#h

$!n$#n( #"#'#"# y#n( ##n $!rj#di "#d# s!luruh &#hluny# di& #s#

y#n( ##n d#$#n(+ D#n qadha #d# l#h P!n/i"$##n s!(#l# s!su#$u ol!h

All#h s!su#i il&u d#n ir#d#h Ny#+ Ul#&# l#in &/n (#n((#" b#h-#

is$il#h qadh a d#n F#dh#r &!&ilii "!n(!r$ i #n y#n( s#&#* y#i$u

s!(#l# !$!n$u#n * und#n('und#n( * "!r#$ur# n d#n huu& y#n(

di$!$#"#n s!/#r "#s$i ol!h All#h un$u s!(#l# y#n( #d# (tnaujudi ,

y#n( &!n(i#$ #n$#r# s!b#b d#n #ib#$ s!(#l# s!s u#$u y#n( $!rj#di+

P!n (!r$i#n in i s! j # l#n d!n(#n "!n((u#n##n #$# qadar d#l#& AI

LurB#n d!n(#n b! rb#(#i d!ri4#si, ny# I<y#s* <??5 <:9+

Sy#ih Muh#&&#d bin Sh#l!h Al U$s#i&in &!ny#$##n &!nu,

ru$ "#r# ul#&# sh#l#f #s'sh#lih* F#dh# d#n F#d#r $!r&#su !d#l#&

s#l#h s#$u di #n$#r # $i(# &#/#& $#uhid* y#i$u talhid uluhi%ah , tauliid

ruui%ah d#n tauliid asm a wa s i$a t J#i0 * <??7 @6'@<+

*auhid Aluhi%ah i#l#h &!n(!s##n All#h d#l#& ib#d#h* y#i$u

b!rib#d#h h#ny# !"#d# All#h d#n #r!n#'Ny# s!&#$#+ T#uhid

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&!n(i&#ni d#n &!y#'

+ in i b#h-# All#h y#n( &!n /i"$ #* &!n(u#s#i d#n &!n(#$ur

#l#& s!&!s$#+ I&#n qadha d#n qadar #d#l#h $!r&#su T#uhid

Rububiy#h + T#uhid ;sm a B wa 7hi$at i#l#h &!n (!s##n All#h d#l#&

#s&# d#n sif#$ Ny# y#i$u &!n(i&#ni b#h-# $id# #d # &#hlu y#n(

s!ru"# d!n(#n All#h d#l#& 0#$ * #s& # &#u"un sif#$+

M!nuru$ Muh#&&#d bin Sh#l!h Al U$s#i&in d#l#& buuny#

;qi dah ;hl 7A@@@ah wal jama ' a h &!ny!bu$#n b#h-# $in(#$#n $#Fdir



<56

#$ #u F#d#r #d# !&"#$ $in(#$#n

<+ ; ll m

A ll#h &!n(!$#hui s!(# l# s!su#$u + Di# &!n(!$#hui #"#

y#n( $!l#h * s!d#n( d#n ##n $!rj#di + Di# &/ n(/ $#hui #"# y#n(

#d# di l#n (i$ d#n di b u&i * y#n( $!rli h#$ #$ # u" un y#n(

$!rs!&bunyi* s!/#r# u&u & &#u"un $!r"!rin/i* $/r &#su #$#s

"!rbu#$#nNy# s!nd iri &#u"un #$#s "!rb u#$#n &#h lu'Ny#+

D#l#& LS+ Al AnB#& #y#$ ? All#h b!rfir&#n

01 i sis i5%a segala ana/ /unei % a ng ghaib, t iadalah %ang

m engetah uin%a /ecuali 1ia s endiri. 1ia m engetahui apa

5apa %a ng ada d i darat dan di lauta n. *iadal ah gugur se helai

daun /a% u p All. melain/an 1ia meng etahui, dan tiada

seua h iji d al am ge lap g ulita dan tiada pula enda % ang

asah dan %a ng /e ring, ntelain/un seinuan%a da la tn /ita % ang

terang.

. ; # 9it aahA ll# h $! l#h &!nulis#n s!(#l# s!su #$u di 8#uh M#hfud0 +

A"# y#n( #d# s!#r#n( * d#n #"# y#n( $!l#h $!rj#di "#d# &#s#

l#lu* s!r$# #"# y#n( ##n $!rj#di "#d # &# s# y#n( ##n d#$#n(

$!l#h A ll# h $ulis#n d# l#& l#uh M#hfud 0+ A ll#h b!rfir&#n

0* iada s uatu nt us iah pun %ang nienimpa di utni dantida/

pula pada diri mu se ndiri mel ain/an t elal t t ertu lis da lam

/ita (la uh a h$ud !) see lum 9a mi mencip ta/ann% a.

7esungguh n%a %an g d etni/ ian itu inudah agi ;ll ah . (/a mi

jel as/ an %a ng d em i/ian it u) supa%a / at nu jangan erdu/a

eita terhadap apa %an g lu p ut dar i / amu , da n s upa%a /antu jan gan terla lu ge mira t erh ad ap a pa %a ng dier/an5%a

/ epadamu. 1an ; lla h tida/ m en%u /ai se tiap ora ng %an g so

mong lagi tnemangga/an diri.

LS+ A I H#did 55'59

F . ;# ais%a h

.# h-# s!(# l# s!su#$u y#n( $!rj #di #$#u $id# $!rj# di #d#

l#h d!n (#n !h!nd# A ll# h+ 3! h!nd# All#h &!li"u$i s!(# l#

s!s u#, $u * $id# #d# s!s u# $u "un $!rj #di di l#n(i$ d#n di bu&i

!/u#li #$#s ! h!nd# A ll#h + D#n A ll#h $!l#h &!n!$#"#n

b#h-# #"# y#n( d i"!rb u#$'Ny# #d#l#h !h !nd#'N y # $!r&

#su #"# y#n( di" !rbu #$ h#&b#'N y# $! r&#su !h!nd#'Ny#

ju(#+ A ll#h b!r'

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fir&#n

0 (% a itu) a gi siapa diant ara /amu %an g tnau m enempult

ja lan %an g lurus. 1an /amu tid a/ dapat tnettgh enda/i (meu

empuh jal an itu= / ecuali apaila di/ elienda/i ;llah . *uhan

s em esta ;lam . LS + A$ T #- ir 5: '5?

G. ; /halq

All#h &!n/i"$##n s!(#l# s!su#$u * $!r&#su "!rbu#$#n &#nu si# +All#h b!rfir&#n

0adalial ;lla h lah %ang m encipta/an /amu dan apa %ang

/amu p eruat itu 0 LS+ As Sh#f##$ ?7

&. Alirn

U&#$ Isl#& d#l#& &!nyi#" i !b !r#d##n $#Fdir b!r&#/#&,

&#/ #& d#n s//#r# u&u& di(olon(#n &!nj#di $i(# (olon(#n

I+ 3 !lo&"o y#n ( !s$ri& d#l#& &!n!$#"#n F#d#r d#n &!no l#

#d#ny# /h !nd# d#n !&#rn"u #n &#hlu "#h#& Jaa ri%a h).

5+ 3 !lo&"o y#n ( !s$ri& &!nol # #d#ny# F#d#r d#n &!n

(#n(, (#" b#h-# #"# y#n( dil#u#n d#n $!rj#di "#d# &#nusi#

#d#l#h #$#s us#h # d#n #ib#$ d#ri "!rbu#$#nny# s!ndir i "#h#&

Dadari5 % ah )..

9+ M!r! # y#n ( b!r i&#n s!h in((# dib !ri "!$unju ol!h All#

h un$u &!n !&u#n !b!n#r#n y#n( &/r!# "!rs!lisih#n

J#i0 *

<??7 @5+

Ti&bulny# (olon (#n'(olon(#n $#di dis!b#b#n ol!h+ #d#ny#

b!rb#(#i "!&#h#&#n y#n( b!rb !d# /li ru d#l#& &!& "!r/#y#i #d#,

ny# $#Fdir+

Ji# i$# &!n(iu$i "#nd#n(#n !lo&"o y#n( "!r$#&# tjaar i-

%a h) &## &!n (#"##h A ll#h &!nurun#n sy#ri#$ ! &u# b

u&i P#d#h#l s!&u# "!rbu#$#n y#n( i$# l#u#n &!ru"##n !h!nd#

d#n !in(in#n All#h* H#l ini s#n(#$ b!r$!n$#n (#n d!n(#n #"# y#n(

All#h fir&#n#n d#l#& n#sh'n#sh AI Lur B#n * s!"!r$i d#l#& Ls+ Al

An B#& #y#$ <@:

<59



0?rang5orang %ang memperse/utu/an *uhan a/an mengata-

/an: 0ji/a ;llah mengliend a/i nisca%a /am i tida/ a/an memperse/u-

tu/an ;llah dan tida/ pula /ami mengharatn/ an aran g sesuatu pun. 0

1emi/ian pula lah orang5orang see lum mer e/a telah mendusta/an

(para rasul) sampai mere/a merasa/an si/saan /ami. 9ata/anlah:

0ada/ah /aniu mempun%ai sesuatu pengetahuan sehingga /amu dapat

mengemu/a/ann%a /epada /ami80 /amu tida/ mengi/uti /ecuali per -

sang/aa n ea/a, dan /amu tida/ lain han%a erdusta 2+

S!b!n#&y# qadha d#n qadar #d#l#h s!su#$u h#l y#n( (#ib*

y#n( $!rs!&bunyi b#(i i$#* i$# $id# &!n(!$#hui b#h-# h#l i$u

qadlia d#n qadar, !/u#li s!$!l#h i$u $!rj#di+ S!b!lu& $!rj#di i$#

di"!rin$#h#n ol!h sy#ri#$ un$u &/nj#l#n#n h#l'h#l y#n( &!&b#-#

!b#i#n di duni# d#n #hir#$ s!su#i d!n(#n "!$unju #(#&# AI

L#rdh#-i* <??9 @+

S!d#n(#n ji# i$# &!n(iu$i "!nd#"#$ y#n( !du# iqada-

ri%ah) &## h#l ini "un b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n n#sh AI LurB#n &#u"un

y#n( $!rj#di d#l#& !ny#$##n+ Sy#ih Muh#&&#d bin sh#l!h AI Us,$#i&in &!ny#$##n &!r!# y#n( &!n(#nu$ "!nd#"#$ ini s!b!n#&y#

$!l#h &!n(in(#ri s #l#h s#$u #s"! d#ri ruui%ah All#h* d#n

b!r"r#s#n( # b#h-# #d# d#l #& !r#j##n All #h ini #"# y#n( $id#

di!h!nd#i d#n $id# di/i"$##nNy# J#i0* <??7 @?+ P!r/#y# ##n

qadha d#n %adar, $id#l#h b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n us# h# d#n "!rju#n(#n

un$u &!n(!j#r s!su#$u y#n( di!h!nd#i #$#u &!n/!(#h s!su#$u

y#n( dib!n/i+ Tid# d#"#$ di$!ri&# #l#s#n b#(i or#n( &#l#s d#l#&

&!l!$##n !s#l#h#n* dos#ny#* d#n $#n((un(j#-#bny# #$#s qadha

d#n qadar. Y#n( d!&ii#n i$u &!nunju#n d#lil !l!&#h#n d#n

I#riny# d#ri $#n((un( j#-#b AI L#rdh#-i* <??9 + )ir&#n All#h

2+++ 9ata/anlah (wahai na'i) : se/i ran% a /amu erada dirutnah /amu. nisca%a orang5orang %ang t elah dita/dir/an a/an mati

terunuh itu /eluar (juga) /e tempat mere/a ter'unuh .... 0 Ls+ Ali

I&r#n <@

S!d#n(# n "!nd#"# $ y#n( !$i(# &!n (#n((#" b#h-# &#nusi#

b!rbu#$ #$#s d#s#r !&# u#nn y# d#n b!r#$# &!n uru $ !in(in#nny#*

$!$#"i !in(in#n d#n !&#u#nny# i$u $id# l!"#s d#ri !&#u#n d#n

<59

!h!nd# All#h+ D#n !h!nd# All#h $id# l!"#s d#ri hi&#h d#n

!bij#s#n##nNy#* bu#n !h!nd# y#n( &u$l# d#n #bsolu$!+

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s!rin(#li &!ni&bul#n b!rb#(#i &#/#& "!r$#ny##n

#+ Ji# s!(#l# s!su#$u $!r(#n$un( "#d# !h!nd# All#h* l#lu #"#,

#h &#nusi# $id# &!&"uny#i "ilih#n d#l#& &!l#u#n s!,

su#$u did#l#& !hidu"#nny#

b+ Ji# s!(# l# s!su#$u sud#h di$!n$u# n All#h d#n sud #h di$ulis#n

di Lauh ah$ud! , l#lu un$u #"# &#nusi# b!rus#h# A"# "!r#n

d#ri us#h#ny# i$u

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l#lu &!n(#"# l# &!n(#dili "!rbu#$#n j#h#$ y#n( i$# l#u#n*

s!d#n( l# y#n( &!n/i"$##nny#

d+ Ji# All#h y#n( &!ny!s#$# n si#"# s#j# y#n( di!h!nd#i d#n

&!&b!ri "!$unju !"#d# si#"# y#n( Di# !h!nd#i+ 8#lu

!n#"# or#n( y#n( $id# &!nd#"#$ "!$unju disis# di n!r##

n#n$i

P!r$#ny##n'"!r$#ny##n di#$#s d#n "!r$#ny##n'"!r$#ny##n l#in

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su#$u #j#r#n y#n( $!rl!"#s d#ri on$!s !s!luruh#n #j#r#n Isl#&+

M!&#h#&i #y#$ #lFurB#n $!n$#n( !&u$l##n mais%ah All#h $#n"#

&!&#h#&i b#h-# All#h ju(# &!&b!ri#n &#isy#h !"#d# &#nusi#

##n &!<#hir#n "!&#h#&#n d#n si#" j#b#riy#h &!ni#d##n !h!n,

d# d#n ih$i#r &#nusi#* s!b#liny# &!&#h#&i #y#$ #l LurB#n $!n,

$#n( mais%ah d#n irodah &#nusi# $#n"# &!&#h#&i !&u$l##n d#n

iradah d#n mais%ah All#h ##n &!l#hir#n "!&#h# &#n d#n si#"

qadari%ali &#nusi# s!"!nuhny# y#n( &!n!n$u#n "!rbu#$#nny# s!n,

diri $#n"# /#&"ur $#n(#n All#h Ily#s * <??5 <:C+

Abdul Mujid A0 ;#nd#ny &!&b!ri#n s# $u #n#lo(i s!"!r$i s!,

or#n( (uru y#n( /!rd#s d#n $#hu b!$ul $!n$#n( !#d##n &urid'rnurid,

ny#* &!&bu#$ b!b!r#"# so#l un$u diuji#n !"#d# &urid'&uridny#+

l# &!nulis di #$#s !r$#s d#f$#r n#rn#'n#&# &urid y#n( i# y#ini d#"#$

lulus uji#n d#n d#n n#&#'n#&# y#n( $id# ##n lulus uji#n+ %#$u

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uji#n $ib#* d#n h#silny# "un $!rbu$i+ A"##h &urid'&urid y#n( $id#

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i$ul#h y#n( &!ny!b#b#n &!r!# $id# lulus+ 3i$# $#hu b#h-# #"#

y#n( di$ulis di #$#s !r$#s $#di ol!h s#n( (uru #d#l#h !ny#$##n y#n(

b!r#i$ #n d!n(#n "!n(!$#hu# n d#n "!n(#l#&#nny# &!n (!n# i !d###n

&urid'&uridny#+ D#n "!ny!b#b !(#(#l#n &!r!# #d#l#h #r!n#

!l#l#i#n d#n !&#l#s#n &!r!# s!ndiri A0 ;#nd#ny* <?:@ <7 +

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s!rin( &!ny!bu$ny# s!b#(#i "r!disi"!rir##n+ T!$#"i $#Fdir All#h

d!n(#n s!(#l# il&u'Ny# $!n$u $id# ##n &!l!s!$ d#n "#s$i $!rj#di + l#

&!nulis#n !(#(#l#n or#n( y#n( (#(#l d#n !b#h#(i#n or#n( y#n(

y#n( b!rh#sil s!su#i d!n(#n il&u'Ny#*

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un$u &!l#u#n #&#l !b#ji#n d#n &!l#r#n( &!l#u#n !j#h#$#n+

M#nusi# dis#$u sisi #d#l#h &#hlu inussa%ar, y#i$u $id# rn!rn"uny#i

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&in* !$urun#n* !&#$i#n * !l#hir#n d#n s!b#(#iny# + D#n disisi l#in

#d#l#h &#hlu u/ha%%ar y#i$u &!&ilii !b!b#s#n un$u &!n!,

ri&# #$#u &!nol# y#n( b!ru"# ih$i#r Ily#s * <??5 <::+ AlUs$#i&in

&!&#"#r#n bu$i'bu$i $!n$#n( #d#ny# ih$i#r b#(i &#nusi#

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#d#ny# M#isy#h d#n ir#d#h &#nusi# s!"!r$i d#l#& sur#$ Al

.#F#r#h #y#$ 559 d#n A$ T#ub#h #y#$ @7+

b+ Ad#ny# "!ri n$#h d#n l#r #n(# n All#h $!rh#d#" h#&b#ny#+

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!du#ny#+

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&!&b#n$#h All#h s!sud#h diu$us "#r# R#sul i$u lih#$ LS+ An

Nis# <7+

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$id# b!rd#s#r #n ! &#u#nny# s!ndiri $#n"# #d# y#n( &!&#,

s##nny# + S#n(#$ bis# dib!d ##n &#n# "!rbu#$#n y#n ( dil#u,

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&!nyuruh &#nusi# b!rbu#$ !j#h#$#n* b#h#n &!nyuruh &!r!#

b!rbu#$ !b#i#n+ M#n usi #l# h y#n( &!l#u#n !j#h#$#n $!rs !bu$ #$#s

!h!nd# d#n ih$i #&y# s!ndiri s!h in((# &#nusi#l#h y#n( n#n$iny#

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#n !h!nd# d#n !&#&"u#n $#di #d#l#h All#h+ And#i#$# $id# #d#

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ju(# i# $id# ##n b!rbu#$+ S!&u# "!rbu#$ #n y#n( &#n usi # l#u#n

did#s#ri ol!h !h!nd# d#n !&#&"u#n y#n( di/i"$##n All#h+ T!$#"i

"#d# h#i#$ny# &#n usi#l#h y#n( b!rb u#$* h#ny# y#n( &!n/i"$##n

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75 +

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si#"# s#j# y#n( di!h!nd#i d#n &!&b!ri hid#y#h !"#d# si#"# s#j#

y#n( Di# !h!nd#i+ T#n"# &!&#h#&i &#n# hid#y#h d#n "!rin$#h, "!r in$#h All #h un$u &!n/#r i hid#y#h d#n &!rnbi&bin( or#n( l#in

d#l#& &!n/#riny# ##n &!&un/ul#n "!r$#ny##n'"!r$#ny##n s!&#,

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hida%ah irs%ad d#n hida%ah #'anah A0 ;#nd#ny* <?:@ <7+ Hid#y#h

irsy#d dil#u#n ol!h "#r# R#sul d#l#& &!&bi&bin( i$# ! j#l#n

!b!n#r#n+ S!d#n(#n hida%ah ina%ah &!ru"##n $#h#" b!riu$ny#

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&!n!ri&#ny# + )ir&#n All#h

07 esungguhn %a /amu tida/ a/ an d ap at me m eri petunju/

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o rang %an g di/ eh enda/ilv%a, dan ; llah l eih m eng et ahui orm! g5

or4.ng %an g mau menerima pet unju/. LS+ AI L# shosh 7

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&!r!# y#n( &!nol# hid#y #h Ir sy#d + ) ir&#n All# h

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$as i/0 (DH. ;s 7ha$ : H) .

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/ epada #!ari a/hir, serta eng /a u eritnan / epada taqdir5 %a %

ang ai/ ' maupun %ang uru/ . ( +3. u slim)

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b!rfi r&#n

0+ai api menjadi dinginlah /amu, dan selamatlah agi

#rahim .0 LS + AI Anbiy# 7? +

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di #l#& s!&!s$# ini b!rj#l#n s!su#i #$ur#n* und#n('und#n(* d#n

huu& y#n( $!l#h di$!$#"#n "#s$i ol!h All#h tsunnatullah).

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.#(#i&#n# d!n(#n h#$i nur#ni* #"##h bis# &!nj#di "#$o#n

"!niI# i#n &or#l i$#s &#nusi# .!rb#(#i "#nd #n(# n "#r# s#rj#n# .#r#$

di #$#s &!&"osisi#n h#$i nur#ni s!b#(#i "#$o#n b#(i &or#li$#s

&#nusi#* s!b#(#i&#n# D + 4#n E/ <?C I <99 &!n(#$##n b#h-# h#$i

nur#ni i#l#h s#$u's#$uny# s#r#n# un$u s#&"#i "#d# nor&#'nor&#

&or#l (d e !ed enwet erei/t hem sl echts via !ijn innerlij/

oord eel).

M!si"un d#J#& $ulis#n D+ 4#n E/ y#n( diu$i" ol!h Huijb!rs <??

7 !y#in#n h#$i nur#ni $!n $#n( b #i $id#ny# su#$u $ind##n

b!rsu&b!r "#d# "!r$ i&b#n(#n ##l budi* "!ndiri#n or#n( l#in* d#n

-#hyu d#l#rn 3i$#b Su/i* n#&un "#d# !ny#$##ny# $id# s!"!r$i i$u+

3!y#in#n h#$i nur#ni d#l#& "r#$iny# h#ny# b!rsu&b!r "#d#

2!in(in#n "rib#di2 subj!+ S!b#(#i /on$oh &#s#l#h b!rhubun(#n

!l#&in"!#-in#n d!n(#n s! s#&# j!n is * incest, s! b!b#s* f!no&!n#

-#ri# d#n s!b#(# iny#* b#(i "!n(#n u$"!nd!ri$# &#s#l#h ini* h#l ini

&!r!# #n((#" s!su#i d!n(#n h#$i nur#niny#+ >l!h #r!n# i$u &!r!#

$id# s!(#n's!(#n un$u &!&"!r$on$on#nny# !"#d# or#n( l#in d#n

b#h#n &!&"!rj u#n(#nn y# hin((# ! "#rl !&!n+ Ji# d!&ii#n

* dih#d#"'h#d#"#n d!n(#n or#n( y#n( d#l#& h#$i nur#niny#

&!n(#n(, (#" b#h-# "!rbu#$#n'"!rbu#$#n s!"!r$i i$u &!ru"##n

"!nyi &"#n(#n * &#n # s!b!n# &y# su#r# h#$i nur#ni y#n( obj!$if

Mor#li$#s &#n#y#n( di#n((#" b!n#r ol!h h#$i nur#ni

Ahli'#hli .#r#$ y#n( d#l#& h#I ini &!n(#n((#" b#h-# su#r#

h#$i nur#ni i$u s!l#lu b!n#r d#n &!nj #di uur#n &or#li$#s &#nusi#*

&!si"un h#l ini s!sun((uhny# ju(# b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n fils#f#$ny#

0#&#n d#hulu homo hotnini lupus &#nusi# #d#l#h s!ri(#l# b#(i &#,

nusi# l#in* y#n( &!njus$ifi#si #d#ny# #$ur#n nor&#huu&+ T!rl!"#s

d#ri "!r$!n$#n(#n i$u * Isl#& &!&b#(i ji-# &#nusi# d#l#& $i(# !/!n,

d!run(#n na$su al5muthmainnah , na$su al5#awwamah, d#n na$sual-

amarah issu B+ a$su al5muthma innah &!ru"##n ji-# y#n( b#i*

na$su al5#awwamah &!ru"##n ji-# &od!r#$ y#n( &#&"u &!&il#h

s!su#$u i$u b#i #$#u buru* d#n na$su al5amarali issu ' &!ru"##n

ji-# y#n( $id# b#i+ M!nuru $ Isl#& &#nusi# s!sun((u hny# &!&"u,

ny #i $i(# "o$!nsi i$u s!/#r# b!rs#&#'s#&#* d#n y#n( &!nj#di "ij##n

d# l#& &!&#nd#n( b#h-# s!su#$u i$u s#l#h #$#u b!n#r #d#l#h -#hyu*

y#i$u -#hyu y#n( di$urun#n !"#d# &#nusi# y#n( &!nuru$ Tuh#n

h#l ini s!su#i denganjitrah odr#$ &#nusi#+

Si#" d#n "#nd#n(#n &#nusi# b!n#r !$i# i# &!&!do&#ni

-#hyu + >r#n( y#n( &!&!do&#ni -#hyu b!r#r$i i# &!n((un##n

na$su al 5muthmainnalnv%e s!b#liny# or#n( y#n( $id# &!&!do&#ni

-#hyu b!r#r$i i# &!n(iu$i !/!nd!run(#n na$su al 5amarah issu B*

D!n(#n d!&ii#n uur#n b!n#r d#n s#l#h d#l#& h#l ini &!nj#di

&u$l#* $id# r!l#$if s!b#(#i&#n# "#nd#n(#n "#r# #hli d#n r!#li$#s di

.#r#$* di$!n$u#n ol!h h#$i nur#ni y#n( dibi&bin( ol!h -#hyu+

E. KO*EKSISTENSI

M#nusi# #d#l#h &#hlu y#n( "#lin( s!&"u&# di #l#& ini*

b!rb!d# d#ri &#hlu '&#hlu l#in+ P!rb!d# #n i$u $#&"# d#ri

#r#$!ris$i s!b#(#i&#n# "#r# filosof &!ny!bu$ h#i#$ &#nusi#

d!n(#n is$il#h'is$il#h homo rationale, homo simolicuin, homo econo-

tnicus , homo social Arsi$o$!l!s * homo ludens Hui0in(#* homo men

- sura Pro$#(or#s * homo mechanicus 8# M!$$ri! * homo

viator G#bri!l M#r/!l* homo creator Mi/h#!l 8#nd&#n + Prof!ssor

No$o, n#(oro #I& &!&#nd#n( h#i#$ d#s#r on$olo(is &#nusi#

d#l#& N!(# r# R!"ubli Indon!si # y#n( b!r'P#n/#si l# s!b#(#i &#hlu

y#n( &ono"lur#lis + M#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( &ono"lur#lis

ol!h Prof!ssor No$on#(oro #I& di#r$i#n s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n(

&!rnilii

9 $i(# h#i#$ odr#$ s!b#(#i b!riu$

# Sif#$ odr#$* y#i$u &#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu indi4idu d#n

&#hlu sosi#l+

b+ Susu n#n odr#$ * y#i$u &#nusi # s!b#(#i &# hlu y#n ( $!rsusun

d#ri du# un sur* y#i$u r#(# d#nji-# +

/+ 3!dudu#n odr#$* y#i$u &#nusi # s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!rdiri

s!ndiri d#n &#hlu /i"$##n Tuh#n Y#n( M#h# Es#+

<9@ <9



<9@

A$#s d#s#r "!&#h#&#n h#i# $ odr#$ on$olo(i &#nusi# y#n(

&ono"lur#lis i$u &## i$# d#"#$ d!n(#n &ud#h &!&#h#&i hubun(#n

#n$#r# &#nusi# d!n(#n nil#i'nil#i hidu"ny#+ P#d# !ny#$##nny# &#nu,

si# hidu" b!rs#&#'s#&# d!n(#n or#n( l#in d#n !b!rs#&##n ini ny#$#

d#l#& s!luruh hidu" &#nusi# d#l#& s!(#l# $ind##nny#+ >l!h #r!n#

i$u !sis$!nis &#nusi# s!l#lu b!r#r$i ju(# o'!sis$!nsi + D#l#&

o!sis$!nsi $!rd#"#$ $i(# $in(#$ Huijb!rs* <?? 75'7@

<+ 3o'!sis$!nsi biolo(is'"siis* y#n( b!rd#s#r#n /eutuhan B#uB+

D#l#& !#d##n ini B#uB di"#nd#n( l!bih $in((i d#ri"#d#

&#nusi# l#in+ >r#n( l#in s!d#"#$'d#"#$ny# di#r#h#n un$u &!&!,

nuhi !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n B#uB+ Aib#$ny# hidu" b!rs#&# i$u di,

$#nd#i d!n(#n !s"loi$#si d#n do&in# si &#nusi# "#d# &#nusi# l#in+

.il# !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n "rib#d i i$u &!nj#di s#$u's#$uny# $i#n(

b#(i "!&b!n$u#n hidu"* &## d!n(#n d!&ii #n hidu" i$u b!r$u&,

"u "#d# su#$u !(ois&! indi4idu#l b!l##+

H!rb!r$ S"!n/!r <:56'<?69 b!r"!ndiri#n b#h-# &!&#n(

inil#h si$u#si hidu" y#n( s!b!n#&y#+ S!su#i d!n(#n $!ori !4olusi

=h#rl!s D#r-in dij!l#s#n b#h-# "rinsi"'"rinsi" !4olusi b!rl#u

b#(i !hidu"#n &#nusi# ju(# * s!"!r $i struggl e $o r li$e, the survival

o$ the $ittest, natural selection. T!ori ini dis!bu$ D#r-inis&! sosi#l*

huu& dibu#$ un$u &!n(#$ur !4olusi !hidu"#n b!rs#&# d#l#&

&#sy#r##$ indus$ri &od!& y#n( b!r$u&"u "#d# !(ois&! indi4i,

du#l =o"l!s$on* <?7<'<?C <@5'<7:+ M

5+ 3o'!sis$!nsi !$is b!rd#s#r#n !s#&##n ha/.

D#l#& !#d##n ini #u di"#nd#n( s#&# $in((i d!n(#n &#nusi#

l#in+ Prinsi" r#sion#l ini y#n( &!nj#di su&b! r huu&+

9+ 3o'!sis$!nsi !$is b!rd#s##n /ewajian.D#l#& !#d##n ini &#nusi# l#in di"#nd#n( l!bih $in((i d#ri"#d#

#u+ Prinsi" r#sion#l ini y#n( &!nj#di su&b!r &or#l hidu"

&#nusi#+

F. KEPEMILIKAN

1. Pengertin H$ Mili$

Is$il#h &ili b!r#s#l d#ri b#h#s# #r#b y#i$u mil/. Mili s!/#r#

lughowi di#r$i#n s!b#(#i 2&!&ilii s!su#$u d#n s#n((u" b!r$ind#

s!/#r# b!b#s $!rh#d#"ny#2 H#sbi Ash'Shiddi!Fy* <?:? : + M!nuru$is$il#hi &ili did!finisi#n s!b#(#i su#$u i/litisas y#n( &!n(h#l#n(i

or#n( l#in * &!nuru$ sy#ri#$* y#n( &!&b !n#r#n "!&ili i/htisas i$u

b!r$i nd# $!rh#d#" b#r#n( &iliny# s!!h!nd#ny#* !/u#li #d#

"!n(h# l #n( H#sbi Ash'Shiddi!Fy* <?:? : +3#$# B&!n(h#l#n(iB d#l#& d!finisi di#$#s &#sudny# #d#l#h

s!su#$u y#n( &!n/!(#h or#n( y#n( bu#n "!&ili s!su#$u b#r#n(

un$u &!&"!r(un##n #$#u &!&#nf##$#n d#n b!r$ind# $#n"# "!r,

s!$uju#n $!rl!bih d#hulu d#ri "!&iliny# + S!d#n(#n "!n(!r$ i#n

B"!n(h#l#n(B #d#l#h s!su#$u !$!n$u#n y#n( &!n/!(#h "!&ili un$u

b!r$ ind# $!rh#d#" h#r$ # &iliny#+

H# &ili d#l#& "#nd#n(#n Huu& Isl#& d#"#$ dib!d##n&!nj#di

I + H# &ili y#n( s!&"u&# tmil/ut tam) , y#i$u !"!&ili#n y#n(

&!li"u$i "!n(u#s##n $!rh#d#" b!nd#ny# 0#$ny# d#n &#nf##$,

* ny# h#sil b!nd# s!/#r# !s!luruh#n +5 + H# &ili y#n( ur#n( s!&"u&# (mil/un naqish), dis!bu$

d!&ii#n #r!n# !"!&ili#n $!rs!bu$ h#ny# &!li"u$i b!nd#ny#

s#j# * #$#u &#nf##$ny# s#j#+

&. Se H$ Mili$

S!l#nju$ny# d#"#$ di!&u##n s!b#b's!b#b s!s!or#n( &!&"u,

ny#i h# &ili &!nuru$ Huu& Isl#&* d#"#$ di"!rol!h d!n(#n /#r#

<+ Dis!b#b#n #hra !ul mualtat &!&ilii b!nd# y#n( bol!h

di&ilii.#r#n(lb!nd# y#n( d#"#$ dij#di#n s!b#(#i obj! !"!&ili#n

#d#l#h bu#n b!nd# y#n( &!nj#di h# or#n( l#in d#n bu#n

"ul# b!nd# di&#n# #d# l#r#n(#n huu& #(#&# un$u di#&bil

<97 <9C



s!b#(#i h# &ili+ Di#n$#r#ny# d!n(#n b!rburu* &!&bu# $#,

n#h b#ru y#n( b!lu& #d# "!&iliny#* #ir di sun(#i* "!n(us#,

h##n b#r#n( $#&b#n( (ri/a!) d#n h#r$ # r#&"#s#n "!r#n(+

5+ Dis!b#b#n al 5Aqud ##d

P!n(!r$i#n ##d #$#u "!ri#$#n d#l#& l#"#n(#n huu& h#r$#

!#y##n #d#l#h su#$u hubun(#n huu& &!n(!n#i !#y##n

h#r$# b!nd# #n$#r# du# or#n( y#n( &!&b!ri h# "#d# y#n( s#$uun$u &!nun$u$ s#r#n( s!su#$u d#ri y#n( l#inny#* s!d#n(#n

or#n( y#n( l#inny# ini di-#jib#n &!&!nuhi $un$u$#n i$u So!,

b!$i * <??7 <55'<59 + Ad#"un l#sifi#si "!rbu#$#n huu&

$!rs!bu$ #d#l#h

#+ P!rbu#$#n s!"ih#* y#i$u "!rbu#$#n huu& y#n( dil#u#n

ol!h s#$u "ih# s#j# d#n &!ni&bul#n h# d#n !-#jib#n

"#d# "ih# y#n( l#inn y#* &is#l "!&bu#$#n sur# $ -#si# $* d#n

"!&b!ri#n h#di#h hib#h+

b+ P!rbu#$#n huu& du# "ih#* y#i$ u "!rbu#$#n huu& y#n(

dil#u#n ol!h du# "ih# d#n &!ni&bul#n h#'h# d#n

!-#jib#n'!-#jib#n b#(i !du# b!l#h "ih# s!/#r# $i&b#l b#l i * &is#l ju#l b!li* s!-# &!ny!-# * "!rj #nji #n !rj# d#n

l#in s!b#(#iny#+

9+ Dis!b#b#n al59hala$i%ah "!-#ris#n

Y#i$u s!s!or#n( &!&"!rol! h h# &ili dis!b#b#n #r!n#

&!n!&"#$i $!&" #$ or#n( l#in Suhr#-#rdi* 566@ <<+ 8#hi&y#

h# &ili ini d#"#$ di!lo&"o#n &!nj#di du#

#+ 9hala$i%ah s%a/h s%a n s%a/hs%, s!rin( ju(# diis$il#h#n

d!n(#n irts, y#i$u #hli -#ris &!n!&"#$i $!&"#$ si "!-#ris

&!li"u$i !"!&ili#n s!(#l# h#r$# y#n( di$in((#l#n ol!h

"!-#ris $!rs! bu$+

b+ h#l# fiy#h sy# iB#n sy#ii n* s!ri n( din#&##n ju( # d!n(#n

$#dl&in #$#u $#B-ild #$#u &!nj#&in !ru(i#n + M#sudny#

#"#bil# s!s!or#n( &!l#u#n s!su#$u "!rbu#$#n y#n( &!ru,

(i#n or#n( l#in* &## or#n( $!rs!bu$ di-#jib#n un$u

&!n((#n$i !ru(i#n $!rs!bu$+ .#r #n( (#n$i !ru(i#n (di%atl

iwald, d#n ars%ul jina%at) &!nj#di s!"!nuhny# &ili d#ri

y#n( &!n!n&# +

G). ;ttawalludu minal mamlu/ b!r#n# "in#

S!(#l# y#n( l#hir$!rj#di d#ri b!nd# y#n( di&i li i &!ru"##n

h# b#(i "!&ili b#r#n( #$#u b!nd# $!rs!bu$ * &is#l #n#

bin#, $#n( ' y#n( l#h ir d#ri induny#* susu l!&bu y#n (

!lu#r d#ri s!!or l!&bu +

). Prin!i Kee%ili$n

P!&ili#n "rib#di d#l#& "#nd#n(#n Isl#& $id# b!rsi f#$ & u$l#

(asolute). D#l#& b!rb#(#i !$!n$u#n* Isl#& &!l#u#n "!&b#$#s#n

$!rh#d#" "!n(!lol##n d#n "!&#nf##$#n h#r$# b!nd # &il iny # + Ad#

b!b!r#"# "rins i" d#s#r &!n(!n#i !"!&il i#n $!rh#d#" h#r$# b!nd# *

s!"!r$i di!&u##n ol!h S#yyid Lu$hb b! riu$ in i

<+ P#d# h#i#$ny# ind i4idu h#ny#l#h -#il &#sy#r # #$

Prinsi" ini &!n!#n#n b#h-# s!sun((uhny# indi4idu "rib#di

h#ny# &!ru"##n -#il &#sy#r##$ y#n ( dis !r#hi #&#n#h

* y#i$u &!n(urus d#n &!&!(#n( h#r$# b!nd# +

S!sun((uhny# !s!luruh#n h#r$# b!nd# $!rs!bu$ s!/#r# u&u&#d#l#h h# &ili &# sy#r##$+ S!d#n( #n y#n( &!nj#di "!&il i

&u$l# d#ri h#r$# b!nd # $!rs! bu$ #d#l#h All#h+ H#l ini

did#s#r#n "#d # finn#n All#h

0Beritnanlah /amu /epada ;llah dan 3asul5%a dan na$/ah-

/anlah seagian dari hartamu %ang ;llah t elah menjadi/an

/amu menguasain%a 2+ LS+ AI'H#did C +

S!hin((# d#"#$ disi&"ul#n b#h-# "!&ili#n "rib#di #$#s

s!su#$u h#r$# b!nd# d#l#& "#nd#n(#n Isl#& s!b!n#&y# h#ny#

b!rs if#$ 2"!&il i#n h# "!&b!l#nj##n d#n "!&#nf# #$#n b!l##+

D!n(#n d!&ii #n * #"#"un b!n$u !"!&ili#n "rib#di y#n(

di"!rol!h b!rd#s#r#n us#h#'us#h# y#n( $id# &!nyi&"#n( d#ri

sy#ri#$ Isl#& ##n did#"#$i h# &#sy#r##$+ D#l#& b#h#s#

s!d!rh#n# d#"#$ di!&u# #n b#h-# h# !"!&ili#n "rib#di

d#l#& Isl#& &!&"uny#i di&!nsi fun(si sosi#l+

5+ H#r$# b!nd# $id# bol!h h#ny# b!r#d# di $#n(#n "rib#di s!!,

lo&"o #n((o$# &#sy#r##$+

Prinsi" ini di&#sud#n un$u &!nj#(# !s!i&b#n(#n d#n !'

#7- <9?



s$#bil#n d#l#& &#sy#r##$+ 3#r!n# s!"!r$i i$# !$# h ui

b#h-# !"!&ili#n h#ny# "#d# s#$u or#n( #$#u !lo&"o

#n((o$# &# , sy#r##$ &ono"oli &!&b!ri#n d#&"# y#n(

d#"# $ &!ru(i, #n &#sy#r##$+ 3!$id#bol!h#n "!nu&"u#n

h#r$# ini did#s#r, #n "#d# finn#n All#h

+++ supa%a itu jan gan han%a eredar di antara orang-

orang %ang /a%a saja d iantara /amu +++ 2 LS + AI'H#syr C+

># l#& on$!s !ini#n* h#l $!rs!bu$ y#n( di#&bi l ilus$r#si

b#h-# si#" &!n$#l oli(o"oli* &ono"oli* #r$!l d#n y#n( s!j!nis

d!n(#nnny# &!ru"##n si#" &!n$#l "!n(in(#r#n nur# ni

!&#nusi##n d#n j!l#s'j!l#s &!nyi&"#n( d#ri #$ur#n Is l#&

Suhr#-#rdi* 5666 C +

%#l#u"un di d#l#& sy#ri#$ Isl#& di#ui #d#ny# h# 'h# y#n(

b!rsi f#$ "!ror#n(#n $!rh#d#" su#$u b!nd#* bu#n b!r#r$ i #$#s s!su#$u

b!nd# y#n( di&il iiny# $!rs!bu $ s!sor#n ( d#"#$ b!rb u#$ s!-!n#n(,

-!n#n( + Ad#ny# h# &#sy#r##$ y#n( &! l!#$ $!rh#d#" h# &i

li y#n( di"!rol!h s!s!or#n(* dibu$i#n d!n(#n /$!n$u#n

s!b#(#i b!riu$ Suhr#-#rdi* 566@ <5'<@

# + 8#r#n(#n &!ni&bun b#r#n(

D#l#& !$!n$u#n sy#ri#$ Isl#& s!s!or#n( "!&ili h#r$# $id#

di"!rbol!h#n un$ u &!ni&bun b#r#n( d!n(#n &#sud #(#r

h#r(# b#r#n( $/rs!bu$ n#i* !&udi#n "!nirnbun ##n &!nj u#l

b#r#n( "#d # h#r(# y#n ( $in((i $!rs!bu$+ 8#r#n(#n $!rs!bu$

$!r/!r&in d#ri h#dis y#n( diri -#y#$#n ol!h Ab u >#ud*

A$, Tir&id0i d#n Musli& d#ri MuB#&&#r b#h-# N #b i

SA% b!rs#bd#* 0siapa %ang tnela/ u/an penitnunan, ia

dianggap ersalah. 0

b+ 8#r#n(#n &!&#nf##$#n h#r$# un$u h#l'h#l y#n( &!rnb #h#y# ,

#n &#sy#r##$

P!n(!r$i#n &!&b#h#y##n di sini #d#l#h h#l'h#l y#n( y#n(

d#"#$ &!n(#ib#$#n b# h#y# #$#u !rus##n b#(i &#sy#r##$*

b#i fisi &#u"un non'fisi s!"!r $i &!&b#h# y##n !h idu"#n

b!r#(#&#* &!&b#h# y## n ##l "iir#n &#nusi# &# u" un &!&'

b#h#y##n !u$uh#n d#n "!r s#$u #n &#sy#r

##$+ /+ 8#r#n(#n "!&b!u #n h#r$#

P!&b !u#n h#r$ # di sini &# sudny# #d#l#h &!& bi# r# n

h#r$# #$#u b!nd # &il iny# $!rl# n$#r* $id# b!r&#n f##$ * d#n

$id# "ro, du$if+ P#d#h#l di sisi l#in j i# b#r# n( $!rs!b u$

diu# s#i ol!h or# n( l#in * &## s#n(#$ &un(in un$u di

&#n f##$#n b#(i us#h#'us#h# "rod u$ if y#n( b!r& #n f##$

b#(i or#n ( $!rs! bu$

&#u"un &#sy#r# #$ s!/#r# lu#s+ +

<@<



<@<

.A.I1

POLITIK HUKUM

3!(i#$#n "oli$i #d#l#h !(i#$#n y#n( b!r$uju#n un$u &!r!bu$

d#n &!&"!rol!h !u#s##n * #r!n# d!n(#n !u#s##n di#n((#"

s!s!or#n( #$#u !lo&"o &#sy#r##$ ##n &!&"uny#i #s!s y#n(

b!s #r un$u iu$ &!r u&u s# n d#n &!n !$#"# n !b ij##n "ubli y#n(

&!n(un$un(#n diriny# #$#u !lo&"ony# + .#h#n !u#s##n "oli$i

di#n((#" s!b#(#i !u#$#n ny#$# un$u &!n(#$ur !hidu"#n &#sy#r#,

#$ d#l#& b!rb#(#i #s"!ny# * #r!n# $#n"# !u#s##n "oli$i* "!n(#

, ruh s !s!or#n( #$#u !lorn"o $id# ##n !f!$if d#l#& !hidu"#n

&#sy#r##$ AsyB#ri! * <??? <6C+

T!ori "oli$i #d#l#h b#h#s#n d#n (!n!r#lis#si d#ri f!no&!n#y#n( b!rsif#$ "oli$i * y#n( b#h#s#nny# &!li"u$i # $uju#n d#ri !(i#$,

#n "oli$i* b /#r#'/#r# &!n/#"#i $uju#n i$u* / !&un(in#n ,

!&un(in#n d#n !bu$uh#n' !bu$uh#n y#n( di$i&bul#n ol!h si$u#,

si "oli$i $!r$!n$u* d#n d !-#jib#n y#n( di$i&bul#n ol!h $uju#n

"ol i$i i$u+ 3ons !"'ons!" y#n ( dib#h#s d#l #& $!ori "oli $i &!n/#u"

#n $#r# l#in &#sy#r##$* !l#s sosi#l* n!(#r# * !u#s##n*

!d#ul#$#n*

h# d#n !-#jib#n* !&!rd!##n* l!rnb#(#'l!rnb#(# n!(#r#* "!rub#h,

#n sosi#l* "!&b#n(un#n "oli$ i* &od !&is# si d#n s!b#(#iny#+

M!nur u$ Tho&#s P+ J!nin d#l#& 7tud% o$ olitical *heor%

dib!d##n du# &#/#& $!ori "oli$i y#i$u

#. T!ori'$!ori y#n( &!&"uny#i d#s#r &oril d#n y#n( &!n!n$u#n

nor&#'nor&# "oli$i+ 3#r!n# #d#ny# unsur nor&#'nor&# d#n

nil#i &## $!ori'$!ori ini din#&##n volutional &!n(#ndun(

nil#i+ Y#n( $!r&#su (olon(#n ini #n$#r# l#in fils#f#$ "oli$i *

$!ori "oli$i sis$!&#$i s idiolo(i d#n s!b#(#iny#+ T!ori'$!ori y#n(

valuational d#"#$ dib#(i d#l#& $i(# (olon(#n

#+ )ils#f#$ "oli$i (political philosoph%)

)ils#f#$ "oli$i &!n/#ri "ilih#n b!rd#s#r#n r#sio* disini

$!rd#"#$ hubun( #n #n$#r# sif #$ d#n h#i#$ d#ri !hidu"#n

"oli $i di duni# f#n#+

b+ T!ori "ol i$i si s$!&#$ is (s%st ematic poli tical theor%)

T!ori ini &!nj! l#s# n r!#lis#s i d#ri d#n nil#i'nil#i !

d#l#& su#$u "ro(r#& "oli$i+

/ + Idiolo(i "oli$i (political ideolog%)M!ru"##n hi&"un#n nil#i'nil#i * id! * nor&#'nor&# *

!"!r , /#y##n* !y#in#n y#n( di&ilii or#n( #$#u

s!!lo&"o or#n( #$#s d#s#r &#n# i# &!n!n$u#n

si#"ny# #$#s su# $u "rob l!&# "oli$ i+ =on$oh b!b!r#"#

id!olo(i s!"!r$i M#ris, &!'8!ninis&!* 8ib!r#lis&!+

5+ T!ori'$!ori y#n( &!n((#&b#r# n d#n &!&b#h#s f!no&!n# d#n

f#$#'f#$# "oli$i d!n(#n $id# &!&"!rso#l#n nor&# #$#u

nil#i (noli valutionali, b!rsif#$ d!s ri "$i f d#n o&"#r#$if +

Al')#r#bi &!ny#$##n b#h-# il&u "oli$i d#n !$i# &!ru"##n

"/r lu#s##n #$#u "!r!&b#n(#n &!$ #fi si # #$#u s!b#(#i &#nif!s$#siny#y#n( $!r$in((i y#i$u $!olo(i* "oli$i "!&!rin$#h#n &!ru"##n j!l&##n

d#ri (#&b#r#n ny#$# ondisi id!#l+ l# &!ny!bu$ $#$#n#n i$u s!b#(#i al-

adinah al5&adilali, su#$u ondisi &#sy#r##$ id!#l y#n( b!rsu&b!r

d#ri id!'id! Y#n( S!&"u&# #$#u %ujud A0#li AI')#r#bi* <?? <6?,

<<6+

A+ NEGARA SE.AGAI SUM.ER HU3UM

Huu& b!r#i$#n d!n(#n &#nus i# s!b#(#i &#nusi#+ M#nusi#

&!&!nuhi $u(#sny# di duni# ini d!n(#n &!n/i"$##n su#$u #$ur#nhidu" b!rs#&# y#n( b#i* y#i$u s!/#r# r#sion#l d#n &or#l* d!n(#n

b/r $u&"u "#d# h#'h# &#nusi# + N#& un "#d# !ny#$# #nny# huu&

di/i"$##n ol!h n!(#r#+ H#l ini s!ur#n('ur#n(ny# b!rl#u b#(i

huu& s!b#(#i&#n# dib!n$u "#d# 0#&#n &od!& ini+ Huu& di#n(,

(#" sun((uh'sun((uh huu&* bil# s#h* y#i$u bil# diuuh#n ol!h

n!(#r# +

<@5 <@ 9



9

3! ny #$## n ini &!n i&bul#n !y#in#n b#h-# $!rd#"#$

du# $in (#$ b#( i b!rl #un y# huu& + P#d# $in(#$ "!r$#&#* huu&

b!r#d# s!b#(#i $un$ u$#n r#s ion#l d#n &or#l+ S!l#nju$ny# "#d #

$in(#$#n !du# hu u& b!rl #u s!/#r# yuridis bil# dis#h#n ol!h

8!&b#(# y# n( b!r-!n#n(&# sy#r##$ * di&#n# huu& b!rl#u s!/#r#

yuridis +

+. Pengertin Negr

P#s# l < on4!n si M on$ !4id!o <?79 &!n(!n#i h#'h#

d#n !-#jib#n' !-#jib#n n!(#r# 'y#n( di$#nd#$#n(#ni ol!h A&

!ri# S!ri #$ d#n b!b !r#"# n!(#r#'n !(#r# A&!ri# l#$in'

&!n(!&u# #n #r# $!ris$i'#r#$ !ris$i "o o d#ri su#$u n!(#r#

2N !(#r # s!b#(# i subj! huu& in$!rn#sion#l h#rus &!rnili

i sy#r #$'sy#r#$ b!riu$ # R# y#$Subj! $/$#" * b %il#y#h $!r$!n$u*

/ P!&!ri&$# h* d#n d 3 !& #&"u #n &!l#u#n hubun(#n'h

ubun (#n d!n(#n n!(#r# l#in2 +

3on4!nsi Mon$!4id!o di #$# s $id# &!nj !l# s#n $!n$#n( "!n(!r, $i#n n!(#r# $!$#"i l!bih &!ru"##n "!n !$#" #n sy#r#$ y#n( h#rus

di&i, lii ol!h n!(#r#+ D#ri b!rb# (#i on s!" si y#n( #d# &!n(!n#i

"!n (!r$i , #n n!(#r# d#"#$ di si&"ul#n b#h -# n!(#r # &!ru"##n

su#$u #l#$ #$# u -!-!n#n( ( auth orit% ) y#n( &!n( #$u r #$#u

&!n(!nd#li#n "!so#l#n, "! rso#l#n b!r s#&# d#r i &#sy#r##$+ S!h

in( (# s!"!r$i H#ns 3 !ls !n & is#lny# &!nd !finisi#n n!(#r#

s!b#(#i !s#$u#n !$!n$u#n huu& y#n( &!n(i#$ s! !l o&"o

indi4idu y#n( hidu" d#l#& -il#y#h $!r$ !n$u+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n

3 !ls!n &!ny#&##n #n$# r# n!(#r# d!n(#n huu&+ D!n(#n #n#li sis

y#n ( l!bih &!nd#l#& ##n $#&"# b#h-# $!ori ini &!ru"##n

su#$u "!nyin(#$#n d#ri !!&"#$ #r#$!ris$i n!(#r# di #$#s#r!n# #d #ny# sis$!& huu& &!ru" ##n "!rsy#r#$#n d#ri su#$u

"!&!rin$#h#n s!b#(#i su#$u un sur !$#$#n!(#r##n S$#r!*

<?:? <5C* #r!n# s!"!r$i y#n( di#$##n ol !h John 8o/!

2Su #$u "!& !rin$#h#n $#n"# huu& #d#l#h su#$u &is$!ri

d#l#& "oli$i * y#n( suli$ un$u dib#y#n(#n s!/#r# &#nusi#-i d#n

$id# onsis$!n d!n(#n &#sy#r##$ &#nusi# 2+

&. Ter ent#$n Neg r

T!rb!n$uny# n!(#r# d#"#$ $!rj#di #r!n# "rol#&#si !&!rd!,

##n n!(#r#* "!rj#nji#n in$!&#sion#l* #$#u #r!n# #d#ny# pl eisit

<s$#n$o*<??@ 55+ Prol#&#si !&!rd!##n b!r#r$i "!&y#$##n s!"i ,

h# d#ri su#$u b#n( s# b#h- # diri ny# &!l !"#s# n diri d#ri !u#s##n

n!(#r# l#in d#n &!n(#&bi l "!n!n$u #n n#sibny# di$#n(#n s!ndiri+

D!n(#n #d#ny# "ro l#&#si b!r#r$i su#$u &#s y#r# #$ &!& b!n $u or(#,nis#si !u#s##n b!ru"# "!&!rin$#h#n y#n( b!rd#u l#$+ D!n(#n "rol#,

&#si ju(# b!r#r$i su#$u &#sy#r##$ &!n!r#"#n sis $!& huurnny#

s!ndiri* &!n#$# s is$!& "!&!ri n$#h#n ny# s!ndi ri un$u &!n/#"#i

$uju#n n!(#r# s!su#i f#ls#f#h y#n( di#nu$ny#+

). Un!#r Neg r

#+ %il#y#hD#!r#h N!(#r#

%il#y#h n!(#r# $!rdiri #$#s d#r#$#n d#n l#u$#n+ Y#n(

di&#s ud d!n(#n -i l#y#h d#r#$#n n!(#r# #d#l#h b#(i#n duni#

y#n( !rin( y#n( &!ru"##n b#(i#n d#ri b!nu# #$#u "ul#u y#n(

&!n/#u" ju(# -il#y#h "!r#ir#n d#r#$#n s!"!r$i d#n#u d#n

sun(#i+ 8u#s -il#y#h d#r#$#n su# $u n!(#r# d#"#$ $!rj#di #r!n#

di$!n$u#n s!ndiri s!/#r# s!"ih# ol!h n!(#r# i$u s!ndiri*

di$!n$u#n d#l#& "!rj#nji#n in$!rn#sion#l* di$!n$u#n !bi#s##n

di&#s# l#&"#u #$#u di$!n$u#n ol!h "!r!&b#n(#n s!$!l#h

$!rb!n$uny# n!(#r# $!rs!bu$ ls$#n$o * <??@ 55+ Y#n( di&#sud

d! n(#n -i l#y#h l#u$ n!(#r# #d# l#h &#ss# #ir di duni#

y#n( &!n(! lilin( i d#r#$ #n b!s!r $# $#n #h y#n( #d# di b#-# hny#+

.#(i n!(#r# "#n$ #i d#n n!(#r# !" ul# u#n y#n( -i l#y#h

d#r#$#nny# b!r b#$#s#n d!n(#n l#u$ &!&ilii "r!4i li(! y#i $u

&!n(u#s#i - il#y#h l#u$#n $/rs!bu$+

b+ R#y# $ N !(#r#

3ir#ny# "! rlu dib!d##n #n$#r# "!ndudu d#n -#r(#

n!(#r#* #r!n# s# $u s#&# l#in &!&ilii hubun(#n huu& y#n(

<@@ <@



b!rb! d#+ Y#n( din#&## n "!n dudu #d# l#h s!&u# or#n( y#n(

d#l#& -#$u $!r$!n$u b!r#d# d#l#& -il#y#h n!(#r#* b#i -#r(#

n!(#r# &#u"un or#n( #sin(+ M!r!# $undu "#d# huu& n!(#r#

Indon!si# + .#(i &!r!# "#d# "rinsi"ny# b!rl#u s!&u# huu&

y#n( b!rl#u d!n(#n b!b!r#"# "!n(!/u#li#n b#(i y#n( bu#n

-#r(# n!(#r# y#i$u &is#lny# &!r!# $id# &!&"uny#i h#

su#r# d#l#& "!&ilu* $id# b!rh# &!ndudui j#b#$#n $!r$!n$u*

&!r!# y#n( &!&"uny#i !u#$#n di"lo&#$i b!b#s d#ri

"un(u $#n "#j# d#n b!#+ .#(i -#r(# n!(#r# di&#n#"un i# b!r,

#d# $undu "#d# !u#s##n d#n huu&

n!.(#r#+

/+ P!&!rin$#h

M!nuru$ Prins P!&!rin$#h d#l# & #r$i lu#s #d#l#h su#$u

or(#nis#si !u#s##n y#n( &!&"uny#i -il#y#h $!r$!n$u d#n

b!rd#ul #$ #$#s s!ju&l#h or#n( $!r$!n$u s!b#(#i -#r(# n!(#r#+

S!d#n(#n d#l#& #r$i s!&"i$ #d#l#h l!&b#(# y#n( #d# d#l#&

su#$u n!(#r# y#n( &!&ilii !u#s##n &!l#s#n##n s!$i#"

"!r#$ur#n y#n ( d ibu# $ ol!h !&b#(# l!(isl#$if+

d+ 3!d#ul#$#n

J!#n .odin &!n(#$##n b#h-# !d#ul#$#n #d#l#h !,

u#s##n $!r$in((i un$u &!&bu#$ huu& d#l#& su#$u n!(#r#

y#n( b!rsif#$ $un((#l* #sli* #b#di* d#n $id# d#"#$ dib#(i'b#(i +

S!d#n(#n =)+ S$ron( &!&b#(i "!n(!r$i#n !d#ul#$#n &!nj#di

"!n(!r$ i#n in$!rn d#n "!n (!r $i# n !s$!rn + S!b#(#i "!n(!r$ i#n

in$!rn !d#ul#$#n &!ru"##n !u#s##n $!r$in((i un$u &!n!n,

$u#n s!r$# &!l#s#n##n huu& $!rh#d#" s!&u# or#n( d#n

s!&u# (olon(#n y#n( $!rd#"#$ d#l# & lin(un(#n !u#s##nny#+

S!d#n(#n s!b#(#i + "! n(!li i#n ! s$!rn* !d#ul#$#n &!ru"##n

!u#s##n $!r$in((i y#n( $id# di$urun#n d#ri !u#s##n l#in

y#n( &!n(#ndun( ons!-!nsi b#h-# $id# #d# /#&"ur $#n(#n

n!(#r# l#in d#l#& &!n!n$u#n huu&ny# s!ndiri+

=. Bent#$ Negr

D#l#& Il&u N!(#r# "!n(!r$i#n $!n$#n( b!n$u n!(#r# s!j#

dulu #l# dib#(i &!nj#di du# y#i$u &on#r/hi! d#n r!"ubli+ Un$u

&!n!n$u#n su#$u n!(#r# b!rb!n$u &on#ri #$#u r!"ubli b#ny#

uur#n y#n( di"##i+ J!llin!/ &!&##i ri$!ri# b#(#i&#n# /#r#ny#

!h!nd# n!(#r# diny#$##n+ Ji# !h!nd# n!(#r# di$!n$u#n ol!hs# $u or#n( s#j# &## b!n$u n!(#r# i$u #d#l#h &on#ri+ Ji# !h!nd#

n!(#r# di$!n$u#n ol!h b#ny# or#n( d#l#& su#$u &#j!lis* &##

b!n $u n!(# r#ny# #d# l#h r!"ubli+ S!d#n(#n 8!on >u(u i$ &!n((u,

n##n ri$!ri# b#(#i&#n# /#r#ny# !"#l# n!(#r# i$u di#n(#$+ Ji#

s!or#n( !"#l# n!(#r# b!rd#s#r#n h# -#ris #$#u !$urun#n* &##

b!n $u n!(#r#ny# dis!bu $ &on#ri + T!$#" i ji # !"# l# n!(#r#ny#

di"ilih &!l#ui su#$u "!&ilih#n u&u& un$u &#s# j#b#$#n $!r$!n$u*

#d#l#h r!"ubli+

>. S#!#nn Negr

Is$il#h susun#n di$uju#n un$u &!n!n$u#n #"##h n!(#r# i$u

&!ru"##n n!(#r# !s#$u#n* f!d!r#si #$#u onf!d!r#si+ J!llin!/ &!&,

b!d##n n!(# r# f!d!r#si d#n n!(#r# onf!d!r#si "#d # l!$# !d#u,

l#$#nny#+ P#d# n!(#r# onf!d!r#si !d#ul#$#n $!rl!$# "#d# n!(#r#,

n!(#r# b#(i#nny#+ S!d#n(#n "#d# n!(#r# f!d!r#si !d#ul#$#n #d#

"#d # !s!luruh#nny# y#i$ u "#d # n!(#r# f!d!r#si i$u s!ndi ri+ Al#$

"!n (uur l#in un$u &!&b!d## n n!(#r# f!d!r#si d#n onf!d!r#si

#d#l#h s!j#uh &#n# "!&!rin$#h "us#$ d#"#$ s!/#r# l#n(sun( &!&"!,

n(#ruhi r#y#$ d#ri n!(#r#'n!(#r# b#(i#n &!l#lui "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n

y#n( di!lu#r#nny#+ >#l#& n!(#r# f!d!r#si* "!&!rin$#h "us#$ d#"#$

&!&"!r(un##n -!-!n#n(ny# s!/#r# I#n(sun( $!rh#d#" s!$i#" -#r(#n!(#r# d#l#& n/(#r#'n!(#r# b#(i#nny#* s!d#n(#n -!-!n#n( ini

$id# $!rd#"#$ "#d # n!(#r# onf!d!r#si 3usn#rd i Ibr#hi &* <?C7

<7:+

S!l#nju$ny# #n$#r# n!(#r# f!d!r#l d#n n!(#r# !s#$u#n d#"#$

di$unju#n "!rb!d##nny# s!b#(#i b!riu$

#+ P#d# n!(#r# f!d!r#l n!(#r#'n!(#r# b#(i#n &!&"uny#i -!-!'

<@7 <@C



n#n( un$u &!&bu#$ UUD 'ny# s!ndiri (ouvoir "onstituant)

d#n d#"#$ &!n!n$u#n b!n $u or(# nis#si ny# &#sin('&#sin(

d#l#& b#$#s'b#$#s y#n( $id# b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n ons$i$usi

n!(#r# f!d!r#l+ P#d# n!(#r# !s#$u#n d#!r#h d#!r#h $id# d#"#$

&!&bu#$ UUD s!ndiri* d#l#& h#l ini or(#nis#si !u#s#nny#

$!l#h di$!n$u#n ol!h "!&bu#$ und#n('und#n( di"us#$+

b+ D#l #& n!(#r# f!d!r #si -!-!n#n( "!&bu#$ und#n('und#n(

"!&!ri n$#h f!d!r#si di$!n$u#n s!/#r# $!r"!rin/i s!d#n(#n

-!-!n#n( l#inny# #d# "#d# n!(#r#'n!(#r# b#(i#n iresidu

power #$#u r eserved power). S!b#liny# d#l#& n!(#r# !s#$u#n*

-!-!n#n( s!/#r# $!r"!rin/i $!rd#"#$ "#d# d#!r#h'd#!r#h d#n

r esidu pow em%a #d# "#d# "!&!rin$#h "us#$ 3r#n!nbur(*

<?9? +

M#sy#r##$ &!ru"##n !lo&"o &#nusi# y#n( s#lin( b!rhu,

bun(#n d#n &!n! &"#$ i su#$u -il# y#h + Un$u &!lindun(i !"!n,

$in(#nny# d#n &!n(hind#ri $!rj#diny# !b!b#s#n $#n"# b#$#s &##

&#nusi# &!&b!n$u su#$u #sosi#si y#n( b!r$uju#n un$u &!rnud#h,#n &!&"!rol!h !bu$uh#nny# d#n &!&b#$#si o&"!$isi + N!(#r#

#d#l#h #sosi#si y#n( l#hir un$u &!&!nuhi !bu$uh#n "oli$i -#r(#

n!(#r# +

N!(#r# &!ru"##n in$!(r#si d#ri !u#s##n "oli$i+ N!(#r#

#d#l#h #l#$ d#ri &#sy#r##$ y#n( &!&"uny#i !u#s##n un$u &!n(,

#$ur hubun(#n'hubun(#n &#nusi# d#l#& &#sy#r##$ d#n &!n!r$ib#n

(!j#l#'(!j#l# !u#s##n d#l# & &#sy#r##$+ S!/#r# u&u& n!(#r#

&!&"uny#i du# $u(#s y#i$u

I+ M!n(!nd#li#n d#n &!n(#$ur (!j#l#'(!j#l# !u#s##n y#n( #,

sosi#l* y#ni b!r$!n$#n(#n s#$u s#rn# l#in* su"#y# $id# &!nj#di

#n$#(onis&! y#n( &!&b#h#y##n+

5+ M!n(or(#nisir d#n &!n(in$!(r#si#n !(i#$#n &#nusi # d#n

(olon(#n ! #r#h $!r/#"#iny# $uju#n d#ri &#sy#r##$ s!/#r#

!s!luruh#n +

Si f#$ n!(#r# &!ru"## n &#nif!s$#si d#ri !d#ul#$#n y#n( dirni,

liiny#* di#n$#r#ny#

I+ Sif#$ &!&#s# * di$uju#n un$u &!n/i"$##n !$!r$ib#n d#l#&

&#sy#r##$* d#"#$ b!ru"# "!n((un##n !u#s##n s!/#r# fisi

s!/#r# l!(#l+ D#l#& su#$u n!(#r# y#n( d!&or#$is h#l ini di$!,

#n s!&ini&#l &un(in+

5+ Sif#$ &ono"oli * y#n( b!r$uju#n un$u &!n!$#"#n $uju#n b!rs#,&# d#ri &#sy#r##$+ Si#" &!n/#u" s!&u# (all5encompassing,

all emracing), d#l#& s!$i#" !bij##n'!bij##n n!(#r# b!rl#,

u &!r#$# b#(i s!$i#" or#n( $#n"# !/u#li +

D#ri sini &un/ul #d#ny# "oli$i huu& su#$u n!(#r# $!r$!n$u*

y#n( b!r#d# di $#n(#n "!&!rin$#h+ S!hin((# n!(#r# &!ru"##n

su&b!r huu& + 3!d#ul#$#n d#l#& #r$i yuridis #d# "#d# n!(#r#+

3!d#ul#$#n n!(#r# s!b#(#i su&b!r huu& $id# &u$l#+ N!(#r# h#rus

$undu "#d# #$ur#n y#n( di!h!nd#i Tuh#n * y#ni #$ur#n y#n( #dil+

B. HUKUM DAN KEKUASAAN

3!u#s##n &!ru"##n !&#&"u#n s!s!or#n( #$#u !lo&"o

or#n( un$u &!&"!n(#ruhi or#n( #$#u !lo&"o l#in s!hin((# s!su#i

d!n(#n !in(in#n or#n( y#n( &!&"uny#i !u#s##n $!rs!bu$+

3!u#s##n "oli$i #d#l#h !&#&"u#n un$u &!&"!n(#ruhi !bij##n

u&u& "!&!rin$#h b#i $!rb!n$uny# * &#u"un #ib#$'#ib#$ny#

s!su#i d!n(#n !in(in#n "!&ili !u#s##n+ 3!u#s##n "oli$i b#(i#n

d#ri !u#s##n sosi#l y#n( di$uju#n !"#d# n!(#r# s!b#(#i s# $u,

s#$uny# in s$i$usi y#n( b!ru#s#+ D#l#& "!n((un##n !u#s##n h#rus

#d# "!n(u#s# d#n s#r#n# !u#s##n #(#r "!n((un## n !u#s##n i$u

b!rj #l#n d!n(#n b#i+

>ssi" 3+)l!/h$h!i& &!&b!d##n !u#s##n "oli$i #$#s

<+ .#(i#n d#ri !u#s##n sosi#l y#n( hususny# $!r-ujud d#l#&

n!(#r# !u#s##n n!(#r# #$#u state power), s!"!r$i l!&b#(#

"!&!rin$#h#n+

<@: <@?



5 + .#(i#n d#ri !u#s##n sosi#l y#n( di$uju#n !"#d# n!(#r#*

s!"!r$i "#r$#i "oli$i * l!&b#(#'I!&b#(# sosi#l y#n( &!&"!n(#,

ruhi j#l#nny# !u#s##n N!(#r#+

Huu& b!r#s#l d#ri n!(#r# * d#n y#n( b!ru#s# d#l#& su#$u

n!(#r# #d#l#h "!&!rin$#h+ P!&!rin$#h &!l#lui "oli$iny# &!n!$#"#n

huu&+ A"##h #d# hubun(#n #n$#r# huu& d#n !u#s##n Ad# du#

"#n d#n (#n un$ u &!n j#-#b h#l ini

<+ Huu& $id# s#&# d!n(#n !u#s##n+ H#l ini did#s#r#n "#d#

du# #l#s#n

#+ I'Iuu& !hil#n(#n #r$iny# ji# dis#&##n d!n(#n !u#s#,

#n #r!n# huu& b!r&#sud &!n!i"$##n su#$u &#sy#r##$

y#n( #dil+ Tuju#n ini h#ny# $!r!#"#i ji# "!&!rin$#h ju(#

#dil d#n $id# s!&!n# '&!n# d!n(#n !u#s##nny# +

b+ I'Iuu& $id# h#ny# & !&b#$#si !b!b#s#n indi4idu#l

$!rh#, d#" !b !b#s#n indi4idu#l y#n( l#in* &!l#in#n ju(#

!b!, b#s# n -!-!n#n( d#ri y#n ( b!r u#s# d#l #& n!(#r#+

5+ Huu& $id# &!l#-#n "!&!rin $#h n!(#r#* s!b#liny# &!&bu,

$uh#nny# (u n# &!n(#$ur hidu" b!rs #&# + Y#n( dil#-#n #d#l#h

!s!-!n#n('-!n#n(#n indi4idu#l+ H#l ini did#s#r#n "#d# du#

#l#s#n

#+ D#l#& &#sy#r##$ y#n( lu# s * onfli h#ny# d#"#$

di#$#si ol!h !n$i$#s y#n( b!r#d# di #$#s !"!n$in(#n indi4idu

'indi4i, du * y#i$u "!&!rin$#h+

b+ 3!# &#n #n d#l #& hidu" b!r s#& # h#n y# $!rj#rnin bil# #d#

"!&!ri n$# h s!b #(# i " !$u (#s $!r $ib n !(#r# +

c. HUKUM DAN MAS0ARAKAT

A"#bil# i$# b!rbi!#r# &!n(!n#i huu& * &## ##n $!r"iir#n

ol!h i$# su#$u "ros!s "!n(#dil#n* #d# h#i&* j#s#* "!nun$u$ * d#n

"!n (#! #r# * y#n( s!&u#ny# &!n!ob# un$u &!ny!l!s#i#n su#$u "!r,

#r# #(#r $!r"!nuhi su#$u !#dil#n+ A#n $!$#"i huu& bu#n h#ny# di

d#l#& "!n(#dil#n s#j#* &!l#in#n huu& i$u #d# ju(# di B d#l#&

&#sy#r##$+ G!j#l# huu& d#"#$ $!rI ih#$ d#l#& !hidu"#n &#nusi#

s!h#ri 'h#ri * b#i d#l #& !h idu "#n &#n usi # s!/ #r# ind i4 idu &#u"un

s! ! #r # sosi#l+ Ju&l#h (!j #l# huu& i$u s#n(#$l#h b#ny# *

s!hin((# #d#n('#d#n( $id# i$# s#d#r i !b!r#d##nny#+ S!$i#"

-#$u i$# diu#s#i B ol!h huu& * s! j # &#nusi# l#h ir s#&"#i

s!sud#h &#$i+ Hubun(#n &#nusi# d!n(#n &#nusi# l#inny# d#l#& "!r

(#ul#n s!h#ri, h#ri ju(# $id# l!" #s d# ri "!r #$u r#n '"!r#$ur#n y#n(

&!ny!b#b #n #d#, ny# !h idu"#n y#n( b#i d#n $!r#$ur+ P!r#$ur#n'

"!r #$ur #n i$u rn!ru , "# #n "!r#$ur #n y#n ( 2 & !n(!j # - #n $# h2

d#l#& !hidu"#n &#nusi# s!h#r i'h#r i+ Mun(in #d# "!r#$u r#n y#n(

sud#h b!rl#u s!j# j#&#n d#hulu* n#&un &un(in "ul# #d# "!r#$ur#n

b#r u y#n ( s!s u#i d!n(#n !#d##n * -#$u d#n $!&"#$+ D#"#$ s#j#

"!r #$u r#n i$u b!r b!d# #n$#r s# $u b#n(s# d !n (#n b#n (s# y#n( l#in+

D!n(#n d!&ii#n d#"#$ di#$#, #n b#h-# huu& b!rl#u di s!

luru h duni# d#n d#"#$ di#$##n s!b#(#i (!j # l# y#n( b !r sif#$

uni4!rs#l+ N#&un s!/ #r# ny# $# * (!j#l# huu& d#"#$ i$# lih#$

d#l#& und#n('und#n( * !$!$#"#n'!$!$#"#n * d#n ju(# on$r#

"!r j#n ji# n + G !j#l# huu& inil#h y#n( di"/l#j#ri d#l#& il&u huu&

* y#n ( ji # dil ih# $ d#r i sudu$ il& u "!n(!$# hu#n &!ru"##n b#( i#n

d#ri !bud#y# #n A sdi * <?? : 9'@+

S!$i#" b#n (s# & !&"uny#i !bud#y##nny# s!ndiri's!ndiri* &##

huu& "un b!rb !d # #n$#r# b#n( s# s# $u d!n(#n b# n(s# y#n(

l#inny#+ M !nuru$ 4on S#4i(ny Th!o Huijb!r s * <??6 <<@ *

huu& #d#l#h "!&y#$##n ji-# b#n(s# ' 2ol/s g eist #r!n# "#d#

d#s#&y# huu& $id# dibu #$ ol !h &#nusi#* $!$#"i $u&buh d#l#&

&#sy#r##$ * y#n( l#hir * b!r!&b#n ( d#n l!n y#" d#l# & s!j# r#h + D! n(#n

d!&ii#n huu& b!r!&b#n( "ul# d#l#& s!j#r#h + D#l#&

"!&b!n $u#n huu& "!rIu "ul# di"!rh#$i#n !i$#'! i$# b#n (s# d#n

nil#i'nil#i y#n( $!rd#"#$ d#l# & b#n(s # $!rs!bu$+

M!si"un* huu& &!ru"##n b#( i#n !bud#y##n su#$u b#n (s# *

ol!h s!b#b i$u $i#"'$i#" b#n(s# &!&ilii huu& &#sin('&#sin( &!,

l#lui "ros!s s!j#r#h d#n !bud#y##nny#* n#&un $!rd#"#$ su#$u uni4!r,

s#li$#s ju(# d#l#& $#$# huu&'$#$# huu& y#n( b!rl#u di duni# +

3#r!n#ny# " !rlu dib!d##n #n$#r# B"oli$i huu&B y#n( &!ny#n(u$

&#n# d#n ji-# s!bu#h $#$# huu&* d#n B$!ni huu&B y#n(

&!ny#n(u$ !#r# &!&b!n$u huu& Huijb!rs* <?:: <<:'<5<+

<6 <<



Huu& d#l#& hubun(#nny# d!n(#n !bud#y##n su#$u b#n(s#

d#l#& "!r!&b#n(#nny# di"!l#j#ri s!/#r# !&"iris d#l#& #n$ro"olo(i

huu&+ Disini huu& di"#nd#n( b!r#i$#n d!n(#n nil#i'nil#i bud#y# *

norrn# 'nor&# sosi#l d#n l!&b#(#'I!&b#(# sosi#l * s//#r# husus

d#l#& &#sy#r##$ s!d!rh#n# #$#u "ri&i$i f +

M#sy#r##$ $id# h#ny# di$#nd#i ol!h !bud#y##nny# s!b#(#i

/iri h#sny# * &!l#in#n ju(# ol!h si$u#si sosi#l !ono&iny# y#n(#$u#l+ >l!h s!b#b i$u "!rh#$i#n "!&!rin$#h d#n "#r# s#rj#n# huu&

$id# dib#$#si "#d# nil#i'nil#i !bud#y##n y#n( b!rsi(#$ s"iri$u#l*

&! l#in#n l!bih'I!bih di#r#h#n "#d# !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n &#sy#r#,

#$ y#n( b!rsif#$ &#$!ri#l+ P!&/rin$#h &!n(#$ur !hidu"#n &#sy#r#,

#$ s!/#r# huu& #$#s d#s#r si$u#s i sosi#l '!ono&is onr!$ y#n($!r$!n$u+

I<&u y#n( &!&"!l#j#ri huu& d#l#& hubun(#n d!n(#n si$u#si

&#sy#r##$* d#l#& on$!s &# sy#r##$ &od!& #d#l#h sosiolo(i hu,

u&+ Tuju#n sosiolo(i huu& b!r sif#$ "r#$ is* di&#n# y#n( di&#sud

#d#l#h b#h-# und#n('und#n( y#n( dib!n$u sun((uh'sun((uh /o/o

d!n(#n !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n d#n /i$#'/i$# su#$u &#sy#r##$ $!r$!n$u +

D. TUJUAN POLITIK HUKUM

S!/#r# urnu& d#l#& sis$/& "oli$i $!rd#"#$ !&"#$ 4#ri#b!l

"oli $i y#n( s!&#$# '&#$# di$uju#n un$u &!r!bu$ d#n &!&"!rol!h

!u#s##n* #-#n d#n l#-#n "oli $i di$!n$u#n s!"!nuhny# ol!h

!"!n$in(#n '!"!n$in(#n "oIi $i s!&#$# s!hin((# $id# #d# l#-#n

d#n #-#n #b#di* y#n( #d# #d #l#h !"!n$in(#n #b#di * y#i$u

!"!n$in(#n !u#s##n + S!d#n( #n d#l#& "ol i$i & or#l * !u#s ##n

bu#n &!ru"#, #n $uju#n #hir * $!$#"i #l#$ "!rju #n (# n d#ri

/i$#'/i$ # &or#l d#n !&#nusi##n+

Ad# b!b /r#"# $uju#n "oIi$i huu& y#n( diur#i#n ol !h

"#r# s#rj#n#* y#i$u

#+ M!nj#&in !#dil#n d#l#& &#sy#r# #$+

Tu(#s u$#&# "!&!rin$#h su#$u N!(#r# i#l#h &!-ujud#n

!#dil#n so/i#l (iustitia sociali s) y# n( dulu dis!bu$ !#dil#n dis$ri

, bu$i 4! (iustitia di striutive). Und#n('und#n( di s!bu$ #dil y#i$u

un, d#n('und#n( y#n ( &!n(#$ur s!d !&i#n ru"# !hidu"#n

&#nusi# di&#n# un$un( d#n b!b#n dib#(i s!/ #r# "#n$#s+ Und #n( '

und#n( y#n( $id# #dil #d#I#h y#n( &!l#n((#r h#'h# &#nusi# #$#u

&/n(un((ul, #n !"!n$in(#n s#I#h s#$u !lo&"o s#j# +

b+ M!n/ i"$##n !$!n$r#&#n hidu" d!n(#n &!&!lih#r# !"#s$i#n

huu&+

3!"#s$i#n huu& b!r#r$i b#h-# d#l#& N!(#r# $/rs !bu$ und#n(,

und#n( sun((uh b!rl#u s!b#(#i huu&* d#n b#h-# "u$us#n'"u$us#n

h#i& b!rsif#$ ons$#n s!su#i d!n(#n und#n('und#n( y#n( b!rl#u+y#i$u

<+ 3!u#s##n ' s!b#(#i /#r# un$u &!n/#"#i h#l y#n( diin(in#n

#n$#r# l#in &!&b#(i su&b!r'su&b! r di #n$#r# !lo&"o'!lo&,

"o d#l#& &#sy#r##$+

5+ 3!"!n$in(#n ' $uju#n y#n( di!j#r ol!h "!l#u #$#u !lo&"o "oIi$i+

9+ 3!bij#s#n##n ' h#sil d#ri in$!r#si #n$#r# !u#s##n d#n

!"!n$in(#n* bi#s#ny# d#l#& b!n$u "!rund#n('und#n(#n+

@+ .ud#y# "oli$i ' ori!n$#si suby!$if d#ri indi4idu $!rh#d#"sis$!& "oli$i+

Mus# Asy B#ri <??? <6C &!&b!d##n "oli$i &!nj#di du#*

"oli $i !u#s#n d#n "oli $i &or#l+ Poli $i !u#s## n #d# l#h $ind##n

/+ M!n#n(#ni !"!n$in(#n'!"!n$in(#n y#n( ny#$# d#l#& !hidu"#n

b!rs#&# s!/#r# onr!$+

3!"!n$in(#n $!rs !bu$ n#&"# d#l#& /i$#'/i$# &#sy#r##$ s!/#r#

ol!$if+ P!&!rin$#h !&udi#n &!n!$#"#n und#n('und#n( un$u

&!nduun( d#n &!n(!&b#n(#n /i$#'/i$# $!r s!bu$+

Tuju#n &#n# y#n( h#rus di"riori$#s#n #n$#r# !#dil#n* !"#s,

$i#n huu& #$#u nil#i 'nil#i husus M!nuru$ Huijb!rs y#n( h#rus

diu$#&##n #d#l#h !#dil#n * y#i$u "!&!lih#r##n h#'h# y#n( b!r#i$ ,

#n d!n(#n $i#" '$i#" &#nusi# s!b#(#i "rib# di+ 3#r!n# h# 'h# #0#si

$id# j#$uh dib#-#h -!-!n#n ( "!& !ri n$# h d#n $id# "!& #h d#"#$

dis!r#h#n !"#d# or#n( l#in+ N !(#r# didiri#n #$#s d#s#r h#'h# i$u

<5



s!b#(#i #0#s'#0#s s!(#l# huu&+ S!sud# h !#dil#n b#ru !"#s$i#n

huu&* l#lu s#l#h s#$u nil#i husus d#"#$ di"ilh s! b#(# i $uju#n

"ol$ i huu&* s!su#i d!n(#n /i$#'/i$# d#n !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n b#n(s#

Huijb!rs * <?? <56+BAB3

PENEGAKAN HUKUM

A. PERAMPASAN KEMERDEKAAN DAN PEMIDANAAN

P!l#n((#r#n huu& &!&b#-# #ib#$ dib!ri#nny# huu&#n

!"#d# si "!l#n((#r+ Huu&#n i$u d#"#$ b!rb!n$u huu&#n fisi *

huu&#n d!nd# #$#u"un huu&#n d#l#& b!n$u l#in+ Ad#ny#

huu&#n y#n( dib!ri#n $!rs!bu$ ##n &!ni&bul#n &#s#l#h y#n(

&!n(#/ u "#d # !#dil#n+ Sud#h #di l#h hu u&#n y#n( dib!ri#n*

hususny# huu&#n y#n( dib!ri#n s!su#i d!n(#n !"u$us#n h#i&

d#n d#l#& huu& l!(#l+ .!rd#s#r#n "!&b!ri#n huu&#n i$u ##n

$i&bul "!r$#ny##n* 2A"##h s!sun((uhny# $uju#n &!&b!ri huu&#n

3!/u#li i$u #"##h huu&#n $! rs! bu$ s!su# i d!n(#n nil#i'nil#i

&or#l2

Mun( in #d# y#n( b!r"!nd#"#$ b#h-# &!&b!ri huu&#n $!r,

s!bu$ b#l#s d!nd#& * #$#u bi#r or#n( b!rs#l#h i$u 2#"o2* j!r#*

s!hin((# $id# &!l#u#nny# l#(i+ A$#u &un(in "ul# s!b#(#i /on$oh

#(#r or#n( l#in $id # &!l#u#n "!l#n((#r#n y#n( s#&# +

S!/#r# u&u&* d#"#$ di#$# #n b#h -# & !&b !ri #n hu u&#n &!ru"##n

"!n(ob#$# n #$#u $r!# $&!n$ * #$#u &!ru"##n d!nd# #r!n# &!l#n((#r

"!r#$ur#n+ A(#r su#$ u huu &#n d#" #$ di#$## n #dil * &## huu&#n

i$u h#&s &!n(#ndun( #s"! l!(#l d#n #s"! &or#l* s!hin((# $!r/#"#i

!$!n$r#&#n l#hir &#u"un b#$in* $id# h#ny# un$u si "!l#n((#r

huu& * &!l#in#n ju(# &#sy#r##$ "#d# u&u&ny#+

T!ori y#n( &!&b!n#r #n "!&b!r i#n huu &#n "#d # s!s!or#n(

y#n( &!l#n((#r huu& d#n dib!n#r#n s!/#r# &or#l #d#l#h $!ori

R!$ribu$i4is&!+ M!nuru$ $!ori ini* d#l#& &!&b!ri huu&#n h#rusl#h

dilih#$ #"##h s!s!or#n( i$u &!l#n((#r huu&+ Un$u &!n(!$#hui h#l

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@: +

B. MASALAH*MASALAH DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM

+. Ironi ?Negr H#$#%? In4-ne!i

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<??9 E i/ J $ G di P $ U$



DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Abu ;#hr#h* Muh#&&#d* <??@* Ashul al5&iqh, $!rj !&#h * J##r$#Pus$## )ird#us +

Al ')#r#bi* 3a sail, Hyd !r#b #d* $+$+

Al'Gh#0#li* <?77* *aha$u t al5&alas i$ah, 3#iro* D #r #l'M #B#rif

' ' ' '' * 566 9* an duan Ja lan 3uhan i, Y o ( y #

# r$ # Pus$## Sufi+

Ali* Ah&#d* 2M !nyo #l An #ri d#n P!n! (##n Hu u&2 * 3o&" #s57

Juni5666

Al L#rdh#-i* Yusuf * <??9* $a ta wa qardhawi: permas a laha

n, pemecahan dan hi/mah , $! rj ! & #h* Sur#b #y#

Ris#l#h Gus$i * !!$ #

Anshor i* Abdul Ghofur* 566 * & ilsa$at +u/u m 9e war isan #slam,

Yo(y##r$# UII Pr!ss+

Asdi* End#n( D#runi * <??6* #mp erti$ 9ategoris dala m & ilsa$at

ora l

#mmanu el 9ant, Yo(y##r$# 8u&#n >ffs!$+

' '' ' ' * <??:* #tnpli/ as i *eor i5*eori ora l p ada

+u/um , Pid#$o P!n(uuh#n Gur u .!s# r )#ul$#s )ils# f#$

Uni4 !rsi$#s G#dj#h M#d# * Yo(y##r$#+

AsyB#ri * Mus#* 5665* &ilsa$at #slam , 7unnah a i dal am Berpi/ir ,

Yo(y##r$# 8E S)I* /!$ 9 +

Abdul Mujid A0 ;#nd#ny d * ;l #man, $!rj!&#h J# #r$# Pus$##

Al

3#u$s#r* <?:@ /!$ V !disi !$ i(# hi & <7

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ni/, Y o(y##r$# Insis$ Pr!s s

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