1- antiseptik & desinfektan

8/12/2019 1- Antiseptik & Desinfektan

1/49

Antiseptik

Disinfektan


2/49

Antiseptik

DefinisiBerasal dari bahasa Greek, anti = melawan, sepsis =pembusukanBahan yang membunuh atau menghambatpertumbuhan mikroorganismeMencegah terjadinya infeksi dengan penghambatanterhadap pertumbuhan kuman /penyebab infeksi

Digunakan pada kulit


3/49

DisinfektanDefinisi

Bahan yang merusak, menetralisir ataumenghambat pertumbuhan darimikroorganisme sumber penyakit.Bahan yang merusak secara cepatmikroorganisme patogen untuk mencegahterjadinya infeksi

Digunakan pada benda/barang (lantai,peralatan)


4/49

Mekanisme kerjaMerusak dinding protein, terjadi kematian selMeningkatkan permeabilitas membran sel shgkomponen vital sel keluar, terjadi kematian sel

Metabolisme terganggu, terjadi kematian selMengoksidasi komponen sel, terjadi kematiansel


5/49

Kerja tergantung padaSifat kimiaKonsentrasiDurasiSensitivitas dari mikrobaJenis mikroba (bakteri gram +/-, Virus)

Lingkungan (pH, suhu, bahan lain)


6/49

Idealnya harusMerusak semua jenis mikrobaBekerja secara cepatDurasi kerja panjangStabilitas tinggiToksisitas dan efek samping kecil-tidak adaMurah dan mudah penggunaannya


7/49

Disinfektan (sifat kimia) Alcohol Aldehyde Halogens Heavy metal Oxidizing agents Phenol

Surface active agents Acids Nitrofurazone Ethylene oxide Miscellaneous


8/49

Disinfektan (Mekanismekerja)

Mengubah protein dan lipid : Acids/ Basic

AlcoholsPhenolicsBiguanides

Memecah ikatan kimia : Aldehydes,EnzymesMeningkatkan ion positif (Oksidant) : Halogens,H2O2, Ozone


9/49

Antiseptik Alcohols Chlorhexidine Oxidizing agents

: Iodine, Iodophors : Peroxides

- Hydrogen peroxide- Potassium permanganate


10/49

Heavy Metals : Mercuric bichloridePhenols and Related Compounds

Surface active compounds : Soaps


11/49

Oxidizing agents : ChlorineReducing agents : Aldehydes

Surface-active compounds : QACsVapor-phase Disinfectants

Disinfectant agents


12/49

Alcohol Most used: Ethyl (Ethanol) and

Isopropyl alcohol Lipid soluble lipoprotein cell

membrane denature cellmembrane precipitate protein

Maximal effect: conc. 70% ethyl and50% isopropyl alcohol


13/49

Excellent effects: Vegetative both Gr+and - (Including TB)

Moderate effects: Lipophilic viruses

(herpes simplex, HIV) and Fungi Non-effect: Bacterial spores,Hydrophilic

viruses Organic matter (action)


14/49

Most ethanol used at 60-95%,particular 70% w/v is best action

Not recommend for high leveldisinfectant

-blood protein denature andadhere to instrument

-prolong use: damage lenses,rubber, plastic instruments

Rapid evaporation Limit contact time


15/49

The largest reduction in bacterial

count (1-3 min, kill 80% of bact.) The safest antiseptic Adverse effects:

drying skin Not for fresh or open wound

(irritate) local irritation damaging corneal tissue


16/49

Biguanides Chlorhexidine

Chlorhexidine gluconate

Bactericidal action

Rapidly action Disrupt the cell membrane and

precipitate cell content

Better against vegetative bacteria gram+ than gram


17/49

Less effective for fungi Non effect viruses

No action on spores Chx formulation 4% conc. (most

effective)

The longest residual activity(5-6 hrs.) Retained action in organic matter


18/49


19/49


20/49

Oxidizing agents Bactericidal, short action Releasing gas O 2: Hydrogen peroxide

Non releasing gas: Potassiumpermanganate Iodine Oxidizing Antiseptic Halogen

releasing agents Chlorine (Disinfectant)


21/49

Iodine Less reactive than chlorine Rapidly bactericidal(Gr+/-) Fungicidal, tuberculocidal, virucidal and

sporicidal (Lipophillic)

Interfere metabolic reaction, disruptprotein and nucleic acid structure &synthesis

1-2% iodine solution in 70% ethyl alc.(Tincture of iodine) 90%

Aqueous iodine solution 5% (Logolssolution) e.g. pyometra

Churchills iodine 6.5% Alc.


22/49


23/49

Iodophor Complexed with a solubilizing agent

(surfactant or povidone) iodine carriers or iodine -releasing

agents Carrier; Detergents, wettingagents Water soluble

Increase free iodine releasing

Act similar to tincture of iodine

Tissue permeability, enhancing efficacy Bactericidal ,verudical , mycobactericidal

agent ; act as rapidly as Chx


24/49

Prolong contact time: kill fungi , bact.

spores Prolong action (4-6 hrs.)

Retained action in organic matter

10 % iodine : maximal killing effect 1% minimal toxic

Less irritating, allergic, corrosive

Excellent antiseptic and disinfectant Indication: skin cleanser, surgical scrub


25/49

Hydrogen peroxide

3-90 % H 2O2 in water (Most use 3%) Short acting agent but rapidly action Bactericidal agent (Gr+/-)

Lipophillic virus (related catalase andperoxidase enzymes)

Act as an oxidant by producing hydroxylfree radicals(*OH) attack essential cellcomponents (lipids, proteins, and DNA)


26/49

Act on superficial tissue Less toxic but damage tissue

Indication:

cleaning contaminated wound

deodorizing, not routine cleaning

Used in the disinfection of soft contactlenses


27/49

Potassium permanganate Antiseptic and disinfectant agents

Broad antimicrobial agents

Non releasing gas

Turn brown colour Inactivated Intense purple color in solution: stains

tissues and clothing brown

Used for wound and prepare foods


28/49

Effective algicide (0.01%) and virucide (1%) Conc.>1:5,000 (irritate tissues)

Conc 1: 10,000 Bactericidal


29/49

Heavy metal Mercuric chloride : merbromin, thimerosal ,

nitromersol, phenylmercuric nitrate

Mercurochrome..?

Act as Bacteriostatic Inhibit sulfhydryl enzyme of bacterial cells

Inhibit metabolism and precipitate protein

Inhibit enzyme action of bacteria andtissues


30/49

Thimerosal Sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate Mercuric 49% w/v Inhibit metabolism and precipitate protein

Merthiolate Used on fresh wound, not on burn or

chronic wound

Used in preservative vaccine, tattoo ink,skin test agent ect.


31/49

Phenol and related compounds

The oldest antiseptic compounds Cytoplasmic poisons penetrating,

disruption cell walls

Bacteriostatic (conc.0.1-1%) Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal (conc.1-

2%)


32/49

Conc 5 % : Kill anthrax spores 48 hr(strongly irritating, corrosively tissues)

Oral :CNS effects

Ingestion :Cardiovascular effects

Main usage : disinfection of equipment


33/49

Cresol (cresylic acid): Bactericidal agent less toxic

Commonly used disinfectant (inanimateobjects)

Sporicidal Anthraxs spore 2 % Cresol (Lysol)

Chloroxylenols: Broad-spectrum bactericidal agent activity against gram + > -

PCMX and DCMX


34/49


35/49

Hexachlorophene

Xylenol with composition of Cl- Strong bacteriostatic action

Most effect on Gr+ > -

Less effect on viruses or spores Used in medicated soap(conc. 3%), surgical

scrub

May be cause Neurotoxic


36/49

Parachlorometaxylenol (Dettol)

Aromatic chemical compound in chemistryknown as chloroxylenol

Low toxicity, Low metal corrosivity,

Effective against : Bacteria, Fungi, yeast(3.3%w/v)

More effective Gr+ than Gr- Less effect on viruses, fungi and spores

Slow onset action Mode of action Disrupt the bacterial cells

membrane and enzyme inactivation


37/49

Tricosan Bactericidal effect Gr + Effect : Gr- and yeasts

When combined with EDTA

increased permeability of the outer

membrane

Inhibit uptake of essential nutrients onthe cytoplasmic membrane


38/49


39/49

Surface active compounds

Soups Anionic surface-active agents

Sodium, Potassium salts of fatty acid

Most soaps dissolve in water (pH 7.0-10.0)

Remove dirt from skin surfaces (surface

secretion, desquamated epithelium,bacteria)


40/49

Disinfectant agentsOxidizing agent:Chlorine * Gas form is toxic Chemical water soluble

forms hypochlorus (HOCl), oganic chloride* Action inhibition of cellular enzymatic

reaction, protein deneturation, inactivation ofnucleic acids

*(HS) Bactericidal, (MS) Fungicidal (S)Virucidal, Protozoacidal , Sporcidal


41/49

Recommend doses;1-100 ppm (mg/l) Disadvantages :Corrosively metal, destroy

fabric, strongly odor Quickly react with organic matter

inactivated Sanitize dairy equipment, hospital floors,

animal, housing quarters


42/49

Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite = NaOCl Action as chorline

Lipid envelope viruses e.g. Avain flu Most known as hard-surface disinfection(household bleach )

Haiter


43/49

Reducing agents AldehydesFormaldehyde Liquid form > Gas form Slowly action; need contact time 6-12 hrs.

Act by protein precipitation via Alkylationwith alkylating amino and sulhydryl groupof protein

Bactericidal both Gr+ and and TB Virucidal ( e.g FMD) Modulate for Fungicidal and Sporicidal

agents.


44/49

Formaldehyde 37% on market Non-corrosively metals, paint, fabric Combine with Alc :chemical sterilant

for surgical instrument Low conc.(1ppm) are irritating soft

tissues (eye, nose), pungent odor Light sensitive (keep in dark) Carcinogenic agent


45/49

Glutaraldehyde Act as formaldehyde More efficacy than formaldehyde Bactericidal(2min), Virucidal, Sporicidal(3

hr),Fungicidal(10 min) action Less adverse effect Non corrossive Instruments


46/49

Stable in acid Recommended conc. : 2% w/v Cidex (Glutaraldehyde 2% in 70%

Isopropanol) Shelf life 28-30 day


47/49

Surface-active compounds

QACs

(Quaternary Ammonium Compounds;cationic detergent )

: benzalkonium chloride Bacteriostatic or cidal action (Conc?) Good efficacy in basic condition Denature protein Active bact. Gr+ than Gr-


48/49

Inactivated in organic debris, hard water,anionic soap .

Fungistatic, Inactivate viruses (exp. Newer generation) Inactivate spores

Sanitation of non-critical surfaces


49/49

Vapor-phase Disinfectants

Ethylene and propylene oxides Bactericidal,Virucidal, Fungicidal,

Sporicidal agents Sterilizing animal feed, human food,

surgical equipment Non-corrosive, flammability Ethylene oxide > Propylene oxide

1- antiseptik & desinfektan

Documents