angkasa cendekia - tni-au.mil.id

Diterbitkan oleh

DINAS PENERANGAN ANGKATAN UDARA

ANGKASA CENDEKIAEdisi Semester II Tahun 2021

ANGKASA CENDEKIA

Hari Bakti ke-74 TNI AU

Dilandasi Semangat Kepahlawanan 29 Juli 1947,

TNI Angkatan Udara Siap Mendukung Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19

Menuju Tatanan Baru Untuk Indonesia Maju

Edisi Semester II Tahun 2021ii

iiiEdisi Semester II Tahun 2021

Pelindung : Marsekal TNI Fadjar Prasetyo, S.E., M.P.P.

Penanggung Jawab : Marsma TNI Indan Gilang Buldansyah, S.Sos.

Wakil Penanggung Jawab : Kolonel Sus Budi Eko Pratomo, S.E.

Dewan Redaksi : Kolonel Sus Dra. Maylina Saragih

Kolonel Pnb Alfian, S.E.

Kolonel Sus Sonaji Wibowo, S.IP.

Kolonel Sus Suharto, S.H.

Kolonel Sus Yuto Nugroho, S.S.

Pemimpin Redaksi : Letkol Pnb Ali Sudibyo, S.H.

Staf Redaksi : Mayor Sus Brm. Prasetyo Aryo, S.Sos

Kapten Sus Ida Hidayah

Serka Listiyaning Serda Ani Hayatul Chasanah

Desain Grafis : Dispenau

Distributor : Praka Ryan Indrawan

Prada Utomo Mandala Putra

Prada Dwi Apriyansah

Alamat Redaksi : Dispenau, Cilangkap, Jakarta Timur

Telp. (021) 8709259, 8709156

Fax. (021) 8714181

E-mail : [email protected]

Angkasa Cendekia/Dinas Penerangan Angkatan Udara

Jakarta: Dinas Penerangan Angkatan Udara, 2021

104 hal. ; 23.5 x 15.5 cm

ISBN 979-95490-0-2

1. Angkatan Udara I. Judul

Edisi Semester II Tahun 2021iv

vEdisi Semester II Tahun 2021

Redaksi menerima tulisan naskah

dengan ukuran kertas kwarto, 2 spasi,

dan minimal 10 lembar

DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................ vi

TRANSFORMATION OF AIR POWER TO BECOME A RESPECTED AIR FORCE

IN THE REGION

Oleh : Marsekal Muda TNI Samsul Rizal, S.IP., M.Tr.(Han)

(Komandan Seskoau) ............................................................................................. 3

SOME VIEWS ON THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO

NETWORK-CENTRIC WARFARE IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

Oleh : Colonel Assist. Prof. Dr. Ir. Arwin Datumaya Wahyudi Sumari, S.T.,

M.T., IPM, ASEAN Eng., ACPE, FSI, FSME, VDBM, SA, S.R. Eng.

(Senior Officer, Abdulrachman Saleh Air Force Base, Malang

Team Leader, Cognitive Artificial Intelligence Research Group (CAIRG),

Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Malang)

Oleh : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Rosa Andrie Asmara, S.T., M.T.(Secretary of Information Technology Department, Politeknik Negeri Malang

Computer Vision Specialist, Cognitive Artificial Intelligence Research Group (CAIRG),

Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Malang) .................................37

TUJUH LANDASAN DI BANDARA PITU

Oleh : Kol Tek Martinus Bram Saryono Susanto, MBA .................................. 61

STRATEGI PEMERINTAH INDONESIA MELALUI SINERGISITAS ANTAR

LEMBAGA NEGARA DALAM MENEGAKKAN KEDAULATAN WILAYAH

UDARA NASIONAL

Oleh : Kapten Pom Fajar Akbar Aviko

Oleh : Kapten Pnb Nehemia Anang Wijaya ..................................................... 79

Edisi Semester II Tahun 2021vi

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa,

atas limpahan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya kepada kita semua,

sehingga buku Angkasa Cendekia Semester II Tahun 2021

dapat kembali terbit menjumpai para pembaca sekalian.

Hadirnya buku Angkasa Cendekia kali ini bertepatan dengan

peringatan Hari Bakti ke-74 TNI Angkatan Udara. Oleh karena itu,

redaksi berharap nilai-nilai kejuangan dan ketauladanan yang telah

ditunjukkan para pendahulu dan perintis TNI AU melalui peristiwa

29 Juli 1947 senantiasa menjadi inspirasi dalam melaksanakan tugas,

tidak terkecuali tugas menuangkan ide dan pikiran dalam bentuk

tulisan seperti yang terangkum dalam buku Angkasa Cendekia kali ini.

Kami atas nama redaksi mengucapkan terima kasih atas

bimbingan dan masukan dari berbagai pihak yang telah membantu

menyelesaikan buku Angkasa Cendekia ini. Buku ini disusun untuk

membangkitkan minat baca dan dapat menjadi sumber informasi

serta pengetahuan untuk memotivasi dalam berkarya demi

kemajuan TNI Angkatan Udara.

Pada buku Angkasa Cendekia kali ini, redaksi menghadirkan

tulisan dari Danseskoau Marsda TNI Samsul Rizal, S.I.P., M.Tr (Han).,

berjudul Transformasi Air Power Guna Mewujudkan TNI Angkatan

Udara Yang Disegani di Kawasan. Dimana proses transformasi

kekuatan udara diperlukan guna memenuhi standar kesiapan

operasi perang modern menjadi prasyarat mutlak bagi TNI AU dalam

mengoptimalkan kekuatan dan kemampuan untuk mewujudkan

keunggulan udara. Selain itu buku ini menyuguhkan tulisan dari

Kolonel Lek Prof. Dr. Ir. Arwin Datumaya Wahyudi Sumari, S.T.,

M.T., IPM, dan Prof. Dr. Eng. Rosa Andrie Asmara, S.T., M.T. yang

memberikan pandangan mengenai penerapan kecerdasan buatan

sebagai network-centric perang dalam operasi militer, serta Kolonel

viiEdisi Semester II Tahun 2021

Tek Martinus Bram Susanto dengan materi peran Bandara Pitu

sebagai pangkalan udara militer yang memberikan dukungan bagi

penerbangan dalam rangka operasi militer. Di akhir tulisan, Kapten

Pom Fajar Akbar Aviko dan Kapten Pnb Nehemia Anang Wijaya

mengupas tuntas Pengelolaan Ruang Udara Nasional, karena

mencermati banyaknya pelanggaran terhadap wilayah udara

nasional Indonesia oleh pesawat udara asing.

Dengan terbitnya buku Angkasa Cendekia ini, diharapkan dapat

memberikan manfaat dan pengetahuan bagi kita semua guna

menghadapi tantangan tugas ke depan yang makin kompleks.

Selamat membaca.

Jakarta, Agustus 2021

Edisi Semester II Tahun 2021viii

1Edisi Semester II Tahun 2021

Edisi Semester II Tahun 20212


Background

The Indonesian National Army

(TNI) Air Force as the state’s

tool and the main component

in the defense sector together with

the land and sea dimensions, are

responsible for maintaining the

sovereignty and territorial integrity of

the Republic of Indonesia, the safety of

the entire nation and spilling Indonesian

motherland. The Indonesian Air Force is

tasked with carrying out the Air Force’s

duties, enforcing the law and maintaining security in the national

jurisdiction, developing the air force’s strength, and carrying out

the air defense’s empowerment area. The success of carrying out

these tasks will be largely determined by the capability of the

Indonesian Air Force in developing airpower which leads to the

development of a reliable TNI AU capability both in diplomacy,

intelligence, attack, defense, special, support, communication and

information integration, cyber, electronic warfare, maintenance

and empowerment of air defense areas.

The development of airpower must be carried out with a

conceptual foundation and a strategy rely on the doctrine towards

the realization of the advantages of airpower such as speed,

altitude, range, breakthrough power, precision, flexibility, and

resilience, which are inherently strong as the main characteristics

of the Indonesian Air Force. The development of airpower must also

lead to the achievement of high interoperability for the realization

Oleh: Marsekal Muda TNI Samsul Rizal, S.IP., M.Tr. (Han)

(Komandan Seskoau)

TRANSFORMATION OF AIR POWER TO BECOME A RESPECTED AIR FORCE

IN THE REGION


of integrated synergy with the land and sea dimensions and the

ability to play a role in strategic matters supporting national

interests in defense security, social, and economy.

The process of transforming airpower that meets the standards

for modern war operations readiness is an absolute prerequisite for

the Indonesian Air Force in optimizing its strength and capability to

realize air superiority, given the dynamic development of a strategic

environment that has the potential to provide military threats and

armed threats, such as potential threats in the waters of the South

China Sea which is getting higher and very volatile and complex. To

deal with potential threats with the sustainable transformation of

defense equipment technology. The development process requires

a long-term time and requires the support of adequate resources

and the government’s willingness and commitment to produce

policy and regulatory direction.

On the other hand, airpower cannot be separated from the

strategic environment dynamics at the global, regional, and

national levels. The strategic environment changes have logical


consequences on political, economic, socio-cultural, and defense

and security aspects. At the global level, it appears that both the

United States, Europe, and China are also competing in offering

cooperation policies with ASEAN countries. The cooperation policy

must be examined from its influence and/or benefits for national

security interests as factors affecting national power elements.

The Air Force’s airpower must be developed to play a strategic role

in Southeast Asia and beyond. This will require aresults-oriented

development approach or known as the Effects-Based Approach

(EBA), both to carry out Military Operations for War (MOW) in

meeting the needs of defense equipment or Military Operations

Other Than War (MOOTW).

Airpower transformation with the proper conceptual

foundation is targeted through organizational development,

technology, and operational readiness that increase the Air Force’s

ability to carry out air control, airstrike, intelligence, surveillance,

and reconnaissance (ISR), and optimal air mobility. In organizational

development, airpower organizations are developed based on

the principle of resilience (agile), effective but still efficient, an

education system capable of producing superior human resources

and adaptive to technological developments and strong character

of airmanship, leadership patterns that combine discipline, critical

thinking, creativity and innovation, as well as a logistics system

that leads to performance-based logistics. Meanwhile, technology

development is directed at fulfilling the 4 (four) core roles of the

airpower effectively through the procurement of fighter aircraft

generation 4.5, 5 and/or 6; procurement of precision weaponry;

development of an integrated air defense system; deployment of

radar and missiles to create air situational awareness domain; in

the procurement of ISR needs that are airborne or landbased; and

procurement of adequate aircraft and helicopters for air mobility.

These combat assets were previously required to be integrated

into Network Centric Warfare to support the Battle Management

System (BMS) and Command, Control, Communications,

Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

(C4ISR) for the Indonesian Air Force operations control command.

Meanwhile, the development of operational readiness for airpower

is directed at alignment with national interests in the context of

defense, economy, or social towards operations that are multi-


domain operations across dimensions, ministries/institutions, and

even across countries (multilateral partnerships interoperability),

according to the needs of MOW or MOOTW operations. With this

airpower transformation, it is hoped that the Indonesian Air Force

will have high deterrence and, in the end, will become a respected

air power among regional countries.

This is what underlies the need to hold an airpower seminar

to be able to formulate an appropriate airpower transformation

concept so that the Air Force is developed based on a solid

conceptual and strategic foundation towards the development of

a force posture that is in line with the doctrines and characteristics

of modern airpower.

Problem Formulation

According to the background, the role of the Indonesian Air Force

in the region can be realized optimally, it is faced with the complexity

of the problems faced, the formulation of the problem is presented

as follows: “How is the Concept of Airpower Transformation to

Realize a Respected TNI Air Force in the Southeast Asian Region and

its surroundings”. To refine the problem formulations discussed

in this study, the research questions that need to be asked are:

What is the model for transforming Indonesia’s airpower, which is

considered relevant for building a respected Indonesian Air Force

in Southeast Asia surroundings?

Purpose and Objectives

a. Mean. This study aims to compile the concept of airpower

transformation to create a respected Indonesian Air

Force in the region through a doctrinal implementation

approach and paying attention to the latest airpower

theory and lessons learned from the airpower model

applied by several developed countries.

b. Purpose. This study aims to build the concept of airpower

transformation through an airpower theory and model

approach to create a respected air force in the region and

as recommendation and consideration for the leadership

of the Indonesian Air Force.


Scope and Systematics

a. Scope. The scope of the writing of this study manuscript

includes a discussion of the concepts of several airpower

theories and airpower models in five countries, namely the

United States, Australia, Russia, India, and China, as the

primary reference for formulating the Air Force concept of

airpower which is considered the most relevant in realizing a

respected air force in the region.

b. Systematics. The writing of this study is arranged

systematically following the guidelines given as follows:

CHAPTER I Introduction. This chapter contains an outline of

the background for writing a study on the concept of airpower

transformation to create a respected air force in the region.

This chapter also describes the formulation of problems, aims,

objectives, scope and systematics, methods and approaches

foundations, and definitions.

CHAPTER II Literature Review. This chapter contains a

description of the literature review used from various

references, including legislation. The literature review in this

chapter will parse the statutory regulations, theoretical

frameworks, and data and facts related to solving the

problems at hand.

CHAPTER III Discussion. This chapter contains a description

of the nature of Indonesia’s airpower, strategic environment,

and potential threats, Olsen’s Theory Against Indonesian

Airpower, integration of airpower with other dimensions,

limits on the capabilities and potential of airpower, as well

as the results of the analysis, “Plan Bobcat” as the concept of

transforming airpower through organizational development,

technology, and operational readiness as a model for

airpower transformation.

CHAPTER IV Closing. This chapter contains the conclusions

from the descriptions and explanations presented in the

previous chapters. Several things that have not been included

in the description of the previous chapter are presented in the

form of suggestions so that this study paper can be applied.


Methods and Approach

a. Method. The method used in writing this manuscript is a

descriptive-analytical method that is studied qualitatively.

This qualitative research tries to understand, explore and

enter into the phenomenon being studied from various

information and references obtained. The next step is

to interpret and conclude these symptoms according to

the context. From these steps, an objective and natural

conclusion are reached following the signs in that context.

Data analysis and findings can show the policy’s concept,

the implications, and problems that may arise from the

procedures. Qualitative data were obtained from the

various sources and secondary data information.

b. Approach. The approach used in this paper uses the

perspective of military innovation from Andrew Ross (2010)

and the professional airpower approach from John A. Olsen

(2018); the analysis that will be used is multidisciplinary

science following the theoretical framework used.

Basis

a. Idiil Foundation / Pancasila. Pancasila guides the drafting

of the concept of airpower transformation to realize the

Indonesian Air Force as respected air power in the Region

as the state ideology, philosophy, and view of the life of

the Indonesian nation, which contains moral values, ethics

and noble ideals of the Indonesian people.

b. The Constitutional Basis/Law of the Republic of Indonesia

1945. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is

the written fundamental law of the Republic of Indonesia’s

Unitary State. It contains the basis and outline of the law

in state administration.

c. Visional Foundation/Archipelago Insights. The concept of

archipelago insight as a visional foundation is a teaching

value to realize the spirit of unity and integrity in pluralism

(region, ethnicity, religion, language, customs, culture, and

others) and fostering a caring attitude to create a strong

adhesive power and self-control.


d. Conceptional Foundation/National Resilience. National

Resilience can be seen from the dynamic conditions which

contain the resilience and resilience of a nation which is

reflected in astagatra (geography, demography, natural

resources, ideology, politics, economics, social, culture,

and defense and security) as the resilience of a nation that

is faced with various threats as the impact of strategic

environmental developments.

e. Operational Platform. The provisions of national law

in various forms of legislation and international law

requirements have been ratified, and international legal

practices apply universally.

Definition

a. Transformation. Military changes (in this case the

Indonesian Air Force) in terms of organization (in the form of

reform in the second stage), from the aspect of technology

acquisition (known as modernization in the third stage)

and leading to transformation (on the organizational and

technology side which is oriented towards operational

activities or known as effect-based approach or EBA).

b. Airpower. In general, it is defined as all military forces

that are above the ground (airborne), whether aircraft,

missiles or satellites. Specifically, this means the ability

to do strategic things in the air or the ability of the state

to secure its national interests through the projection

of military power in and from the air. Airpower has 4

(four) core roles, namely air control, attack from the air,

ISR (intelligence, surveillance & reconnaissance) and air

mobility.

c. Respected. In particular, the meaning of being respected

is a function of the ability to paralyze enemy attacks

with conventional force or an attempt to manipulate

the behavior of other parties country A uses country B’s

destructive ability to influence country B to behave in the

interests of country A.


d. Area. The area in question is Southeast Asia and its

surroundings, such as Far East Asia, South Asia, and

Oceania. The entire region, if put together, is an area

known as the Indo-Pacific region.

LITERATURE REVIEW

General

Airpower transformation to create a respected air force in the

region responds to changes in the strategic environment, which

includes awareness of the anatomy of Indonesia’s airpower which

is currently conventional, four-generation, platformoriented that

will have to be modernized to conventional modern and equipped

with asymmetric weapons to be able to balance all potential threats

in the region. The new meaning of the strategic role of airpower

and the strategic environment dynamics requires a comprehensive

policy on the challenges and opportunities that the Indonesian Air

Force will face in the future. Therefore, this chapter will discuss the

laws and regulations, theoretical frameworks, data and facts, and

the strategic environment as a basis for writing a script.

Regulations

a) International Regulations. UNCLOS 1982, which was

effectively enforced internationally, has determined that

few countries have an archipelago status in which the

sea between the islands becomes territorial waters even

though the distance between islands is more than 24 nm.

There is also an Exclusive Economic Zone along 200 nm

from the shoreline on the outermost island. The waters

are between 12 nm and 200 nm; the country has sovereign

rights to exploit its natural resources exclusively. There is

also a continental shelf where its designation is precisely

regulated. Consequently, sovereignty over Indonesia’s

territorial waters has expanded and has added to

Indonesia’s sovereign rights, which have also developed.

b) National Regulations. Article 30 of the 1945 Constitution

stipulates that the Indonesian state’s defense uses a

universal protection and security system. Law No. 3 of

2022 on national defense then confirms that the national

defense system is universal. The TNI, as a state instrument


in the defense sector, has to carry out. Following the with

Law Number 34 of 2004 concerning TNI article 7 paragraph

(1), the main task of the TNI is to uphold state sovereignty,

maintain the territorial integrity of the Unitary State of

the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945

Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and protect

the entire nation and the whole blood of Indonesia from

threats and disturbances to the integrity of the nation

and state. Then in Presidential Decree no. 8 of 2021

concerning Jakumhanneg 2020- 2024 also states that one

of the national defense strategies uses the Defense of Big

Islands concept.

c) General Policy for National Defense 2020-2024. Based

on Presidential Decree number 8 of 2021 article 2.d, it is

explained about the development of the TNI’s posture,

which has the capability of strategic deterrence and high

mobility to be projected inside and outside the jurisdiction

of the Republic of Indonesia in the context of upholding

sovereignty and protecting national interests.

d) National Defense Policy 2021. Based on Kep. Minister of

Defense no. Kep / 487 / M / V / 2020 concerning National

Defense Policy in 2021 point 12 is explained about

development the strength and capability of the national

air defense system that applies a defense-indepth pattern.

e) Tri Dharma Eka Karma 2018 Doctrine. Based on TNI

Perpang no. Kep / 555 / VI / 2018 concerning the TNI Tri

Dharma Eka Karma Doctrine item 14.c explained that

the Indonesian Air Force carries out the duties of the Air

Force in the defense sector; enforce the law and maintain

security in the airspace of the jurisdiction following the

provisions of national law and ratified international law;

carry out TNI duties in the development and development

of the air force, and carry out the empowerment of the air

defense area.

f) Swa Bhuwana Paksa Doctrine 2019. Based on the

Indonesian National Armed Forces Perpang no. Kep /

545 / V / 2019 regarding the TNI AU Swa Bhuwana Paksa

Doctrine item 14.a explains that the Indonesian Air Force


acts as a state instrument in the field of air defense, which

carries out its duties based on state policies and political

decisions. Then in point 14.b.2), it is explained that the

Air Force’s functions include deterrents, acts of action,

and restoration.Meanwhile, according to point 14 c, it is

stated that the duties of the Indonesian Air Force include:

1) Carry out TNI duties in the air force in the defense

sector; 2) Upholding the law and maintaining security

in the airspace of national jurisdictions following the

provisions of national law and international law that have

been ratified; 3) Carry out TNI duties in the development

and development of the air force, and 4) Implementing

the empowerment of the air defense area.

In point 17, it is also stated that the capabilities of the

Indonesian Air Force include c. an offensive capability

which is the ability of the Indonesian Air Force to attack

airpower, land power, sea power, and other targets of

strategic value on the opposing side, whether in the air, on

the surface or below the surface; and D. defense capability

which is the ability of the Indonesian Air Force to ward off

enemy air, ground, and sea attacks. Defense capabilities

are implemented through a multi-layered defense system

using air defense elements.

Critical Framework

a) First Generation Airpower Theory (tactical approach) whose

leading theorists include Giulio Douhet, Billy Mitchell, John

Slessor, and Alexander Prokofiev de Seversky. General

Giulio Douhet (1869-1930) was a high-ranking Italian

officer during the First World War. Douhet argues that

the essence of air power is offensive. An air force capable

of controlling airspace will control the war by conducting

aerial bombing against opposing forces. Air control is the

way to win battles—meanwhile, Major General. William

“Billy” Lendrum Mitchell (1879- 1936), known as the USAF

founder, argued that even the most modern warships of

all kinds could be destroyed easily by bombs dropped from

planes. At the same time, the most effective means of


destruction are air bombs. Meanwhile, RAF Marshal (five-

star position) Sir John Cotesworth Slessor (1897-1979):

argued that air interdiction of enemy troops and supplies

was the best method to win the battle. Meanwhile, US

Army officer Major Alexander Nikolaievich Prokofiev de

Seversky (1894-1974) - who was the inspiration for the

founding of the US Air Force Strategic Command, argued

that increasing the range and attack capability of military

aviation would make the United States vulnerable to

attacks from the air to Britain today.

b) The Second Generation of Airpower Theory (operational

approach), where the leading theorists include John Boyd,

John Warden, and David A. Deptula. Colonel John R. Boyd

(1927-1997) is very well known for the OODA Theory.

According to him, time is a very important element in

battle. Combat pilots who go through the observe –

orient – decide – act (OODA) cycle in the shortest time

will defeat their opponents in air combat because they

can take advantage of the situation and/ or momentum

first. Meanwhile, Colonel John A. Warden III (1943) is

considered the greatest air power theorist in modern

times. The Warden argues that if airpower can destroy

or neutralize the opponent’s leadership circle, the entire

opposing organization will be incapacitated. Therefore,

his strategic aim is to force the “leadership” to make

concessions because of the stress on him or his leadership

system. The Warden did not agree that the air force was

only a substitute for another dimension’s power. Airpower

must be built to target the weakness of the opponent or

known as strategic end games.

With all its capabilities, potentials, and limitations,

Airpower must make the opponent lose in a relatively

short time and without causing many casualties on both

sides—meanwhile, Lieutenant General. David A. Deptula

(born in 1952) introduced the USAF Securities Based

Operations (OBE) doctrine. Deptula argues that if air

power is directed at the ultimate effect or goal of strategy

(rather than imposing the traditional military means),


it will find more effective ways to achieve the same

objectives more quickly than before, with fewer resources

and, most importantly, with less. This offering of the OBE

Doctrine is an elaboration of the Warden concept.

c) Third Generation Airpower Theory (a strategic approach):

the leading theorists include Colin S. Gray and John

A. Olsen. Prof. Colin S. Gray (1943-2020) argued that

airpower couald do something strategic in the air.

Airpower needs an air force which are dedicated, although

not all air power must be air force (it can also be other

aviation services or a combination of the Air Force with

other countries). Gray emphasized the importance of

controlling air as fundamental for airpower to produce

strategic effects. Meanwhile, Colonel Prof. John A. Olsen

(born in 1968) argues that airpower is a controversial and

littleunderstood topic beyond its tactical and technological

manifestations. Whether airpower is under land power,

or vice versa, depends on the strategic military context

of the war being carried out as a whole. The real value

of airpower depends not on its tactical and technological

advantage but on its relevance to the country’s proper

political strategy and its ability to secure its strategic and

political objectives at a cost that is acceptable to both the

government and the public.


Data and Fact

To understand the problems that may be faced in assessing or

analyzing airpower transformation to create a respected TNI air

force in the region, data and facts need to be supported.

a) Data. From a historical aspect, the Indonesian Air Force’s

airpower has existed since the formation of the Republic

of Indonesia. From 1945 to 1955. Organizations were still

not well established, while their technology was minimal

and faced stronger enemy airpower. Defense equipment

is operated more for airstrikes and limited air mobility.

Transport aircraft such as the DC-3 Dakota were used

to bring in weapons from colonial military surveillance

secretly. Meanwhile, from 1955 to 1970, the organization

became more established with a combined orientation of

territory and function (as indicated by the presence of the

300th Combat Wing, which supervised several combat

squadrons). The air control role has been shared with

airstrikes and air mobility. A rebellion that has occurred

since 1952 has pitted the TNI AU (formerly AURIS) defense

equipment against the equivalent defense equipment

operated by the PRRI / Permesta rebels.

Since the 1960s, the Indonesian Air Force (formerly AURI)

got advanced weaponry of its time, such as the MiG-

15, MiG-17, MiG-19, MiG-21, and the Tu-16 strategic

bomber. However, the change in the New Order’s foreign

policy orientation made the ex-Soviet Autsista naturally

grounded. From 1970 to 2005, the TNI AU organization

was more regionally oriented with relatively less advanced

technology. In the reform era from 2005 to the present,

the organization is currently undergoing a reformation of

the TNI AU organization with a Koopsudnas and several

combat squadrons. However, until now, the role of ISR

has not been sufficient. The weapons for the airstrike

role are incomplete, and there is no defense equipment

for air mobility that is heavy transport, either for aircraft

or helicopters. Meanwhile, if viewed from the policy

of building strength and developing the Indonesian

Air Force’s capability, currently, the air force structure


is divided into three areas of the Air Force Operations

Command, which oversees 38 Indonesian Air Force bases.

With an operational area covering the entire territory of

Indonesia, the current condition of Indonesian Air Force

bases is as follows:

(1) The TNI AU base type A is the main base with a

more complete unit component, where the Alutsista

strength and Alutsista supporters are located. The

existence of Alutsista and its supporters makes Type A

Lanud have facilities as well as Alutsista that are close

to ideal and meet the requirements as a base with a

high level of operational readiness.

(2) In contrast to some type B Lanuds and almost all Type

C Lanuds which are not as complete as Type A Lanuds

(do not have Alusista yet) according to their needs.

Thus, these air bases can only support air operations,

particularly flight operations on a limited basis.

(3) The unavailability of alusista at several strategic bases,

such as the LWM and DMN Lanuds and several bases

in border areas, also indirectly limits the participation

and presence of the TNI in Indonesia’s frontier areas.

b) The Concept of Airpower in Five Developed Countries. In

formulating the concept of airpower transformation of the

Indonesian Air Force, it is necessary to study the concept

of airpower from a number of developed countries from a

number of developed countries to obtain lessons or best

practices from several developed countries to get lessons

or best practices. The five countries are the United States,

Australia, Russia, India, and China.

1) Airpower in the United States is directed against

threats from China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea.

Doctrinal stratification starts with the 2018 National

Defense Strategy (NDS), which focuses on facing

great power competition with China and Russia.

The US airpower operations concept is focused on

achieving fully integrating joint military capabilities

across warfighting domains. The USAF made this


happen by submitting a budget to the US Senate in

2020 with the title submission of The Air Force We

Need. US airpower’s role is to be able to defeat and

provide deterrence to potential US enemies from the

air. The development of the US airpower posture has

shifted from operational capability to scenario-based

planning (which is marked by the use of old defense

equipment such as the B-52, F-16, E-6 Sentry, C-5

Galaxy, and KC-135).

2) Australia’s airpower is built to face China’s threats

(as a consequence of Australia, an alliance of the

US), terrorism, and illegal refugees by sea. The

stratification of the RAAF airpower doctrine is in the

form of two interrelated documents as a philosophical

guideline for RAAF airpower, namely the Airpower

Manual 6th ed. and Australian Experience of Airpower

2nd ed. The RAAF operation concept is outlined in

the Operational Air Doctrine Manual document in

which the RAAF aims at cross-domain integrations

with AS & FPDA strengths. RAAF realizes its airpower

by building systemic strength and adopting the 5th

and 6th generation fighter. The role of airpower in

Australia is for control of the air, strike, air mobility

& ISR. The RAAF posture development orientation is

directed at building strength which is an effect-based

approach.

3) Russian’s airpower is built to ward off US and

NATO threats (including clashes) of interest in

many areas, which are Russia’s proxy mandalas.

Its airpower operations concept is aimed at multi-

domain operations - including supporting complete

division-scale airbases operations. Russian airpower

is realized by modernizing game-changer weaponry

such as Su-57 Falon, two types of hypersonic ballistic

air-to-ground missiles (capable of carrying the

MiG-31K or Tu-22M3 supersonic bombers) and air

defense based on high energy projections; the role

of Russian airpower is directed at control of the


air, strike (especially through ALBM and hypersonic

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) which is

difficult to resist), water mobility & ISR. The airpower

posture development orientation is manifested by

merging three forces (air force, air defense forces &

space force) into the Aerospace Forces.

4) India’s airpower was built to ward off China and

Pakistan’s threats (due to acute border disputes). The

concept of Indian airpower operations leads to the

development of forward air defense based on the Su-

30 MKI, AWACS, and Il-78 tanker by building limited

cross-domain integrations with the US, Japanese &

Australian militaries who are partners in the Quad

coalition. The main challenge is to integrate the ex-

Russia system with NATO to join the Quad coalition

and shift China’s attention to the SCS (rather than to

the border dispute area with India). The role of Indian

airpower is directed towards controlling the air, strike,

air mobility & ISR. Meanwhile, the airpower posture’s

development orientation is oriented towards defense

industry independence by building a number of

defense equipment (such as Tejas, ACMA & ICBM

Agni IV) and developing ‘emerging triads’ (space,

cyber and specialspace, cyber and special operations

capabilities).

5) China’s airpower was built to face military attacks

from the US, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and

Australia. The concept of operations is aimed at multi-

domain operations and forward defense (especially in

the South China Sea mandala) and adopting a self-

produced 5th and 6th generation fighter. To realize the

expected airpower posture, the Chinese government

aims to develop an ‘emerging triad’ (space, cyber

and special operations capabilities) integrated with

conventional weapons systems (air, sea, and land)

on its basis. Chinese airpower’s role is directed

towards controlling the air, strike, air mobility & ISR

and orientation of posture development towards


defense industry independence by building a number

of defense equipment (such as J-10, J-11, J-15, J-20,

J-31, etc. .)

c) Fact. Observing this data, this condition becomes a fact

that affects the Indonesian Air Force in carrying out the

role of airpower, with several important things as follows:

1) In the theory and policies of airpower in developed

countries, it is stated that there are four core roles

of airpower, namely air control, air raid, intelligence,

surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), and air mobility.

However, these four roles are in the Indonesia is still

inadequate. For example for air control it is needed

the ability to know every object in the Indonesian air

jurisdiction and operate a number of combat aircraft

with a highly deterrent weapon system. Currently, the

Indonesian Air Force only has a squadron of fighter

aircraft with air superiority qualifications. This is

not sufficient to enforce sovereignty in Indonesia’s

jurisdictional space of 8.3 million square kilometers.

2) Meanwhile, in terms of airstrikes, there are several

forms of operations, such as air-to-sea operations,

air-to-ground operations, underwater adversary air

operations, and so on. Airstrikes will require several

weapons and sensor systems capable of accurately

disabling surface and underwater targets and from a

range of fire suited to the operation’s needs. For the

Indonesian Air Force aircraft from NATO, they are not

equipped with anti-ship missiles, making them less

effective in conducting counter-sea air operations.

3) For the role of intelligence, surveillance, and

reconnaissance (ISR), an air sensor system that is

capable of detecting targets, both in the air and on

the surface and even underwater, is needed remotely.

The Indonesian Air Force still does not have this ISR

system, except for the tactical one. A more strategic

ISR system is necessary because air combat demands

superiority of information over the opponent.


4) As for air mobility, the Indonesian Air Force relies more

on C-130H, C-295, CN-235, EC-120, and NAS- 332

aircraft. With the increasingly dynamic demands of air

transport missions, the Indonesian Air Force needed

bigger and more transport aircraft and helicopters.

Air transport operations are urgently needed in

peacetime to support the logistics of Indonesian Air

Force units scattered throughout Indonesia and also

to support many humanitarian and disaster response

missions because Indonesia is in a disaster-prone area

(ring of fire).

5) Judging from the transformation process of the

Indonesian Air Force since the Reformation era, it can

be said that the reform process of the TNI has been

steadfast in the second stage, which concerns the

organization. The organization’s posture is still too fat

where the annual budget is spent mostly on personnel

needs. Meanwhile, the 3rd stage that involves the

modernization of weaponry technology has been

and continues to occur. Soon, it will lead to the 4th

stage (the transformation at the same time between

changes in the field of organization and technology

towards operational readiness). The transformation

process needs to be well guarded by correcting all

previous stages deemed less than optimal by forming

an established and sustainable conceptual foundation

for airpower.

Discussion

General

This chapter describes the analysis of the subject matter of the

discussion and several things that need to be developed regarding

the steps that need to be implemented and used as a reference in

discussing the formulation of the problem.

The Essence of Indonesia Airpower

Airpower is built and developed according to the needs of its


use for a country. Airpower development implies the development

of components that are integrated. The synergy resulting from

the development of several air power components will create a

complete and inseparable capability.

Universally, air power components can be grouped into

military aviation fleets, civil aviation fleets, aerospace education

institutions, aerospace industry, and services. The airpower

reserve components consist of citizens, natural resources, human-

made resources, and facilities and infrastructure which has been

prepared and organized to be mobilized through mobilization in

order to enlarge and strengthen the main components of airpower.

The preparation and organization of the reserve components

of airpower are formed in units according to the needs of the

airpower’s main components. At the time of mobilization, they

can be integrated into the power of air power’s main components.

As an archipelagic country, the airpower is assigned the task of

safeguarding against various threats that arise in the main and

buffer layers and the archipelago waters and the air space above

it.

As a result, the deployment of Indonesian airpower (in this case,

the Indonesian Air Force) has relevance to the concept of outer

island defense and the defense of large islands. Because the force of

the Indonesian Air Force must be present and/or held permanently

or take turns at the airfield on the outer islands and the base on

the big islands. Also, the anatomy of Indonesia’s airpower, which

is currently conventional, four-generation, platform-oriented,

will have to be modernized so that it is conventional modern,

and modern asymmetric Modern conventional means that it has

adopted the fifth and sixth-generation technology and is oriented

towards a system that adopts network centric warfare.

Integrating Airpower with other The Indonesian Air Force

Through TNI Headquarters, needs to formulate a joint

operation pattern with other dimensions, such as land, sea, outer

space, cyber, ministries, and non-military institutions, such as

with civil aviation authorities, the aviation industry, et catera.

Interoperability has become a fundamental requirement so that

TNI AU assets can communicate with other dimensions and share

information and operate systematically. In certain cases, it can be


imagined if the Indonesian Navy uses its aircraft carriers, while

its combat aircraft are from the Indonesian Air Force and landing

troops are from the marines and the Indonesian Army.

Adjustment of airpower to the strategic context of its use,

namely Indonesian airpower, has a main task in the political context,

namely maintaining Indonesia’s security and sovereignty from the

air dimension aspect. However, as a developing country, Indonesia

needs all government sectors’ support in the development and

minimizes social disparities in Indonesia. In consequence, all Air

Force bases can be utilized to support connectivity via air, where

airport construction has occurred at many air bases in Indonesia.

Meanwhile, to reduce price disparities and increase the availability

of commodities in remote areas, the Indonesian Air Force plays a

role in transporting commodities from logistics centers to remote

locations.

Limit of Airpower Ability and Potential

As a result of technology, Airpower has the ability, potential,

and limits of capability that need to be understood to be able to

place airpower in the country’s strategic planning.

Until recently, the definition of airpower tended to be “as all

military forces that are above the ground (airborne).” However,

airpower is built for the context of war and has strategic value in

peacetime. Current airpower capabilities include speed, range,

height, mobility, the destructiveness of the weapon’s load, precision,

flexibility, lethality, concentration to beat a stronger army/navy

with less air power. While the limits of its capabilities include a

non-permanent presence in the operating field, payload capacity

(in weight), high costs, not permanent in the field of operation,

payload capacity (in weight), high cost, dependence on the base,

vulnerable to weather and objects that hit it, less able to control

land areas only from the air, less able to face negative asymmetric

warfare, its resilience depends on supply energy and readiness

or air assets, and the level of technology dependence is relatively

higher (when compared to the land dimension). With advances

in technology, the potential for airpower includes being difficult

to detect by radar, Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL),

capable of manipulating the weather, UCAV that is getting smarter

and more autonomous, the emergence of hypersonic missiles, the


increasing use of kamikaze killer drones, anti-satellite missiles,

weapons transmitters of powerful energy, and the emergence of

warfare in the space dimension.

Strategic Environment and Potential Threats

On the other hand, the Southeast Asia region’s geopolitical

situation is prone to be dragged into the flow of hegemonic

rivalries between the United States and China in a super-complex

area called the Indo-Pacific.

The dispute’s escalation leading to the Sino-US conflict did not

rule out the Indonesian territory to be affected. This is because

Indonesia is right in the middle of the Indo-Pacific region. From a

geopolitical perspective, this becomes vulnerable because parties

to a conflict are likely to pass through Indonesian territory to

maneuver attacks against their opponents. As a sovereign country,

Indonesia will be respected by any party (including those in conflict)

whenever its military strength, especially its air dimension, is

strong. Meanwhile, PricewaterhouseCooper (PwC) has predicted

that Indonesia’s economy will get bigger and become the fourth

largest economic power in 2050, after China, the US, and India.

The bigger the economy, the more the defense budget will be. This

requires the Air Force to formulate a direction for the development

of its air power following the Indonesian economy’s improvement.

The three major countries mentioned above have considerable air

power and are supported by independent defense industries. In

terms of national interests, Indonesia is the largest country and

must always ensure a dominant ASEAN influence. This influence

is built on national power elements in diplomacy, military, and

economy, with modernization and military transformation carried

out by several ASEAN countries, especially Singapore and Vietnam.

Then Indonesia is interested in building a military force that is

superior to other ASEAN countries to create a sense of reluctance

in the region.

Prof. John A. Olsen Airpower Theory in the Context

of Indonesian Air Power

According to Olsen, airpower has at least four interrelated

elements. The first is the essence of airpower, which has historical

roots related to technological advances and its use in several battles.


The second is airpower, which includes air control, air attack,

reconnaissance, and air mobility. However, with technological

advances, other roles such as command and control and

performance-based logistics have become essential airpower

needs. The third is the integration of airpower with other

dimensions. Although airpower is capable of producing real damage

to opponents independently, airpower’s role will be more effective

if it is integrated with other dimensions. As with land, sea, space

and cyber dimensions. Even airpower also needs to be developed

to integrate with ministries and non-military institutions, such

as civil aviation authority, aviation, et cetera. The last one is the

adjustment of airpower to the strategic context of its use.

Airpower is a state tool where the state uses airpower based

on a certain context, whether for political, economic, or social

purposes. In times of peace, airpower has been used by the

government for economic and social purposes. An example in

the economic field is how many Air Force Airbases have runways

to serve civil aviation. Regions benefit from the construction of

interconnection via air. A social example is how the Indonesian

government implements the Air Toll by utilizing airpower to deliver

commodities to remote areas, among other things. The following

is a diagram of John A. Olsen’s Airpower Profession (2018). See

Figure 1 : The John A. Olsen, 2018


To apply the concept in Figure 1 to the Indonesian Air Force,

four elements of Olsen’s airpower profession will be discussed

(2018), emphasizing things that are considered important. First,

related to the nature of Indonesia’s airpower. As an archipelagic

country, the airpower is assigned the task of safeguarding against

various threats that arise in the main and buffer layers and the

archipelago waters and the air space above it.

As a result, the deployment of Indonesian airpower (in this case,

the Indonesian Air Force) has relevance to the concept of outer

island defense and large islands’ defense. Because the force of the

Indonesian Air Force must be present and/or held permanently or

take turns at the airfield on the outer islands and the base on the

big islands. Also, the anatomy of Indonesia’s airpower, which is

currently conventional, four-generation, platform-oriented, will

have to be modernized so that it is conventional modern, and

modern asymmetric. Modern conventional means that it has

adopted the fifth and sixth generation technology and is oriented

towards a system that adopts network centric warfare.

Analisis Result

From the analysis above, to create a respected air force in

the region is based on the concept of the five developed countries

above, it will be difficult because: (a) the defense budget of the five

countries is already over $ 30 billion per year (in which Indonesia’s

defense budget is only around $ 8 billion per year); (b) the geopolitical

situation of the five countries is different from Indonesia, where

the five countries have an enmity (hostile) relationship pattern

with large powers; and (c) the airpower level of the five countries

are more advanced than the current Indonesian Air Force, where

all of them are system-oriented, multi-domain operations, and

supported by advanced technology weapons systems.

The figure on the following page shows that one dimension’s

weaponry system can be aimed at paralyzing targets in its eyes or

for targets in other dimensions (for example air-launched ballistic

missiles, submarinelaunched ballistic missiles, anti-ship missiles,

etc.).

Cyber matrix has an important meaning to paralyze or disrupt

the cohesion of network-based weapon systems. The concept

of airpower transformation is part of the defense strategy.


Meanwhile, the defense is built to ward off threats. The concept of

transforming the Air Force’s airpower to be built must depart from

the perception of the threat of foreign military attacks in the form

of war. Meanwhile, the character of air warfare in the XXI century

will be dominated by the 5 & 6 generation fighter technology,

hypersonic missiles, and ICBM from various launchers (from air,

land, sea level, and underwater). In the East Asia region, China

has shown assertiveness in the SCS by establishing a defensive

Anti Access / Aerial Denial (A2 / AD) strategy (against US attacks).

There is a potential Overlapped Area (OA) in the North Natuna Sea,

the coverage area of China’s A2 / AD. To maintain OA, Indonesia

must develop an Indonesian version of the A2 / AD strategy,

and Indonesia needs to reduce its power gap against China. See

Figure2: Anti Access/ Aerial Denial (A2/AD) With the multi-domain

system approach above, the Indonesian Air Force, through the TNI

Headquarters, needs to formulate a joint operation pattern with

other dimensions, such as land, sea, outer space, cyber, ministries,

and non-military institutions, such as with civil aviation authorities,

the aviation industry, and others.

Interoperability has become a fundamental requirement so

that TNI AU assets can communicate with other dimensions and

share information and operate systematically. In certain cases,

it can be imagined if the Indonesian Navy uses its aircraft carriers,

while its combat aircraft are from the Indonesian Air Force and

landing troops are from the marines and the Indonesian Army.

Adjustment of airpower to the strategic context of its use, namely

Indonesian airpower, has a main task in the political context,

namely maintaining Indonesia’s security and sovereignty from the

air dimension aspect.However, as a developing country, Indonesia needs all

government sectors to develop and minimize social disparities in Indonesia. In development, all Air Force bases can be utilized to support connectivity via air, where airport construction has occurred at many air bases in Indonesia. Meanwhile, to reduce price disparities and increase the availability of commodities in remote areas, the Indonesian Air Force plays a role in transporting commodities from logistics centers to remote areas. Air Force Airpower’s concept is also obliged to be in line with the stratification of defense doctrine in Indonesia. The concept of transforming the Air Force’s modern airpower aims to strengthen the conceptual foundation in which


the form Air Force will be built. The following are three essential roles in the modern Air Force airpower concept called Plan Bobcat, including organizational reform, technological modernization, and the transformation of the Indonesian Air Force into airpower that is resultsoriented (effect-based approach).

Developing an Airpower Organization based on the Principle of Resilience (Agile), Effective but still Efficient.

The airborne weaponry system is getting more expensive, according to the measurement series. Meanwhile, the national defense budget’s support has not been able to be adaptive to needs based on a capability-based orientation from an ideal operating perspective. Since the New Order, the development of the TNI’s posture has always been oriented towards financial capability, unable to meet the essential needs that have a minimum deterrent power. So that in building a highly deterrent posture of the Indonesian Air Force, a new approach is needed to achieve effectiveness while maintaining budget efficiency. For example, combat elements (control of the air, strike, and ISR) were kept territorial (under Koopsau 1, 2, and 3). However, combat assistance (air mobility) is made to cross-regional/centralized areas that serve the entire region. The education system needs to be reformed to produce superior human resources adaptive to technological advances, developments in air combat tactics, and multi-domain operations.

The leadership pattern is directed at shaping Indonesian Air Force personnel’s character through exemplary and a firm reward & punishment system. The Indonesian Air Force’s distinctive character, known as airmanship, must be disciplined, obedient to superiors and operating procedures, transparent, and uphold aviation safety. The logistics system is directed to maintain a high level of weaponry system readiness or what is known as performance-based logistics.

Developing Result-Oriented Weapon System Technology (Effect-Based Apparoach)

The four basic airpower roles (the Olsen version and the 6th edition of the RAAF Airpower Manual): air combat, airstrike, ISR and air mobility are the minimum and essential airpower roles that must be run systematically, even though the numbers have not yet reached the ideal number. As for air combat and airstrike, with the plan to procure the Rafale and F-15EX, efforts are made so that all operational features of the two 4.5 generation fighters can


be utilized optimally, both in maneuverability, tactics variations in weaponry (such as precision missiles in both variants). AAM, ASM, AShM, ASuM, etc.) with an adequate number for TNI AU operations, interoperability with other defense equipment, etc. Air combat also includes ground-based air defense systems, both long, medium, and short ranges (in an integrated system known as integrated air & missile defense systems). The deployment of radar (both active and passive) and antiaircraft/ missile weapons is crucial as an early detection system in building air domain situational awareness (in monitoring the movement of conventional and stealth objects). ISR has become an essential requirement for airborne (such as AEW & C, satellites, & UAV) and landbased (such as radar and radar elevated on aerostats).

All combat assets must be integrated into Network Centric Warfare (NCW) to produce Battle Management Systems (BMS) and C4ISR for the Indonesian Air Force operations control command. Also, the demands for water mobility in the context of defense (OMP), economic, and social (OMSP) airpower in Indonesia are very high. The three contexts refer to Olsen’s (2018) view so that adequate transport aircraft and helicopters from heavy, medium, and light transport classes are needed.

Developing Airpower Operational Readiness in Line with Strategic National Interests

In the context of conventional defense, there is a system of training, operation, and formulation of the doctrine that has effective procedures. Airpower operations have been directed to be carried out in an environment that is multi-domain operations both among dimensions, across ministries/institutions, and across friendly countries (or what is known as multilateral partnerships interoperability), according to the needs of operations (MOW and MOOTW).

In the context of asymmetric defense, the doctrine and operation of the air matrix asymmetric weaponry have been developed to prepare for the negative asymmetric war spectrum (such as kamikaze killer drones, swarm killer drones, anti-drone weapons, portable anti-aircraft weapons, etc.). In the economic context, the Indonesian Air Force’s assets can be used to encourage national economic growth, such as empty slots for take-off/ landing for civilian information at several airbases. In the social context, Indonesian Air Force assets can be prepared for humanitarian missions, logistics


delivery to remote locations, disaster response, and humanitarian and/or peace missions under the United Nations.

The illustration in the form of a model of the transformation of the Air Force’s airpower as a conceptual base can be seen on the following page. The Plan Bobcat transformation model, which again includes organizational and technological changes directed at operational readiness in line with Indonesia’s strategic national interests, is expected to increase the Indonesian Air Force’s deterrence and make Indonesia respected in the region. With respected airpower, Indonesia’s diplomatic efforts at the regional and international levels will be more effective because Indonesia is capable of diplomacy and can also use its hard power to influence countries’ behavior in the region.

CLOSING

Conclusion. Based on the description above regarding the

airpower transformation model to create a respected TNI air

force in the region, which is faced with regional environmental

problems, territorial claims are still rampant, especially in the

South China Sea region which affects the map of military power in

the Southeast Asia and Pacific Region, giving rise to a competition

and modernization of defense equipment. revolutionary of military

affair (RMA).

It is understood that airpower is a resilient concept, the arena

continues to evolve in accordance with the development of air

warfare technology. However, airpower has the ability in terms of

speed, range, height, mobility, precision, flexibility, lethality, it can

beat a stronger army / navy with less air power. While the limits

of its capabilities include non-permanent presence in the field of

operation, load capacitance (in weight), high costs, dependence on

bases, susceptibility to weather and objects that hit it, less able to

control land areas from the air alone, less able to face asymmetric

warfare. negative, its resilience depends on energy supply and

readiness or air assets, and the level of technology dependence is

relatively higher (compared to land dimensions). With advances in

technology, the potential for airpower includes difficult to detect

radar, STOVL, capable of manipulating the weather, UCAV that is

increasingly smart and autonomous, the emergence of hypersonic

missiles, the increasing use of kamikaze killer drones, anti-satellite


missiles, disabling weapons with powerful energy transmitters, and the emergence of warfare. in the space dimension.

The doctrine/concept of airpower for each country is different due to geopolitical factors, geography, state financial capacity, etc. For the concept of TNI AU airpower transformation, at least it must include: (1) reform of the TNI organization with an effect-based approach (EBA); (2) modernizing the TNI AU weaponry technology which is system oriented by being able to carry out the four core airpower roles (air control, air attack, ISR and air mobility) effectively; and (3) enhancing the readiness of TNI AU operations so that they are always in line with national strategic interests, both in the context of defense, economy and social in Indonesia.

Recommendation The SESKOAU airpower seminar is intended further to refine the concept of modern Air Force airpower. The following recommendations are presented:

a) For the concept of TNI AU airpower transformation, it is directed to improve the stages of change in the Indonesian Air Force simultaneously, namely at the stages of organization, technology and operational readiness.

b) In the organizational sector, it is expected that the TNI AU organization’s posture, even though it develops according to the needs of operations, is still efficient. The direction of organizational change, namely in the structure (which divides between function and territory), the education system, and leadership patterns that can produce air technology warriors who adhere to the principle of airmanship; as well as building a logistics system that is oriented towards increasing the readiness of the weapon system.

c) In the technology sector, technology acquisition will complement four core airpower roles : control of the air, strike, ISR, and air mobility. The acquisition orientation is systemic by optimizing the weapon system’s operating features that will be procured and connected in NCW to produce BMS and C4ISR for the benefit of operational capital.

Finally, the Air Force’s airpower will always be directed at

operational readiness that is in line with strategic national interests. Readiness here for conventional and asymmetric weapon systems

and defense, economic and social contexts.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

Panglima TNI. 2018. Keputusan Panglima TNI Nomor Kep/555/

VI/2018 tentang Doktrin TNI Tri Dharma Eka Karma

Panglima TNI. 2019. Keputusan Panglima TNI Nomor

Kep/545/V/2019 tentang Doktrin TNI AU Swa Bhuwana Paksa

Presiden RI. Perpres Nomor 8 tahun 2021 tentang Kebijakan

Umum Pertahanan Negara (Jakumhanneg) 2020-2024

Undang-Undang Nomor 3 tahun 2002 tentang Pertahanan Negara

Undang-Undang Nomor 34 tahun 2004 tentang Tentara Nasional

Indonesia

Undang-Undang Nomor 23 tahun 2019 tentang Pengelolaan

Sumber Daya Nasional untuk Pertahanan Negara

Menteri Pertahanan RI. Keputusan Menteri Pertahanan Nomor

Kep/104/M/I/2020 tentang Kebijakan Pertahanan Negara

2020,

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 20 tahun 2006 tentang Rencana

Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional (RPJPN)

Kementerian PPN/Bappenas. 2019. Visi Indonesia 2045.

Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.

Presiden RI. Perpres Nomor 2 tahun 2015 tentang RPJMN 2015-

2019.

Presiden RI. Perpres Nomor 18 tahun 2020 tentang RPJMN 2020-

2024

Buku, Jurnal dan Lainnya / Books, Journals, and Various Sources :

Australian Air Publication. 2013. The Airpower Manual AAP 1000-

D. Edisi ke-6.

Buzan, Barry dan Waever, Ole. 2003. Regions and Powers: The

Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Cohen, Raphael S et al. 2020. The Future of Warfare in 2030. Santa

Minica: Rand Corporation.

Crabtree, James. n/a. Guerilla Air Defense. n/a


Deschaux-Dutard, Delphine (ed.) 2021. Reserch Methods in

Defense Studies: a Mltidisciplineary Overview.Oxon: Routledge

Five Generations of Jet Fighter Aircraft. 2012. Airpower

Development Centre Bulletin. Royal Australian Air Force.

Gunzinger, Mark et al. 2019. An Air Force for an Era of Great Power

Competition. Washington D.C.: CSBA.

Medcalf, Rory. The Indo-Pacific: What’s in a Name? The American

Interest (October 10, 2013)

http://www.the-american-interest. com/2013/10/10/the-indo-

pacificwhats- in-a-name/ Diunduh pada tanggal 12 Maret

2015.

Miller, Davod T. 2015. Defense 2045: Assessing the Future Security

Environment and Implications for Defense Policymakers.

Washington DC: CSIS.

Olsen, John A. 2018. The RUSI Journal. “Understanding Modern

Airpower.” Routledge.

Olsen, John Andreas (Ed.). 2015. Airpower Reborn. Annapolis:

Naval Institute Press.

Richard Halloran. 2010. AirSea Battle is a new operational concept

looks to prepare the US and its allies to deter or defeat Chinese

power. Air Force Magazine Ed. Agustus 2010

Skinner, Robert J. 2013. The Importance of Designating Cyberspace

Weapon Systems. Air and Space Power Journal.

https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/

Volume-27_Issue-5/SLP-Skinner. pdf

Tangredi, Sam J. 2013. Anti-Access Warfare: Countering A2/AD

Strategies. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.

UK Ministry of Defense. 2017. Joint Doctrine Publication 0-30. UK

Air and Space Power.

Van Tol, Java; Mark Gunzinger; Andrew F. Krepinevich; & Jim

Thomas. 2010. AirSea Battle: A Point-of-Departure Operational

Concept. Washington D.C.: CSBA.


Oleh: Colonel Assist. Prof. Dr. Ir. Arwin Datumaya Wahyudi

Sumari, S.T., M.T., IPM, ASEAN Eng., ACPE, FSI, FSME, VDBM,

SA, S.R. Eng.Senior Officer, Abdulrachman Saleh Air Force Base, Malang

Team Leader, Cognitive Artificial Intelligence Research Group (CAIRG),

Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Malang

Oleh: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Rosa Andrie Asmara, S.T., M.T.Secretary of Information Technology Department, Politeknik Negeri Malang

Computer Vision Specialist, Cognitive Artificial Intelligence Research Group

(CAIRG), Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Malang

Introduction

Two world's terminologies, namely Artificial Intelligence (AI)

and Network-Centric Warfare (NCW), are not new. Even

though they were born in different years, but they match

each other in some ways. AI is a technology that aims to emulate

SOME VIEWS ON THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO NETWORK-CENTRIC WARFARE IN

MILITARY OPERATIONS


and duplicate human intelligence and use such intelligence to

augment human intelligence and as a means to study how humans

can be intelligent. That was the primary reason the researchers

worldwide studied the excellent mechanism that occurred within

the human brain, which is the center of human intelligence. On the

other hand, the study of AI also aims to create an intelligent agent

that may have the ability to think or act rationally and think or act

like a human (Russell & Norvig, 2020). The efforts to realize those

objectives were started in the 19th century with the study of the

human nervous system that came up with a complete illustration

of the biological nervous system along its smallest element called

a neuron. Fifty years later, the biological neuron and the nervous

system were modeled mathematically, which ended up with an

architecture called Neural Networks (NN). The AI terminology was

raised in 1956, and it is used up to now (Sumari A. D., 2020).

Since a long time ago, AI has been researched by the military,

long before NCW was initiated. Back in the 1990s, the United States

military tested an NN-based flight control system to a fighter aircraft

model to know and measure its performance when controlling

the aircraft in various conditions. Various researches on the use

of AI technology for military applications have been continuously

carried out primarily by the countries with military solid such as

China, United States of America (USA), and Russia. There have

been various military systems that use AI, whether it is only a part

or a whole. AI might be one of the drivers to the initiation of NCW

in 1998 as the part of the Revolution of the Military Affairs (RMA)

in the USA that impacts the rest of the world. Uniquely, NCW was

ideated from the business organization that quickly adapted the

technology advancement and made the organization moved fast in a

collaborative work manner without being limiter by space and time

(Cebrowski & Gartska, 1998). Businesses can be done anywhere,

any place using any device because all people are interconnected

through the Internet. NCW took this idea and applied it to military

operations with the primary objective to obtain superiority over

the adversaries. NCW stresses the collaboration among units and

forces to speed up the mission objective while reducing the risks.

Three critical elements of NCW are the sensors, the Command

and Control (C2) entities, and the shooters. The primary objective

of NCW is to reduce the decision-making cycle to the minimum. The


shorter the process, the faster the decision is decided and acted. By

doing this, own forces will have a higher probability to control the

operation tempo that ends up winning over the adversary. With the

advancement of AI technology, the involvement of AI-based sensors,

AI-based C2, and AI-based shooters is just a matter of time knowing

that AI has become the Center of Gravity (CoG) of countries in the

world. Vladimir Putin said that who controls AI would control the

world (Sumari A. D., 2020). There were some movies in the past

that show the sophistication of AI-enabled military technologies.

The films that were just an imagination of the creator now become

a reality. For example, an intelligent fighter aircraft and a swarm of

small autonomous intelligent aerial robots are gradually realized.

Human and intelligence machines' collaboration in combat is

not just a fiction scenario shown in a movie. Still, it is one of the

objectives of utilizing AI technology for military applications.

Emerging technology approached human intelligence emulation

from cognitive psychology initiated in 2007 and resulted in a new

point of view in AI known as a Knowledge Growing System (KGS), a

new method for Cognitive AI (Ahmad & Sumari, 2017).

AI+NCW in Military Operations = AI-based NCW System

Military operations, especially for war, have determining

characteristics, namely, fast-changing dynamics that will affect

the operation tempo, fast synchronization that collaboratively

enables quick movement, and fast and accurate decision-making.

The most determining characteristic is the top-down decision-

making mechanism following the chain of command. C2 cannot

be done in a bottom-up approach because order can only happen

from the highest authority down to the lower unit in the field to

the lowest-rank soldiers. Therefore, a mistake in a C2 decision

will bring high consequences and risks to the soldiers in the area.

On the other hand, developing C2 decisions is not an easy task. It

consumes cognitive capabilities and is very tiring, especially when

military operations run for a long time (Sumari, Widyasari, & Lestari,

2021). Similar situations that repeatedly occurred over a long period

will bring fatigue and tiredness to the soldiers in the field and the

decision-makers. Therefore, ending the mission with winning status

will be an absolute achievement.


As shown in Figure 1, in a straightforward NCW architecture,

there are many technologies to enable NCW. There are not only

one-to-one information exchanging but also one-to-many and

many-to-one information exchanging. The information does not

flow in one direction, but it flows to all directions simultaneously

regardless of the type of systems interconnected in the network.

The information regarding the environment, which is the operation

field, sensed dan perceived by all sensors delivered to one entity

will also be delivered to other entities connected to the network. In

simple terminology, it is what we called as What I See Is What You

See (WISIWYS) or What You See Is What I See (WYSIWIS) (Sumari

A. D., 2021). At least seven technologies form NCW not included

AI, as follows (Figure 2).

a. Sensor Technology. Intelligence, Surveillance, and

Reconnaissance (ISR) activities will be paralyzing without

this technology's support. The sensor systems are the

eyes of other entities in NCW, that some of them can be

very far away from the operation field where the targets

reside. These eyes will do various ISR activities such as

Signal Intelligence (SIGINT), Imagery Intelligence (IMINT),

Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT), and Measurement and

Signature Intelligence (MASINT) to assist Human Intelligence

Figure 1. A simple NCW-based system architecture (Sumari A. D., 2019)


(HUMINT). ISR is also a tiring activity and may cause the

results are not accurate. Some ISR platforms are already

in operation, but they are still operated by humans,

whether at the platforms or from a permanent location or

another mobile platform. The eyes are one of the primary

requirements for NCW.

b. Guidance Technology. This technology is for missiles and

all kinds of vehicles, whether they are operated on the

ground, in the air, at and under the sea, or in outer space.

Precision guidance primarily relies on the control system

that may be distracted by an electronic or cyberattack in

some circumstances. This circumstance can cause the guided

missiles or vehicles taken over by the adversary and be used

to attack our forces. Thus, this technology plays an important

role in the shooters.

c. Information Technology. Information is the most essential

thing in NCW, and it will not be helpful if not processed

further with proper technology to produce intelligence. No

intelligence means no C2 decision for forces C2. It is where

information technology plays its role in providing services

to all entities in processing the information to be intelligent

as the reference for any decision-making. This technology

has to be part of all entities' information processing, data

storing, data retrieval, and data delivery system.

Figure 2. The technologies for creating a robust NCW-based system

(Sumari A. D., 2021).


d. Computing Technology. This technology is needed to provide

a high-performance computing system to enable high-speed

information processing to support a fast and accurate

decision-making cycle to cope with the fast-changing

operation field dynamics. High-performance computing

infrastructures are much easier to develop in permanent C2

entities, but it will be a challenging task for mobile C2 entities

and other mobile vehicles. With this technology, a micro

high-performance computing system can be developed.

e. Network Technology. The CoG of NCW is the network itself. It

is the means for information delivery as well as information

exchanging among entities. The network technology is

needed knowing that connecting all of the entities within

the network and ensuring a continuous connection without

interruptions is a challenging task. Talking NCW means

talking about many interconnected networks to form the

larger one up to the largest one that becomes the ultimate

network. Another important thing is the networks have to

accommodate various communication protocols to support

the existing ones and anticipate new ones. Mastering

network technology is a way to have the knowledge to

develop own protocol according to the own requirements.

f. Telecommunication Technology. Delivering and exchanging

the information needs a technique that is in proper

format at the sender and received by the receiver in the

appropriate form even though the entities have different

devices. Communication through the network among

so many entities requires an information format that

complies with the communication protocols that may be

different from one entity to another. It also affects how

telecommunication devices have to be installed in all

entities. Also, telecommunication infrastructures have to

be prepared and constructed to support the information

delivery and exchange among entities from end to end.

g. Informatics. Mobile entities cannot bring too much

hardware because it will affect their performance when

operated. Mobile entities with high capabilities for military


operations are more needed than ever before. It is one of

the reasons that military equipment developers have moved

to software-defined systems to replace their hardware

counterparts. This can only happen with the contributions of

informatics technology. A new fighter aircraft can have more

than 5 million lines of code within its computer systems.

NCW entities will be powered by a computer program for

most of their essential systems.

h. Security Technology. Ensuring the information delivery and

exchanging security is a high priority in NCW, understanding

that the network is vulnerable to cyberattacks. Secured

information has to be guaranteed whether it is in the

storage, at the senders, at all communication channels, at

the receivers, at the processing devices, or the hand of the

decision-maker in accordance with the chain of command.

Techniques for protecting own information and attacking

the adversaries information systems can be developed

using the existing models or the newly-created models.

The elements of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Authenticity

(CIA) have to be put as the primary requirements. Facts have

shown that weapon systems are vulnerable to cyberattacks

even to the modern fighter aircrafts such F-15 (Marks &

Riley, 2019) and the most sophisticated one, such as F-35

(Mizokami, 2021).

With AI has become a new driver for advanced technologies

after it was buried in prolonged wintertime, its re-emergence

offers many advantages if it can be applied by combining it with the

existing technologies. Let's see where AI technology can re-wire the

already-applied technologies that can be enhanced and made much

better in using NCW as the backbone for military operations. As

shown in Figure 3, it can be seen clearly that the information flows

in a sequential manner from the sensor to the warfighter and the

weapon in the platform-centric paradigm. The C2 entity is not in the

loop. All works are dependent much on the human operators who

drive and control the platforms. The warfighter controls the sensor

and the shooters that bring a weapon to eliminate the targets. The

warfighters are commanded and regulated by the C2 entity.


The sequential flow will take some time to deliver the

information from the sensors to the C2 entities. The information

processing to become the intelligence as the basis for making a

decision also takes some time. Then, the determined decision

delivery to the shooters will also take some time too. If tSrC2 is the

information delivery time from the sensors to the C2 entity, tC2Wft is

the command delivery time from the C2 entities to the warfighters,

t∆C2 is the C2 entity's waiting time from the C2 entities to the

warfighters, tC2Proc is the information processing time to become

a command at the C2 entity, tWftWp is the command delivery time

from the warfighters to the weapon executors, then the total time,

T needed from the sensors to shooters to execute the determined

decision will be T = tSrC2 + t∆C2 + t C2Proc + tC2Wft + tWftWp. If each t***

is 4

seconds, then T = 20 seconds. For a high-speed fighter aircraft or

other high-speed vehicles, it is a significant and determining time.

This computation time does not include human operators error

in sensing and perceiving information and analyzing and formulating

the decision alternatives. It is assumed that the information

processing time at the decision maker's staff is the same and

carried out in a parallel manner. t∆C2 and battle damage assessment

report back to the warfighters, the C2 entity, and the sensors play

an important role that affects the speed of the target execution.

If they are included, then T will be more than 20 seconds, and it is

a very significant time in a high-performance military operation. T

can represent the total sensor-to-shooter time. The longer the T,

the higher the risks and the lesser the possibility to outperform the

Figure 3. Comparison between platform-centric and network-centric mechanism. The two figures are modified from (Panwar, 2017) the left one, and

(Frater & Ryan, 2001) the right one.


adversary's sensor-to-shooter time.

In a network-centric paradigm, the warfighter element is a part

of the shooters, and the C2 entity is put in the loop. All features are

interconnected one to another, and there are feedback loops to each

element. This is what we call WISIWYS. Each component can see what

other components see. It can be seen clearly enough that several

time parameters can be deleted from the total time, T. If tSrC2 is the

information delivery time from the sensors to the C2 entity, tC2Sh is the

command delivery time from the C2 entities to the shooters, t∆C2 is the

C2 entity's waiting time from the C2 entities to the shooters, tC2Proc is the

information processing time to become a command at the C2 entity,

then the total time will be T = tSrC2 + t∆C2 + tC2Proc + tC2Sh. At the same

time as mentioned above, then T = 16 seconds. So, the network-centric

mechanism can shorten the sensor-to-shooter time by 4 seconds. It is

a significant time reduction in high-performance military operations.

The big question is how AI can give determining impact on

NCW-based systems. As AI aims to emulate human intelligence, this

technology is hoped can augment it in many tasks, whether in the

sensors, the C2 entities, or the shooter's element. Meanwhile, the

Cognitive AI is expected to take some human operators' cognitive

tasks to give their brain activities enough rest, which will impact

the C2 decisions. Figure 4 shows a concept of converting some NCW

entities to agent-based ones. An agent is a representation of human

operators at the entities themselves. It is an intelligent entity that

augments the human operators in specific tasks it is assigned. Here

are the places where AI dan Cognitive AI can play a determining role

in an NCW-based system.

Figure 4. Converting network-centric mechanism to agent-based network centric.

The right-side figure is a modified and extended version that of one in (Panwar, 2017).


a. The Sensors. One of the essential sensors is imagery sensors,

which are installed at every sensory vehicle. Imagery sensors are

primarily installed in aerial and outer space vehicles, whether

manned, unmanned, or autonomous. AI can augment in terms

of image detection, recognition, and identification. IMINT has

been one of the primary tasks in ISR. Carrying out Surveillance

and reconnaissance through the air and outer space is safer

and can get more comprehensive data than from the ground or

the sea. Still, it is also challenging to obtain the highest quality

image from a very far sensing distance and process such an

image to get knowledge regarding its phenomena.

IMINT operations are carried out using aerial and outer space

vehicles such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), ISR aircraft,

and satellites. IMINT primarily has two tasks: detecting,

identifying, and reason objects within aerial images and

carrying out the intelligence assessment on those objects.

Intelligence assessment is a process to build the behavior that

predicts specific actions taken by the leadership of a unit based

on the collected data and information or data, both for open

and confidential purposes. IMINT analysis consist of three

sequantial phases, in related with the time spend analyzing

aerial images (Headquarters, 2010).

1) The first phase plays a vital stage and works in the time

dominant roles. This is a critical phase and deemed "time-

dominant." The acquired aerial imagery must be processed

quickly and delivered to the intelligence personnel and

inform to the decision-maker as a reference to take any

military decision. The analysis had to develop real-time

intelligence assessments to obtain the most accurate

decision to reduce the risks in the military operations. This

phase will only analyze a small number of images and often

only in a single image.

2) The second phase is the deeper analysis of a newest

acquired aerial images to be the information souce for

immediate decision making. This step is ordered and asked

by the head of the intelligence personnel. the sequential

aerial images analyse within some period of time and

develop temporal region of interest information.


Figure 5. Aerial vehicle detection (Tao, Barker, & Sarathy, 2016).

3) The third phase was conducted to fullfil and explore any

unanswered intelligence question. Any information from

IMINT will be gather with another intelligence sources

such as Human Intelligence (HUMINT), MASINT, SIGINT,

Open Source Intelligence (OSINT), Technical Intelligence

(TECHINT), and develop of what it is now called as

Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT).

Aerial image detection and identification's main challenge is

that human operators must analyze aerial images to detect and

identify specific objects captured in the picture. The process of

examining the things within the image requires a lot of time,

requires a high accuracy image, requires special training, and

a lot of flying hours to capture the detected objects. On the

other hand, the longer the time needed to analyze, the longer

the time to deliver the results to the decision-maker. A longer

time will be needed to exploit much harder image content.

This circumstance will consume more cognitive tasks, but it

is limited to the compelling human operators' capability to

do the tasks. Time is the critical parameter for NCW-based

systems. The question raised was, "is it possible to detect and

identify objects in aerial images, with high accuracy result in a

short time?“ The process of detecting and identifying objects in

aerial images can be done automatically. The process of making

intelligent decisions based on intelligence assessments can

also be carried out more quickly. An example of aerial vehicle

detection as well as its complexity is presented in Figure 5.


Detection and identification of objects in the image were

initially known as Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR),

as depicted in Figure 6. CBIR implement any possible

computer vision method which is used mostly to detect and

identify object, that is, searching for digital images in large

databases. Content-based aims to explore objects based on

the image's content and not look at the metadata or imply

the stored information. The content used can be the color,

shape, or texture. Access to the contents is done by using

image processing analysis and basic statistical methods. For

example, Red-Green-Blue (RGB), Luminance-Bandwidth-

Chrominance (YUV), and L*a*b* methods are used to access

the color content. In contrast, image segmentation methods

such as thresholding, contour detection, point/line/edge/

corner detection are used to access the shape and texture

content. This content extraction process is known as feature

extraction. The extracted features can then be compared

with the stored features using AI techniques such as machine

learning, with reasonable accuracy results.

CBIR is an excellent method for recognizing objects. This method has lasted approximately twenty years as object detection and identification application. One of the well-known CBIR methods is the Haar-Cascade classifier. The accuracy obtained is high and reliable. In addition, the CBIR does not require a lot of reference data. However, three critical points need to be considered and prepared to achieve identical results accurately and precisely as possible. If one is less than optimal, then the accuracy also decreases in value. Those critical points are as follows.

Figure 6. Traditional CBIR for object identification.


1) Create a dataset by collecting reference images and labeling groups for each object to be identified.

2) Determine the best feature extraction method used as a differentiator between groups of objects.

3) Determine the most appropriate machine learning classifier method for grouping data to the nearest object.

IIn the 2010s era, the era of object detection and identification began with the research of Deep Learning Computer Vision. Deep Learning is claimed to be the best object identification method today because it can detect objects with an accuracy value close to 100% and neglects the three critical things that have to be done in the CBIR method. In Deep Learning, the acquired images are processed directly without extracting essential features that are used to distinguish between groups. The only thing to do is reduce the image dimension and then classify it using artificial NN. The dimensional reduction has to be carried out considering that the image matrix is 3-dimensional data, namely spatial image plus color data. This size of the data is significant, especially if the image resolution is high or High-Definition (HD). Deep Learning is a derivative of the machine learning method whose architecture resembles a more significant number of input nodes, hidden layers, and an output nodes. Deep Learning using NN architecture is known as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Convolutional means reducing the image's dimensions by performing the image convolution process, or called feature learning. An example of CNN architecture and its simple block diagram are depicted in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

Figure 7. A color-illustrated of Deep Learning architecture (Alonso, 2021).


The most important thing to do with CNN is to prepare

the dataset in advance, and this dataset must be much

larger than the NN model used in CBIR. Preparing a

dataset takes a very long time; it could be months or

even years. Some datasets that are often used on CNN

include ImageNet, Google's Open Image, MNIST, and

several other datasets. These datasets can be accessed

publicly. The CNN training process also takes a longer

time than using ordinary NN because of its large number

of nodes and their connection weights (nodes and

layers). Still, the results of the pre-trained model can be

used on aerial images to be identified. The identification

result given by CNN is in the form of Degree of Certainty

(DoC) because the activation function of the NN.

generally uses Softmax activation function.

b. The C2 Entities. The C2 entity is the core of the military

operations. This is where C2 decision alternatives are

formulated, and the most proper one will be selected

to become the determined decision. The C2 information

processing center will do backbreaking work. It has to

process various types of data and information delivered

from multiple types of sensors. The primary task of

the C2 entity is to analyze all aspects of the military

operations and produce the Course of Action (CoA)

alternatives to be selected as the decision. Therefore,

in such an entity, it is required to have AI technology

that can speed up the production of CoA alternatives

and give a suggestion regarding the most proper one.

Figure 8. Current study of CNN for object detection and identification tasks.


Typically, the commander as the decision-maker has

five assistants who carry out intelligence analysis

regarding intelligence, operation, personnel, logistics,

and communication electronics.

If each human assistant is augmented with an intelligent

agent(s), then some of the cognitive loads can be shared

with the intelligent agents. With intelligent agents that

are able to work 247, they can do intelligence analysis

while monitoring the dynamics of the military operation

field. One important thing is the C2 entity has to

combine all analysis results from all assistants to obtain

information as a reference to take any C2 decision.

This work can be done by utilizing AI for performing

the information fusion to generate knowledge to

become the basis for decision-making. This mechanism

is illustrated in a multi-agent NCW-based system, as

depicted in Figure 9.

In actual military operations, there would be a pack of

sensors and a pack of shooters. This means that the C2

entity processes data and information from one sensor

and a multi-sensor. Therefore, there has to be a high-

performance computing system and infrastructure and a

computation technique to enable high-speed computation

without neglecting the accuracy of the results. One

Figure 9. Knowledge generation through information fusion in multi-

agent NCW-based system.


of the models that can allow such computation is the

ASSA2 information-inferencing method proposed by

Arwin Datumaya Wahyudi Sumari and Adang Suwandi

Ahmad (Sumari & Ahmad, 2017). A simple model for such

computation is in the following steps.

1) Perform data fusion to all data sensed and perceived

by all sensors using mathematical formulation in

Equation (1). The ∑ symbol is the representation of fusing the data from all sensors.

(1)

2) Perform information fusion to fused data with other

relevant data or information from other sources using

mathemat ica l formulat ion in Equat ion (2 ) .

The symbol is the representation of combining the

merged data with data or information from other

sources.

(1)

3) Extracted the knowledge from the fused information

using mathematical formulation in Equation (3).

The symbol is the representation of knowledge

extraction from the fused information.

4) Deliver the decision extracted from the resulted

knowledge to all shooters. The symbol represents

the knowledge becomes the basis for the decision,

while the → symbol represents the delivery of the created C2 to all shooters.Knowledge⇒Decision→Shooters_k, where k=1,…,l

c. The Shooters. Some fiction films present the inclusion of AI

in military weapon systems that causes the emergence of


a new terminology called AI weaponization or weaponized

AI AI-based systems can be equipped with the weapon

system, or the AI-based systems themselves are the

weapons. For example, a film made about 16 years ago

shows when an AI-based fighter and attack aircraft

becomes a weapon itself. The aircraft is equipped with

an NN-based brain and capable of learning from human

pilots. It knows how to take itself off from and land on

the carrier deck, how to do air maneuvers, how to fly in

formation, and how to deliver weapons such as bombs or

missiles. That imagination has become realized with the

development of a loyal wingman UAV that is able to fly in

formation with other fighter aircraft (Clark, 2019).

The latest update informs that such a loyal wingman

successfully launched another drone from its body

(Mizokami, 2021). This experiment shows that AI-based

systems are able to carry out a task as the shooters. The

shooters on the sea or in the sea subsurface seemed had

been initiated with the development followed with the

successful test of an anti-submarine warfare ship that

can operate autonomously ([email protected], 2018).

Even though there is no information regarding what the

real technique that creates the autonomy of the ship, but

it is believed that AI method is used as a part of its control

system.

Figure 10. A thousand tiny robots move to form a formation (Rubenstein, Cornejo, & Nagpal, 2014).


Today technologies have enabled the miniaturization

of the shooters. Most people think they have a too big

size, such as attack aircraft, upper and subsurface ships,

and tank and panser. The nano technology has made it

possible to develop small, even mini shooters such as a

tiny drone equipped with AI brains. Big-size or medium-size

shooters are easy to become the targets for the defense

system. Otherwise, tiny-size ones are more possible to

penetrate any form of a defense system. Armed forces of

advanced-technology countries have developed AI-brain

tiny shooters that can fly in a particular formation to the

targets.

Some examples of this development can be explored more

in (Dettmer, 2021) (Jango, 2019). The most recent research

is to find the techniques to control a swarm of tiny shooters

from a fighter aircraft (Rincon, 2020). An example of more

than 1,000 small robots performs a swarm formation

with a self-assembly algorithm as the control mechanism

is shown in Figure 10. In contrast, Figure 11 shows how

these thousand small robots move to form a formation

as instructed (Rubenstein, Cornejo, & Nagpal, 2014). The

combination of swarm AI-based systems has been one of

the current researches. Combining a group of swarm UAVs,

a group of swarm Unmanned Ground vehicles (UGV), and

a group of Unmanned Marine Vehicle (UMV) is in front of

the eyes.

A combination method that consists of a new mobility

model called Chaotic Rössler Mobility Model for Multi-

Swarms (CROMM-MS), predator-prey technique, and a

Figure 11. The algorithm that control the movement of the tiny robots.

(Rubenstein, Cornejo, & Nagpal, 2014).


Competitive Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithm (CompGA)

(Stolfi, Brust, Danoy, & Bouvry, 2021) has made possible those groups of swarm vehicles perform ISR tasks as

shown in Figure 12. This concept can be extended to

create groups of swarm autonomous vehicles to carry out

attack tasks. Another exciting thing in AI-based systems

is that unmanned vehicles can assist another one (Miki,

Khrapchenkov, & Hori, 2019), just like a human helps

another one accomplish a task.

Concluding Remarks

The essential matter raised in this article is the inclusion of AI

technology that can create a robust NCW-based system, especially

in a long period of military operations that can consume so much

energy, including the cognitive one. The implementation of AI and

Cognitive AI technology into NCW-based systems has to have a

deep and comprehensive knowledge of the technology that builds

them and the proper AI techniques and methods that will be

implemented in them. The most important to be noted is that AI

and Cognitive AI augment human intelligence and exploit more the

Figure 12. Groups of swarm unmanned vehicles carry out ISR tasks (Stolfi, Brust, Danoy, & Bouvry, 2021).


human intelligence itself. They do not replace human operators, but

they can take some cognitive tasks to reduce the risk of carrying

out military operations.

AI technology will augment the existing technology to become

more powerful and give more advantages to NCW-based systems,

which will speed up the decision-making, bring more opportunity

to set up the operation tempo, and get faster synchronization that

ends up with more immediate common situational awareness.

The objective of AI implementation in NCW paradigm is to achieve

superiority in all warfare domains. Beyond that, the most important

thing to note is the keen will to use Indonesia-origin AI and Cognitive

AI technology for the Indonesian Armed Forces to reduce the

dependence to foreign AI technology.

References

Ahmad, A. S., & Sumari, A. D. (2017). Cognitive Artificial Intelligence:

Brain-¬Inspired Intelligent Computation in Artificial Intelligence.

Computing Conference 2017 (pp. 135-141). London: IEEE.

Alonso, F. (2021). Neural Networks and Deep Learning. Chapter

1: Prelude. Retrieved from Future Spaces: https://www.

futurespace.es/redes-neuronales-y-deep-learning-capitulo-1-

preludio/

Cebrowski, A. K., & Gartska, J. J. (1998). Network-Centric Warfare: Its

Origin and Future. Proceedings of the Naval Institute. Annapolis:

U.S. Naval Institute.

Clark, C. (2019, March 7). U.S.‘ Loyal Wingman’ Takes Flight: AFRL

& Kratos XQ-58A Valkyrie. Retrieved from Breaking Defense:

https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/us-loyal-wingman-

takes-flight-afrl-kratos-xq-58a-valkyrie/

Dettmer, J. (2021, June 7). Possible First Use of AI-Armed Drones

Triggers Alarm Bells. Retrieved from VoA News: https://www.

voanews.com/africa/possible-first-use-ai-armed-drones-

triggers-alarm-bells

Frater, M., & Ryan, M. (2001). Communications Electronic Warfare

and the Digitised Battlefield. 2001: Land Warfare Studies Centre.


Headquarters. (2010). Field Manual 2-0: Intelligence. Washington

DC: Department of the Army.

Jango. (2019, October 25). Slaughterbots – AI Controlled Weaponized

Drones. Retrieved from Connex Drone: https://connexdrones.

com/slaughterbots-ai-controlled-weaponized-drones/

Marks, J., & Riley, T. (2019, August 14). The Cybersecurity 202:

Hackers just found serious vulnerabilities in a U.S. military

fighter jet. Retrieved from The Washington Post: https://

www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-

cybersecurity-202/2019/08/14/the-cybersecurity-202-hackers-

just-found-serious-vulnerabilities-in-a-u-s-military-fighter-

jet/5d53111988e0fa79e5481f68/

Miki, T., Khrapchenkov, P., & Hori, K. (2019, March 12). arXiv.

Retrieved from arXiv.org: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.04898.pdf

Mizokami, K. (2021, April 7). The Air Force’s New Drone Launched a

Little Baby Drone of Its Own. Retrieved from Popular Mechanics:

https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/research/

a36041139/air-force-drone-xq-58a-valkyrie-launches-drone/

Panwar, R. S. (2017, September 22). Network Centric Warfare:

Understanding the Concept. Retrieved from Future Wars:

https://futurewars.rspanwar.net/network-centric-warfare-

understanding-the-concept/

Rincon, P. (2020, June 5). Combat drone to compete against piloted

plane. Retrieved from BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/

science-environment-52933958

Rubenstein, M., Cornejo, A., & Nagpal, R. (2014). Programmable

self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm. Science, 795-799.

Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern

Approach (Pearson Series in Artifical Intelligence) 4th Edition.

Harlow: Pearson.

Stolfi, D. H., Brust, M. R., Danoy, G., & Bouvry, P. (2021). UAV-UGV-UMV Multi-Swarms for Cooperative Surveillance. Frontiers in

Robotics and AI, 1-11.

Sumari, A. D. (2019, May 2). Defense Applications of Blockchain

Technology. BlockJakarta Blockchain Conference 2019. Jakarta,


DKI Jakarta, Indonesia: Blackarrow Conferences.

Sumari, A. D. (2020). Beberapa Pemikiran Pemanfaatan Teknologi

Artificial Intelligence untuk Mendukung Tugas-Tugas TNI AU.

Angkasa Cendekia, 3-39.

Sumari, A. D. (2020). Pentingnya Penguasaan Teknologi Artificial

Intelligence Untuk Mendukung Operasi Militer. Angkasa

Cendekia, 17-39.

Sumari, A. D. (2021, March 17). Teknologi Elektro dan Informatika

Backbone Operasi Militer. Kuliah Umum kepada Perwira Siswa

Dikreg XLVIII Sesko TNI TA 2021. Bandung, West Java, Indonesia:

Sesko TNI.

Sumari, A. D., & Ahmad, A. S. (2017). Information Fusion as

Knowledge Extraction in an Information Processing System.

International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Neural

Networks (IJAINN), 1-6.

Sumari, A. D., Widyasari, K. B., & Lestari, V. A. (2021). A Knowledge

Growing System-based Decision Making-Support System

Application for Forces Command and Control in Military

Operations. The 8th International Conference on ICT for Smart

Society (ICISS) 2021. Jakarta: IEEE.

Tao, A., Barker, J., & Sarathy, S. (2016, August 11). DetectNet:

Deep Neural Network for Object Detection in DIGITS. Retrieved

from AI/Deep Learning: https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/

detectnet-deep-neural-network-object-detection-digits/


Morotai. Sebuah pulau yang

berada di bagian paling ujung

utara rangkaian kepulauan

Maluku. Pulau ini terletak di utara Pulau

Halmahera, lokasi geografisnya terletak

antara 128° 11’ 45” BT sampai dengan

128° 41’ 35” BT dan antara 2° 38’ 39”

LU sampai dengan 1° 58’ 49” LU. Zona

Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) perairan laut

negara Republik Indonesia di sekitar Pulau

Morotai berbatasan langsung dengan

ZEE perairan laut negara tetangga, yaitu

Filipina, dan Samudera Pasifik. Saat ini Pulau Morotai merupakan

sebuah kabupaten dengan lima kecamatan, bagian dari Propinsi

Maluku Utara. Ibukota Kabupaten Pulau Morotai adalah kota Daruba,

yang terletak di wilayah Kecamatan Morotai Selatan.

Luas Pulau Morotai kurang lebih 2.300 kilometer persegi. Pulau

ini didominasi oleh daerah pegunungan dengan puncak tertinggi

pada 1.191 meter dari permukaan laut (Guridno 2011, 41). Bagian

selatan Pulau Morotai memiliki permukaan yang relatif lebih

landai dan datar. Pada bagian pulau ini terletak dua akses utama

transportasi menuju dan dari Pulau Morotai, yaitu pelabuhan laut di

kota Daruba, dan Pangkalan TNI AU (Lanud) Leo Wattimena. Fokus

tulisan ini adalah pada “mitos” yang berkaitan dengan sejarah nama

Lanud ini.

Bandara “Pitu”

Selain berperan sebagai pangkalan udara militer yang

memberikan dukungan bagi penerbangan dalam rangka operasi

militer, Lanud Leo Wattimena juga berperan sebagai bandar udara,

yang mendukung kegiatan penerbangan komersial dari dan ke Pulau

TUJUH LANDASAN DI

BANDARA PITU

Oleh : Kol Tek Martinus Bram Saryono Susanto, MBA


Morotai. Dukungan bagi penerbangan komersial ini dilaksanakan

oleh personel TNI AU yang bertugas di Lanud Leo Wattimena.

Penerbangan komersial mengenal airdrome ini sebagai Bandara Leo

Wattimena, dengan WAMR sebagai kode pengenal ICAO, dan OTI

sebagai kode pengenal IATA. Saat ini hanya terdapat satu runway

di Lanud ini dengan panjang 2.400 meter dan lebar 30 meter, serta

dilengkapi dengan satu apron berukuran 285 x 80 m. Sebelum

berganti nama menjadi Lanud Leo Wattimena pada tahun 20121,

lanud ini dahulu dikenal sebagai Lanud Pitu atau Bandara Pitu.

Foto 1

Tampilan wilayah Lanud Leo Wattimena

Asal usul pemberian atau munculnya nama Pitu ini adalah suatu

cerita turun temurun, menyebar dari mulut ke mulut. Cerita itu

tentang pangkalan pesawat terbang peninggalan tentara Amerika

Serikat dari masa Perang Dunia Kedua. Konon, pasukan Sekutu

membangun tujuh runway di pangkalan itu sebagai persiapan untuk

menyerbu Filipina (Guridno 2011, 5). Kata pitu dalam bahasa Jawa

juga berarti tujuh. Dan karena jumlah landasan itu ada tujuh, maka

pangkalan udara tersebut kemudian dikenal sebagai Landasan Pitu

atau Bandara Pitu. TNI AU kemudian menamai pangkalan ini sebagai

Lanud Pitu. Jika demikian, wajar jika terdapat anggapan bahwa

penamaan Landasan Pitu ini dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Jawa. Namun,

benarkah hal ini? Apakah nama Pitu ini berhubungan dengan jumlah

1 Penetapan penggantian nama pangkalan berdasarkan Keputusan Kasau Nomor Kep/40/V/2012 tanggal 22 Mei 2012 tentang Penggantian Nama Pangkalan TNI AU.


runway yang terdapat di Lanud tersebut? Mari kita telusuri, dari

mana nama Pitu itu berasal.

Komando Mandala (Operasi Trikora)

Langkah awal penelitian tentang adanya tujuh runway di Lanud

Leo Wattimena dapat dilakukan dengan memeriksa catatan-catatan

sejarah operasi militer oleh TNI AU. Operasi militer yang melibatkan

kekuatan militer yang cukup besar di bagian timur wilayah Indonesia

adalah operasi militer yang digelar untuk mengembalikan Irian Barat

ke pangkuan Republik Indonesia. Dalam tahap persiapan dengan

sandi Operasi Siaga, AURI2 menyiapkan 120 unit pesawat terbang

militer yang akan digunakan dalam operasi yang dinamai Operasi

Jayawijaya. Ke-120 pesawat ini terdiri atas 29 pesawat tempur, 40

pesawat pembom, 40 pesawat transport, lima pesawat penolong

amfibi, dan enam helikopter. Kekuatan yang tidak dapat disebut

kecil mengingat angkatan udara lawan yang akan dihadapi memiliki

24 pesawat tempur, 12 pesawat antikapal selam, enam pesawat

transport, tiga pesawat amfibi, enam helikopter, dan enam pesawat

intai maritim (Djati 1996). Jadi, meskipun angkatan laut lawan

memiliki kapal induk, namun AURI memiliki pesawat Tu-16KS3 untuk

menangkalnya, sehingga kapal tersebut tidak berani memasuki

arena perang.

Setelah Operasi Siaga selesai, maka dilanjutkan dengan

penggelaran kekuatan dalam kesatuan-kesatuan tempur di berbagai

pangkalan udara. Salah satu pangkalan yang digunakan adalah

pangkalan Pitu yang berada di Pulau Morotai. Kekuatan udara yang

berada di pangkalan tersebut diorganisasikan dalam Kesatuan

Tempur Parikesit. Pesawat-pesawat AU yang digelar di pangkalan

tersebut adalah pesawat tempur MiG-17, pesawat pembom Tu-164,

pesawat amfibi UF-1 Albatros, dan helikopter Mi-4. Selain itu juga

terdapat beberapa pesawat antikapal selam Fairey Gannet milik ALRI.

Jika melihat pesawat-pesawat yang dipangkalkan di Morotai,

dapat diperkirakan dari mana saja personel yang mengawaki satuan-

satuan tersebut. Pada masa itu, satuan MiG-17 memiliki pangkalan

induk (homebase) di Lanud Husein, kemudian pindah ke Kemayoran,

lalu pindah lagi ke Lanud Iswahjudi, Madiun. Satuan-satuan lain

2 Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia, nama TNI AU saat itu

3 Varian pesawat Tu-16 yang dipersenjatai dengan rudal antikapal permukaan KS-1.4 Varian yang digelar di Morotai adalah varian pembom, sedangkan varian KS

disiagakan di Madiun.


pun berpangkalan di Pulau Jawa: satuan Tu-16 memiliki homebase

di Madiun; satuan pesawat Amfibi memiliki homebase di Malang;

dan satuan helikopter berpangkalan di Semplak, dekat Bogor. Jika

melihat nama kesatuan tempurnya pun, dapat dipastikan kuatnya

pengaruh budaya Jawa. Parikesit5 adalah nama seorang ksatria

dalam dunia pewayangan Jawa. Dia adalah putera Abimanyu, dan

cucu Arjuna, salah satu dari Pandawa. Pada masa itu, masih banyak

orang dari suku Jawa yang hafal dengan karakter dalam wayang.

Dan ada dugaan kuat, bahwa nama Pitu ini diberikan oleh orang-

orang ini karena melihat runway yang jumlahnya tampak lebih dari

satu dan sejajar, tidak seperti runway di pangkalan-pangkalan AURI

lainnya di Pulau Jawa.

Jika jumlah runway ini ada tujuh, tentu bisa dibayangkan seberapa

luas apron yang ada di Morotai dan berapa banyak pesawat terbang

yang dapat ditampung, khususnya pesawat pembom strategis Tu-

16. Dan tentunya pesawat “pembasmi kapal induk” Tu-16KS juga

dapat digelar di sana. Tetapi faktanya Tu-16KS tetap disiagakan di

pangkalan induknya di Lanud Iswahjudi, Madiun. Jika demikian,

mengapa apron di Morotai tidak dapat menampung pesawat Tu-16

lebih banyak? Benarkah para personel Kesatuan Tempur Parikesit

ini yang pertama menyebut pangkalan udara ini sebagai Pitu yang

berarti “tujuh runway”? Atau mereka pun memberikan julukan

Pitu itu berdasarkan turunan keterangan dari personel AURI lain

yang sudah lebih lama bertugas di tempat itu? Hal ini berdasarkan

informasi bahwa sebelum Trikora dikumandangkan oleh Bung Karno,

sudah ada beberapa pesawat tempur Mig-17 yang digelar di Morotai

(Djati 1996, 48). Oleh, karena itu, mari kita lihat operasi militer TNI

yang menggunakan Pulau Morotai pada masa sebelumnya.

Peristiwa Permesta (Operasi Merdeka)

Dalam peristiwa Permesta, pangkalan udara Morotai pertama

kali disebut saat AURI melaksanakan pemboman RRI Manado. Misi

pemboman itu dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan dua pesawat

pembom B-25 yang berangkat dari Pangkalan Angkatan Udara (PAU)

Morotai. Selanjutnya pada tanggal 2 Maret 1958, dua pesawat

pembom B-25 berangkat dari PAU Morotai untuk melaksanakan misi

pemboman dengan sasaran lapangan udara Mapanget di Manado.

5 Dalam bahasa Sansekerta yang digunakan dalam penulisan wiracarita Mahabharata,

nama Parikesit ditulis sebagai Pariksit.


Personel yang mengawaki pesawat-pesawat ini antara lain Kapten

Udara Ismail, Kapten Udara Soewondo, LU I Soedarman, LU I Soewoto

Soekendar, dan LU II Joni Herlaut Soemardjono (Mabesau 1992, 23-

25). Setelah kedua misi tersebut, PAU Morotai dikuasai oleh Gerakan

Permesta, tepatnya pada bulan April 1958.

Dengan dikuasainya lapangan terbang di Morotai, maka

ancaman terhadap Republik Indonesia menjadi semakin serius.

Runway di lapangan terbang Pitoe cukup panjang sebagai tempat

lepas landas maupun mendarat pesawat pembom berat, seperti

pesawat B-29.6 KSAU Suryadarma mendapatkan informasi intelijen

bahwa dua pesawat pembom B-29 yang diawaki oleh orang Filipina

sedang disiapkan di Pulau Wake untuk membantu Permesta. Setelah

persiapan pesawat dan pelatihan awaknya selesai, kedua pembom

itu akan dipangkalkan di Morotai (Suryadarma 2017, 220).

Ancaman pesawat-pesawat pembom ini sangat serius mengingat

jarak jangkau yang dimiliki oleh B-29. Peta di bawah menggambarkan

jarak jangkau pesawat B-29 dan potensi bahaya yang ditimbulkannya

terhadap Jakarta jika pesawat tersebut dipangkalkan di Morotai.

Dengan mempertimbangkan ancaman tersebut, PAU Morotai

menjadi prioritas pertama untuk direbut kembali sehingga AUREV7

tidak dapat menggunakannya untuk menyerang Jakarta.

Peta 1

Jarak Jangkau Pesawat Pembom B-29 Stratofortress (Craven dan Lea 1983, 5)

6 Panjang runway Morotai saat itu hampir 2.200 meter sedangkan B-29 memerlukan

landasan sepanjang 1.200 meter untuk lepas landas.

7 Angkatan Udara Revolusioner, yaitu angkatan udara gerakan Permesta.


Serangan terhadap lapangan terbang di Morotai dimulai pada 15

Mei 1958, dan terus berlangsung Operasi Mena II diluncurkan pada

20 Mei 1958. Operasi ini melibatkan pasukan pendarat dari Angkatan

Darat, KKO (Marinir), dan Brimob yang menyerbu pantai, dan PGT

(Pasukan Gerak Tjepat) yang diterjunkan di area lapangan terbang.

Pada hari itu juga PAU Morotai berhasil dikuasai dan ancaman B-29

terhadap Jakarta dapat dihapuskan. Setelah seluruh Pulau Morotai

berhasil diamankan, maka selanjutnya PAU Morotai digunakan

kembali sebagai salah satu pangkalan untuk meluncurkan serangan

terhadap Permesta di Sulawesi Utara.

Kembali ke pokok bahasan tentang nama Pitoe, tidak terlalu

salah jika berprasangka bahwa ada kemungkinan pada saat usainya

operasi perebutan lapangan terbang di Morotai inilah, pasukan yang

datang dari Jawa yang memberi nama baru. Salah satu pasukan

yang mendarat di Morotai adalah satuan dari Kodam Brawijaya.

Kodam ini berada di Jawa Timur (Bhakti 2018, 72). Tentunya dapat

diduga bahwa sebagian besar anggotanya tentu orang Jawa. Ini

belum termasuk anggota pasukan Marinir dan Brimob, dan terutama

PGT yang merebut langsung lapangan terbang Morotai. Mungkin

pada saat mereka melihat (dan mengira) landasannya ada tujuh,

sehingga langsung memberi nama Pitoe. Nama ini yang kemungkinan

diturunkan ke pasukan berikutnya yang menggunakan Morotai

sebagai pangkalan operasi militer dalam rangka perebutan kembali

Irian Barat.

Namun, benarkah demikian? Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut asal

muasal nama Pitu ini, mari kita fokus pada sejarah pembangunan

lapangan terbang atau lapangan-lapangan terbang di Pulau Morotai

ini.

Lapangan terbang ini dibangun oleh Amerika Serikat dan salah

satu negara sekutunya, yaitu Australia, pada masa Perang Dunia

Kedua. Apa nama yang digunakan oleh pasukan Amerika dan

sekutunya untuk lapangan terbang ini? Angkatan Udara Australia,

yang juga beroperasi dari lapangan terbang di Morotai pada Perang

Dunia Kedua, menyebutnya sebagai Pitoe Airstrip! (O’Malley 2019)

Tentu saja pada saat pembangunan, dan kemudian pengoperasian,

lapangan terbang ini dalam Perang Dunia Kedua, dapat dipastikan

bahwa tidak ada orang Jawa yang cukup berpengaruh di sana

yang mampu memasukkan unsur bahasa Jawa ke penamaan suatu

lapangan terbang baru. Lha piye to? Gimana ini? Berarti bukan orang


Jawa yang memberi nama Pitoe karena mereka melihat landasannya

ada tujuh! Oleh karena itu, mari kita lihat peristiwa sebelum

pasukan-pasukan dari Jawa ini tiba di Morotai pada 1958. Suatu

invasi pada masa sebelumnya, yaitu dari masa Perang Dunia Kedua,

yang melibatkan pasukan Sekutu dalam upayanya mengalahkan

balatentara Dai Nippon.

Operasi Tradewind

Setelah berhasil menguasai wilayah New Guinea dan mengepung

pasukan darat Jepang yang tersisa di sana, langkah berikut yang

akan diambil oleh Jenderal MacArthur adalah merebut dan

membebaskan Filipina. Sasarannya adalah Pulau Mindanao. Namun

MacArthur mengetahui bahwa kekuatan udara Jepang masih cukup

kuat di wilayah Hindia-Belanda. Oleh karena itu ia perlu melindungi

sisi kiri poros gerakannya dari New Guinea menuju Mindanao di

Filipina dari serangan udara Jepang. Terdapat dua pilihan lokasi

yang harus direbut untuk dijadikan pangkalan udara dan sekaligus

sebagai stagging area, yaitu Pulau Halmahera dan Pulau Morotai.

Dari dua pilihan tersebut, MacArthur memutuskan untuk merebut

Morotai. Hal ini berdasarkan informasi intelijen bahwa, meskipun di

Halmahera terdapat beberapa lapangan terbang yang operasional,

namun pasukan Jepang yang mempertahankan pulau itu cukup

kuat. Morotai dipilih karena meskipun lapangan terbang Jepang

di sana belum selesai dibangun oleh Jepang, tapi pulau itu hanya

dipertahankan oleh kurang dari seribu prajurit Jepang. Maka,

diluncurkanlah Operasi Tradewind pada tanggal 15 September 1944

(Steinberg 1976, 151).

Tiga resimen pasukan pendarat dari 31st Infantry Division

Amerika Serikat mencapai pantai Pulau Morotai pada pukul 08.30

dan tidak menjumpai perlawanan sama sekali. Keesokan harinya,

pada pukul 13.00, pasukan Amerika Serikat berhasil menguasai

Pitoe Drome. Perlawanan tentara Jepang sangat minim, bahkan

mereka cenderung melarikan diri (Smith 1953, 483-488). Untuk

mengamankan wilayah udara di daerah pertempuran ini, maka

dipertimbangkan untuk mengembangkan Pitoe Drome yang belum

selesai dibangun oleh Jepang (Times 1944). Selain itu dibangun

lapangan terbang di sebelah timurnya, yang kemudian diberi nama

Wama Drome, atau disebut juga Wama Airfiled. Pembangunan

dimulai pada 25 September 1944, dan pada akhirnya memiliki


runway sepanjang 1.500 meter. Lapangan terbang ini digunakan

sebagai pangkalan pesawat pembom. Karena Pitoe Drome dianggap

kurang memadai dan arahnya bersilangan dengan arah Wama

Airfield, maka diputuskan untuk membangun lapangan terbang baru.

Setelah Wama Airfiled selesai, dibangun lapangan terbang yang akan

digunakan sebagai pangkalan pesawat tempur, kurang lebih satu

kilometer di utaranya. Lapangan terbang ini dibangun sejajar dengan

Wama Airfield dan diselesaikan dengan runway sepanjang 2.100

meter (Smith 1953, 491). Lapangan terbang kedua ini kemudian diberi

nama Pitoe Airfield. Pitoe Drome selanjutnya direncanakan untuk

digunakan sebagai emergency crash strip, atau lapangan terbang di

mana pesawat terbang yang mengalami kerusakan dalam suatu misi

dapat melakukan pendaratan darurat tanpa mengganggu operasi

penerbangan normal. Lokasi kedua lapangan terbang ini dapat dilihat

pada peta sebagai berikut.

Peta 2

Rencana Awal Invasi Pulau Morotai - 1944 (Smith 1953, 476)

Dari peta di atas dapat dilihat bahwa terdapat tiga lapangan

terbang, dua di antaranya menggunakan nama Pitoe. Lantas, apakah

nama pitu ini dihitung dari jumlah runway yang dibangun di ketiga

lapangan terbang tersebut? Oleh karena itu, perlu kita lihat peta

yang menampilkan denah utuh lapangan-lapangan terbang yang

selesai dibangun oleh Sekutu (sudah dilengkapi dengan taxiways,

hardstands, dan fasilitas pendukung penerbangan lainnya).


Peta 3

Pangkalan Sekutu di Morotai - 1945

Bagian peta yang menggambarkan kedua lapangan terbang

diberi batas warna merah. Dari peta di atas, kita dapat melihat

bahwa runway pada kedua lapangan terbang itu hanya ada tiga,

masing-masing dua di Pitoe dan satu di Wama. Jadi bukan tujuh.

Lantas, bagaimana bisa ada dugaan tentang tujuh runway itu? Mari

kita perhatikan lebih dalam lagi peta itu. Dengan meneliti konfigurasi

kedua lapangan terbang, dapat diketahui bahwa selain tiga runway

juga terdapat enam taxiway, 75 hardstands, dan 10 service aprons

untuk pemeliharaan pesawat (Craven dan Lea 1983, 313). Jika

keenam taxiway itu ditambahkan dengan runway yang ada, maka

jumlah seluruhnya adalah sembilan landasan. Malah jadinya lebih

dari tujuh, lebih banyak dari yang disebutkan oleh cerita turun

temurun itu.

Foto 2

Foto udara Pitoe Airfield (kiri) dan Wama Airfiled (kanan)


Apakah ada kemungkinan Sekutu memberi nama Pitoe pada

salah satu lapangan terbangnya itu berdasarkan nama suatu

obyek geografis yang saat itu sudah dikenal di Pulau Morotai? Hal

yang paling mungkin adalah pasukan Sekutu menamai lapangan

terbangnya mengikuti lapangan terbang sebelumnya yang dibangun

Jepang, yaitu Pitoe Drome.

Dari Peta 1, dapat dilihat bahwa sebelum pasukan Amerika

Serikat mendarat di Morotai, Jepang sedang membangun sebuah

lapangan terbang. Jepang mungkin tidak sempat memberi nama

pada lapangan terbang yang sedang dibangunnya. Ada kemungkinan

pula Jepang memang memberi nama lapangan terbangnya, namun

nama tersebut belum sempat terkenal saat pasukan Jepang terusir

dari Pulau Morotai. Lapangan terbang tersebut diberi nama sebagai

Pitoe Drome dalam peta Sekutu. Dan teluk di selatan lapangan

terbang dituliskan bernama Pitoe Bay. Peta berikut menggambarkan

daerah yang nantinya akan diinvasi oleh Sekutu.

Peta 4

Japanese Pitoe Drome - 1944

Dari peta di atas dapat diketahui bahwa Jepang sudah mulai

membangun lapangan terbang di Morotai pada tahun 1944.

Lapangan terbang ini tidak diselesaikan karena adanya berbagai

permasalahan. Salah satunya adalah masalah drainase yang kurang

baik, yang menyebabkan lapangan terbang tersebut sering digenangi

air (Smith 1953, 460). Yang menarik dari peta ini adalah adanya

informasi tentang dua desa di dekat lokasi lapangan terbang Jepang.


Desa pertama, yang berada di arah tenggara lokasi lapangan

terbang, bernama Wawama atau disebut juga sebagai Wama.

Lapangan terbang yang pertama dibangun oleh Sekutu diberi nama

Wama Airfield. Dapat segera dipahami bahwa lapangan terbang ini

mengambil nama dari desa Wama, yang wilayahnya diambil alih

Sekutu. Pengambilalihan desa ini (dan juga banyak desa lainnya

untuk kepentingan pembangunan pangkalan militer) diatur oleh

pemerintah sipil Hindia Belanda, NICA, yang mendarat pada Hari H

invasi Sekutu (Smith 1953, 490).

Selanjutnya, desa kedua, yang berada di Semenanjung Dehegila,

ke arah selatan dari lokasi lapangan terbang Jepang. Desa itu

bernama Pitoe. Namun pada peta tahun 1944 itu, desa tersebut

dinyatakan abandoned, telah ditinggalkan atau dikosongkan.

Alasan pengosongan desa Pitoe belum dapat ditemukan. Namun

ada kemungkinan bahwa Jepang, atau paling tidak badan intelijen

Sekutu, memberi nama lapangan terbang di daerah itu berdasarkan

nama desa yang sudah ditinggalkan tersebut. Namun agak janggal

jika Pitoe Drome menggunakan nama desa yang jaraknya beberapa

kilometer jauhnya, sementara di lokasi yang sangat berdekatan ada

desa lain, yaitu Ademagawa.

Pada peta lain, yang diterbitkan pada 1944 juga, lokasi Desa

Pitoe bahkan dinyatakan sebagai approximate location, yang

mengindikasikan bahwa penentuan lokasinya hanya berdasarkan

perkiraan saja. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan oleh kurangnya

informasi yang dimiliki oleh pembuat peta tentang lokasi atau

keberadaan Desa Pitoe yang tepat. Legenda peta yang menyatakan

simbol approximate location untuk desa tersebut dapat dilihat pada

peta berikut.

Peta 5

Perkiraan lokasi desa Pitoe.

Dari peta-peta dari masa Perang Dunia Kedua itu dapat diketahui

bahwa pada jaman dahulu kala, pernah ada suatu desa di Pulau


Morotai yang bernama Desa Pitu (ejaan lamanya adalah Pitoe). Desa

ini, karena suatu sebab yang belum dapat diketahui, telah lenyap

dari peta. Kemungkinan besar lokasi desa ini terletak sangat dekat

dengan Teluk Pitu. Hal ini berdasarkan logika bahwa nama teluk dan

desa memiliki kesamaan, yaitu Pitu.

Dengan sedikit mempelajari peta-peta tua dan peristiwa-

peristiwa yang terjadi di Pulau Morotai pada masa lalu, dapat

diketahui bahwa penamaan Pitoe Drome yang pertama diberikan

berdasarkan nama lokasi. Lagipula, lapangan terbang yang akhirnya

tidak diselesaikan tersebut hanya memiliki satu runway. Lapangan

terbang ini pun, saat pasukan Sekutu mendarat, sudah ditumbuhi

pepohonan dan semak belukar (pada peta dinyatakan sebagai

overgrown)

Peta berikut, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1926 dan masih

digunakan oleh Kementerian Kelautan Kerajaan Belanda pada 1946,

sedikit memastikan hal tersebut. Pada peta di bawah, pada area di

dalam lingkaran merah, dapat ditemukan lokasi Desa Pitu, yaitu di

sisi timur pada pangkal Semenanjung Dehegila, menghadap Teluk

Pitu. Dan jarak dari desa tersebut ke lokasi yang kelak menjadi

tempat dibangunnya lapangan terbang oleh Jepang juga lebih dekat.

Kemungkinan pada kurun dibuatnya peta ini sampai dengan sesaat

sebelum Jepang membangun lapangan terbang ini, desa tersebut

masih ada.

Peta 6Lokasi Desa Pitu pada tahun 1926


“Landasan Pitu” tidak berarti “Landasan dengan Tujuh Runway”

Mitos yang saat ini beredar menyatakan bahwa lapangan terbang

di Morotai diberi nama Lanud Pitu atau Bandara Pitu berdasarkan

anggapan bahwa Lanud tersebut adalah peninggalan pasukan Sekutu

yang dahulu memiliki tujuh runway. Hal ini kemungkinan dari temuan

di lapangan bahwa ada garis-garis lain di sekitar runway pangkalan

tersebut, sementara runway yang operasional saat ini hanya satu.

Kenyataannya, pangkalan udara Sekutu tersebut terdiri atas dua

lapangan terbang. Jika digabung, kedua lapangan terbang tersebut

memiliki tiga runway, bukan tujuh. Selebihnya adalah taxiway yang

menghubungkan tempat parkir pesawat-pesawat tempur dan

pembom (hardstand) menuju ketiga runway.

Nama Pitu yang diberikan pada lapangan-lapangan terbang yang

dibangun di Morotai (oleh Jepang) kemungkinan berasal dari nama

sebuah desa, yaitu Desa Pitu, yang saat itu sudah tidak ada lagi.

Kemungkinan lain adalah nama itu diberikan berdasarkan nama Teluk

Pitu, yang sangat mungkin digunakan sebagai tempat pendaratan

pertama pasukan Jepang sebelum bergerak masuk lebih dalam

ke pulau dalam upaya mereka membendung gerak maju Jenderal

MacArthur.

Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Lanud Pitu, yang

sekarang bernama Lanud Leo Wattimena, tidak pernah memiliki

tujuh runway, yang kemudian pada masa lalu dijadikan nama Lanud.

Lapangan udara tersebut diberi nama Pitu mengikuti nama Desa Pitu

yang pernah ada di wilayah itu.

Sebagai tambahan, pada saat ini, dari kedua runway peninggalan

Pitoe Airfield, satu tetap digunakan sebagai runway, yang telah

disempurnakan dan diperpanjang hingga 2.400 meter, sedangkan

satu runway lagi, sebagian areanya dibangun ulang menjadi apron.

Sementara itu keenam taxiway beserta apron-apron lainnya

peninggalan Pitoe Airfield malah “terlupakan”.

Bagaimana dengan runway dan ketiga taxiway peninggalan

Wama Airfiled yang juga ada di area Lanud Leo Wattimena? Mereka

pun menunggu direaktivasi dan ditingkatkan kemampuannya untuk

digunakan sebagai pangkalan militer kembali jika diperlukan untuk

menghadapi ancaman dari utara.

***


Bibliografi

Craven, Wesley Frank, Cate, James Lea, Army Air Forces in World War

II, Office of Air Force History, Washington DC, 1986.

Djati, Poengky Poernomo, dkk, Perjuangan AURI dalam Trikora,

Markas Besar TNI Angkatan Udara, 1996

Guridno, Bintar Saputro, dkk, Pulau Morotai: Sumber Daya Strategis

di Kawasan Timur Indonesia, Pusat Survey Sumber Daya Alam

Laut Bakosurtanal, Cibonong, 2011

Ikrar Nusa Bhakti, Diandra Megaputri Mengko, dan Sarah Nuraini

Siregar (ed.), Intelijen dan Politik Era Soekarno, LIPI Press,

Jakarta, 2018

Mabesau, Peranan Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia dalam

Operasi Penumpasan Pemberontakan Permesta di Sulawesi

Utara, Jakarta, 1992

Smith, Robert Ross, The Approach to the Philippines, US Army Center

of Military History, Washington DC, 1953

Steinberg, Rafael, Island Fighting, Time-Life Books, Chicago, 1976.

Suryadarma, Adityawarman, Bapak Angkatan Udara - Suryadi

Suryadarma, Kompas, Jakarta, 2017

Dave O’Maley, A Green Cross to Bear - The Japanese surrender

flights, Vintage Wings of Canada, http://www.vintagewings.

ca/VintageNews/Stories/tabid/116/ articleType/ArticleView/

articleId/451/Green-Cross-to-Bear.aspx

Matanasi, Petrik, Perang Saudara di Sulawesi pada Bulan Puasa 1958,

Tirto.id, 2017, https://tirto.id/perang-saudara-di-sulawesi-

pada-bulan-puasa-1958-cqJB

The Times, Vital Airfields in Halmaheras, 18 September 1944, arsip

diakses dari https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/frame/

article/1944-09-18/3/16.html


Sumber Foto dan Peta

Foto 1 diakses dari aplikasi Google Earth pada 21 Mei 2021

Foto 2 diakses dari web Australian War Memorial, pada https://www.

awm.gov.au/ collection/C21954, pada 16 Mei 2021

Peta 3 diakses dari web Leiden University Libraries - Digital

Collections, pada https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.

nl/view/item/56019?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=d6b7682190543fc

4f546&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=5

Peta 4 dapat diakses dari web Leiden University Libraries - Digital

Collections, https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/

view/item/57967?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=0380c47948ba7951

be0c&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=8




be0c&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=1




1be0c&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=15


Oleh: Kapten Pom Fajar Akbar Aviko

Oleh: Kapten Pnb Nehemia Anang Wijaya

PENDAHULUAN

Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) merupakan

negara kepulauan (archipelagic state) dengan letak

geografis yang sangat strategis, terutama wilayah udara

karena terkandung aspek politik, ekonomi, maupun pertahanan

keamanan dalam hubungan antar negara. Negara Kesatuan Republik

Indonesia berdaulat penuh dan eksklusif atas wilayah udara serta

mempunyai wewenang dan tanggung jawab pengaturan wilayah

udara untuk kepentingan keselamatan penerbangan, perekonomian

nasional, pertahanan dan keamanan negara.

Pada beberapa tahun terakhir telah terjadi peningkatan

pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional Indonesia yang ditindaklanjuti

STRATEGI PEMERINTAH INDONESIAMELALUI SINERGISITAS ANTAR

LEMBAGA NEGARA DALAM MENEGAKKAN KEDAULATANWILAYAH UDARA NASIONAL


dengan upaya penindakan oleh TNI AU, diantaranya yang cukup

menonjol adalah pengusiran terhadap pesawat A-320 maskapai

Indigo Airlines oleh pesawat Sukhoi Su-27/30 TNI AU pada tanggal

31 Oktober 2018 serta pemaksaan mendarat pesawat Cargo Boeing

777 maskapai Ethiopia Airlines di Bandara Internasional Hang Nadim

Batam oleh pesawat F-16 TNI AU pada tanggal 14 Januari 2019

dikarenakan memasuki wilayah udara nasional Indonesia tanpa

memiliki perizinan atau flight clearance.

Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka diperlukan strategi yang

dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah Indonesia melalui sinergisitas antar

Kementerian dan Lembaga negara dalam menegakkan kedaulatan

wilayah udara nasional dengan tugas dan peran masing-masing

agar diperoleh kesamaan cara pandang atau persepsi, visi dan misi

tentang kedaulatan wilayah udara nasional sehingga mencegah

terjadinya konflik kepentingan. Kebutuhan akan peraturan

pengelolaan ruang udara telah diamanatkan oleh Undang-Undang

Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang, namun pada pasal

6 ayat 5 mengamanatkan pengelolaan ruang udara (dan ruang

laut) diatur dengan Undang-Undang tersendiri. Berdasarkan latar

belakang di atas, penulis bermaksud mengangkat judul “Strategi

Pemerintah Indonesia Melalui Sinergisitas Antar Lembaga Negara

Dalam Menegakkan Kedaulatan Wilayah Udara Nasional”.

Maksud penyusunan naskah penelitian ini adalah untuk

memberikan gambaran tentang strategi pemerintah melalui

sinergisitas lembaga negara dalam menegakkan kedaulatan wilayah

udara nasional. Adapun tujuan dari penyusunan naskah penelitian ini

adalah sebagai bahan masukan dan saran kepada pimpinan, terkait

strategi pemerintah melalui sinergisitas lembaga negara dalam

pengelolaan wilayah udara nasional dan bagaimana menegakkan

kedaulatan negara di wilayah udara nasional ditinjau dari aspek

penegakkan hukum.

KAJIAN PUSTAKA

Convention on International Civil Aviation, Chicago, December

7, 1944. Dalam Pasal 3 menyatakan bahwa setiap pesawat negara

harus mempunyai izin khusus dari negara tujuan atau hanya sekedar

lewat di atas wilayah udara negara lain dengan memperhatikan


keselamatan penerbangan sipil, sedangkan Pasal 12 menyatakan

bahwa masing-masing negara pihak tetap menjalankan peraturannya

sendiri dalam hal yang sama seluas luasnya beserta penerapannya

dari waktu ke waktu.

United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. Pasal 2

menyatakan bahwa kedaulatan suatu negara pantai selain wilayah

daratan dan perairan pedalamannya, dan dalam hal suatu negara

kepulauan dengan perairan kepulauannya, meliputi pula suatu

jalur laut yang berbatasan dengannya, dinamakan laut teritorial.

Kedaulatan ini meliputi ruang udara di atas laut serta dasar laut dan

lapisan tanah dibawahnya.

Undang-Undang Nomor 43 Tahun 2008 tentang Wilayah

Negara. Undang-Undang ini menyimpulkan bahwa batas di udara

mengikuti batas kedaulatan negara di darat, di laut dan batasnya

dengan angkasa luar ditetapkan berdasarkan perkembangan hukum

internasional. Batas wilayah udara nasional pada dimensi horizontal

mengikuti batas negara di darat dan di laut. Sedangkan untuk batas

wilayah udara nasional pada dimensi vertikal sampai dengan saat

ini masih belum diatur dalam hukum internasional.

Undang Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan.

Dalam Pasal 5 dijelaskan bahwa Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia

berdaulat penuh dan eksklusif atas wilayah udara Republik

Indonesia. Sedangkan pada Pasal 6 dijelaskan bahwa dalam rangka

penyelenggaraan kedaulatan negara atas wilayah udara Negara

Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, pemerintah melaksanakan wewenang

dan tanggung jawab pengaturan ruang udara untuk kepentingan

penerbangan, perekonomian nasional, pertahanan dan keamanan

negara, sosial budaya, serta lingkungan udara.

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 4 Tahun 2018 Tentang Pengamanan

Wilayah Udara. Pada pasal 6 ayat (2) dijelaskan bahwa selain

penetapan kawasan udara, pemerintah dapat menetapkan zona

identifikasi pertahanan udara (ADIZ) yang merupakan ruang udara

tertentu di atas daratan dan/atau perairan, yang ditetapkan bagi

keperluan identifikasi pesawat udara untuk kepentingan pertahanan

dan keamanan negara seperti yang dijelaskan pada Pasal 9 ayat (1)

dan (2).

TEORI DASAR

1. Teori Strategi. Menurut Griffin (2000) strategi adalah rencana


komprehensif untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi (Strategy is a

comprehensive plan for accomplishing an organization’s goals)

yaitu rencana yang menyeluruh dalam rangka pencapaian tujuan

organisasi.

2. Teori Sinergisitas. Sinergisitas atau sinergi berasal dari bahasa

Inggris, sinergy, yang diartikan sebagai kegiatan untuk melakukan

operasi gabungan. Menurut Pandu

Dwinugraha, konsep sinergisitas merupakan suatu cara yang

dilakukan pemerintah demi mencapai kesejahteraan masyarakat,

dengan demikian terdapat indikator dalam pelaksanaan sinergisitas

untuk mencapai jaminan kesehatan semesta, dengan adanya

sinergisitas, maka hubungan antar aktor dalam mencapai

kepentingan bersama dapat diwujudkan.

3. Teori Kedaulatan. Menurut Hans Kelsen, kedaulatan adalah satu

kualitas penting dari negara yang berarti bahwa negara tersebut

merupakan satu kekuasaan tertinggi dan kekuasaan didefinisikan

sebagai hak atau kekuasaan untuk memaksa. Sedangkan menurut

Prof. Priyatna Abdurrasyid mengatakan bahwa wilayah negara

berbentuk tiga dimensi, dan bentuk-bentuk dimensi ini harus

praktis-geografis dan praktis-nasional, karena negara itu merupakan

suatu kesatuan politis, sehingga sebagai negara merdeka dan

berdaulat tentunya pantas kalau Indonesia sanggup dan mampu

menjaga integritas dan keamanan negaranya dan jika perlu dengan

menggunakan kekerasan senjata.

METODE PENELITIAN

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dengan

pendekatan kualitatif. Menurut Sugiyono (2012:29) metode ini

berfungsi untuk mendeskripsikan atau memberi gambaran terhadap

objek yang diteliti melalui data atau sampel yang telah terkumpul

sebagaimana adanya, tanpa melakukan analisis idan imembuat

kesimpulan yang berlaku umum. Dengan metode penelitian ini,

peneliti langsung berlaku sebagai alat peneliti utama (key instrument)

yang melaksanakan proses penelitian secara langsung dan aktif

mewawancarai serta berdikusi dengan obyek penelitian yaitu

Kementerian dan Lembaga terkait.


LOKASI PENELITIAN

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kementerian dan Lembaga negara

yang berkaitan dengan pengelolaan ruang udara nasional, yaitu

Mabesau, Kementerian Pertahanan, Kementerian Luar Negeri,

Kementerian Perhubungan, LPPNPI dan Kohanudnas dengan waktu

pelaksanaan yang tertulis pada tabel berikut:

SINERGISITAS ANTAR KEMENTERIAN DAN LEMBAGA NEGARA

DALAM PENGELOLAAN WILAYAH UDARA NASIONAL

Dalam pengelolaan wilayah udara nasional diperlukan

sinergisitas Kementerian/Lembaga negara yang mempunyai peran

dan tanggung jawab di wilayah udara nasional. Dengan adanya

sinergisitas tersebut, diharapkan pengelolaan wilayah udara nasional

menjadi optimal dan tidak terjadi pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh

pesawat udara sipil/militer asing. Tim peneliti berpendapat bahwa

dalam menyederhanakan sinergisitas antar Kementerian/Lembaga

negara tersebut, maka dibentuk layer space guna menghubungkan

antar Kementerian/Lembaga negara yang mempunyai domain di

wilayah udara nasional. Adapun layer space yang oleh tim peneliti

disebut dengan layer space interpretasi peneliti 109 berfungsi untuk

mempermudah pemahaman tentang sinergisitas yang terjalin antar

Kementerian/Lembaga dengan perincian sebagai berikut:

No

1. Sopsau Selasa, 2 Maret 2021 Daring

2. Sintelau Selasa, 2 Maret 2021 Daring

3. Puspomau Selasa, 2 Maret 2021 Daring

4. Diskumau Selasa, 2 Maret 2021 Daring

5. Kementerian Luar Negeri Rabu, 3 Maret 2021 Daring

6. Kementerian Pertahanan Kamis, 4 Maret 2021 Daring

7. LPPNPI/Airnav Kamis, 4 Maret 2021 Daring

8. Kohanudnas Kamis, 4 Maret 2021 Daring

9. Kementerian Perhubungan Jumat, 5 Maret 2021 Daring

OBYEK PENELITIAN WAKTU PELAKSANAAN KETERANGAN


LAYER INTERPRETASI

1. Layer Indonesian Airspace. Layer pertama oleh tim peneliti

disebut sebagai Layer Indonesian Airspace, dimana untuk layer

ini membahas terkait pengelolaan wilayah udara nasional untuk

mendukung penerbangan, baik penerbangan sipil/militer asing

ataupun domestik. Dalam layer ini terdapat wilayah udara

nasional yang terbagi menjadi wilayah udara nasional Indonesia

dan wilayah udara Indonesia yang didelegasikan kepada negara

Singapura. Wilayah udara tersebut adalah FIR (Flight Information

Region) yang berada di atas Kepulaun Riau dan Natuna. Adapun

Kementerian/Lembaga negara yang terkait dengan Sinergisitas

pengelolaan wilayah udara pada Layer Indonesian Airspace adalah

Kementerian Pertahanan (Kemenhan) dengan melaksanakan

koordinasi secara berkala untuk mendapatkan kesepahaman

tentang pengelolaan ruang udara yang dilihat dari segi kedaulatan

Republik Indonesia, melaksanakan komunikasi dan koordinasi

dengan Mabes TNI, ataupun dengan Kementerian dan Lembaga

negara terkait pengelolaan ruang udara nasional. Kementerian

Perhubungan (Kemenhub) dengan melaksanakan pertemuan secara

berkelanjutan dengan Kementerian Kemaritiman dan Investasi,


terkait dengan aspek teknis operasional untuk mendorong Perum

LPPNPI/Airnav dalam penyiapan infrastruktur, fasilitas, SDM,

dokumen terkait dan melakukan pengawasan secara berkala guna

memastikan kesesuaian aspek teknis operasional dengan ketentuan

perundangan, serta aspek diplomasi yaitu dengan melaksanakan

pertemuan dengan ICAO Headquarter dan ICAO regional office

untuk mengkoordinasikan mekanisme pengelolaan kembali FIR

yang didelegasikan, selain melaksanakan pertemuan teknis dengan

Singapura dan Malaysia. Kementerian Luar Negeri (Kemenlu) dengan

mengeluarkan nota protes diplomatik kepada negara yang melanggar

wilayah udara Indonesia berdasarkan 11 macam pelanggaran seperti

tercantum pada Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 4 Tahun 2018 tentang

Pengamanan Wilayah Udara Republik Indonesia.

2. Layer Operational. Layer kedua oleh tim peneliti disebut

sebagai layer operational, dimana dalam Layer ini membahas

perizinan yang dilakukan terkait penggunaan wilayah udara

nasional oleh pesawat udara sipil/militer asing yang beroperasi

atau melintas di wilayah Indonesia, harus memiliki izin berupa flight

security clearance yang meliputi diplomatic clearance, security

clearance, dan flight approval. Adapun Kementerian/Lembaga

negara yang terkait dengan sinergisitas pengelolaan wilayah udara

pada layer Indonesian Airspace adalah Kementerian Perhubungan

(Kemenhub) dengan menerbitkan persetujuan terbang (flight

approval) dan izin keamanan (security clearance) diterbitkan oleh

Mabes TNI. Untuk wilayah tertentu, penggunaan pesawat udara

sipil Indonesia untuk kegiatan bukan niaga berupa survei udara,

pemetaan dan foto udara, own use charter serta joy flight dilakukan

setelah memiliki izin keamanan (security clearance) kecuali untuk

kegiatan pelatihan (training), wilayah tertentu meliputi bandar

udara yang digunakan secara bersama, pangkalan udara yang

digunakan secara bersama, bandar udara atau pangkalan udara

di wilayah perbatasan, dan wilayah yang berpotensi ancaman.

Kementerian Luar Negeri (Kemenlu) melaksanakan penerbitan

diplomatic clearance (izin diplomatik) yang diperuntukkan pesawat

udara asing yang akan terbang ke dan dari atau melalui wilayah

udara Indonesia, permohonan untuk memperoleh izin diplomatik

(diplomatic clearance) bagi pesawat udara negara asing diajukan oleh


perwakilan negara asing yang berkedudukan di Indonesia. Mabes

TNI menerbitkan security clearance yang merupakan suatu bentuk

izin tertulis yang dikeluarkan oleh Mabes TNI bagi pesawat udara

asing tidak berjadwal untuk melintas dan/atau mendarat di wilayah

Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia dalam kurun waktu tertentu

dengan mempertimbangkan faktor keamanan.

3. Layer Supervision. Layer ketiga adalah layer supervision, dimana

untuk layer ini menjelaskan tentang sinergisitas pengawasan yang

dilaksanakan terhadap penggunaan wilayah udara nasional oleh

pihak sipil dan militer. Adapun Kementerian/Lembaga negara yang

menjadi supervisi/pengawas yaitu Airnav dengan melaksanakan

pelayanan navigasi penerbangan di seluruh Indonesia. Kohanudnas

yang bertugas menyelenggarakan upaya pertahanan keamanan atas

wilayah udara nasional secara mandiri ataupun bekerja sama dengan

Komando Utama Operasional lainnya dalam rangka menegakkan

kedaulatan dan mengimplementasikan kepentingan nasional Negara

Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, melalui pembinaan administrasi dan

kesiapan operasi, unsur-unsur Hanud TNI AU yang melaksanakan

siaga operasi dalam rangka mendukung tugas pokok TNI. Kerjasama

antara Kohanudnas dan Airnav merupakan sinergisitas antar lembaga

negara, yang diwujudkan salah satunya melalui pelatihan-pelatihan

guna menguatkan rasa cinta terhadap bangsa dan negara kepada

personel-personel controller.

4. Layer Law Enforcement. Layer ke empat adalah Law Enforcement

atau penegakan hukum. Pada layer ini akan dibahas tentang

pelanggaran hukum di wilayah udara nasional yang dilakukan oleh

pesawat udara sipil/militer asing yang melanggar wilayah kedaulatan

udara Indonesia. Penegakan hukum dalam pokok bahasan ini

akan menganalisis tentang proses penegakkan hukum terhadap

pelanggaran di wilayah udara nasional Indonesia oleh Kementerian

atau Lembaga negara.

Sinergisitas antar Kementerian dan Lembaga negara dalam

pengelolaan ruang udara nasional Indonesia telah terjalin dengan

baik, hal ini dibuktikan dengan adanya penandatanganan kesepakatan

dari 12 (dua belas) Kementerian atau Lembaga negara terkait


(Kementerian Pertahanan, Kementerian Perhubungan, Kementerian

Luar Negeri, Kementerian Hukum dan HAM, Kementerian Pertanian,

Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Kementerian Kesehatan,

Kementerian Keuangan, Mabes TNI, Perum LPPNPI/Airnav, Angkasa

Pura I dan Angkasa Pura II) dalam upaya penindakan terhadap

pelanggaran di wilayah udara nasional.

MENEGAKKAN KEDAULATAN NEGARA (ASPEK PENEGAKKAN

HUKUM) TERHADAP PELANGGARAN DI WILAYAH UDARA

NASIONAL

Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 34 Tahun 2004 tentang Tentara

Nasional Indonesia, peran TNI AU sangat penting dalam penegakkan

hukum di wilayah udara nasional. Berdasarkan data dari Kohanudnas,

sampai dengan saat ini pelanggaran terhadap wilayah udara nasional

masih sering terjadi. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapat

permasalahan pada sistem penegakan hukum yang ada saat ini. TNI

AU sebagai penindak dalam pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional

diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 4 Tahun 2018 tentang

Pengamanan Wilayah Udara. Dengan prosedur penindakan yang

sesuai dengan aturan hukum nasional maupun internasional. Namun

menurut interpretasi penulis terhadap beberapa permasalahan pada

proses penegakkan hukum khususnya pasca pemaksaan mendarat

(force down). Hal ini disebabkan karena pada Peraturan Pemerintah

Nomor 4 Tahun 2018 belum mengatur tentang pelanggaran wilayah

udara yang mengancam serta membahayakan keamanan nasional,

sebagai pelanggaran yang merupakan tindakan pidana, sanksinya

pun seyogyanya adalah sanksi pidana dan bukan sanksi administrasi

seperti yang tertuang dalam pasal 11 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor

4 tahun 2018.

Menurut interpretasi penulis sanksi tersebut belum berjalan

efektif karena tidak memberikan deterrent effect yang mendukung

tegaknya kedaulatan negara secara eksklusif. Penerapan sanksi

pidana terhadap pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional bisa menjadi

pilihan untuk memberikan efek jera sesuai yang diharapkan. Undang-

Undang No. 1 Tahun 2009 tentang penerbangan belum mengatur

sanksi pidana terhadap pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional. Proses


penyidikan saat ini juga berjalan kurang efektif karena dilaksanakan

oleh Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil, bukan oleh TNI AU sesuai yang

telah diamanahkan oleh Undang-Undang selaku penegak hukum

di wilayah udara yurisdiksi nasional dengan didukung kemampuan

alutsista udara yang memiliki kemudahan dalam proses penegakan

hukum terhadap terjadinya suatu pelanggaran di ruang udara

nasional.

Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan, menurut

penulis ilustrasi perbandingan sistem penegakkan hukum terhadap

pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional saat ini dengan sistem

pelanggaran terhadap wilayah udara nasional yang ideal adalah

sebagai berikut:

GAMBAR ILUSTRASI ALUR PENEGAKAN HUKUM

Kondisi penegakkan hukum terhadap pelanggaran wilayah udara

nasional yang ideal, adalah sebagai berikut:

a. Deteksi. Deteksi merupakan proses pengawasan terhadap

sasaran udara secara elektronis maupun visual. Proses tersebut

dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui secara pasti situasi yang terjadi


pada saat itu. Dengan mengetahui data sasaran udara, dapat

ditentukan lintasan, arah dan kecepatannya untuk selanjutnya

dapat ditentukan sasaran tersebut merupakan ancaman udara

atau bukan. Adapun proses mekanisme pada proses identifikasi

adalah sebagai berikut:

1) Penerimaan laporan sasaran oleh Posekhanudnas dari

unsur radar militer dan radar sipil.

2) Penyajian data sasaran di Posekhanudnas.

3) Pencatatan Data Sasaran. Semua laporan sasaran yang

diterima di Posekhanudnas dicatat dalam buku Lasa oleh

Petugas operator.

4) Pencatatan Sasaran yang ditampilkan berupa Lasa

Umum (U), Lasa Tanpa Izin (T) atau Lasa X.

b. Identifikasi. Identifikasi merupakan proses penentuan

klasifikasi setiap sasaran udara kawan, sasaran udara tidak

dikenal atau sasaran udara musuh. Dari hasil analisis data

sasaran udara dapat ditentukan karakter dari sasaran tersebut,

sehingga dapat menunjukkan penggunaan sistem hanud yang

tepat untuk mengatasi dan menanggulangi sasaran udara

tersebut.

c. Peringatan. Tindakan peringatan dilakukan oleh pesawat

militer TNI AU kepada pesawat asing yang memasuki wilayah

udara nasional tanpa memiliki izin, melakukan intersepsi

menggunakan pesawat udara interceptor milik TNI AU.

Pelaksanaan tindakan intersepsi telah diatur dalam Pasal 32

Ayat (3) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 4 Tahun 2018 yang

melibatkan personel pemandu lalu lintas penerbangan dengan

TNI untuk memberikan informasi kepada pesawat udara TNI,

terkait pesawat udara yang melanggar. Pelaksanaan tindakan

intersepsi juga harus memperhatikan keselamatan penumpang

jika pesawat yang diintersepsi adalah pesawat udara sipil.

Pesawat udara yang diintersepsi wajib mengikuti semua perintah

yang diberikan oleh pesawat interceptor.

d. Shadowing. Kegiatan pembayangan atau shadowing

dilaksanakan apabila:


1) Pesawat udara sipil/militer asing yang melakukan

penerbangan menyimpang dari jalur-jalur penerbangan

yang sudah ditetapkan (rute udara, rute udara di atas Selat

Malaka, Selat Singapura dan alur laut yang biasa digunakan

untuk pelayaran internasional).

2) Pesawat udara sipil/militer yang melanggar ketentuan

terbang di ruang udara ALKI.

a) Pesawat tempur sergap diarahkan untuk mengikuti/

membayangi sasaran.

b) Jarak pesawat tempur sergap harus berada diluar jarak

capai persenjataan pertahanan (defence armament) sasaran,

namun dapat melakukan intervensi atau perlawanan

(engagement).

e. Penghalauan. Penghalauan terhadap pesawat udara sipil/

militer asing dilakukan, apabila:

1) Ada pesawat udara sipil/militer asing yang memaksa

memasuki wilayah udara teritorial tanpa izin.

2) Ada pesawat udara sipil/militer asing yang melanggar

ketentuan di jalur ALKI.

f. Force Down. Force down merupakan pemaksaan mendarat

yang dilakukan terhadap setiap pesawat udara yang melanggar

wilayah udara nasional dan dapat diperkirakan bermaksud untuk

melakukan kegiatan-kegiatan yang tidak bersahabat. Tindakan

force down dilaksanakan terhadap pesawat udara di landasan

udara terdekat apabila perintah yang diberikan sebelumnya

dihiraukan. Pesawat udara sipil/militer asing dipaksa mendarat

apabila pesawat tersebut memasuki wilayah udara teritorial

secara tidak sah, namun harus dipastikan bahwa pesawat yang

bersangkutan tidak akan mengancam keselamatan objek-objek

vital yang berada di bawahnya.

g. Penghancuran. Tindakan penghancuran dilakukan terhadap

setiap pesawat udara yang menjadi ancaman pada tingkat

“Tindak Permusuhan” (hostile act) di udara, dilakukan atas


perintah Presiden, apabila:

1) Pesawat udara militer asing yang secara tidak sah

memasuki wilayah kedaulatan dan secara nyata mengancam

keselamatan objek-objek vital serta tidak mengindahkan

peringatan yang diberikan.

2) Pesawat udara militer asing yang berada di wilayah udara

NKRI dan secara nyata mengancam keselamatan objek-objek

vital di bawahnya dan tidak mengindahkan peringatan yang

diberikan.

3) Pesawat udara sipil/militer asing yang tanpa izin

memasuki wilayah kedaulatan atau berada di wilayah udara

ZEE Indonesia yang secara nyata disalahgunakan untuk

mengancam keselamatan objek-objek vital yang berada

dibawahnya dan tidak mengindahkan peringatan yang

diberikan.

4) Balon udara/drone tidak berawak yang tidak memiliki

perizinan dan melakuan tindakan merugikan dan atau

mengancam keamanan dan atau kedaulatan NKRI.

h. Penyelidikan. Penyelidikan adalah serangkaian tindakan

penyidik untuk mencari dan menemukan suatu peristiwa yang

diduga sebagai tindak pidana guna menentukan dapat atau

tidaknya dilakukan penyidikan menurut cara yang diatur dalam

Undang-Undang. Setelah pesawat sasaran mendarat dilanjutkan

dengan proses penyelidikan pendahuluan yang dilakukan oleh

TNI AU. Dalam rangka penanganan pelanggaran pesawat udara

asing dan domestik tidak terjadwal yang telah mendarat di

wilayah NKRI, dilaksanakan penanganan sebagai berikut:

1) Penanganan Terhadap Pesawat Udara Militer Asing.

2) Penanganan Terhadap Pesawat Udara Sipil Asing.

3) Penanganan Terhadap Pesawat Udara Sipil Domestik

Tidak Terjadwal (Non Schedule) yang melanggar kawasan

udara terlarang dan terbatas serta perizinan penerbangan.

i. Penyidikan. Penyidikan adalah serangkaian tindakan

penyidik dalam hal dan menurut cara yang diatur dalam Undang-


Undang, mencari dan mengumpulkan bukti, yang dengan bukti

itu membuat terang tentang tindak pidana yang terjadi, guna

menemukan tersangkanya. Saat ini proses penegakkan hukum

terhadap pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional berdasar pada

Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan

dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 4 Tahun 2018. Dari kedua

dasar tersebut tidak dinyatakan bahwa pelanggaran terhadap

wilayah udara nasional yang dapat mengancam keamanan

dan keselamatan bangsa sebagai suatu tindak pidana yang

dapat dijerat dengan sanksi pidana, selain itu aturan-aturan

tersebut juga tidak mengatur pelanggaran yang dilaksanakan

pesawat militer atau pesawat yang bersenjata. Berdasarkan

ketentuan hukum yang berlaku saat ini, kewenangan penyidikan

hanya diberikan kepada Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil. Adapun

kelemahan dari aturan-aturan yang berlaku tentang penegakkan

hukum terhadap pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional saat ini

adalah:

a) Pelanggaran terhadap wilayah udara nasional saat

ini hanya digolongkan sebagai pelanggaran administrasi

perijinan saja, sehingga sanksi yang diberikan hanya berupa

sanksi administrasi seperti denda dan nota diplomatik.

Sebagai akibatnya tidak ada efek dari penegakkan hukum

yang dilaksanakan.

b) Dalam proses penyelidikan ke penyidikan akan

dilaksanakan pelimpahan dari penyelidik TNI AU kepada

Penyidik Pegawai Negri Sipil yang dinilai sangat tidak

efektif. Di sisi lain, walaupun status TNI AU sebagai

militer yang domain-nya adalah pertahanan juga memiliki

kewenangan polisional yang ditugaskan untuk menegakkan

hukum dan menjaga keamanan di wilayah udara yurisdiksi

nasional. Wewenang yang dipercayakan kepada TNI AU

memberikan legalisasi atas segala tindakan ataupun upaya

demi tegaknya hukum, termasuk penyidikan. Dari sudut

pandang hukum internasional juga tidak ada satupun aturan

yang melarang militer bertindak sebagai penyidik, bahkan

negara yang berdaulat memiliki wewenang penuh dalam

mengatur hukum apa yang akan diberlakukan di wilayah

kedaulatannya berikut dengan siapa yang akan berwenang

untuk melaksanakan penegakan hukum.


TNI AU sebagai alat pertahanan negara tentunya telah

dibekali oleh negara dengan alutsista dan juga personel

yang profesional. Sesuai dengan ciri khasnya TNI AU memiliki

keunggulan dari air power-nya yang memiliki kecepatan, daya

jangkau yang luas, serta destruktif. Dalam suatu penegakan

hukum pasti akan dilaksanakan suatu tindakan pemaksaan yang

menggunakan sebuah kekuatan.

Dengan keunggulan yang dimiliki oleh TNI AU sebagai satu-

satunya alat pertahanan negara yang memiliki kekuatan untuk

melaksanakan penegakan hukum terhadap pelanggaran wilayah

udara nasional. Dengan didasari tugas TNI AU yang diatur pada

Pasal 10 Undang-Undang Nomor 34 Tahun 2004 tentang TNI

dimana TNI Angkatan Udara bertugas melaksanakan tugas

matra udara di bidang pertahanan, menegakkan hukum serta

menjaga keamanan di wilayah udara yurisdiksi nasional, TNI

AU telah memiliki dasar hukum yang kuat untuk melaksanakan

segala tindakan ataupun upaya dalam rangka menegakan hukum

termasuk penyidikan.

Oleh karena itu perlu adanya pengaturan yang jelas dan

spesifik di dalam suatu Undang-Undang untuk memfasilitasi

kewenangan penegakkan hukum oleh TNI AU khususnya

penambahan wewenang TNI AU sebagai penyidik terhadap

pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional guna tercapainya efektifitas

dari proses penegakkan hukum yang saat ini berlaku.

j. Sanksi. Sanksi adalah tindakan-tindakan (hukum) untuk

memaksa seseorang untuk mentaati aturan atau mentaati

ketentuan Undang-Undang. Sanksi hukum ini bersifat memaksa,

hal ini berarti bahwa tertib itu akan bereaksi terhadap peristiwa-

peristiwa tertentu karena dianggap merugikan masyarakat

sebagai akibat dari adanya pelanggran tersebut. Permasalahan

yang terjadi saat ini terdapat pada proses setelah pemaksaan

mendarat. Dimana sanksi yang diberikan berikut dengan proses

penyidikannya belum berjalan secara efektif.

1) Dalam pasal 11 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 4 Tahun

2018 dijelaskan bahwa sanksi yang diberikan hanyalah

sanksi denda administratif belum ada sanksi terhadap

pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional yang mengancam

keamanan dan keselamatan NKRI, berupa sanksi pidana.


Menurut interpretasi penulis sanksi yang telah diatur tidak

memberikan deterrent effect yang mendukung tegaknya

kedaulatan negara secara eksklusif. Oleh karenanya

diperlukan suatu aturan yang memberikan sanksi terhadap

pelanggar secara proporsional.

2) Paparan Karokum Kemenhan, yang dilaksanakan

pada saat kegiatan kuliah kerja, membahas tentang

usulan penerapan ketentuan pidana pada pelanggaran

wilayah udara nasional. Penerapan sanksi pidana terhadap

pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional menjadi keharusan demi

memberikan deterrent effect sesuai yang diharapkan.

3) Selain dari belum adanya ketentuan pidana terhadap

pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional, prosedur pelaksanaan

penegakkan hukum juga belum berjalan secara efektif.

Menurut penulis, penyidikan saat ini berjalan sangat

tidak efektif dikarenakan belum adanya Undang-Undang

tentang penerbangan dan Peraturan Pemerintah tentang

pengamanan wilayah udara yang mengatur penyidikan

dilaksanakan oleh Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil, padahal

TNI AU disini selaku penindak dengan didukung kemampuan

alutsista udara lebih memiliki kemudahan dalam proses

penegakkan hukum dan mengetahui tentang terjadinya suatu

pelanggaran di ruang udara nasional.

PENUTUP

Kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah

dikembangkan, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut:

1. Indonesia yang berada pada posisi geografis yang sangat

strategis dimana hal ini merupakan suatu keuntungan bagi Indonesia

namun sekaligus menjadi suatu potensi ancaman bagi kedaulatan

Indonesia dengan banyaknya pelanggaran yang terjadi di wilayah

udara nasional yang dilakukan oleh pesawat asing baik sipil maupun

militer dengan melintasi wilayah udara nasional tanpa izin.

2. Telah terjalin sinergisitas antar Kementerian/Lembaga negara

yang terwujud dalam bentuk penandatanganan kerjasama antar

Kementerian/Lembaga negara terkait dalam pengelolaan wilayah


udara nasional pada tanggal 24 Februari 2020.

3. Kondisi penegakkan hukum saat ini dalam penanganan kasus

pemaksaan mendarat terhadap pesawat udara asing di wilayah

Indonesia selama ini penyidikan dilakukan oleh PPNS Penerbangan

yang berada dibawah Ditjen Perhubungan Udara Kementerian

Perhubungan. TNI AU sebagai pelaksana di lapangan hanya

berwenang sampai dengan tingkat penyelidikan saja. Setelah proses

penyelidikan dilakukan TNI AU, selanjutnya kasus itu diserahkan

kepada PPNS penerbangan guna proses penyidikannya.

Saran. Dalam rangka menegakkan hukum demi terwujudnya

kedaulatan negara di udara secara efektif dan efisien maka

disarankan beberapa hal sebagai berikut:

1. Agar pemerintah secepatnya membuat Undang-Undang khusus

yang mengatur secara tegas tentang pengelolaan ruang udara

nasional.

2. Sanksi yang diberikan terhadap pelanggaran wilayah udara

nasional bukan hanya sanksi administratif ataupun nota protes

diplomatik tetapi harus dapat memberikan deterrent effect berupa

sanksi pidana atau sanksi berupa larangan memasuki wilayah udara

nasional Indonesia guna menjaga keamanan, keselamatan dan

kewibawaan NKRI.

3. Agar proses penegakkan hukum berjalan efektif, efisien dan

berkelanjutan, maka perlu adanya kewenangan khusus yang diberikan

kepada TNI AU untuk dapat melaksanakan upaya penindakan mulai

dari deteksi dan identifikasi hingga fase-fase penyidikan.

4. Agar dalam mengelola ruang udara nasional harus didukung

dengan peralatan yang mempunyai teknologi canggih, sumber daya

manusia (SDM) yang mumpuni dalam pengawakan dan juga sarana

dan prasarana yang layak dan sesuai dengan standar baik itu sipil

maupun militer sehingga akan lebih efektif dan maksimal dalam

menjaga ruang udara nasional.

5. Perlu ditentukan suatu badan koordinasi dalam pengelolaan

dan penindakan terhadap pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional yang

mewadahi seluruh Kementerian/Lembaga terkait dalam menegakkan

kedaulatan negara khususnya di wilayah udara nasional.


Inti dari penelitian yang berjudul “STRATEGI PEMERINTAH

INDONESIA MELALUI SINERGISITAS ANTAR LEMBAGA NEGARA

DALAM MENEGAKKAN KEDAULATAN WILAYAH UDARA NASIONAL”

kami menawarkan strategi yang dapat dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah

dalam PRUN melalui Jargon dari Pasis Sekkau A-109 yaitu

"BERKORELASI" yang memberikan pengertian:

1. SumBER daya yaitu pengelolaan ruang udara nasional diawaki

dengan sumber daya manusia yang unggul, sarana prasarana yang

memadai dan tekonologi yang maju.

2. KOordinasi yaitu pembentukan badan/lembaga sebagai

koordinator yang mengatur dan memfasilitasi Kementerian/Lembaga

yang memiliki domain terhadap PRUN.

3. REgulasi yaitu pembuatan Undang-Undang yang mengatur

tentang pengelolaan ruang udara nasional serta mengatur penerapan

sanksi pidana terhadap pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional selain itu

memperberat sanksi administrasi yang diberikan terhadap pelanggar.

4. PeLAksana yaitu menambah penetapan kewenangan TNI

AU tidak hanya sebagai penindak tetapi juga sebagai PENYIDIK

pelanggaran wilayah udara nasional.

5. PersepSI yaitu melalui SINERGISITAS Kementerian/Lembaga

yang berlandaskan satu PERSEPSI (visi dan misi) dalam pemanfaatan

bersama wilayah udara Indonesia diharapkan semua Kementerian/

Lembaga terkait berorientasi kepada kepentingan nasional.

angkasa cendekia - tni-au.mil.id

Documents