bahan alam
DESCRIPTION
laporan kimia bahanalamTRANSCRIPT
malA nahaB aimiK 1
I BAB
NAULUHADNEP
1.1 gnakaleB rataL
siport milkireb utnet nad awitsilutahk rulaj iulalid gnay aragen nakapurem aisenodnI
naD .kaynab pukuc gnay anuaf nad arolf sinej magar iaynupmem aggnihes tapad kadit
apmilem gnay mala ayad rebmus aisenodnI aragen awhab irikgnupid h gnay natarad ,
gnay natuh gnatnebret narubusek nad siport milkI .rabel rapmahret gnay tual atres ,saul
enodnI id tapadret aynah gnay ,sahk arolf adapek isakilpmireb aisenodnI hanat halaS .ais
kimedne gnay nial namanat atres gnicuk simuk ,iatep ,lokgnej halada aynhotnoc utas
.aisenodnI
gnay aisenodnI kimedne namanat kusamret lokgneJ nahab idajnem haloid kaynab
agnagnem gnay kaynab naD .tagneynem gnay aynuab nagned lanekret gnay nagnap p
,lokgnej malad fitka taz nagnudnak iuhatagnem kadit anrak lokgnej nagnudnak hadner
.lokgnej adap fitka taz nagnudnak gnatnet naitilenep aynminim atres
2.1 halasaM nasumuR
udnak iuhategnem aynulrep akam gnakaleb ratal adap naiaru nakrasadreB nagn
ka awaynes .itiletid kutnu ulrep ini lah akam ,fit
3.1 sisetopiH
gnay uab iaynupmem anerak fitka taz nagnudnak gnudnagnem kaynab lokgneJ
isgnufreb sahk uab iaynupmem gnay namanat nagned aynlah amas gnay tagneynem
.asgnam kiranep uata nad irid nagnudnilrep iagabes
4.1 naitileneP naujuT
nahaB aimiK mukitkarp hailuk atam sagut ihunemem kutnu ini naitilenep naujuT
malA idorp nagnukgnil id inid kajes naitilenep nakayadubmem nad hitalem kutnu atres ,
.aimik
5.1 naitileneP taafnaM
itilenep taafnaM a , aynmumu takaraysam adapek isamrofni nakirebmem kutnu ini n
irad isulos uata tikaynep utaus tabo iagabes taafnamreb gnay nagnudnak iracnem atres
.ada gnay halasam utaus
malA nahaB aimiK 2
II BAB
AKATSUP NAUAJNIT
1.2 lokgneJ
araggneT aisA sahk namanat nakapurem lokgneJ haloid aynijib aynmumu gnay
irad aisenodnI kimedne namanat kusamret lokgnej namanaT .nanakam idajnem
pukuc gnay aynuab halada lokgnej gnay sahk iriC .ada gnay kimedne namanat iagabreb
ead paites aisenodnI iD .nairud haub nagned aynlah amas gnudih tagneynem har
adebreb gnay aman iagabreb nagned lokgnej lanegnem - namagarek anerak ini lah ,adeb
.aisenodnI ayadub atres ,ukus
1.1.2 lokgnej imonoskat nad nial amaN
aman nagned lanekid aisenodnI id haread aparebeb id lokgneJ lokgnej awaj(
,)iwateb nad lokgnej ,gnaacik ( ,)adnus nagnidnalb gnirij ,gnirej ,)ilab(
.)isewalus( ibul nad )gnupmal( gniraj ,iwaaj ,)rajnab( gniraj ,)uyalem(
nakmanid ini namanat )haimli aman( nital asahab malad nakgnadeS
.murolficuap nordnedihcrA abes nakiaruid imonoskat araces nupadA iag
tukireb :
K naajare eatnalP :
isiviD atyhpoilongaM :
saleK adispoilongaM :
odrO selabaF :
ilimaF eaecabaF :
suneG nordnedihcrA :
seisepS murolficuap nordnedihcrA :
2.1.2 imotanA narabesrep nad
01 iapacnem tapad ayniggnit gnay nohop apureb lokgnej namanaT - 62
.retem gnolop namanat kusamret lokgneJ - nagnolop nad gnolop apureb aynhaub ,
sipit ira tilukreb haub ijiB .aut gnuyabmel anrawreb ,tilebreb gnepeg aynkutneb
gnubmec idajnem ayhnaub kutneb aut haleteS .talikgnem talkoc anraw nagned
ijib gnudnagnem gnay tapmetid nad gnolop paites adaP .rasebmem aynnaruku
5 isireb tapad - .lokgnej ijib 7
,aisenodnI inkay araggneT aisA hayaliw ssahk nahubmut halada lokgneJ
anerak awitsilutahk haread id kococ ini nahubmuT .dnaliahT atres ,aisyalaM
aramek misum nagned haread id kiab lokgnej .sarek iapmas gnades gnay u
3.1.2 taafnam nad naanugeK
nagnap nahab iagabes nakanugid kutnu iramegid kaynab aynmumu lokgneJ
sesorp iulalem nupuam hatneM .dnaliahT nad aisyalaM ,aisenodnI id
malA nahaB aimiK 3
tapad lokgnej nahalognep aggnih ,lokgnej rumes ,napalal idajnem nakamid
kutnu kiab nad setebaid hagecnem taisahk ikilimem lokgneJ .kipirk nakidajid
malad itka awaynes )7891( ortimeoS naitilenep nakrasadreB .gnutnaj natahesek
gnay harad alug radak nanurunep kefe nakkujnunem gnurednec haub sulah tiluk
p kutnu kiab aggnihes raseb .setebaid atiredne
4.1.2 taz nagnudnaK nad fitka izig
tapad kadit gnay namanat nkapaurem lokgnej aynizig nagnudnak iraD
nad rofsof ,)nalabekek( numi metsis iagabes tapad nimatiV .hadner paggnaid
tapad iseb taz nagnudnak atres ,gnalut nahubmutrep malad anugreb muislak
nagnudnak nupadA .aimina tikaynep hagecnem malad tapadret gnay aynnial
ninopas nad ninat ,adisokilg ,diorets ,irista kaynim ,diolokla itrepes lokgnej
.talokgnej masa atres raseb pukuc kadit gnay halmuj malad
lokgnej ijib marg 001 malad lokgnej ijib izig nagnudnaK
marg 001 rep iziG isisopmoK
ijiB lokgneJ
iziG taZ radaK
)lakk( igrenE 331
)rg( nietorP 3,32
)rg( tardihobraK 7,02
)IS( A nimatiV 042
)gm( B nimatiV 7,0
)gm( C nimatiV 08
)gm( rofsoF 7,661
)gm( muislaK 041
)gm( iseB 7,4
)gm( riA 5,94 1 lebaT
2.2 isalitsiD
)nagniluynep( isalitsiD uata nariac apureb gnay nenopmok nahasimep sesorp halada
nad aynpau kitit naadebrep nakrasadreb gnay ,hibel uata macam aud irad natadap
gnisam irad pau nanaket - sinej agit tapadreT .)7891 ,rehtnauG( tubesret taz gnisam
nial aratna anahredes ria nagniluynep ( ria nagniluynep noitallitsid retaw nagniluynep ,)
( ria nad pau nagned noitallitsid maets dna retaw pau nagned nagniluynep nad )
( gnusgnal )noitallitsid maets kutnu mala nahab malad nakangid kaynab isalitsid sesorP .
.irista kaynim nagnudnak naktapadnem
malA nahaB aimiK 4
3.2 rtskE iska
utaus malad naknigniid gnay nenopmok utaus nahasimep sesorp halada iskartskE
sinakem arac nagned tapad aguj ipatet turalep nakanugid aynasaib ,narupmac
irad adebreb gnay naturalek naupmamek rasad sata idajret nahasimeP .)nasaremep(
nenopmok - nenopmook ,inocsanreB( narupmac malad id tapadret gnay la.te , .)7891
irad rednukes tilobatem awaynes iskartske mumu araces ,)6002( ynneL turuneM
tapad raka nad ,gnatab tiluk ,nuad ,haub ,agnub itrepes ,nahubmut naigab hurules
aparebeB .lonatem isaresam nakanuggnem nahab kinagro awaynes iskartske edotem
: tukireb iagabes halada naitilenep adap nakanugid mumu gnay mala
1.3.2 isaresaM
mulebes ,lanekret pukuc gnay iskartske sesorp nakapurem isaresaM
ehtneuG turuneM .litalov tafisreb gnay turalep nakanuggnem sesorp aynlanekid r
gnay kinagro turalep nagned lepmas namadnerep sesorp halada isaresam ,)7891(
nahab awaynes isaresam sesorp nupadA .gnaur rutarepmet adap nnakanugid
abmag adap tahilid tapad mala
2.3.2 isatelkoS
pmok nakiranep edotem nakapurem isatelkos ,)6891( idajduS turuneM neno
malad naktapmetid lepmas kubres arac nagned nakukalid gnay aimik
naksanapid turalep nariac ,apur naikimedes gniras satrek apureb gnosgnoles
rosnednok helo nakisasnednokid nad paugnem aggnihes talub sala ubal malad
lukelom idajnem - raynep nariac lukelom gnosgnoles malad ek hutaj gnay i
naakumrep iapacnem halet turalep akij nad lepmas malad id fitka taz iraynem
apip iulalem talub ubal ek ilabmek nurutt naka nariac hurules akam ,nofis
renem suret gnusgnalreb naka ini sesorP .isalukris idajret aggnih relipak su
alib iadnatid anrupmes iskartskE .anrupmes iskartske iapmas sitamoto araces
uata ,TLK id akij adon kapmat kadit ,anrawreb kadit gnosgnoles satrek id nariac
02 iapacnem halet isalukris - .ilak 52
3.3.2 isalokreP
ap kinagro turlep naktawelem nakapurem isalokreP aggnihes lepmas ad
amasreb kinagro awaynes awabmem naka turalep - adaP .turalep amas
naigab gnay rednilis anajeb utaus malad naktapmetid lepmas kubres ,aynpisnirp
ek sata irad nakrilaid turalep nariac naidumeK .iropreb takes irebid aynhawab
res iulalem hawab ,iratseL( fitka taz nakturalem naka aggnihes tubesret kub
)8002
malA nahaB aimiK 5
4.2 iristA kayniM
kinagro awaynes narupmac ipatet naka ,inrum awaynes halnakub irista kayniM
nakidileynep.nanialreb gnay nenopmok uata awaynes 52 irad iridret alakgnadak gnay
raseb naigabes awhab nakkujnunem aimik awaynes halada irista kaynim nenopmok
gnudnagnem aynah gnay gnay negisko nad, negordih ,nobrak uata,negordih nad nobrak
)6891,damhca (dionepret tubesid mumu araces ini awaynes. kitamora tafisreb kadit
iridret,irista kaynim iskarfret nagniluynep lisah, paugnem hadum gnilap gnay iskarF
awaynes irad - ionepret awaynes iagabes lanekid,nobrak mota01 gnudnagnem gnay d
awaynes kopmolek nagned lanekid gnay nobrak mota 51 nad nepretonom kopmolek
halada aynaratnaid irista kaynim malad nepretonom awaynes nagnudnaK .nepretiukses
heres kaynim malad )2(lalenortsis nad )1(loinareg ( sudran nogopordnA malad )3(loren,)
( iloren kaynim ps ailoreN )acillag asoR( rawam kaynim malad )4(lolanil nadd,)
( kurej kaynim malad )5( nenomil C ailofitnarua surti sada kaynim malad )6( novrak,)
(F earagluv mulucnu ( natnij kaynim nad ) C munimyc munimu nad ) malad )7(lotnem
( hitup uyak kaynim nordnedacuel acualaleM )
uata nariac apureb gnay nenopmok nahasimep sesorp halada )nagniluynep( isalitsiD
eb. hibel uata macam aud irad natadap nanaket nad aynpau kitit naadebrep nakrasadr
gnisam irad pau - besret taz gnisam nagniluynep sinej agit tapadreT .)7891,rehtneuG(tu
ria nagniluynep nial aratna anahredes gnay ria ( noitallitsid retaw nagned nagniluynep,)
d pau a ria n ( noitallitsid maets dna retaw (gnusgnal pau nagned nagniluynep nad ) maets
noitallitsid ) .
CH2OH
COH CH2OH
OH
O
OH
1 23 4 5
6 7G 2 rabma )irista kaynim rutkurts(
malA nahaB aimiK 6
5.2 malA nahaB awayneS ijU
.1.5.2 aimikotiF ijU
atak irad lasareb aimikotiF lacimehcotyhp . otyhP nad nahubmut halada
lacimehc imala aimik taz nakapurem aimikotif naikimed nagneD .aimik taz halada
gnay anraw uata amora ,asar nakirebmem tapad nad nahubmut malad id tapadret
.uti nahubmut adap anerak izig taz malad ek kusamret kadit aimikotif awayneS
ini taas aggniheS .ria nupuam larenim ,nimativ ,kamel ,nietorp ,tardihoobrak nakub
nej 000.03 ratikes hadus gnudnakret 000.01 ratikes nad nakumetid gnay aimikotif si
,diolokla irad iridret aimikotif ,raseb sirag araceS .)4002,ailenrA( nanakam malad
.ninat nad ,noniuk ,ninopas ,diorets ,dionepret ,dionovalf
.2.5.2 iristA kayniM kisiF tafiS ijU
saib skednI 1.2.5.2
gnatad sunis nagnidnabrep nakkujnunem gnay nagnalib halada saib skednI
ayahac akiJ .)6002,otnamreH( aidem utaus itawelme gnay saib tudus sunis nagned
nakkolebmem naka ranis akam tadap hibel aidem ek tadap gnaruk aidem itawelem
amron sirag irad saibmem uata tudus halada i nad lutnap ranis tudus halada e akiJ .l
nasaibmep mukuh turunem akam gnatad ranis
i niS = N
e niS n
aidem saib skedni halada N nad tadap gnaruk aidem saib skedni halada n anamiD
)7891,rehtneuG(tadap hibel
sinej assaM 2.2.5.2
696,0 aratna rasikreb irista kaynim sinej assam ialiN - uhus adap 881,1
adap irista kaynim sinej assam ialiN.C51 51 uhus o 51/C o iagabes nakisinifedid C
51 uhus adap kaynim tareb aratna nagnidnabrep o emulov adap ria tareb nagned C
m emulov nagned amas gnay ria 51 uhus adap kayni o )7891,rehtneuG(C
lonate mlad naturaleK 3.2.5.2
tulosba lonate malad lepmas naturaleK gnay nakrecneid gnay lonate uata
tural uata naigabes tural iagabes nakataynid nad nahurekek naklubminem
lepmas awhab nakkujnunem ini laH. aynhurules gnay natural kutnebmem tubesret
.harec nad gnineb
malA nahaB aimiK 7
.3.5.2 ijU oitnA nadisk
nad tabmalrepmem ,adnunem tapad gnay awaynes halada nadiskoitnA
nadiskoitna nakataynem )2991( onraniW .isadisko iskaer aynidajret hagecnem
ep iskaer nakitnehgnem tapad gnay awaynes halada .sabeb lakidar nakutnebm
: utiay nadiskoitna ajrek emsinakeM
.a tapad ini awaynes )remirp nadiskoitna( negordih mota irebmeP
adipil lakidar ek tapec araces negordih mota nakirebmem R( * *OOR , )
bugnem uata sabeb lakidar gnidnabid libats hibel kutneb ek aynha
.b meM raulid emsinakam iagabreb nagned isadiskootua ujal tabmalrep
lakidar nahabugnep nagned isadiskootua iatnar nasutumep emsinakem
libats hibel kutneb ek adipil .
utaus nakapurem C nimatiV .C nimativ halada aynnial nadiskoitna hotnoC
L masa awaynes - iagabes nialeS .magareb gnay isgnuf ikilimem nad tabroksa
takignep ,nadiskoitnaorp iagabes isgnuf ikilimem aguj C nimativ ,nadiskoitna
sko pakgnanep nad ,iskuderep ,magol isgnuf ikilimem gnay aynnial nimatiV .negi
kamel malad tural gnay nimativ nakapurem E nimatiV .E nimativ halada nadiskoitna
kutnu isgnufreb E nimatiV .tauk pukuc gnay nadiskoitna tafis ikilimem nad
les isketorpmem - tnabmem ,isadisko sesorp irad enarbmem les tabmalrepmem u
nakbabeynem tapad gnay les nakasurek irad hubut ignudnilem nad ,naaunep
.)0002 hanimuT( reknak tikaynep
utiay ,amas gnay itni rutkurts gnudnagnem aynmumu adap nadiskoitnA
uata iskordih nasugug iatresid hunej kadit anezneb nicnic gnudnagnem nasugug
agit sata igabid aynisgnuf sugug nakrasadreb nadiskoitnA .)8002 nerateK( onima
,nima ,lonef nagnolog utiay nagnolog onima nad - nagnologgnep nupadA .lonef
:tukireb iagabes )8002( nerateK turunem tubesret nadiskoitna
lonef nagnolog nadiskoitnA )a
iaynupmem aynasaib ini nagnolog malad kusamret gnay nadiskoitnA
gnadak uata hadner gnay anraw satisnetni - nadiskoitnA .anrawreb kadit gnadak
nad mala helo naklisahid gnay nadiskoitna raseb naigabes itupilem lonef nagnolog
sitetnis nadiskoitna licek halmujes kusamret gnay nadiskoitna hotnoc aparebeB .
.lonegue nad ,lonisroser ,loketak ,lopisog ,noniukordih nial aratna ini nagnolog
nima nagnolog nadiskoitnA )b
adap takiret gnay onimaid uata onima sugug gnudnagnem gnay nadiskoitnA
pmem aynasaib anezneb nicnic numan ,nadiskoitna iagabes iggnit isnetop iaynu
uata isadiskoid akij fisnetni gnay anraw naklisahgnem aynmumu nad nucareb
atres sanap padahret libats aguj ini nagnolog awayneS .magol noi nagned iskaereb
malA nahaB aimiK 8
nadiskoitna hotnoc aparebeB .kitsuak nagned iskartske N,N halada ini nagnolog
p linefid - .nima linefid nad ,nidinauglinefid ,nizardihlinefid ,nimaidenelinef
onima nagnolog nadiskoitnA )c - lonef
onima nad talonef sugug gnudnagnem aynasaib ini nagnolog nadiskoitnA
itka babeynep lanoisgnuf sugug nakapurem gnay ini nagnoloG .nadiskoitna sativ
mug aynkutnebret hagecnem kutnu muelortep yrtsudni malad nakanugid kaynab
utiay ini nagnolog nadiskoitna hotnoC .nilosag malad N- litub -p- onima - N nad lonef -
liskeholkis -p- onima - lonef .
turuneM .magareb tagnas nadiskoitna sineJ nakrasadreb ,)0991( nodroG
( remirp nadiskoitna idajnem nakgnologid nadiskoitna ,aynajrek emsinakem niahc
tnadixoitna gnikaerb ( rednukes nadiskoitna nad ) tnadixoitna evitneverp .)
ajnem aynhabugnem nad dipil lakidar nagned iskaereb tapad remirp nadiskoitnA id
remirp nadiskoitna iagabes tubesid tapad awaynes haubeS .libats hibel gnay kutneb
ek tapec nagned aynnegordih mota nakronodnem tapad tubesret awaynes alibapa
dipil lakidar irad libats hibel naklisahid gnay nadiskoitna lakidar nad dipil lakidar
apad uata nadiskoitna nupadA .libats hibel gnay nial kudorp idajnem habuid t
natapecek naknurunem isgnufreb gnay hagecnep nadiskoitna halada rednukes
noi natakignep iulalem itrepes ,emsinakem iagabreb nagned isaisini - ,magol noi
ih naiarugnep nad ,negisko napakgnanep kudorp idajnem adiskorepord - non kudorp
aynidajret hagecnem halada rednukes nadiskoitna naujut ,aynrasad adaP .lakidar
.liskordih lakidar utiay ayahabreb gnilap gnay lakidar
nakitnehgnem uata isadisko tabmahgnem malad nadiskoitna emsinakeM
iatnareb iskaer nakbabesid tapad ,isadiskoret gnay kamel irad sabeb lakidar adap
:utiay )8002 nerateK( iskaer emsinakem macam tapme helo
.nadiskoitna irad negordih nasapeleP )a
.nadiskoitna irad nortkele nasapeleP )b
itna adap citamora nicnic malad ek kamel isidA )c .nadisko
irad kitamora nicnic nad kamel aratna skelpmok awaynes nakutnebmeP )d
.nadiskoitna
mota sapelep uata irebmep iagabes isgnuf iaynupmem gnay nadiskoitnA
)HA( nadiskoitna nahabmaneP .remirp nadiskoitna iagabes tubesid gnires negordih
nagned remirp hagecnem uata tabmahgnem tapad adipil adap hadner isartnesnok
iskaer ignalahgnem tapad tubesret nahabmaneP .kaynim nad kamel isadiskootua
lakisaR .isagaporp nad isaisini pahat adap isadisko - gnay )*A( nadiskoitna lakidar
ler tubesret iskaer adap kutnebret igrene pukuc iaynupmem kadit nad libats fita
.urab dipil lakidar kutnebmem nial adipil lukelom nagned iskaereb tapad kutnu
lakidaR - lakidar non kudorp kutnebmem iskaereb gnilas tapad nadiskoitna lakidar
malA nahaB aimiK 9
lakidar natabmahgnep iskaeR .)0991 nodroG( nadiskoitna nadiskoitna helo sabeb
: ini hawabid tahilid tapad isagaporp nad isasisini pahat adap
isaisinI *R : habmatid HA
HR →
isagaporP *OOR : habmatid HA
HOOR →
*R adipil lakidaR :
*OOR adiskorep lakidar :
HA nadiskoitna :
*A lakidar : kutnebret gnay nadiskoitna
HOOR adiskorepih :
relliM turuneM .HPPD edotem nagned rukuid ttapad nadiskoitna sativitkA
la te asilanagnem kutnu edotem utas halas nakapurem HPPD edotem )0002(.
nakanuggnem nagned anahredes gnay nadiskoitna satifitka 1,1 - lynehpid -2-
lizardihlycrip katnujnamiS .isketednep awaynes iagabes )HPPD( la te )0002(
tapad gnay sabeb gnay lakidar awaynes halada HPPD awhab nakakumegnem
kutnebmem nadiskoitna utaus irad lasareb gnay negordih mota nagned iskaereb
.iskuderet HPPD
HPPD edotem adaP ,ytivitca gnigrevacs lacidar eerf nakanugid HPPD
nad aisunam hubut malad ek kusam ini awaynes akiJ .sabeb lakidar ledom iagabes
lonatem ,ini iju malaD .les isgnuf nakasurek nakbabeynem tapad iladnekret kat
taz malad nadiskoitna ,turalep iagabes nakanugid nagned iskareb naka kartskeid ini
idajnem aynhabugnem nad HPPD 1,1 - lynehpid -2- .enizardyhlyrcrip nahabureP
naruku idajnem ini iskaer helo nadiskoitna helo naklisahid gnay napares
onataH( tubesret nahab irad nadiskoitna naupmamek .la te )8891 .
.4.5.2 ijU iretkabitnA
nad iretkab nahaubmutrep tabmahgnem gnay taz halada iretkabitnA
itnauS turuneM .)7002 ,inaiG( iskefni itabognem kutnu susuhk araces nakanugid
utiay ,arac amil iulalem idajret tapad iretkabitna ajrek emsinakem ,)7002(
idnid sisetnis natabmahgnep lukelom nahaburep ,satilibaemrep nahaburep ,les gn
taelkun masa sisetnis natabmahgnep nad ,mizne ajrek natabmahgnep ,taelkun masa
apareb rukugnem kutnu kinket halada iretkabitna sativitka naijugneP .nietorp nad
awaynes utaus isartnesnok uata isnetop raseb igab kefe nakirebmem tapad
.)6991 ,traD( emsinagroorkim
tabmahgnem tafisreb gnay taz ada ,fitkeles satisiskot tafis nakrasadreB
tafisreb gnay nad kitatsoiretkab iagabes lanekid gnay iretkab nahubmutrep
naG( adisiretkab iagabes lanekid gnay iretkab hunubmem )5991 ,anrawsi
malA nahaB aimiK 01
:utiay ,edotem aparebeb nagned nakukalid tapad iretkabitna naijugneP
.a isuliD edoteM
nagned nakrupmacid ijuid naka gnay iretkabitna taz ,ini edotem adaP
aynnatamagnep rasaD .iju iretkab nagned isalukoniid naidumek gnay muidem
em nagned halada .iretkab nahaubmutrep aynkadit uata ada tahil
.b ragA isufiD edoteM
isufid adap gnutnagreb gnay rudesorp utaus halada raga isufid adoteM
gnay haread itamagnem nagned aynajreK .raga malad ek iretkabitna awaynes
rep natabmah aynada nakisakidnignem gnay ,gnineb helo emsinagroorkim nahubmut
ztewaJ( raga aidem naakumrep adap iretkabitna ,ini edotem adaP .)5002 ,.la te
adap isufidreb naupmamek sata nakrasadreb nakutnetid iretkabitna sativitka
aynnatamagnep rasaD .iretkab nagned isalukoniid halet gnay raga nagnepmel halada
nahubmutrep adap kutnebret gnay tabmah anoz aynkadit ada tahilem nagned
:)8002 ,iwitarP( arac aparebeb sata igabid ini isufid adoteM .iju iretkab
1. talp rednilis araC
adaP .tawak rednilis apureb gnadacep tala iakamem nagned ini araC
p nakkatelid ulal atarem araces aborkim nakkaibid nahinebmep aidem naakumre
raneb surah rednilis gnadacnep - isabukniid naidumek ,aidem adap takelem raneb
,isabukni haleteS .utnetret utkaw nad uhus adap nad takgnaid rednilis gnadacnep
trep tabmah haread rukuid .iretkab nahubmu
markac araC .2
halet gnay raga aidem adap nakkatelid kitoibitna isireb gnay satrek markaC
.tubesret raga aidem adap isufidreb naka gnay emsinagroorkim imanatid
3. puc araC talp
nagned amas aguj ini araC arac ,markac aidem adap rumus taubid anamid
irebid tubesret rumus adap nad emsinagroorkim nagned imanatid halet gnay raga
.iju id naka gnay kitoibitna
.c ifargotuaoiB
iretkabitna narupmac isaulavegnem kutnu edotem nakapurem ifargotuaoiB
ork adap kacreb apurbe gnay ifargotuaoib iju edotem aud adA .CLT lisah margotam
:utiay
.1 arac nagned nakukalid gnusgnal ifargotuaoiB :gnusgnaL ifargotuaoiB
talp hutneynem nagned uata iretkab isnepsus nagned CLT talp naktorpmeynem
.raga aidem naakumrep adap CLT
.2 iB :yalrevO ifargotuaoiB nnakgnaunem arac nagned nakukalid gnay ifargotuao
.CLT talp naakumrep sata id iretkab raga aidem
malA nahaB aimiK 11
.B igoloiborkiM suerua succocolyhpatS
isiviD atyhpotorP :
noisividbuS aetecymozihcS :
sessalC setecymozihcS :
odrO selairetcabuE :
ailimaF : eaeccocorciM
suneG succocolyhpatS :
seisepS : suerua succocolyhpatS .)1691 ,ellaS(
suerua succocolyhpatS nahinebmep nakaynabek adap hubmut hadum
adap tapec gnilap hubmut ,kiboreaorkim uata kiborea naadaek malad ,kigoloiretkab
73 ramak uhus o ab gnilap ,C 02( ramak uhus adap nemgip kutnebmem ki o adap nad )C
2,7 Hp nagned aidem - sulah ,talub kutnebreb tadap nahinebmep adap inoloK .4,7
ualikreb nad lojnonem - ztewaJ( nemgip kutnebmem ualik la te .)1991 ,. suerua .S
nanusus malad lobmoreggnem alib ,sirefs kutnebreb .naketret anerak atar kaga ayn
8,0 aratna namuk retemaiD - aynasaib rutaret kadit nalobmoreg nanusuS .norkim 0,1
irad nakgnades ,tadap nahinebmep irad taubid gnay naaaides adap nakumetid
ar iagabes nususret uata iridnesret nakumetid aynasaib udlak nahinebmep iatn
helo iskefniid tapad hubut tala uata nagniraj paiteS .)4991,.kkd ,hanisraK( kednep
iretkab suerua .S adnat nagned tikaynep aynlubmit nakbabeynem nad - ,sahk adnat
.)4991,.kkd ,hanisraK( sesba nakutnebmep nad nagnadarep utiay suerua .S tapad
nakbabeynem ztewaJ( tiluk iskefni nad sitidrakodne ,sitigninem ,ainomuenp la te ,.
.)1002
.5.5.2 satisiskoT ijU
isnetop adapek nakitraid tapad mumu araces awaynes utaus irad satisiskoT
awaynes akitek nakasurek nakbabeynem tapad kutnu aimik awaynes utaus irad
tubesret aimik awaynes utauS .aisunam hubut maladek kusam uata ianegnem
nucar kefe naklubminem tapad tubesret awaynes akij tuka nucar tafisreb nakatakid
tapad tubesret awaynes akij sinork tafisreb nad ,takgnis gnay utkaw akgnaj malad
j malad nucar kefe naklubminem gnay katnok anerak( gnajnap gnay utkaw akgna
gnalureb - .)tikides gnay halmuj malad nupualaw gnalu
nagned naklupmisid aimik nahab utaus satisiskot ianegnem nauhategneP
kefe irajalepmem - ,naabocrep naweh padahret aimik nahab narapamep irad kefe
nahab narapamep rutluk nad iretkab itrepes hadner takgnit msinagro padahret aimik
les - .aisunam padahret aimik nahab narapamep nad muirotarobal id ailamam irad les
malA nahaB aimiK 21
nakukal id tapad namanat kartske irad fitka igoloisif isanoiskarf nad gninirks kutnU
satisiskot radnats iju araces nakanugid gnay edotem utauS .)kednep akgnaj( tuka
halada halada tubesret duskam kutnu mala nahab naitilenep malad saul enirB
tseT ytilahteL pmirhS nad tapec gnay arac utas halas nakapurem TLSB .)TLSB(
rtske irad igolokamraf satifitka iju kutnu harum nakanuggnem nagned namanat ka
satilatrom itamagnem ini ijU .hcaeL anilas aimetrA gnadu avral utiay tual naweh
naka fitka gnay awayneS .iju awaynes helo nakbabes id gnay gnadu avral
.iggnit gnay satilatrom naklisahgnem
ini TLSB edotem nagned satisiskot ijU satifitka murtceps ikilimem
ayaib nakhutubmem kadit nad tapec ,anahredes aynrudesorp ,saul gnay igolokamraf
gnires ini edotem uti gnipmasiD .ayacrep id tapad aynlisah atres ,raseb gnay
na sala nagneD .reknakitna awaynes nasaipanep edotem nagned naktiakid - nasala
.mala nahab naitilenep malad nakanugid tapet tagnas ini iju akam ,tubesret
gnay sabeb lakidar kefe maderem malad gnitnep tagnas nadiskoitna nanareP
tikaynep aynidajret nagned tare natiakreb fitareneged ,iggnit harad nanaket itrepes
,renorok gnutnaj malad iwaimikoib sesorp helo irasadid gnay reknak nad setebaid
sesorp amales surenem suret araces naklisahid gnay sabeb lakidaR .hubut
les isgnuf nakasurek aynidajret babeynep iagabes paggnaid ,lamron emsilobatem - les
bmit ucimep idajnem aynrihka gnay hubut tikaynep aynlu fitareneged iskaeR .
imala kiab utnetret nadiskoitna helo tabmahid tapad mumu araces sabeb lakidar
aratna ,namanat irad lasareb imala nadiskoitna raseb naigahabeS .sitetnis nupuam
ef ,tabroksa masa ,dionetarak ,lorefokot naawaynes apureb nial .dionovalf nad ,lon
uti anerak helo ,iggnit sisod adap kiskot ulales ripmah fitkaoib awayneS
hunub ayad oviv ni kutnu nakanugid tapad naweh emsinagro padahret awaynes irad
iskarf rotinomem aguj nad sativitkaoib iaynupmem gnay nahubmut kartske sipanem
kaoib kutnu iauses gnay emsinagro utas halaS .nainrumep nad isaniskarf amales fit
halada iju naweh pmirhs enirb .)tual gnadu(
nakanugid ini naitilenep malad nuad kartske satisiskot iuhategnem kutnU
( TLSB edotem tseT ytilahteL pmirhS enirB iuhategnem kutnu nad ) kartske sativitka
( HPPD edotem nakanugid nadiskoitna iagabes nuad - 1,1 - linefid -2- lizardihlirkip .)
nakapurem ’HPPD sabeb lakidar namaderep kefE‘ araces nadiskoitna narukugneP
nakhutubmem kadit nad tapec ,anahredes gnay nadiskoitna narukugnep edotem
kaynab nitnax( nial iju aynlah itrepes negaer - ,tanaisoiT edotem ,esadisko nitnax
lepmas nadiskoitna naupmamek nakkujnunem narukugnep lisaH .)latot nadiskoitna
HPPD ,ini edotem adaP .tabmahid gnay lakidar sinej rasadreb kadit mumu araces
lakidar iagabes narepreb ,iju nahab irad nadiskoitna helo maderid gnay sabeb
kutnebmem tubesret nadiskoitna nagned iskaereb naka HPPD anamid ,1,1 - linefid -2-
malA nahaB aimiK 31
nizardih lirkip tapad gnay anraw nahaburep aynidajret nakbabeynem ini iskaeR .
ap kapmat ranis retemotofortkeps nagned rukuid sativitka aggnihes ,mn 515λ ad
.nakutnetid tapad lepmas helo sabeb lakidar namaderep
edoteM .TLSB edoteM nagned satisiskoT ijU la te reyeM kutnu nakanugid .
gnadu rulet nakanuggnem nagned mumu araces lepmas satisiskot irajalepmem
( hcaeL anilas aimetrA P .) nasatenep kutnu anajeb nakpaisid ,gnadU avraL nasatene
kutnu upmal nakkatelid tubesret anajeb malad gnaur utas iD .gnadu rulet
ria irebid aynhalebes gnaur id nakgnades ,nasatenep malad uhus naktagnahgnem
nakkusamid tual ria maladeK .tual habmatid 05 - gm 001 kutnu gnadu rulet
nakalaynid upmal nad ,liof muinimula nagned pututid rulet naigab adaP .naksatetid
nagned ijuid naka gnay gnadu avral libmaiD .rulet naksatenem kutnu maj 84 amales
.tepip
ual ria Lμ 001 kaynabeS .TLSB edoteM nagned satisiskoT ijU rudesorP t
01 kaynabes gnadu avral gnudnagnem gnay - nakkusamid naidumek ,tepipid roke 21
gnisam ijuid naka gnay lepmas natural nakhabmat iD .iju hadaw malad ek - gnisam
paites kutnU .mpp 0001 nad 005 ,002 ,001 ,01 isartnesnok nagned ,Lμ 001 kaynabes
ukalid isartnesnok nak 2 ( nagnalugnep ilak olpud .negomoh iapmas kudaid naturaL .)
42 amales nakraibid naturaL .lepmas nahabmanep apnat nakukalid lortnok kutnU
.gnabul pait irad pudih hisam nad itam gnay avral halmuj gnutihid naidumek ,maj
halmujnem nagned gnutihid itam akgnA nay avral nak paites malad itam g
.isartnesnok malad pudih gnay avral nakhalmujnem nagned gnutihid pudih akgnA
isartnesnok paites . nagned nakukalid isartnesnok pait itam isalumuka nagnutihreP
am akgna = mpp 01 isartnesnok kutnu itam isalumuka :tukireb arac adap it
adap itam akgna = mpp 001 isartnesnok kutnu itam isalumuka ,tubesret isartnesnok
mpp 01 isartnesnok habmatid a 001 isartnesnok adap itam akgn itam isalumuka ,mpp
mpp 01 isartnesnok adap itam akgna = mpp 002 isartnesnok kutnu habmatid akgna
adap itam mpp 001 isartnesnok habmatid .mpp 002 isartnesnok adap itam akgna
nagnutihreP .mpp 0001 isartnesnok iapmas gnutihid itam akgna isalumukA
pudih isalumuka :tukireb arac nagned nakukalid isartnesnok pait pudih isalumuka
dih akgna = mpp 0001 isartnesnok kutnu isalumuka ,mpp 0001 isartnesnok adap pu
mpp 0001 isartnesnok adap pudih akgna = mpp 005 isartnesnok kutnu pudih
habmatid kutnu pudih isalumuka ,mpp 005 isartnesnok adap pudih akgna
mpp 0001 isartnesnok adap pudih akgna = mpp 002 isartnesnok habmatid akgna
mpp 005 isartnesnok adap pudih habmatid .mpp 002 isartnesnok adap pudih akgna
.mpp 01 isartnesnok iapmas gnutihid pudih akgna isalumukA
halmuj igabid itam isalumuka :arac nagned satilatrom gnutihid ayntujnaleS
.%001 ilakid )latot( itam nad pudih isalumuka isartnesnok gol nagned taubid kifarG
malA nahaB aimiK 41
CL ialiN .y ubmus iagabes satilatrom padahret x ubmus iagabes 05 nakapurem
nagned helorepid gnay %05 naitamek nakbabeynem taz anamid isartnesnok
a = y reinil iserger naamasrep iakamem habmatid tka nakatakid taz utauS .xb uata fi
CL ialin alib kiskot 05 .awaynes utaus kutnu mpp 03 < nad kartke kutnu mpp 0001 <
.6.5.2 malA nahaB isakifitnedI CLT nagned
yhpargotamorhC reyaL nihT )TLK( sipit sipal ifargotamork uata )CLT(
naadebrep nakrasadreb awaynes narupmac nahasimep sesorp halada utiay ,esaf aud
idajret isalosi sesorP .)turalep( kareg esaf nad )ainumula uata leg akilis( maid esaf
nenopmok irad naturalek atres isitrap ayad nad pares ayad naadebrep nakrasadreb -
d anerak helO .neule naralopek itukignem karegreb naka gnay aimik nenopmok aya
nagned karegreb nenopmok akam ,amas kadit aimik nenopmok padahret nebrosda
,klraC( nahasimep nakbabeynem gnay halini lah aggnihes adebreb gnay natapecek
gnay awaynes naturalek tafis nagned nakiausesid neule kutnu turaleP .)7002
d leg akiliS .sisilanaid .taflus masa itrepes fitkaer gnay iskaerep nagned iskaereb tapa
adap kutnebret halet gnay anraw naadebrep halmuj irad helorepid fR ialiN
awaynes isakifitnedi nakhadumem kutnu anugreb ini laH .nagnepmel uata talp -
rasadid ini narukugneP .lucnum gnay awaynes helo hupmetid gnay karaj adap nak
kacreb helo hupmet gnay karaj nad turalep helo hupmetid gnay karaj nad turalep
gnisam anraw - : tukireb rabmag adap tahilid tapad CLT hotnoc nupadA .gnisam
)CLT( 2 rabmaG
,tapec sisilana halada CLT nakanuggnem nagnutnueK tikides tagnas nahab
awaynes nakhasimem kutnu nakanugid tapad ,aynnakilpuc nupuam pareynep kiab -
adipil itrepes kibofordih ayntafis gnay awaynes - rakus gnay nobrakordih nad adipil
iracnem kutnu anugreb tapad aguj CLT .satrek ifargotamork nagned nakajrekid
e nad ,ifargotamork araces awaynes isakifitnedi ,molok ifargotamork adap neul
.licek alaks inrum awaynes isalosi
malA nahaB aimiK 51
III BAB
NAITILENEP EDOTEM
1.3 naitileneP utkaW nad tapmeT
b ini naitileneP udapreT muirotarobaL tasuP ,aimik muirotarobal id tapmetre
rayS NIU )TLP( 60 laggnat irad adap nakukaliD .atrakaJ hallutayadiH fi - 72
.2102 rebmetpeS
2.3 nahaB nad talA
1.2.3 talA
s halada ini mukitkarp adap nakanugid gnay talA isalitsed tala tes uta ,
p kirtsil sagnane t , kitilana nagnabmi t , retemomre l , reyemnelrE uba R , rotkarfe
ebbA p , retemonki g , sale u 01 ruk lm , telkoS rotkartskE k , satre s gnira , yratoR
rotaropavE t , gnuba r iskae p , setet tepi p nad , tepi .emulov
2.2.3 nahaB
a halada ini mukitkarp adap nakulrepid gnay nahaB tsedauq s , lepma
namanat e , %69 lonat , ONgA 3 1,0 N , N 2000,0 lCaN , ONH 3 %52 m , lonate ,
lCH 2% , lCeF 3 %1 , 2 HOaN N s , gM kubre r , nemrebeiL negae - drahcuB r , negae
reyaM r , ffrodnegarD negae , HPPD p , CLT lisah tal .
3.3 ajreK araC
.1.3.3 isalitsiD
kaynabes gnabmitid naidumek ,sulah nad gnirek halet gnay namanat lepmaS
.alaip saleg malad marg 05 ubal malad ek nakhadnipid lepmas uti haleteS
hurules iapmas tsedauqa nakhabmatid lepmas malad eK .lm 005 isalitsid
,uti haleteS .anrupmes nagned kudaid nad lm 052 arik arik ,madnret lepmas
l amales hididnem iapmas naksanapid ubaL .gnasap id isalitsid ubal gnaruk hibe
id ria alib nakitnehid isalitsid nad kudaid ilakeses ubal ,naksanapid taaS .maj 3
irista kaynim emulov acabiD .)gnirek iapmas nagnaj( tikides laggnit ubal malad
nagnalugnep nakukalid isalitsiD .)reyemnelre ubal( gnupmanep malad
ilak 3 kaynabes esatnesrep malad nakataynid irista kaynim radak nad
kaynim emulov halada V anamid %001 x M/V sumur nagned tobob/emulov
lepmas tobob halada M nad )lm(
.2.3.3 ijU tafiS iristA kayniM kisiF
.a saiB skednI ijU
lonate nagned nakhisrebid retemotkarfer amsirP .nakanugid mulebes
s naidumeK hisreb nad gnirek gnay amsirp adap naksetetid lepma . amsirP
malA nahaB aimiK 61
patet lepmas uhus iapmas uggnut nad naktaparid . nagneD edils rutagnem
nad paleg gnay gnadib aratna satab sirag helorepid naka gnaret naidumek
adap naksetetid lepmaS hisreb nad gnirek gnay amsirp . gnay ialin acabiD
52 asib skednI ( aynuhus tatacid nad hawab naigab rayal adap aretret o n = C
habmatid t( 4000,0 - )52 .
.b sineJ asaM ijU
rete nad lonate nagned nakhisrebid retemonkiP s retemonkip gnirek halete
nagned gnabmitid itilet naidumeK . ulal ,aret satab iapmas nakisiid sedaukA
02 uhus ria saggnanep adap nakpulecid retemonkip o pututid nad c ,
d itilet nagned gnabmiti . lonate nagned icucid ulal nakgnosokid retemonkiP
rete nad s b iapmas lepmas nakisiid retemonkip gnirek halete aret sata .
02 uhus adap ria saggnanep malad ek nakpulecid retemonkiP o pututid nad c ,
d 52 uhus adap sinej assam ( itilet nagned gnabmiti o d = c habmatid 8000,0
t( - ) )52 .
.c lonatE malad naturaleK ijU
nad %69 lonate nakanuggnem lonate malad naturalek ijU natural
gnidnabmep . gnidnabmep naturaL tubesret ONgA Lm 5,0 nakapurem 3 N 1,0
ONH setet utas nad N 2000,0 lCaN malad ek 3 )%52( naidumeK . Lm 1
setet nakhabmatid nad Lm 01 ruku saleg malad ek naktapmetid kaynim
%69 lonate setetes imed d natural ,uti haleteS . i helorepid iapmas kocok
.gnineb natural nagned aynnahurekek nakgnidnabid gnineb kadit aliB
gnidnabmep natural nagned .
.3.3.3 malA nahaB awayneS iskartskE
.a isaresaM
051 kaynabes gnabmitid,sulah nad gnirek hadus gnay namanat lepmaS
nagned isaresamid uti haletes.marg amales nakmaidid nad lonatem turalep
gniras satrek nagned gnirasid naidumek lepmas isaresam lisaH.maj 42x3
idajnem nagniraynep nariac lisah iapmas turalep habmatid libmas
nagned naktakepid )kartske emulov 3/2( nagniraynep lisah nariaC.hinrej
aropave yrator rot 04=T(latnek gnay kartske helorepid aggnih - 56 o )C
.b isatlekoS
marg 02 kaynabes gnabmitid,sulah nad gnirek hadus gnay namanat lepmaS
turalep uti haleteS.gniras satrek apureb gnosgnoles adap naktapmetid nad
Lm005 maladek nakkusamid lonatem ksalf noitalitsid lepmas uti haleteS.
emulov 3/2( nagniraynep lisah nariaC.maj aparebeb amales iskartskeid
nagned naktakepid )kartske rotaropave yrator kartske helorepid aggnih
04=T(latnek gnay - 56 o )C
malA nahaB aimiK 71
.4.3.3 aimikotiF ijU
.a diolaklA ijU
ek nakusamid lm 4 kaynabes namanat kartskE .iskaer gnubat malad
d naidumeK haleteS .tubesret gnubat malad ek % 2 lCH lm 5,0 nakhabmati
.gnubat aud malad ek igabid nad xetrovid ,uti t adaP amatrep gnuba
2 nakhabmatid - fitisop lisah( .ffrodnegarD negaeR setet 3 naklisahgnem
ek gnubat nad )aggnij napadne 2 nakhabmatid aud - setet 3 reyaM negaeR
fitisop lisah( naklisahgnem .)gninuk napadne
.b dionovalF ijU
.lm 2 kaynabes iskaer gnubat malad ek nakusamid namanat kartskE
d naidumeK 1 nad tubesret gnubat malad ek gM kubres tikides nakhabmati
kij fitisop( % 2 lCH lm gnineb anrawreb nad asub lubmit a - .)eynaro
.c dioretS nad dionepretirT ijU
.iskaer gnubat malad ek nakusamid lm 2 kaynabes namanat kartskE
naidumeK namrebiL negaeR setet aparebeb nakhabmatiD - ek drahcruB
tnebmem dionepretirt akij fitisop( tubesret gnubat malad nicnic ku
.)uajih anrawreb diorets nad teloiv uata natalkocek
.d noniuK ijU
.iskaer gnubat malad ek nakkusamid lm 2 kaynabes namanat kartskE
naidumeK nad tubesret iskaer gnubat malad ek N2 HOaN nakhabmatiD
( kocokid lisah .)harem anrawreb fitisop
.e ninaT ijU
skE .iskaer gnubat malad ek nakkusamid lm 2 kaynabes namanat kart
naidumeK 2 nakhabmatiD - nad tubesret gnubat malad ek % 1 3lCeF setet 3
( kocokid lisah .)atnit urib uata namatihek uajih anrawreb fitisop
.f ninopaS ijU
tid sulah nad gnirek halet gnay namanat lepmaS marg 1 kaynabes gnabmi
.iskaer gnubat malad ek nakkusamid nad d naidumeK tsedauqa nakhabmati
malad naksanapid ,uti haleteS .tubesret gnubat malad ek lm 5 kaynabes
nakmaidid nad gnirasid helorepid gnay nariaC .tinem 5 amales ria sagnanep
.nignid kaga iapmas asub lubmit iapmas tauk nagned kocokid uti haleteS
( lisah .)tinem 01 amales libats asub akij fitisop
.5.3.3 nadiskoitnA ijU
.a HPPD“ sativitka ijU regnevacs lacidar eerf ”
Lm 02 malad nakturalid nad rg 1 gnabmitid natakemep lisah kartskE
)mpp 0002( lonatem . naturaL ,001 ,05( isartnesnok iagabreb taubid lepmas
)mpp 0061 nad ,008 ,004 ,002 . gnisaM - nad Lm 2 tepipid lepmas gnisam
malA nahaB aimiK 81
.iskaer gnubat malad ek nakkusamid d naidumeK HPPD Lm 2 nakhabmati
olpud taubid isartnesnok paiT .)paleg gnaur malad nakukal( %200,0 .
as naturaL 73 uhus adap isabukniid nad negomoh iapmas kocokid lepm o C
tinem 03 amales VU irtemotofortkeps nagned rukuid ulal , - nagned siV
n naD .mn 715 = HPPD gnabmoleg gnajnap helo ilikawem gnay isibihni iali
CI 05 : sumur nagned gnutihid
𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑃 𝑛𝑖 � 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖 � 𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑜𝑘𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑜𝑘𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑏
𝑥 001 %
.b ifargotuaoiB araces HPPD sativitka ijU
talitsid/kartske lepmas CLK asilana lisaH d % 200,0 nagned naktorpmesi
lonatem nagned nakturalid gnay HPPD . aynada nakkujnunem fitisop lisaH
aggnij idajnem ugnu anraw nahaburep .
.6.3.3 iretkabitnA ijU
ragA isufiD edotem nagned aborkimitna ijU
.marg 2 kaynabes gnabmitid naktakepid halet gnay lokgnej lepmas kartskE
57 ,%05 ,%52 idajnem lepmas isartnesnok taubid naidumeK %001 nad ,%
iretkab isnepsus nakpaisiD .sedauqa nagned sueruA succocotpetS
( sueruA succocolyhpatS 1,0 libmaid ,kcolbdim esaf rumureb halet gnay BN ,)
halte gnay ragA tneirtuN Lm 01 malad ek nakkusamid naidumek Lm
malad ek nakgnautid nad ,xetrovid ,nakriacid raga haleteS .irtep nawac
ihasabid halet gnay )mc 1 retemaid( markac satrek nakkusamid ,ukebmem
.)%001 nad ,%57 ,%05 ,%52( isartnesnok iagabreb nagned lokgnej kartske
uhus adap irah 3 amales kilabret arac nagned isabukniid ,nakkaibid iretkaB
73 o aleteS .C satrek ratikes id natabmah haread retemaid itamaid ,isabukniid h
ratikes id gnineb haread iagabes kutnebret gnay natabmah hareaD .markac
.citoibitna nagned nakgnidnabid nad rukuid markac satrek
.7.3.3 satisiskoT ijU
.a rulet nasateneP hcaeL anilas aimetrA
irad taubret gnay nasatenep hadaw adap naktapmetid gnadu ruleT
nagned aynhagnet naigab adap takesid halet nad kitsalp mroforets ,
hagnetes iapmas nahalrep araces %5,3 marag natural irebid naidumek
utid gnadu rulet isireb gnay katok naigaB .latot emulov irad nagned put
malA nahaB aimiK 91
naktapmetid pututid kadit gnay katok naigab nakgnades ,liof muinimula
avral,maj 84 haleteS .VU ranis uata ttaw 81 noen upmal ranis hawab id
.satisiskot iju kutnu nakanugid pais
.b satisiskoT ijU
auqa Lm 05 malad nakturalid kartske marg 1,0 kaynabeS 0002( tsed
,002 ,001 ,01 isartnesnok nagned taubid lepmas natural uti halateS .)mpp
.nagnalugnep ilak 2 taubid isartnesnok paiteS .mpp 0001 nad ,005
gnisaM - nakkusamid nad Lµ 001 kaynabes tepipid lepmas natural gnisam
bmatid uti haleteS .laiv lotob malad ek avral roke 01 nakha animetrA
hcaeL anilas upmal ayahac hawabid maj 42 amales nakraibid naturaL .
gnisam irad itam gnay gnadu avral ,aj 42 halateS .ttaw 81 noen - gnisam
CL ialin iracid nad gnutihid laiv lotob 05 .
tam isalumuka : arac nagned gnutihid satilatroM halmuj igabid i
gol nagned taubid kifarG .%001 ilakid )latot( itam nad pudih isalumuka
iagabes satilatrom padahret x ubmus iagabes isartnesnok ialiN .y ubmus
CL 05 %05 naitamek nakbabeynem taz anamid isartnesnok nakapurem
asrep iakamem nagned helorepid gnay a = y raenil iserger naam habmatid
CL ialin alib kiskot uata fitka nakatakid taz utauS .xb 05 ktunu mpp 0001<
.awaynes utaus kutnu mpp 03< nad kartske
.8.3.3 malA nahaB awayneS isakifitnedI
leg akilis CLT talp adap naklototid irista kaynim/kartske lepmaS
FG 452 .rasad irad mc 5,1 karajreb trats sirag tepiporkim nautnab nagned
nagned turalep nagned isuleid naidumek nakaradugnirekid tops ,uti haleteS
nagned neule lm 5 kaynabes ,ayntujnaleS .utnetret nagnidnabrep
malad ek nakkusamid utnetret nagnidnabrep rebmahc S . ,uti halete
,ulaL .pututid hadaw naidumek tops irebid halet gnay CLT talp nakkusamid
CLT talp uti haleteS .rihka sirag adap turalep iapmas nakraibid
.VU ranis hawab id CLT talp adap tops itamaid nad nakaradugnirekid
p tapadret gnay awaynes iuhategnem kutnU gnisam ada - talp id tops gnisam
namrebeiL ,taflus muirec naktorpmesid tapad akam ,CLT - ,drahcruB
lCeF ,kainoma 3 .ffodnegarD nad ,
malA nahaB aimiK 02
VI BAB
LISAH NASAHABMEP NAD
.1.3.3 isalitsiD
esatnesorp isalitsid lisaH 𝑉𝑀� halada lokgnej %001x 52 𝐿𝑚
05 𝑟𝑔� 001 x .%05 = %
nahasimep nagned lokgnej adap irista kaynim libmagnem kutnu lokgnej isalitsiD
rutaid isalitsid akam ,tsedauqa turalep nakanuggnem nagneD .aynhidid kitit naadebrep
001( ria hidid kitit hawabid aynuhus o isasnednokret naka naklisahid gnay paU .)C aggnihes
dnem nariac awhab nakitsamem kutnU .irista kaynim iagabes agudid gnay nariac naktapa
gnay irista kaynim kisif iju iulalem ijuid ulrep akam irista kaynim halada uti tapadid gnay
.nakutnetid halet
.1.3.3 iristA kayniM kisiF tafiS ijU
kitsiretkaraK eJ talitseD ijU lisaH lokgn kayniM lanoisanretnI radnatSA )* irist
52( sineJ assaM o )C 3mc/rg 108,0 09,0 - 3mc/rg 49,0 52( saiB skednI o )C 33,1 64,1 - 74,1
lohokla malad naturaleK 2:1 hinrej naturaL 1 :1 hinrej naturaL -4 1991 ,OSI )* 2 lebat
agudid gnay lokgnej talitseD nagned kisif araces ijuid irista kaynim gnudnagnem
naijugneP .lohocla nagned naturalek iju nad ,saib skedni ,sinej assam apureb isasiretkarak
uata utum iuhategnem kutnu naujut nagned nakutnetid ini isalitsed lisah adap kisif tafis
ay irista kaynim satilauk ,utum nataraysrep ihunemem kadit aliB .lokgnej gnudnakid gn
.harum hibel huaj naka tubesret kaynim lauj ialin akam
aynrasad pisnirp ,retemotkarfer nagned irista kaynim saib skedni narukugnep malaD
saib sunis nad hutaj tudus sunis aratna nagnidnabrep utiay nagned ayahac sakrebes akij
gnay utnetret tudus nagned kaynim ek aradu irad hutaj utnetret gnabmoleg gnajnap
nakutnenem kutnu nakduskamid ini saib skedni nautneneP .patet uhus adap naknahatrepid
im saib skedni awhab nakkujnunem iju lisaH .kaynim nainrumek 33,1 rasebes lokgnej kayn
.)1991 ,OSI( lanoisanretnI radnatS ihunemem kadit ,
,lokgnej gnudnakid gnay irista kaynim sinej assam narukugnep malad nakgnadeS
51 uhus adap kaynim nataparek aratna nagnidnabrep utiay aynrasad pisnirp o padahret C
ria nataparek kaynim sinej assam awhab nakkujnunem iju lisaH .amas gnay uhus adap
mc/rg 108,0 rasebes lokgnej 3 ,OSI( lanoisanretnI radnatS nagned iauses kadit ini lisah .
52 adap irista kaynim sinej assam awhab nakataynem gnay )1991 o 09,0 rasebes C - 49,0
mc/rg 3 b numaN . ialin ,malA nahaB aimiK mukitkarP kujnuteP ukuB erutaretil nakrasadre
malA nahaB aimiK 12
696,0 aratna rasikreb irista kaynim sinej assam - 51 uhus adap 881,1 o iju lisah aggniheS .C
.lanoisanretnI radnatS irista kaynim utum ihunemem muleb naklupmisid tapad
uralek naijugnep adaP tural ayad itamagnem nagned nakutnetid lonate malad nat
tapad nakrecneid gnay lonate malad nagned lokgnej kaynim lepmaS .lohocla malad kaynim
natural kutnebmem tubesret lepmas awhab nakkujnunem ini lah ,nahurekek naklubminem
p nagned harec nad gnineb gnay naturalek kisif tafis iju iraD .2:1 hinrej natural nagnidnabre
iauses lohocla malad lokgnej kaynim naturalek awhab nalupmisek tapadid ini lonate malad
tapadid gnay atad aumes nakgnidnabid akij numaN .)1991 ,OSI( lanoisanretnI radnatS
m ,nahurulesek araces iauses gnay irista kaynim utum ihunemem muleb lokgnej kayni
.)1991 ,OSI( lanoisanretnI radnatS
.2.3.3 malA nahaB awayneS iskartskE
edotem aparebeb tapadret iskartkE isatalkos ,isaresam nad .isalokrep adaP
edotem nakanuggnem aynah ini naabocrep isaresam nad alkos .isat nakanuggnem isakartskE
edotem nagned halada anahredes nad hadun gnilap gnay edotem aparebeb isaresam uata
nagned nairaynep arac nagned isatelkos edotem naD .turalep malad lepmas namadnerep
.kinagro turalep irad isasnednok nariac
.taafnamreb gnay awaynes libmagnem kutnu halada iskartske isgnuf nupadA
irad lisaH .kinagro turalep adap naturalek nagned nakiausesid lepmas irad iras nalibmagneP
iju nakanuggnem nagned aynnagnudnak ijuid iskartske aimikotif .
.3.3.3 aimikotiF ijU
oN imikotiF ijU a naabocreP lisaH
isaresaM isatelkoS
.1 dioloklA
fudnegerD
reyaM
habmatid napadne(
)aggnij
habmatid napadne(
)gninuk
-
-
.2 dioretS /dionepretirT - -
.3 dionovalF habmatid gnineb asub(
)egnero
-
.4 ninaT habmatid uajih(
)namatihek
-
.5 noniuQ - )gnineb( -
.6 ninopaS habmatid )asubreb( - 3 lebaT
malA nahaB aimiK 22
%3 = nemedneR
iskartskeid gnay lokgnej haub irad aimikotif ijugnem nakitkarp ini naabocrep adaP
nagned diolakla iju adap awhab tapadid naabocrep lisah nakrasadreB .isaresam arac nagned
iskaerep napadnE .aggnij napadne tapadret anamid fitisop gnay lisah tapadid ,ffodnegard
tartin tumsib,ffrodnegarD iskaerep nataubmep adaP .diolaklamuilak halada tubesret
marag anerak sisilordih iskaer idajret kadit raga lCH malad nakturalid - hadum tumsib marag
hret OiB( litumsib noi kutnebmem sisilordi habmatid ,)
iB 3++ H2 O
→ OiB + + H2 +
iB noi ragA 3+ aggnihes masa habmatid uti natural akam ,natural malad adareb patet
iB noi ayntujnaleS .irik hara ek resegreb naka nagnabmitesek 3+ iskaereb tartin tumsib irad
turalem naidumek gnay adidoi )III(tumsiB matih napadne kutnebmem adidoi muilak nagned
iju adaP .)0991 ,alhevS( tatumsibodoiartet muilak kutnebmem hibelreb adidoi muilak malad
iskaerep nagned diolakla ffrodnegarD nugid negortin , nelavok nataki kutnebmem kutnu naka
K nagned tanidrook + iju adap iskaeR .magol noi nakapurem gnay ffrodnegarD nakkujnutid
: ini hawabid iskaer
iskaerep nakanuggnem nialeS ffodnegard nakanugid tapad diolakla iju kutnu
lisah nakrasadreB .reyam iskaerep iadnatid nagned fitisop lisah tapadid naabocrep
muilak skelpmok halada tubesret napadne nakarikrepiD .gninuk napadne aynkutnebret -
muilak habmatid adirolk )II(muirukrem natural ,reyaM iskaerep nataubmep adaP .diolakla
napadne kutnebmem iskaereb naka adidoi adidoi muilak akiJ .adidoi )II(muirukrem harem
muilak kutnebret naka akam hibelreb nakhabmatid gnay ,alhevS( )II(tarukremodoiartet
.)0991
malA nahaB aimiK 32
iaynupmem gnay negortin mota gnudnagnem diolaklA sabeb nortkele nagnasap
ki kutnebmem kutnu nakanugid tapad aggnihes magol noi nagned tanidrook nelavok nata
adap negortin nakarikrepid ,reyaM iskaerep nagned diolakla iju adaP .)4002 ,yrruMcM(
K magol noi nagned iskaereb naka diolakla + kutnebmem )II(tarukremodoiartet muilak irad
muilak skelpmok - .padnegnem gnay diolakla
eP : tukireb iagabes reyam iju adap idajret gnay iskaer naarikr
iju adaP .dionovalf awaynes aynada ijugnem utiay ayntujnales aimikotif iju kutnU
ini ijU .retatsliw iju tubesid ini iju ,%2 lCH nad gM kubres tikides nakanuggnem ini
op gnay lisah nakirebmem nakitkubmem inI .egnaro gnineb anraw aynkutnebret utiay fitis
aynkutnebret anerak nakbabesid naklisahid gnay anraw nupadA .dionavalf tapadret awhab
.muilivalf marag
lisah nakrasadreb % 1 lCeF nagned nakhabmatid gnay kartske utiay ninaT iju kutnU
aabocrep nupadA .namatihek uajih anraw kutnebmem utiay fitisop gnay lisah nakirebmem n
: tukireb iagabes halada idajret gnay iskaer
malA nahaB aimiK 42
fitisop lisaH .fitagen lisah naktapadid naabocrep lisah nakrasadreb noniuk iju kutnU
ipatet naka harem anraw nagned iadnatid inI .harem anrawreb kadit naabocrep nakrasadreb
.noniuk awaynes tapadret kadit lokgnej adap awhab nakadnanem
inI .fitisop lisah nakkujnunem naabocrep lisah nakrasadreb ninopas iju adaP
sokilg sinej halada ninopaS .libats gnay asub aynlubmit nagned iadnatid kaynab gnay adi
akitek aggniheS .hiub apureb kitsiretkarak ikilimem ninopaS .nahubmut malad nakumetid
.amal nahatreb tapad gnay hiub kutnebret naka akam kocokid nad ria nagned nakiskaerid
em ninopaS .rete malad tural kadit nad ria malad tural hadum ninopaS tihap asar ikilim
nakapurem ninopaS .ridnel tupales adap isatiri atres nisreb nakbabeynem nad kusunem
tafisreb ninopaS .harad adap sisilomeh uata harad ritub nakrucnahgnem tapad gnay nucar
s nakanugid aynaratnaid kaynab nad nignid haradreb naweh igab nucar .naki nucar iagabe
iagabes tubesid asaib nucar uata sarek tafisreb gnay ninopaS .niskotopaS
tafiS nupadA - :halada ninopaS tafis )1 , tihap asar iaynupmeM ria natural malaD)2
,libats gnay asub kutnebmem )3 ,tisortire asilomehgneM )4 utnu tauk nucar nakapureM k
,ibifma nad naki dioretsiskordih nad loretselok nagned naawaynesrep kutnebmeM)5
,aynnial )6 ,isakifitnediid nad nakinrumid kutnu tiluS )7 nad ,iggnit fitaler lukelom tareB
nikgnum aynsatisiskoT .itakednem gnay siripme alumrof naklisahgnem aynah sisilana
naakumrep nagnaget nakhadnerem tapad anerak .)noisnet ecafrus( pakgnel asilordih nagneD
.)dica cirahccas nad esotnep ,esoxeh( tardihobrak nad )nokilga( ninegopas naklisahid naka
: tukireb iagabes halada ninopas irad rutkurts nupadA
malA nahaB aimiK 52
ionepretirt iju kutnU lisah naktapadid naabocrep lisah nakrasadreb , diorets nad d
aguj nad teloiv uata natalkocek nicnic aynkutnebret kadit anerak idajret inI .fitagen gnay
inI .radup gnineb gninuk anraw naknialem uajih anrawreb kadit diorets iju kutnu
kadit awhab nakadnanem .lokgnej haub adap diorets nupuata dionrepirt awaynes tapadret
.isatelkos lisah aimikotif iju adap adebreb gnay lisah tapadret ipateT isatelkoS
lepmas kubres arac nagned nakukalid gnay aimik nenopmok nakiranep nakapurem
apureb gnosgnoles malad naktapmetid uata iraynep nariac,apur naikimedes gniras satrek
helo nakisasednokid nad paugnem aggnihes talub sala ubal malad naksanapid turalep
lukelom idajnem rosnednok - iraynem gnosgnoles maladek hutaj gnay iraynep nariac lukelom
ep akij nad lepmas maladid fitka taz hurules akam,nofis naakumrep iapacnem halet tural
.isalukris idajret agnih relipak apip iulalem talub sal ubalek ilabmek nurut naka nariac
evitagen gnay lisah tapadret isatelkosid halet gnay lokgnej haub aimikotif iju adaP
diorets nad dionepretortbiju adap lah.dionovalf iju adap fitisop numan,ninnat iju,noniuk iju,
aynhurules kadit gnosgnoles malad nakgnutnagid gnay gniras satrek nakanerakid ini
kadit tubesret gniras satrek maladek kusam gnay lohocla pau aggnihes,kubres kutnebreb
gnay taz takignem upmam saul anerak anrupmes araces lokgnej haub malad id adareb
nakgnades. licek tagnas aynaudek aratna iskaretni nad raseb lokgnej haub adap naakumrep
gm mahabmanep rotcaf aynada nakanerakid fitisop gnay lisah tapadret donovalf iju adap
isgnuf aggnihes lcH nad lisah natural nagned iskaretnireb upmam tubesret taz audek
.dionovalf iju helo tapadid fitisop lisah naikimed nagned tikides aynah nupualaw isatelkos
malA nahaB aimiK 62
S dionovalf aynada isakifitnedignem upmam gnay halini gm takiret gnay awayne
j natural malad kadit uata tubesret lokgne .
.4.3.3 nadiskoitnA ijU
isartnesnoK isnabrosbA isibihnnI 52 322,0 5,62 05 702,0 9,62 001 5302,0 8,72 002 251,0 90,64 004 5550,0 94,08
4 lebaT
x051,0 = y habmatid 32,81
CI 05 = )lokgnej kartske( mpp 8,112
HPPD edoteM .HPPD edotem nagned rukuid nadiskoitna sativitka iju adaP
anahredes gnay nadiskoitna satifitka asilanagnem kutnu edotem utas halas nakapurem
nakanuggnem nagned 1,1 - lynehpid -2- lizardihlycrip .isketednep awaynes iagabes )HPPD(
e natakemep lisaH 002 narasik adap fitisop iju nakkujnunem lokgnej kartsk - mpp 004
nagned isnabrosba iju irad naktapadid ini lisaH .mpp 8,112 adap ayntapet hibel uata
lokgnej kartske adaP .)C nimativ( tabroksa masa inkay aynial nadiskoitna nakgnidnabmem
em aimikotif iju adap ini dionovalf awaynes akam ,dionovalf awaynes aynada nakkujnun
.lokgnej malad nadiskoitna malad gnitnep narepreb gnay
irad helorepid gnay nadiskoitna awaynes halada imala nadiskoitna awaynes nupadA
lisah iskartske hubmut itrepes imala nahab - oitnA .nahubmut nial aratna imala nadisk
,nitisel ,lorefokot kaynab gnay tabroksa masa nad ,netorak ,lopisog ,lomases ,aditafsof
.nahubmut helo naklisahid kaynim malad nakumetid kaynab gnilap gnay imala nadiskoitnA
malA nahaB aimiK 72
E nimativ nafitkaek iaynupmemgnay lorefokot halada itaban ,β ,α kutneb malad tapadret nad
δ ,γ - . lorefokot
M nad nadiskoitna gnologret gnay aynnial aimik awaynes nakhabmane irad lasareb
isgnufreb namanat malad dionovalF .lonefilop nad dionovalf nagnolog halada nahubmut
b adap anraw nakirebmem gnay nemgip iagabes aynhotnoc ,.namanat nuad nad ,haub,agnu
.aisunam hubut malad nadiskoitnaiagabes narepreb tapad dionovalF .ninaisotna halada
ismusnokid tapad dionovalfaggnihes diolakla gnidnabid nucareb ulalret kadit ini awayneS
eb gnay dionovalf hotnoC .raseb halmuj malad iagabes isgnufr ,nitecreuq halada nadiskoitna
lomuhohtnax .nietsineg nad ,lomuhohtnaxosi ,
nakhotnocid tapad gnay nadiskoitna taz nagned HPPD aratna iskaer pahat agit adA
amatrep pahaT .)nadiskoitna( ralonefonom awaynes nagned HPPD aratna iskaer nagned
ilem ,tubesret awaynes helo isutitbusret gnay sugug adap nortkele utas isasilakoled itup
itupilem ayntukireb pahaT .HPPD iskuderem ktunu negordih mota nakirebmem naidumek
iskareb naka nad negordih lakidar refsnartnem naka gnay liskonef lakidar aratna isasiremid
aratna skelpmok nakutnebmep halada rihkaret pahaT .HPPD lakidar nagned ilabmekl
taz aratna skelpmok nupuam remid nakutnebmeP .HPPD lakidar nagned lira lakidar
rutkurts irad iskaer laisnetop nad nalibatsek adap gnutnagreb HPPD nagned nadiskitna
.aynlukelom
NPh
Ph
N
O2N
O2N
NO2
NPh
Ph
N
O2N
O2N
NO2
R- +
.5.3.3 iretkabitnA ijU
isartnesnoK gnineb /tabmah anoZ %52 mc 2,1 %05 mc 2,1 %57 mc 2,1
%001 mc 2,1 5 lebaT
sativitka iuhategnem tapad naujut nagned nakukalid ini iretkabitna naijugnep adaP
adap iretkabitna apareb rukugnem kutnu nakukalid iretkabitna ijU .lokgnej lepmas kartske
emsinagroorkim igab kefe nakirebmem tapad awaynes utaus isartnesnok uata isnetop raseb
.)6991 ,traD(
.raga isufid edotem halada ini iretkabitna naijugnep malad nakanugid gnay edoteM
aP isufidreb naupmamek sata nakrasadreb nakutnetid iretkabitna sativitka ,ini edotem ad
halada aynnatamagnep rasaD .iretkab nagned isalukoniid halet gnay raga nagnepmel adap
iju iretkab nahubmutrep adap kutnebret gnay tabmah anoz aynkadit ada tahilem nagned .
malA nahaB aimiK 82
adap lokgnej lepmas kartske gnineb/tabmah anoz atad tapadid natamagnep lisah iraD
lokgnej awhab nakkujnunem ini laH .mc2,1 halada %001 nad ;%57 ;%05 ;%52 isartnesnok
gnay naitilenep lisah helo taukrepid ini nanikgnumeK .iretkabitna gnudnagnem agudid
unem iagabes halada nial aratna ,taz gnudnagnem kaynab lokgnej namanat awhab nakkujn
kaynim ,tardihobrak ,1B nad A nimativ ,talokgnej masa ,rofsof ,muislak ,nietorp : tukireb
aneraK .adisokilg nad ninnat ,diorets ,dionepret ,dionovalf ,diolakla ,ninopas ,irista
taz nagnudnak - iagabes gnaulep nad kujnutep nakirebmem lokgnej akam ,sata id tubesret taz
tabo nahaB .)4991 ,ojotiP( ulal asam adap gnaro naktaafnamid halet gnay itrepes ,tabo nahab
nem gnay taz halada iretkabitnA .iretkabitna iagabes nakatakid asib inisid tabmahg
.)7002 ,inaiG( iskefni itabognem kutnu susuhk araces nakanugid nad iretkab nahubmutrep
turuneM .dionovalf halada iretkabitna tafisreb agudid gnay lokgnej malad aimik nagnudnaK
ytawamtaF ,.la te iretkabitna iagabes dionovalf ajrek emsinakem ,)9002( nagned utiay
gnidnid nagned nad turalret nad relulesartske nietorp nagned skelpmok kutnebmem
uggnaggnem nagned gnusgnal araces narepreb dionovalf halada nial nanikgnumeK .aborkim
novalf nialeS .aborkim les sulkis natabmahgnep nad emsinagroorkim les isgnuf ,dio
)4002( .R ,miaN .iretkabitna iagabes naknikgnumem aguj lokgnej gnudnakid gnay dionepret
.aozotorp nad suriv ,iretkab padahret fitka dionepret uata nepret awhab nakataynem
waynes agudid dionepret awaynes helo iretkab nahubmutrep natabmahgnep emsinakeM a
gnidnid raul narbmem adap )narbmemsnart nietorp( nirop nagned iskaereb naka dionepret
.nirop aynkasur naktabikagnem aggnihes tauk gnay remilop nataki kutnebmem iretkab les
ignarugnem naka ,isnatsbus aynkusam raulek utnip nakapurem gnay nirop aynkasuR
rep nagnarukek naka iretkab les naktabikagnem naka gnay iretkab les gnidnid satilibaem
.)8002 ,nawanuG( itam uata tabmahret iretkab nahubmutrep aggnihes isirtun
gnay gnineb/tabmah anoz anamid ,atad nalijnagek tapadret natamagnep lisah iraD
snok pait naklisahid irad isartnesnok iggnit nikames lahadaP .mc 2,1 inkay ,amas isartne
kutnebret gnay anoz raseb nikames naka akam akitoibitna ini laH .)3002 ,.ortupesojdiwD(
nad nagnabminep malad nahalasek idajret aynaratnaid ,rotcaf aparebeb anerak idajret
es narecnegnep .iauses kadit naklisahid gnay isartnesnok aggnih
.6.3.3 satisiskoT ijU
kartskE CL 05 )mpp( lokgneJ 14,1 kurej nuaD 77
gnohaniB nuaD - gnekgneleK nuaD 99,94
6 lebaT
( TLSB ijU tseT ytilahteL pmirhS enirB nakanugid gnay satisiskot iju nakapurem )
gnay awaynes uata taz utaus irad sativitka iuhategnem kutnu naalumrep iju iagabes
malA nahaB aimiK 92
.inrum talosi utaus uata kartske utaus malad gnudnakret gnadu avral ini ilak mukitkarp adaP
sinej halada nakanugid gnay las aimetrA ani sesorp nad maj 84 rumureb halet gnay
malad nakkusamid nad marg 5,0 kaynabes halada nakanugid gnay gnadu rulet nahinebmep
isalumis iagabes nakukalid ini lah )ria retil1 malad marg 83( %83 radak nagned marag ria
.tual ria utiay gnadu ilsa tatibah irad dA haub kartske halada nakanugid gnay kartske nupa
adebreb gnay isartnesnok nagned natural taubid gnay lokgnej - ,0001 irad ialum utiay adeb
CL iuhategnem kutnu naujutreb ini laH .mpp 01 nad ,001 ,002 ,005 05 gnisam irad - gnisam
agabreb nagned tubesret kartske .isartnesnok i
utaus )nucar( kiskot radak iuhategnem kutnu halada satisiskot iju ayntakikah adaP
emsilobatem sesorp uggnaggnem gnay emsinagrorkim uata iretkab utaus adap awaynes
waynes rutkurts helo nakutnetid aguj satisiskoT .natahesek uggnaggnem nupuata taz nad a
rutkurts gnudnagnem gnay awayneS .mala nahab adap tapadret gnay fitka kilonef uata
upmam gnay rutkurts .negordih mota nakronodnem tapadret kiskot awaynes emsinakeM
les narbmem ,les gnidnid sisetnis tabmahgnem inkay ,natabmahgnep emsinakem iagabreb ,
.talof msa nad mosabir isgnuf ,taelkun masa sisetnis
CL naktapadid lokgnej kartske adaP 05 iju awhab nakkujnunem ini lah akam ,mpp 14,1
lokgnej kartskE .mpp 03< anerak kartske nakub lokgnej awaynes nakapurem ini satisiskot
ret kaynab hisam naktapadid gnay .inrum talosi naktapadnem muleb ,narupmac tapad
gnay mpp 99,94 gnekgnelek nuad kartske ,mpp 77 kurej nuad kartske nagned nakgnidnabiD
.talosi airetirk malad kusam
.7.3.3 malA nahaB awayneS isakifitnedI
kinket nakanuggnem nagned naabocrep nakukalem nakitkarp ini naabocrep adaP
naturalek atres isitrap ayad nad pares ayad naadebrep adap nakrasadreb ini naabocreP .CLT
nenopmok irad - nakitkarp uti kutnU .neule naralopek itukignem gnay aimik nenopmok
nakukalem nagnidnabrep nad neule isisopmok aparebeb nagned naabocrep aparebeb
: tukireb iagabes aynnaabocrep lisah nupadA .utnetret
)1:1( mroforolk + tatesa litE )1 rabmag(
rabmaG 3 98,0 = 5,4/4 : fR
malA nahaB aimiK 03
)1:1( notesa + mroforolK )2 rabmag(
rabmaG 4 = 5,4/1 : fR 22,0
N- )1:1( lonatE + naskeH
rabmaG 5 44,0 = 5,4/2 : fR
isisopmok iagabreb irad awhab itamaid tapad tubesret naabocrep lisah nakrasadreB
turalep nakanerakid inI .adebreb gnay fR ialin naklisahgnem nakanugid gnay turalep
p ayad nad pares ayad ikilimem nakhasimem kutnu naupmamek aggnihes adebreb gnay isitra
nenopmok - adaP .aynneule sinej irad naralopek itukignem adebreb naka aimik nenopmok
nagned halada lokgnej haub kartske adap kiabret nahasimep awhab itamaret naabocrep
ned tatesa lite neule nakanuggnem kutnU .98,0 rasebes fR ialin nagned )1 : 1( mroforolk nag
N utiay nial gnay neule isisopmok - ,44,0 rasebes fR ialin ikilimem )1 : 1( lonate + naskeH
.22,0 rasebes fR ialin )1: 1( notesa + mroforolk nad
kadebid tapad gnay tops tapadret kadit lokgnej kartskE tops kutnebret kadit anerak na
aggniheS .inrum muleb nad takep gnaruk lokgnej kartske nakanerakid ini laH .anraw nad
nakumenem muleb halada aynnial nanikgnumek nad ,kutnebret gnay tops tapadret kadit
kartske adap awaynes nakhasimem upmam lamitpo gnay neule .CLT id lokgnej
malA nahaB aimiK 13
V BAB
NARAS NAD NALUPMISEK
.1.5 nalupmiseK
naabocrep lisah iraD - : akam naabocrep
.a ijU kotif ej awhab naklupmisid tapad aimi awaynes gnudnagnem lokgn -
tukireb iagabes awaynes
diolokla awaynes gnudnagnem lokgneJ
awaynes gnudnagnem lokgneJ dionovalf
ninat awaynes gnudnagnem lokgneJ
ninopas awaynes gnudnagnem lokgneJ
.b radnats ihunemem muleb hisam lokgnej irad irista kaynim kisif iju lisaH
.irista kaynim gnatnet lanoisanretni iju nad lm/rg 108,0 naklisahid gnay sinej assaM
.923,1 saib skedni
.c CI awhab nakkujjnunem nadiskoitna ijU 05 hhuaj hisam ,mpp 8,112 lokgnej
.C nimativ irad nadiskoitna nagned nakgnidnabid
.d iretkabitna iagabes lamitpo utigeb gnaruk lokgnej kartskE
.e mpp 14,1 rasebes lokgnej kartske satisiskoT
.f awaynes isakifitnedI kutnebret kadit CLT nakanuggnem nagned mala nahab
tops
.2.5 naraS
,ini naitilenep nakukalem malaD imak kaynab hisam awhab iradaynem
nagnarukek - .ini repap nataubmep malad nagnarukek halada gnitnepret gnay naD
nahab isalosignem malad imak naupmamek nagnarukek aynminim hisam anerak mala
. imak nauhattegnep
nad nakusam kutnu nakitirk nad naras nakhutubmem imak ,uti anerak helO
.acabmep igab taafnamreb ini repap nakparahgnem imaK .ini repap naanrupmeynep
kater kat gnay gnidag ada kaT
malA nahaB aimiK 23
AKATSUP RATFAD
.6891 .lusmajS .rD .forP ,A nifirA K .malA nahaB kinagrO aimi akinuraK : atrakaJ
.akubreT satisrevinU
.3002 .D ,ortupesojdiwD rasaD - igoloiborkiM rasaD .atrakaJ .natabmajD .
.2891 .nednessef & nednesseF K diliJ kinagrO aimi II . aggnalrE :atrakaJ .
,nawanuG lanruJ ,)nniL irurin suhtnalyhP( narineM abreh adap iretkabitnA ,8002
13 .lah ,)22( II loV ,aimiK - 93
.0991 .dloraH ,traH K kinagrO aimi aggnalrE :atrakaJ .
.1102.LADNEK HPK M kitoskE abmiR namanaT sineJ isaulavE & gnirotiino .
ladneK .nainatreP
,4002 ,.R ,miaN namanat irad iretkabitna awayneS , h moc.sapmok.www//:ptt ,.
,4991 ,.S ,ojotiP aynnataafnameP nad ayadiduB :lokgneJ ,31 ,suisinaK :tibreneP ,
atrakaygoY ,81 ,71
A R akE nad edeD ,radnakuS .2102 .kkd , P malA nahaB aimiK mukitkarP kujnute .
trakaJ hallutayadiH firayS NIU TSF aimiK : a
malA nahaB aimiK 33
NARIPMAL
nagnutihreP lisaH naabocreP
.1 nad iristA kayniM kisiF tafiS ijU neR nemed .a iristA kayniM kisiF tafiS ijU
saib skednI >>
N lepmas 923,1 =
7,92 =uhuS oC
52 adap saib skednI o N = C lepmas T( 4000,0 habmatid - )52 habmatid923,1 =
7,92 ( 4000,0 - 8033,1 = )52
sineJ assaM ijU >>
marg 5317,32 = )gnosok retemonkip( 1G
marg 3022,84 =)sedauqahabmatidretemonkip( 2G
marg 0134,34 =)lepmashabmatidretemonkip( 3G
3G =d - 2G /1G - 508,0 = 1G
=sinej assaM T( 8000,0 habmatidd - )52 03 ( 8000,0 habmatid 508,0 = - )52
mc/rg 108,0 = 3
lohocla nagned naturaleK ijU >>
.gnidnabmep natural nagned gnidnabid hurek hibel lepmas nahurekeK
.2 :1 hinrej naturaL
nemedneR .b
% 𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒓 �𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒃 𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒉 𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒑 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒌
𝒆𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒗 𝒍𝒂𝒘𝒂
% 𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒓 �𝟑 𝒓𝒈
𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒍𝒎 𝒙 𝟎𝟎𝟏 %
% 𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒓 � 𝟑 %
malA nahaB aimiK 43
.2 CI 05 lokgnej nadiskoitna iju
CI 05 akam )x( x051,0 = y habmatid 32,81
𝑿 =𝟎𝟓 − 𝟖𝟏 . 𝟑𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏
𝑿 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐 . 𝟖 𝒎𝒑𝒑
.3 satisiskoT ijU
pudiH isalumukA itaM isalumukA isartnesoK
)mpp( lotoB lepmaS isartnesnoK
)mpp( lotoB lepmaS
A B A B 01 01 11 01 9 3 001 9 4 001 81 11 002 8 2 002 72 02 005 7 1 005 33 92 0001 3 0 0001 04 93
itaM gnadu satilatroM esatnesorP
A lepmaS = mpp 01 9
9 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 01𝑥 001 % =
%63,74 = mpp 001 81
81 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ9𝑥 001 % =
%66,66 mpp 002 = 72
72 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ8𝑥 001 % =
%41,77 mpp 005 = 33
33 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 72𝑥 001 % =
%5,28 =mpp0001 04
04 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ3𝑥 001 %
%30,39=
B lepmaS = mpp 01 3
3 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 11𝑥 001 % =
%34,12 = mpp001 11
11 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ4𝑥 001 % =
%33,37 = mpp002 02
2 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 02𝑥 001 % =
%10,09 =mpp005 92
1 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 92𝑥 001 % =
%76,69 =mpp0001 93
0 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 93𝑥 001 %
%001=
32,81 + x051,0 = y179,0 = ²R
0010203040506070809
0 001 002 003 004 005
)%( isibihnI
)mpp( isartnesnoK
I isibihnn
isibihnni
)isibihnni( raeniL
malA nahaB aimiK 53
ataR - itam isalumuka atar = mpp 01 74 , 63 % 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 12 , 34 %
2 43 = , % 93
mpp 001 = 66 , 66 % 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 37 , 33 %2
% 69,96 =
mpp 002 = 77 , 41 % 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 09 , 10 %2
% 75,38 =
mpp 005 = 28 ,5% 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 69 , 762
% 85,98 =
mpp 0001 = 39 , 30 % 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 001 %2
% 15,69 =
nagned satilatroM avruK isartnesnok gol
x55,13 = y habmatid 683,5
CL 05 = 05 −5, 68313 , 55
mpp 14,1 =
kartskE CL 05 )mpp( lokgneJ 14,1 kurej nuaD 77
gnohaniB nuaD - gnekgneleK nuaD 99,94
iretkaB itnA ijU .4
isartnesnoK /tabmah anoZ
gnineb %52 mc 2,1 %05 mc 2,1 %57 mc 2,1
%001 mc 2,1
683,5 + x55,13 = y779,0 = ²R
0
02
04
06
08
001
021
0 1 2 3 4
itaM satilatro
M %
isartnesnok gol
CL 05 lokgneJ
1seireS
)1seireS( raeniL
malA nahaB aimiK 63
malA nahaB awayneS isakifitnedI .5
)1:1( mroforolk + tatesa litE )1 rabmag(
3 rabmaG 98,0 = 5,4/4 : fR
)1:1( notesa + mroforolK )2 rabmag(
4 rabmaG 22,0 = 5,4/1 : fR
N- )1:1( lonatE + naskeH
5 rabmaG 44,0 = 5,4/2 : fR
malA nahaB aimiK 73
2 NARIPMAL
ajreK rudesorP
isaresaM .a
.b isatelkoS
malA nahaB aimiK 73
2 NARIPMAL
ajreK rudesorP
isaresaM .a
.b isatelkoS
malA nahaB aimiK 73
2 NARIPMAL
ajreK rudesorP
isaresaM .a
.b isatelkoS
malA nahaB aimiK 83
isalitsiD
ijU 3.3.3 - iju
aimikotiF ijU 1.3.3.3
.g diolaklA ijU
namanat kartskE lm 4 kaynabes
malad ek nakusamid.iskaer gnubat
lepmaS namanat gnay halet gnirek nad,sulah naidumek gnabmitid kaynabes 05 marg malad
saleg alaip . haleteS uti lepmas nakhadnipid ek maladubal isalitsid 005 lm .
eK malad lepmas nakhabmatid tsedauqa iapmas huruleslepmas ,madnret arik arik 052 lm nad kudaid nagned
anrupmes .
haleteS ,uti ubal isalitsid id gnasap . ubaL naksanapidiapmas hididnem amales hibel gnaruk 3 maj . taaS
,naksanapid ubal ilakeses kudaid nad isalitsid nakitnehidalib ria id malad ubal laggnit tikides nagnaj( iapmas
)gnirek .
malA nahaB aimiK 83
isalitsiD
ijU 3.3.3 - iju
aimikotiF ijU 1.3.3.3
.g diolaklA ijU
lCH lm 5,0 nakhabmatiD gnubat malad ek % 2
haleteS .tubesret igabid nad xetrovid ,uti
.gnubat aud malad ek
amatrep gnubaT2 nakhabmatid - setet 3
.ffrodnegarD negaeR napadne fitisop lisah(
gnubat nad )aggnij2 nakhabmatid audek - 3
reyaM negaeR setet napadne fitisop lisah(
.)gninuk
lepmaS namanat gnay halet gnirek nad,sulah naidumek gnabmitid kaynabes 05 marg malad
saleg alaip . haleteS uti lepmas nakhadnipid ek maladubal isalitsid 005 lm .
eK malad lepmas nakhabmatid tsedauqa iapmas huruleslepmas ,madnret arik arik 052 lm nad kudaid nagned
anrupmes .
haleteS ,uti ubal isalitsid id gnasap . ubaL naksanapidiapmas hididnem amales hibel gnaruk 3 maj . taaS
,naksanapid ubal ilakeses kudaid nad isalitsid nakitnehidalib ria id malad ubal laggnit tikides nagnaj( iapmas
)gnirek .
acabiD emulov kaynim irista malad gnupmanep ubal()reyemnelre . isalitsiD nakukalid nagnalugnep kaynabes 3
ilak nad radak kaynim irista nakataynid malad esatnesreptobob/emulov nagned sumur M/V x 001 % anamid V
halada emulov kaynim )lm( nad M halada tobob lepmas .
malA nahaB aimiK 83
isalitsiD
ijU 3.3.3 - iju
aimikotiF ijU 1.3.3.3
.g diolaklA ijU
amatrep gnubaT2 nakhabmatid - setet 3
.ffrodnegarD negaeR napadne fitisop lisah(
gnubat nad )aggnij2 nakhabmatid audek - 3
reyaM negaeR setet napadne fitisop lisah(
.)gninuk
haleteS ,uti ubal isalitsid id gnasap . ubaL naksanapidiapmas hididnem amales hibel gnaruk 3 maj . taaS
,naksanapid ubal ilakeses kudaid nad isalitsid nakitnehidalib ria id malad ubal laggnit tikides nagnaj( iapmas
)gnirek .
acabiD emulov kaynim irista malad gnupmanep ubal()reyemnelre . isalitsiD nakukalid nagnalugnep kaynabes 3
ilak nad radak kaynim irista nakataynid malad esatnesreptobob/emulov nagned sumur M/V x 001 % anamid V
halada emulov kaynim )lm( nad M halada tobob lepmas .
malA nahaB aimiK 93
.h dionovalF ijU
.i dioretS nad dionepretirT ijU
.j noniuK ijU
.k ninaT ijU
namanat kartskE malad ek nakusamid
2 kaynabes iskaer gnubat.lm
2 kaynabes namanat kartskE malad ek nakusamid lm
.iskaer gnubat
namanat kartskE lm 2 kaynabes
malad ek nakkusamid.iskaer gnubat
lm 2 kaynabes namanat kartskE gnubat malad ek nakkusamid
.iskaer
malA nahaB aimiK 93
.h dionovalF ijU
.i dioretS nad dionepretirT ijU
.j noniuK ijU
.k ninaT ijU
namanat kartskE malad ek nakusamid
2 kaynabes iskaer gnubat.lm
kubres tikides nakhabmatiD gnubat malad ek gM
% 2 lCH lm 1 nad tubesret nad asub lubmit akij fitisop(
gnineb anrawreb - .)eynaro
2 kaynabes namanat kartskE malad ek nakusamid lm
.iskaer gnubat
setet aparebeb nakhabmatiDnamrebiL negaeR - ek drahcruB
akij fitisop( tubesret gnubat malad nicnic kutnebmem dionepretirt
diorets nad teloiv uata natalkocek.)uajih anrawreb
namanat kartskE lm 2 kaynabes
malad ek nakkusamid.iskaer gnubat
malad ek N2 HOaN nakhabmatiD nad tubesret iskaer gnubat
.)harem anrawreb fitisop( kocokid
lm 2 kaynabes namanat kartskE gnubat malad ek nakkusamid
.iskaer
2 nakhabmatiD - % 1 3lCeF setet 3 nad tubesret gnubat malad ek uajih anrawreb fitisop( kocokid
.)atnit urib uata namatihek
malA nahaB aimiK 93
.h dionovalF ijU
.i dioretS nad dionepretirT ijU
.j noniuK ijU
.k ninaT ijU
kubres tikides nakhabmatiD gnubat malad ek gM
% 2 lCH lm 1 nad tubesret nad asub lubmit akij fitisop(
gnineb anrawreb - .)eynaro
setet aparebeb nakhabmatiDnamrebiL negaeR - ek drahcruB
akij fitisop( tubesret gnubat malad nicnic kutnebmem dionepretirt
diorets nad teloiv uata natalkocek.)uajih anrawreb
malad ek N2 HOaN nakhabmatiD nad tubesret iskaer gnubat
.)harem anrawreb fitisop( kocokid
2 nakhabmatiD - % 1 3lCeF setet 3 nad tubesret gnubat malad ek uajih anrawreb fitisop( kocokid
.)atnit urib uata namatihek
malA nahaB aimiK 04
.l ninopaS ijU
2.3.3.3 kisiF ijU
saiB skednI ijU .a
gnabmitid sulah nad gnirek halet gnay namanat lepmaS gnubat malad ek nakkusamid nad marg 1 kaynabes
.iskaer
gnubat malad ek lm 5 kaynabes tsedauqa nakhabmatiD ria sagnanep malad naksanapid ,uti haleteS .tubesret
.tinem 5 amales
iapmas nakmaidid nad gnirasid helorepid gnay nariaC iapmas tauk nagned kocokid uti haleteS .nignid kaga.)tinem 01 amales libats asub akij fitisop( asub lubmit
retemotkarfer amsirP nagned nakhisrebid
lonate
naksetetid lepmaS gnay amsirp adap
hisreb nad gnirek
amsirP naktaparid iapmas uggnut nad
patet lepmas uhus
rutagnemnagneD helorepid naka edils
aratna satab sirag nad paleg gnay gnadib
gnaret
naksetetid lepmaS gnay amsirp adap
hisreb nad gnirek
aretret gnay ialin acabiD hawab naigab rayal adap
( aynuhus tatacid nad 52 asib skednI o n = C
4000,0 habmatid t( - )52
malA nahaB aimiK 04
.l ninopaS ijU
2.3.3.3 kisiF ijU
saiB skednI ijU .a
gnabmitid sulah nad gnirek halet gnay namanat lepmaS gnubat malad ek nakkusamid nad marg 1 kaynabes
.iskaer
gnubat malad ek lm 5 kaynabes tsedauqa nakhabmatiD ria sagnanep malad naksanapid ,uti haleteS .tubesret
.tinem 5 amales
iapmas nakmaidid nad gnirasid helorepid gnay nariaC iapmas tauk nagned kocokid uti haleteS .nignid kaga.)tinem 01 amales libats asub akij fitisop( asub lubmit
retemotkarfer amsirP nagned nakhisrebid
lonate
naksetetid lepmaS gnay amsirp adap
hisreb nad gnirek
amsirP naktaparid iapmas uggnut nad
patet lepmas uhus
rutagnemnagneD helorepid naka edils
aratna satab sirag nad paleg gnay gnadib
gnaret
naksetetid lepmaS gnay amsirp adap
hisreb nad gnirek
aretret gnay ialin acabiD hawab naigab rayal adap
( aynuhus tatacid nad 52 asib skednI o n = C
4000,0 habmatid t( - )52
malA nahaB aimiK 04
.l ninopaS ijU
2.3.3.3 kisiF ijU
saiB skednI ijU .a
gnubat malad ek lm 5 kaynabes tsedauqa nakhabmatiD ria sagnanep malad naksanapid ,uti haleteS .tubesret
.tinem 5 amales
iapmas nakmaidid nad gnirasid helorepid gnay nariaC iapmas tauk nagned kocokid uti haleteS .nignid kaga.)tinem 01 amales libats asub akij fitisop( asub lubmit
retemotkarfer amsirP nagned nakhisrebid
lonate
naksetetid lepmaS gnay amsirp adap
hisreb nad gnirek
amsirP naktaparid iapmas uggnut nad
patet lepmas uhus
rutagnemnagneD helorepid naka edils
aratna satab sirag nad paleg gnay gnadib
gnaret
naksetetid lepmaS gnay amsirp adap
hisreb nad gnirek
aretret gnay ialin acabiD hawab naigab rayal adap
( aynuhus tatacid nad 52 asib skednI o n = C
4000,0 habmatid t( - )52
malA nahaB aimiK 14
.b sineJ asaM ijU
.c lonatE malad naturalek ijU
retemonkiP nagned nakhisrebid
rete nad lonate
gnirek haleteS gnabmitid retemonkip
itilet nagned
nakisiid sedaukA ulal ,aret satab iapmas nakpulecid retemonkip
ria saggnanep adap 02 uhus o pututid nad c
gnabmitiDitilet nagned
retemonkiP icucid ulal nakgnosokid
rete nad lonate nagned
gnirek haleteS nakisiid retemonkip satab iapmas lepmas
aret
retemonkiP nakpulecid ria saggnanep malad ek
02 uhus adap o nad cpututid
itilet nagned gnabmitiD adap sinej assam (
52 uhus o d = ct( 8000,0 habmatid - )52
)
naturalek ijU malad nakanuggnem lonate
nad %69 lonategnidnabmep natural
gnidnabmep naturaL Lm 5,0 nakapurem
ONgA 3 malad ek N 1,0 utas nad N 2000,0 lCaN
ONH setet 3 )%52(
kaynim Lm 1 ek naktapmetid malad
nad Lm 01 ruku saleg imed setet nakhabmatid
%69 lonate setetes
iapmas kocokiD natural helorepid
.gnineb
gnineb kadit aliB nakgnidnabid
nagned aynnahurekek natural nagned
gnidnabmep
malA nahaB aimiK 24
nadiskoitnA ijU 2.3.3.3
HPPD“ sativitka ijU .a regnevacs lacidar eerf ”
.b ifargotuaoiB araces HPPD sativitka ijU
lisah kartskE gnabmitid natakemep
nad rg 1 nakturalid lonatem Lm 02 malad
)mpp 0002(
taubid lepmas naturaL isartnesnok iagabreb
,004 ,002 ,001 ,05()mpp 0061 nad ,008
gnisaM - gnisam Lm 2 tepipid lepmas ek nakkusamid nad.iskaer gnubat malad
Lm 2 nakhabmatiD %200,0 HPPD
r malad nakukal( gnau paiT .)paleg
taubid isartnesnokolpud
lepmas naturaL iapmas kocokid
nad negomoh uhus adap isabukniid
73 o tinem 03 amales C
nagned rukuiDVU retemotofotkeps -
gnajnap( siV = HPPD gnabmoleg
)mn 715
CI helo ilikawem gnay isibihni ialiN 05 : sumur nagned gnutihid
𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑃 𝑛𝑖 � 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖 � 𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑜𝑘𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑠
𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑜𝑘𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑏𝑥 001 %
lisaH asilana lepmas CLKtalitsid/kartske
% 200,0 nagned naktorpmesiD nagned nakturalid gnay HPPD
lonatem
nakkujnunem fitisop lisaH anraw nahaburep aynada
aggnij idajnem ugnu
malA nahaB aimiK 34