tecnicas de memorizacion para el piano

8/17/2019 Tecnicas de Memorizacion Para El Piano

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SECRETARÍA DE EDUCACIÓN

SUBSECRETARÍA DE EDUCACIÓN

MEDIA SUPERIOR Y SUPERIOR

Conservatorio de Música del Estado de México

“TÉCNICAS DE MEMRI!ACIÓN "ARA E# "IAN$

TESIS DE LICENCIATURA

QUE PRESENTA EL

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ASESORES:

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TOLUCA, ESTADO DE MÉXICO JULIO, 2014

1



Índice

Introducción - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - .

Capítulo 1. Memoria, su pasado y nuestro futuro - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

/

0%0 1Es conveniente 2n siste3a de 3e3ori4aci5n6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7/

0%8 Di3e 92é rec2erdas : te diré 92ién eres% 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

;

0%< Tocar de 3e3oria= ca3ino a la e2>oria 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7?

0%. El >racaso latente 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 @

0%/ 12é es la 3e3oria6 Bseún los 92e saen 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 70F

0%; Al >in : al cao in>or3aci5n 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 708

0%G Recorde3os el Hasado la 3e3oria de los rieos 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 70<

0%? Tocar= escriir= recordar 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 70.

Capítulo 2. Los principios de la memorización y sus aplicaciones prácticas - - - - 70;

8%0 Sentido vis2al : orientaci5n esHacial 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 70;

2



8%0%0 En la Hartit2ra2.1.1.1 Di!i"#i$" %i&'( )* i"!*+%'(2.1.1.2 Di!i"#i$" %i&'( )* -'!+"* *($)i#2.1.1./ Di!i"#i$" %i&'( )* -'!+"* '+$"i#

8%0%8 En el teclado

8%0%< (2era del teclado : la Hartit2ra2.1./.1 M"*!*#"i' -'+' (' +' '+#2.1./.2 M"*!*#"i' -'+' (' +' #')*"'

8%8 rden 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 88

8%8%< TiHos de anJlisis 32sical2.2./.1 A"(ii S#*"3*+i'"2.2./.2 A"(ii *($)i#2.2././ A"(ii '+$"i#

8%< Divisi5n o Hartici5n 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8/

8%. Asociaci5n 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8;8%.%0 Mne3otecnia Hara la >or3a sonata8%.%8 Mne3otecnia Hara la >or3a rond58%.%< Me3ori4aci5n a2ditiva de intervalos

8%. E3oci5n 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 <F8%.%0 Modos rieos

8%/ ReHetici5n 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 <8

Capítulo 3. l!unos e"emplos 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 <<

0%0 Mne3otecnias enerales sore la s2ite >rancesa No% / de -% S% *acK 7 7 7 <<

0%8 Mne3otecnias Hara la ale3anda 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 </

0%< Mne3otecnias Hara la co2rante 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 <?

0%. Mne3otecnias Hara la saraanda 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 <@

0%/ Mne3otecnia Hara la avota 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 <@

0%; Mne3otecnia Hara la o2rreé 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 <@

/



0%G Mne3otecnias Hara la ia 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 <@

Conclusión 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 .F

#i$lio!rafía 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 .0

4



Introd2cci5n

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0%8 Di3e 92é rec2erdas : te diré 92ién eres.



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L' %*+)')*+' *!' )* &" -i'"i!' * ((*'+ ' !*"*+ !)' (' -i*9' 7&* !#' '-+*")i)' )* *+i'. E(*"!ii*"! 7&* &+* )*-&= )* '6*+ &"' -i*9' * -'+*#i) ' (' *&+i',. T#'+(' i-(**"!* ';,i" (**+(', !+' &"' +'" '!i'##i$": *( " )*-*")*+ )*( -'-*(.

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/ “& ad canged and te 'orld ad canged” , )i C'* *>" S**!, S. @, . F201/, )**-!i*6+*G. A )'"*+& '") *%i( -i'" -i*#*. %e (e' #or)er. Di-"i6(* *"!!-:."*5+3*+.#"(i"*6(#&(!&+*201/0%*<'!i"?'?)'"*+&?'")?*%i(?-i'"?-i*#*.!(

4 B'+6'##i, R. F200G $ducación de la memoria musical. B&*" Ai+*. M*( E)i#i"* M&i#'(* S.A.,-. 11

http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2013/09/vexations-a-dangerous-and-evil-piano-piece.html




E '( +*'(*"!* -+#!i# '6*+ (' >i#' )* *+i'. A )i*+*"#i' )* (' -'+!i!&+', ' "&*!+ #*+*6+( ((*%' ' )")*7&i*+' 7&* %'. A;, *" '(>" +*! (&'+ #" -i'", " )&)'+* *" )*(*i!'+ '(->6(i# ' "!+ i.

0%. El >racaso latente

P*+"'(*"!*, ' ( ('+ )* i %i)' -i'";!i#', i *+i' ' *+') 5 *-*+') )*-*")i*") )*(' #")i#i"* )*( *)i 5 )* (' -+#!i#'. C&'") *+' "i8 " * &!'6' "')' (**+ (' >i#' '; 7&*,# !'"! !+, '-+*");' (' >i#' )* ;). S* )i#* 7&* #&'") &" " * 6&*" -'+' (**+ * *+ -'+' *+i9'+. Y -&*) #"!'!'+( )* -+i*+' '", -&* )*)* 7&* !#'6' #" (' -+i*+' '"

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Si" *6'+, " " i i'# ( 7&* * ' #")&#i) ' *#+i6i+ *!' !*i 6+* (' *+i' -'+' *(-i'". M 6i*" * * i"-i+') *" (' %*#* 7&* ; -&)* +*#+)'+ *" 7&* )*#&6+; ( '"!!i#' 7&*

" (' "*!*#"i'.

T'( %*9 -'+' !*"*+ =<i! '5 7&* #"#*"!+'+* *" *( +'#'. Q&= * )i#* 6+* *( +'#' )* ('*+i' B'+6'##i *8'(' 7&* *( -+6(*' *! *" “la falta de directi*as claras" precisas y

permanentemente aplicadas +..., desde el comienzo de los estudios” .

Q&= i-+!'"!* * '#*+ 6i*" (' #' )*)* *( -+i"#i-i A( " '#*+ *!, &" * %' '-+<i'")(*"!'*"!* ' &"' i!&'#i$" !'" -*"' # ( * *( !#'+ &"' -i*9' '( -+ '6*+(' '-+*")i) #"%i#i.

Andor (oldes )i#*: “-ucas carreras an fracasado a causa de una mala memoria" la cual a medida

que nue*as obras se iban incorporando al repertorio" no poda retener las *ie/as”. 0 P'+' &# )*"!+, ( -i'"i!' i" &#' *<-*+i*"#i', *( +*-*+!+i * &"' #' 6'!'"!* %(!i(: &"' *+i* )**+i9'#i"* *;*+' 7&* )&+'" (' %;-*+' 7&* ('*"!* * '"!i*"*" '!' '#'6'+ (*<*"*.

B'+6'##i, R. F200G $ducación de la memoria musical. B&*" Ai+*. M*( E)i#i"* M&i#'(* S.A.,-. 4

K H()*, A. F1G la*es del teclado2 un libro para pianistas. B&*" Ai+*. Ri#+)i A*+i#'"' S.A.E.C.,-.4

10



0%/ 12é es la 3e3oria6 Bseún los 92e saen

S" %'+i' -*+ " )*'i')' (' #('ii#'#i"* 7&* '" *# ( #i*"!;i# 6+* (' *+i' 6i*", 6+* (' *+i'. Di*+*"!* +' )* "6+'+ &"' i' #' " '#'" -'+' 7&**#' '(&"' 5 -)' )* *!' '"*+', )i"'+ #" *( *"!*")ii*"! ( 7&* "6+'.

A (' -+*&"!' 7&= * (' *+i' Costan4a "aHano +*-")*: 3la memoria es la capacidad de

almacenar informaciones a las que poder recurrir cuando sea necesario3.4

L' i' #&*!i$" %i*"* *" *( (i6+ M*+i' @&'"' )* 'ernon +re. P&*)* %*+* # &"'-+*&"!' *"#i((', i" *6'+ *( !=+i" *+i' i-(i#' &#' #' )i*+*"!*, !)' +*('#i"')'

-+ *( *# )* *+ *"!'(*, )* +*#&-*+'+* )*)* *( -'') -'+' '!*")*+ )i*+*"!* &"#i"* *" *(-+**"!*. Di#*:

35i contamos sólo con una palabra para referirnos a *arios aspectos del tópico ba/o

in*estigación" se *uel*e difcil pensar con claridad acerca del mismo e imposible comunicarnos

con otros sobre él. &ncluso si sólo consideramos el mecanismo de la memoria" pronto se ace

e*idente que éste consta de *arias partes diferentes" cada una de las cuales requiere

denominación distinti*a.3 6

O!+ -i#$( 7&* * +&(' 5 #"!*!' (' )i#' #&*!i$" 7&= * (' *+i' * *( 6+i!"i# AlanDavid *addele:, 7&i*" )i#*:

37a memoria no comprende un solo sistema unitario" sino m8s bien un arreglo de sistemas que

interact9an" cada uno capaz de codificar o registrar información" almacenarla y acerla

disponible para la recuperación. 5in esta capacidad de almacenamiento de la información" no

podramos percibir adecuadamente" aprender del pasado" entender el presente o planear para el

futuro3

L' #"*<i"* *"!'(* 7&* (+* #+*'+ )*-*")*+" 6+* !) )* "&*!+' -+#!i#'. D*6**+i9'+ #' #"!'"!**"!*, -&* (' *+i' * # &" >#&( 7&* i " * &', * '!+i'.

-oKn S2tton, *" & *"!+')' 6+* *+i' *" (' Stan>ord Enc:cloHedia o> "KilosoHK: )i#*:

3;ecuerdo cómo /ugar a/edrez y cómo mane/ar un carro2 recuerdo la feca de la muerte deDescartes2 recuerdo aber /ugado en la nie*e cuando era ni<o 2 recuerdo el sabor y el placer de

el café de esta ma<ana2 recuerdo alimentar al gato cada noce.3 1=

P'-'", C. F200G 7a arquitectura de los recuerdos. B'+#*("'. P'i)$ I6=+i#' E)i#i"* S.A., -.1

+*, . F1G -emoria umana. M=<i#. C-'8;' E)i!+i'( C"!i"*"!'(, --.?10

B'))*(*5, A. D. F1G $ssentials of uman memory. I"('!*++'. P5#(5 P+* L!), -.1

10 S&!!", J", M*+5, %e 5tanford $ncyclopedia of Pilosopy FVi"!*+ 2012 E)i!i"G, E)'+) N.W'(!' F*).G, !+')&##i$" ;'. URL !!-:-('!.!'"+).*)&'+#i%*i"2012*"!+i**+5

11



T)' *!' #' -&*)*" -*+*#!'*"!* *"!+'+ *" (' )*i"i#i$" "')' *!+*#' )* *+i'. L 7&* ")*6* -*+)*+ )* %i!' * *( !i- )* *+i' 7&* " i"!*+*' *!&)i'+. C >i# &!i(i9'i*-+* (' *+i' -+#*)i*"!'(, *' *+i' i-(;#i!' 7&* &;' %ii*"! )* "&*!+' '" -'+'*"*+'+ 6*(( "i).

A&"7&* '5 -*+"' 7&* #"i)*+'" (' *+i' # &"' #i"!' '"*!$"i#' 7&* )*6i*+' )'+ '( 5+*-*!i+( i" %'+i'+, (' *+ *+i' %' '#-'8')' )*( -*"'i*"!. S* -&*)* -*"'+ 7&* (' *+i'* # &"' +'6')+'. D* *#, '5 '*!+ 7&* '#*" ' & '(&" *+i9'+ -+*#i'*"!*# 7&i"' -'+' 7&* *"!+*&*" i"+'#i$" i" +*(*<i"'+ '( +*-*#!. N )*6*+;' &'+ ('*+i' # &"' i-(* +'6')+', i" 6i*" # &"' *++'i*"!' -'+' -*"'+. -ore #2is*ores, *" *( ' #&*"! 7&* '6('6' 6+* &" -*+"'* 7&* -);' +*#+)'+ !), )*#;'35ospeco" sin embargo" que no era muy capaz de pensar. Pensar es ol*idar diferencias" es generalizar"

abstraer. $n el abarrotado mundo de >unes no aba sino detalles" casi inmediatos”. 11 E!, #('+'*"!*#"!+'-"* (' #'-'#i)') )* *+i9'+ ' (' )* -*"'+, '#i=")" +*(*<i"'+ 6+* (' )*!+*9'*"!'(*.

N+'(*"!*, * +*#"#* *" !+* '* *!'-' )*( -+#* )* *+i9'#i$". L' -+i*+' * ('#)ii#'#i$", (' *&")' * *( '('#*"'i*"!, (' !*+#*+' * (' +*#&-*+'#i$". L' -+i*+' *-+#!i#'*"!* '&!!i#', )*-*")* )* ( 7&* -*+#i6i, )* (' *"'#i"* 7&* *"!+'" -+ "&*!+#i"# *"!i) 5 -)+;' )i%i)i+* *" ( #i"# !i- 7&* )*-*")*" )* #')' &" )* * *"!i). A;,-&*)* )*#i+* 7&* '5 #)ii#'#i$" )* *+i' %i&'(, ('!i%', !#!i(, &!'!i%', 5 '&)i!i%'.

E( (i6+ I"!+)&##i$" ' (' -i#(;' #"i!i%' )* Man2el de 'ea )i#*:

“entendemos por memoria una destreza mental que nos permite recordar sucesos o

informaciones pasadas. ?a/o la perspecti*a del procesamiento de información el término

memoria se aplica a un con/unto de fenómenos muco m8s amplio y eterogéneo. Por e/emplo"

se consideran manifestaciones de la memoria no solo el recuerdo sino los procesos percepti*os"la comprensión y e@presión *erbal" las abilidades motrices y asta los procesos atencionales y

la resolución de problemas.” 1A

L 7&* * &" -# )*#"#*+!'"!* * (' #'"!i)') )* !i- )* *+i' 7&* * #('ii#'" *" (' )i%*+'!*+;' )*( &"). E-*9' -+ (' #('ii#'#i$" i-(*: *+i' )* #+!, *)i'" 5 ('+-('9. L' )* ('+ -('9 * &6)i%i)* *" *+i' -+#*)i*"!'( F7&* '(&" ((''" -+#*)&+'(, #" &"'"(i#i i""*#*'+iG, (' #&'( * i-(;#i!' 5 *+i' )*#('+'!i%', (' #&'( * *<-(;#i!'. L' *+i')*#('+'!i%' * &6)i%i)* *" *"!i#' 5 *-i$)i#'. @'5 i"#(& !i- *-*#;i# )* *+i' #(' !-+i#' F)* ( (&'+*G 5 (' '&!6i+i#' F)* ( *%*"! )* (' -+-i' %i)'G.

A)* )* 7&* *<i!*" )i*+*"!* !i- 5 #('ii#'#i"* )* (' *+i', (' )i*+*"!* )i#i-(i"' ('

((''" )* +' )i!i"!', -+ **-(, *>" (' E"#i#(-*)i' S!'"+) )* Hi(;', ( 7&* -'+' (i($ * *+i' )* 6i!, -'+' ( -i#$( * *+i' -+#*)i*"!'(. A6 * +*i*+*" '(+*#+)'+ cómo.

11 O+ii"'(*"!* -&6(i#') *" Hi##i"* )* 144, >unes el memorioso *! )i-"i6(* *":!!-:.(i!*+'!&+'.&6+*&"*.!(

12 D* *', M. F10G &ntroducción a la psicologa cogniti*a. M')+i). A(i'"9' E)i!+i'(.

12



L 7&* -'+' &" * *+i' -+-i#i"'(, -'+' ( !+ * *+i' *"!i#'. L 7&* -'+' &"* *+i' +*#(*#!i%', -'+' ( !+ * *-i$)i#'... *" i", )* (' '+'8' #"#*-!&'( -)**8'('+ 7&* ' ( >i# " i"!*+*' ** +*#+)'+ cómo.

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0%; Al >in : al cao in>or3aci5n

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*<#*-#i$" )* ( 7&* -i"'6'" '(&" >i# *<-*+i*"!'(* )*( i( XX # -oKn Cae, (!*$+i# )* (' >i#' ' ( ('+ )* (' i!+i' '" )i!i"&i) *"!+* >i#' 5 +&i), 7&*")* )* (*&") F (('")(* +&i) ' (' >i#' 7&* " *"!i*")*"G. P+ !+ ('), ( *!&)i )* (' !*+;' )*(' i"+'#i$" &!'" )* )i!i"&i+ *" !) *"! *"!+* *8'( 5 +&i). E! '-(i#' i"#(& *" *( #'-)* (' 6i(;', *" )")* '5 &" #'- 7&* *!&)i' *( +&i) #*(&('+. E( +&i) * '7&*((' #' i")**'6(*,i++*(*%'"!*, *!+6', 7&* i"%')* ( #'- )* (' i"+'#i$". A (' (&9 )* (' i)*' )* '+!i!' )*( i(XX, * -&*)* -*"'+ *( +&i) )* !+' '"*+', # '( '!' >!i( ' (' +' )* #+*'+. @'5 *!&)i+*#i*"!* 7&* '" )*!+') 7&* *( ruido blanco F*' #' 7&* * %* # "i*%* *" (' !*(*%ii$" 5 7&*&*"' )* '"*+' +'-'G *+' (' &"#i"* #"i!i%' *" -*+"' #" )=i#i! )* '!*"#i$", i*"!+'7&* *-*+' ' (' "+'(*.1/ O!+' -*+"' ( &' -'+' *%i!'+ (' *"'#i$" )* !i""i!& F**(*! -i!i) i"!*+"G, -+*")i*") (' !*(* *" '(>" #'"'( 7&* " * %*' 6i*".

L' i"+'#i$" &i#'( * !+'"i!* ' !+'%= )* (' *"*+'#i"* " ('*"!* -+ *<-+*i$" +'(, i"-+ &"' "!'#i$" *-*#;i#', (' #&'( * 6'' *" *( -*"!'+'', (' #('%* 5 (' "!' &i#'(*. @'5 &"'(i")' ')i%i"'"9' 7&* )i#* ';:

“$n un tren ya muy antiguo"

de cinco rieles la *a"

unas *ia/an lentamente"

solitariamente fras.

Btras *an acompa<adas

en r8pida algaraba.

5i quieres saber la cla*e

del acerti/o del da:

a unas el 5ol calienta

a otras" la >antasa.” 1C

1/ S)*+(&"), . Si3!+, S., L!*"*, J. 5 B'+3, E. S. F2010G. T* **#! 6'#3+&") i!* "i*" *+5 -*++'"#* i" i"'!!*"!i%* #( #i()+*". ?ea*ioral and ?rain >unctions. Di-"i6(* *"!!-:."#6i."(."i.%-#'+!i#(*PMC2K/K

1/

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L -+i*+ -*!' +i*, 7&i*"* * #"#;'" # r8psodas" !*";'" 7&* *+i9'+ (' i!+i'=-i#' )* ( =+* )*( -''). C')' 7&i*" (* '+*'6' ( 7&* * i"%*"!'6' F# )i+;' 5, (*-";' )* & -+-i' #*#'G 5 (* 7&i!'6' ( 7&* * (* (%i)'6'. A;, (' '%*"!&+' )* ( =+* !*";'"*-i)i #"!'"!* 5 *-i)i %'+i'6(*, )*-*")i*") )*( +-)' 7&* (' #'"!'+'. E!' )*-*")*"#i')* (' *+i' * &* '#'6'") #"+* (' 6+' * +*i!+'+" ;i#'*"!*. ,o3ero &* *( 7&*,)*-&= )* &"' ('+' !+')i#i$" +'( 7&* !+'"i!;' ( -*' )* 6#' *" 6#', )*#i)i$ *#+i6i+ ) )*

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O!+ )* *! -*!' -+ii*"i, &* ,esLodo, 7&i*" )*$ &" 6+*%* *#+i! i(&!+'!i% 6+* ('i!(;' )* ( )i* F(' T*";', * )*#i+, +i*" )* ( )i* 5 E( *#&) )* @*+'#(*G 5 6+*(' ('6+* #'-*i"' FL !+'6' 5 ( );'G. E" (' T*";' -+**"!', *"!+* &# !+ )i*, 'Mne35sine, (' )i' )* (' *+i', ')+* )* (' "&*%* &'. E ($i# i ( -*"', 7&* (' 7&** *"#'+'" )* (' i"-i+'#i$" )*#i*")'" )i+*#!'*"!* )* (' i)*' )* *+i'. T)' #+*'#i$" * &" '#!7&* '-+%*#' *( -''). N '5 !+' +' )* -*"'+ *" *( -'') 7&* +*#+)'"). Si" (' *+i', *(*+ &'" -*+)*+;' (' #'-'#i)') )* '#*+ 6+' )* '+!*, "i * )i' )* #'"!'+ #'"#i"* 6+* A7&i(* &O)i*. W*& * '#!$ #" M"*$i* "&*%* "#*... *&i)'. E"!+* (' "&*%* &' +*&(!'"!*)* & *"#&*"!+ *! E2terHe, (' &' )* (' M>i#' F%'(' (' +*)&")'"#i'G. E ' *((' ' 7&i*" (*)*6* (i#i!'+ i"-i+'#i$" '( *"! )* !#'+.

D*)* (' (*'"' '"!i*)') * ' i"%*!i') 6+* ( '&"! )* (' *+i'. L i($ *#&*!i"'+" & +*('#i$" #" *( #"#ii*"!, '(&" )* '"*+' )i+*#!' 5 !+ ' !+'%= )* i! *i!+i' '(*$+i#'.

"lat5n, #&'") +*(*<i"'6' 6+* *( '6*+, ((*$ ' (' #"#(&i$" )* 7&* !) #"#ii*"! * &"

14 E!' ')i%i"'"9' &* *#+i!' -+ i -')+*, Z(%'+ )* (' P'9 W'%'('.

14



+*#&*+). C+*;' 7&* *( %*+)')*+ #"#ii*"! *! *" *( i"!*+i+ )* #')' *+ &'". E!*#"#ii*"! '(* ' +*(&#i+ -+ *)i )* (' '5=&!i#' F *( )i( i($i#G 5 * &"' #"*<i$" )*( '('#" *( &") )* (' I)*'. E( '(' 5' '6;' *!') ';, *" *( &") i"!*(ii6(*, '"!* )* i"#+-+'+*,'"!* )* ((*'+ ' "'#*+ *" #&*+- )*"!+ )*( &") *"i6(*. E* &") -*+*#!, )* 6*((*9' -&+' 5-&+*9' 6*((', * '(*$ )* "!+ 5 ( i)*'( * %(%*+ ' =(.

Arist5teles, *" & 6+*%* *#+i! )* (' *+i' 5 (' +*i"i#*"#i' '#('+' 7&* " * -&*)* +*#+)'+ *(-+**"!*, "i !'-# *( &!&+. P)* -*"'+ 7&* *( (**+ "!' &i#'(* ' -+i*+' %i!' * '(#*+#'" ' +*#+)'+ *( -+**"!*, -*+ -+ )*i"i#i$" * * i-i6(*: ( 7&* * *! +*#+)'") * *(-'') i"*)i'!. P'+' *( E!'i+i!', ( +*#&*+) 5 (' *+i' " # &"' -i"!&+' &" +'6')*"!'(.

“+..., cuando un ombre desea recordar algo" este ser8 el método que debe seguir2 intentar8

allar un punto de partida para un mo*imiento o impulso que le conduzca al que él busca.” 1

C&+i'*"!*, A+i!$!*(* )i!i"&* *"!+* (' *+i' 5 *( +*#&*+), 5 !+'!' )* )*i"i+ '6'. L' #&*!i$"

7&* " #"#i*+"* * *"!*")*+ #&( )* & ) #"#*-! %' (i') ' (' -+#!i#' &i#'(. P'+' *((,&" -''* )*( !+'!') '+i!!=(i#:

“Eemos dico antes que los que tienen buena memoria no son los mismos que los que

recuerdan r8pidamente. $l recordar difiere de la memoria" no solamente en el aspecto del

tiempo" sino también porque" mientras que mucos otros animales participan de la memoria" se

puede decir que ninguno de los animales conocidos" e@cepto el ombre" puede recordar. Por

esta razón el recordar es como una especie de silogismo o inferencia2 pues" cuando un ombre

recuerda" infiere o deduce que él antes a *isto" a odo o a e@perimentado algo de aquella

clase" y el proceso de recordar es una especie de b9squeda” 10

E! " " #&')+' )*( !) 7&* *" &" *"!i) '( )i&, -&* *" *( #' )* (' *+i' '&)i!i%'" -)* i'i"'+ &"' -i"!&+' 7&* * *#&#*: 6i*" '5 &"' +*i"i#*"#i' i"!*(i*"!* '6!+'#!',!'" '6!+'#!' # $( *( "i) -&*)* *+.

Si" *6'+, ' %*#*, '( *#&#'+ (' >i#', *( 5*"!* -&*)* +*('#i"'+ ( "i) #" i*"*%i&'(*, "!' 7&* &6*" 6''", #+#*' *" &" -*"!'+''. A&"7&* *'" %ii"* '-+<i')', "#i*+!'*"!* &"' #"%*+i$" )* &" !i- )* i"+'#i$" F'&)i!i%'G *" !+ !i- F%i&'(G. L' *+i' %i&'( ;*, *" **#!, # 6'')' *" -i"!&+' *"!'(*.

0%? Tocar= escriir= recordar

A"!* )* 7&* * i"%*"!'+' & *#+i!&+', (' >i#' ( -);' *+ +*-+)&#i)' +'#i' ' (' *+i' )*i"!+&*"!i!' 5 #'"!'"!*. A>" )*-&= )* (' +ii"'#i$" )* (' "!'#i$" &i#'(, '6;' '+!i!'+*#*( )* '"!'+ '( !'" *!=+* # * (' >i#'. P+ **-(, 7&i=" i" L*"'+) )' i"#i, *"i)* *"i, i-+%i'6' *" & %i(' )* 6+'9 * i"%*"!$ &# i"!+&*"! &i#'(*, -*+ "&"#' *

1 A+i!$!*(*. De la memoria y el recuerdo. FT+'). H+'"#i# )* S''+'"#G A&i('+. Di-"i6(* *":!!-:6i6(i/.&+(.*)&.!Li6+2011)*([*"!i).-)

1K I6;)*, -. 2

1

http://biblio3.url.edu.gt/Libros/2011/del_sentido.pdf




'"i$ ' #-"*+ >i#' -+ ( *" ' *#+i6i+('. P'+' L*"'+), “7a m9sica se des*anece tan

pronto como nace" es la suerte de la desdicada m9sica” . L' +*-*!i#i$" )* (' >i#' * “odiosa e

indigna” .1

E"!"#* *( *"i " ('*"!* #&*!i"'6' (' *#+i!&+' )* (' >i#', i" (' i' *+i9'#i$" )*=!'. Q&= )i*+*"!* #"#*-#i$" )* (' 7&* !*"* 5 *" );' ( >i# *" *"*+'(. Y' #'i " *<i!*"-i!+* '( i!*' )* +*i!+ ##i)*"!'(, 7&* 7&i*+* '6'+#'+( !), +*-+)&#i+( !), +*-*!i+ 5 *&i+ +*-i!i*") 6'') *" &"' '-(i' !+')i#i$" &i#'(. L >i# i-+%i')+* 5 " &"' i"+;'.L 7&* '#*" -&+' i-+%i'#i$" " 9'" )*( i -+*!ii 7&* ( 7&* !#' )* ( iF'&"7&* #('+, #" )i*+*"!* !=#"i#', ), *!i(G. Q&= -*"'+;' L*"'+) )* (' +'6'#i"*,+*-*!i#i"* *<'#!;i' )* ( 7&* * !#' 5 *+i9'#i"* -+*#i'

S$#+'!*, *" &"' #"%*+'#i$" #" H*)+ '"!')' -+ & )i#;-&( P('!$", '6('6' )* &" )i( *i-#i6+* (' i"%*"#i$" )* (' *#+i!&+'. Ci*+! +*5 *i-#i #"i)*+$ 7&* *+;' +';9 )*( (%i) 5 '+;' )*-+*#i'+ (' *+i'. L' -'+!* *)&('+ )*( )i( * (' i&i*"!*:

“FB reyG" le di/o %eut" esta in*ención ar8 a los egipcios m8s sabios y ser*ir8 a su memoria2 e

descubierto un remedio contra la dificultad de aprender y retener. H&ngenioso %eut" respondió el rey" el genio que in*enta las artes no est8 en el caso que la sabidura que aprecia las *enta/as y

las des*enta/as que deben resultar de su aplicación. Padre de la escritura y entusiasmado con tu

in*ención" le atribuyes todo lo contrario de sus efectos *erdaderos. $lla no producir8 sino el

ol*ido en las almas de los que la conozcan" aciéndoles despreciar la memoria2 fiados en este

au@ilio e@tra<o abandonar8n a caracteres materiales el cuidado de conser*ar los recuerdos"

cuyo rastro abr8 perdido su espritu. %9 no as encontrado un medio de culti*ar la memoria"

sino de despertar reminiscencias2 y das a tus discpulos la sombra de la ciencia y no la ciencia

misma. Porque" cuando *ean que pueden aprender mucas cosas sin maestros" se tendr8n ya

por sabios" y no ser8n m8s que ignorantes" en su mayor parte" y falsos sabios insoportables en

el comercio de la *ida.” 16

N *! )* *8'('+ 7&* *!* +'*"! !'" i-+!'"!* " * ( = )* *+i'. E! * -&*)*i"!*+-+*!'+ # (' *<-+*i$" i"*)i'!' 5 *%i)*"!* )* ( 7&* )i#* *!* )i#&+. @5 *" );' * '6('i"#(& )*( **#! (*, 7&* '#* 7&* (' -*+"' )**" )* '-+*")*+* (' i"+'#i$" 7&*"*#*i!'", 5' 7&* !i*"*" (' #)i)') )* #"&(!'+ & '-'+'! *(*#!+$"i# *" #&'(7&i*+ *"!-'+' '(i+ )* #&'(7&i*+ )&)' 6&#'") *" i"!*+"*!.

A %*#* (' #' 7&* -'+*#*" &" -++* " " *" **"#i' i" &" +*!+#* *"'8. P*+ ")*#'(ii7&* -+ #-(*! (' i"%*"#i"* !'" i-+!'"!* # (' *#+i!&+' (' +*). S* -)+;'"&!i(i9'+ i"!*(i*"!**"!* i !&%i=+' *( %'(+ )* -+i%'+" )* *((' *" *( *"! 7&* +*7&*+i )*'6i(i)')* 7&* -)* )*'++(('+ "!+ i #" "&*!+' *"!* ('. L' -+#!i#' )* (' *+i'-&*)* *&i+* **+#i*") '>" *" *( !*#"ii#') )* ( &"), i-(**"!* * #&*!i$" )*

%(&"!').

1 P'"i'&', E. F2011G 7a *iola organista de 7eonardo da Iinci. Di-"i6(* *":!!-:."&'"!i7%'.+*6iPEP'"i'&'2011i('O+'"i!'.!(

1 P('!$". Di8logos FH*)+ )*( '+G *)i#i$" )* 1, M=<i#. E)i!+i'( P++>' S.A., -. K

1K

https://www.sonusantiqva.org/web/i/P/EPaniagua/2011ViolaOrganista.html




L' !#')' )* *+i' * &*+" '#i*") +'+', #"+* * #"!'6' #')' %*9 #" (' >i#'*#+i!'. H&* '!' *)i') )*( i( XIX 7&* +*%i%i$ (' -+#!i#' )* !#'+ i" -'+!i!&+' +'#i' ' H+'"9Li9!, 7&i*" '#&8$ *( !=+i" +*#i!'(.1

@5 *" );' '5 #"#i*+! 7&* * )'" )* *+i' 5 !+ 7&* * !#'" #" -'+!i!&+' ' (' %i!', -*+"')i* "i*' 7&* ( *+* >i# !#'" &i') -+ '7&*(( 7&* '-+*")i*+" !'" -+&")'*"!* *"& *+, 7&* " +*7&i*+* )* -'-*( "i !i"!' i-+*'.

CaHLt2lo 8%

#os HrinciHios de la 3e3ori4aci5n : s2s aHlicaciones HrJcticas

E" %*9 )* &i'+" -+ (' !+')i#i"'( )i%ii$" )* !i- )* *+i' F%i&'(, '&)i!i%', &#&('+, *!#.G,*#* &" %i!'9 '( A+!* )* (' M*+i', =!) 7&* #"i!* *" &" #"&"! )* !=#"i#' #>"*"!*'#i')' #" *( *"!+*"'i*"! *" ($i#' +*!$+i#' &!i(i9')' )*)* *( -+i*+ i(*"i '"!* )* C+i! (7&* (' *"!* #>" (('' "*!*#"i'. '+i'"!* )*( Jrs -emoriae *+'" *-(*')' *" !+

#"!*<! # *( i# 5 *( +*(ii, -*+ !'6i=" * ((*'+" ' '-(i#'+ ' (' >i#' )*( *)i*%.20

L *i -+i"#i-i )*( '+!* )* (' *+i'21 ":

a, 5entido *isual

b, Brden

c, Partición

d, Jsociación

e, $moción

f, ;epetición

8%0 Sentido vis2al : orientaci5n esHacial

E-*#* -+ *( sentido *isual y la orientación espacial . @'5 ) +' )* '-+*")*+ (' >i#' *" *(*"!i) %i&'(: *" (' -'+!i!&+' 5 6+* *( !*#('). L' -'+!i!&+' -&*)*" *+ *!&)i')' &*+' )*( !*#(').

8%0%0 En la Hartit2ra

1 B'+6'##i, R. F200G $ducación de la memoria musical. B&*" Ai+*. M*( E)i#i"* M&i#'(*S.A., -. /

20 Y'!*, H. A. F1G %e Jrt of -emory . L")+*: R&!(*)*.

21 A+! *+5. F2014, M'5 2G. E" Ki)ipedia" %e >ree $ncyclopedia. R*#&-*+') 04:4, J&"i 2,2014, )*)* !!-:*".i3i-*)i'.+i")*<.--!i!(*A+![[*+5\()i)K10K421/K

1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_of_memory&oldid=610642136





L' -'+!* i-(* 5 (' -+i*+' 7&* )*6* 6*+%'+ *" *( *!&)i %i&'( )* (' -'+!i!&+' * *(+*#"#ii*"! )* -'!+"*. E!' +*-*!i#i"* )* '(&"' #'+'#!*+;!i#' '+$"i#', +;!i#' *($)i#'" )'+" (' -'&!' -'+' " '#*+ *( *&*+9 )* *!&)i'+ ( i %'+i' %*#*, i" '++'+ #'-'#i)'))* '('#*"'i*"! #*+*6+'( 5 #"#*"!+'+" *" ( 7&* i-+!'. E i-+!'"!* "!'+ )*)* &" -+i"#i-i*( #'+#!*+ )* (' 6+' ' i"!*+-+*!'+, -'+' 7&* *' i)*' " &;* ' ( ('+ )*( *!&)i. A %*#* %'+i#-'* -&*)*" !*"*+ *( i #'+#!*+ -*+ " *+ +*-*!i#i"* *<'#!' )* ( '"!*+i+. O!+' %*#* ('

+*-*!i#i$" *+ +;!i#' -*+ " )* "!'. E! * &5 #>". E" #'i"* '!' -&*)* '6*+ +*-*!i#i"* )* (' i' "!' -*+ #" !+ +i!. E!' -*7&*8' )ii#'#i"* " ( -+i*+7&* #"%i*"* "!'+ 5 * i-+!'"!* )i!i"&i+ 7&= !i- )* '(!*+'#i$" * -+**"!'.

8%0%0%0 Distinci5n vis2al de intervalos

E 6&*" )i!i"&i+ ( i"!*+%'(, -&* &#' %*#* ( -'!+"* )* #&'(7&i*+ !i- * 6''" *" *(i i"!*+%'( -# i"!*+%'( '(!*+"'). U"' !=#"i#' -'+' )i!i"&i+( %i&'(*"!* *" ('-'+!i!&+' * *#+i6i=")(. E! **+#i#i )* *#+i!&+', i*-+* 7&* * ''" #" (' #"#i*"#i' (6'(

)*( i"!*+%'(, -&*)*" '5&)'+ ' -+#*'+ +-i)'*"!* ( 7&* %* *" *( -'-*(. A; * '6+, -+ **-(, 7&* &"' #&'+!' %' )* &"' (;"*' ' &" *-'#i 5 %i#*%*+', i*"!+' 7&* &"' 7&i"!' %' )* (;"*' '(;"*' )* *-'#i ' *-'#i. P*+ C$ +*#+)'+ !'"! i"!*+%'( &!i(i9'") (' "*!*#"i'

Si-(*. L -+i*+ 7&* !*"* 7&* "!'+ * 7&* los intervalos Hares Kacen di>erencia entre losl2ares en donde estJn locali4ados% #os nones no% E )*#i+, 7&* !)' (' *&")', #&'+!', *<!'5 #!'%' -''" )* (;"*' ' *-'#i )*( -*"!'+'' %i#*%*+', 5 7&* (' !*+#*+', 7&i"!', 5 =-!i'-''" )* (;"*' ' (;"*' )* *-'#i ' *-'#i, i"%'+i'6(**"!*.

L i"!*+%'( -&*)*" #"#*6i+* 5' *' '+$"i#' *($)i#'*"!*, -*+ *!' )i*+*"#i' " *)*'i') i-+!'"!* ' (' +' )* *+i9'+( %i&'(*"!*. T'+* ( i"!*+%'( '+$"i#

# -&"! )* -'+!i)', -'+' '++'+ *-'#i, *#+i6i=")( %*+!i#'(*"!*, -*+ '5 7&* '6*+ %*+(!'"! #&'") (' "!' *!" )i!'"#i')' # #&'") *!" &"!'.

E( -*"'i*"! %i&'( +*('#i"') #" ( i"!*+%'( i-(i#' !'+ *" #&*"!' )*)* (&* #&(*'(!*+'#i"* *!" *" &. L !*"i) )* -+**+*"#i' * -i*"'" # '( 7&* &6*. E( i" "♯

-&*)* -'+*#*+ &"' *#'(*+' 7&* " +*#&*+)' SUBIR. E" #'6i *( 6*( * &"' , (' -+i*+' (*!+' 7&*♭

+*#&*+)' BAJAR. C '(!*+'#i"* -&*)*" +*-+**"!'+ (' i-+!'"!* )i*+*"#i' *"!+* (' #&'(i)') )* (i"!*+%'(, 5' *' *"+, '5+, )ii"&i) '&*"!').

1



8%0%0%8 Distinci5n vis2al de Hatrones 3el5dicos

C&( * (' )i*+*"#i' *"!+* !i% 5 !*' E" #"!+'!* #" (' 6+*%* i)*' !i%, &" !*' *&&'(*"!* &"' +'* &" -*+;) #-(*!.22 E" (' &' '( !*' -+i"#i-'( * (* #"#* # &*!.

@'5 7&* i'+* %i&'(*"!* *" (' +' 7&* !i*"* *!* &*!, !*' -+i"#i-'(. N!* i 6'' i &6*5 *" 7&= -'+!* ( '#*. Si #"!' #" !i*- &i#i*"!* -)* i"#(& '"'(i9'+ i"!*+%(i#'*"!*,-*+ *! 5' * -''+ ' ( '"'(;!i#, ' ( 7&* !*" 7&* '#*+ +**+*"#i' "*#*'+i'*"!* -+7&* ('*+i' %i&'( *! i"!+;"*#'*"!* &5 (i')' ' (' '"'(;!i#'. C'i )*)* *( *"! 7&* %* 5'*!' '"'(i9'") *" *!' '* ( '+* (i*+'*"!* 7&* *" (' '* -&+'*"!* i"!*(*#!&'(.

N i*-+* * !'" #i( F# *" (' &'G )i!i"&i+ (' *();'. E-*#i'(*"!* *" (' #-i#i"* )*( +"!i# -&*)* *!'+ #&(!' *"!+* '#+)*, '+-*i 5 i&+' *<!+'8'. @'5 7&* +*#+)'+ 7&* #'ii*-+*, (' *();' 7&* '!*"#i$" +*7&i*+* 7&* -"*+(* * (' )* '!' '++i6', *', )* (' "!' '&)' )*"!+ )*( +'" &!i(i9') -+ *( #-i!+.

D*6*+;' *!&)i'+ ( )i*+*"!* !i- )* 6+' )* '"*+' -'+!i#&('+* '#+)* ' (' "*#*i)')* )*#')' !i-. U"' &' )*6* *!&)i'+* )i*+*"!**"!* ' &"' "'!' 5 *!' )* &" -+*(&)i, *!#. P'+' *, *'#* +**+*"#i' -!*+i+*"!* *" *!' !*i ' ( )i*+*"!* !i- )* '"(ii.

8%0%0%< Distinci5n vis2al de Hatrones ar35nicos

A ( -'!+"* '+$"i# * (* #"#* # -++*i"*. L' -++*i"* #&"* * 6''"*" *( #;+#&( )* 7&i"!', *" *( #&'( * -+**"!'" (' !"'(i)')* +*('#i"')' *=!+i#'*"!*.. E >!i(#"#*+ (' )i!i"!' -++*i"* -'+' i)*"!ii#'+(' *" (' 6+' 5 '#i(i!'+* (' %i)'. E( i #;+#&( )*7&i"!' * *" ; &"' "*!*"#"i' %i&'( 7&* * &!i(i9' -'+' (' *"*8'"9' )* ( !", (' '+')&+' 5

(' )&('#i"*. L "i8 7&* *!&)i'" *" *( Centro de Iniciaci5n M2sical FCIMIG )* *!' i"!i!&#i$"!i*"*" 7&* +*#+)'+ *( #;+#&( 5 *+ #'-'#* )* )i6&'+( #-(*! #&'") * (* -i)* *" &" *<'*". L'i&i*"!* i'*" F#" (i#*"#i' )* (i6+* )i!+i6&#i$" C+*'!i%* C"G * &"' )* (' &#' %*+i"*7&* *<i!*" *" *( &") 5 &* )i6&')' -+ &" !'( Bi((.

22 D&"65, J"'!'" F2002G. T**. %e B@ford ompanion to -usic , *)i!') -+ A(i" L'!'.O<+): O<+) U"i%*+i!5 P+*.

1



8%0%8 En el teclado

L i)*'( * #"#*+ (' >i#' '>" i" %*+ *( !*#('), -*+ &#' %*#* *( %*+ (' !*#(' * )* &"'%'(i;i' '5&)' ' (' +' )* *+i9'+ &"' -i*9' &i#'(. P)* i'i"'+ (' &-*+i#i* )*( !*#(')

# &" '-', *+ )i#, # &"' *-*#i* )* *+';', +(;' )*( !*#(') 7&* ((''+= ('!*#(')+';', -&* *+;' &'*"!* i-+-i &'+ *( -+*i * -'+' '( 7&* -# !i*"* 7&* %*+ #" *( -('"*!' Ti*++'. Mi '*!+ )* -i'" * i"+$ 7&* *( -i'"i!' A=+i# C'+'&!' ( )*"i"'6'!-+';' )*( !*#(') C&+i'*"!*, @*i"+i# *6'+) ; ( ((''6' *+';' )*( !*#('), #'(&"' %*9 )*#('+$ *" *"!+*%i!'.2/

2/ C'i", R., I+*, . 5 C+'+), M. F2002G. Practicing perfection: memory and piano performance.

E!') U"i). L'+*"#* E+(6'& A#i'!*, I"#., -. 40

20



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24



8%8%<%< AnJlisis ar35nico

N )*6* #"&")i+ *( '"(ii '+$"i# &i#'( #" !+' #' 7&* !'6i=" * (('' '"(ii'+$"i# -*+ * '!*!i#: '7&*( 7&* *!&)i' (' *+i* 5 !+'"+')' )* H&+i*+. E( !i- )* '"(ii7&* " i"!*+*' * *-*#;i#'*"!* *" &"#i$" )* (' >i#' 5 -+*#i'*"!* *!&)i' ( 7&* #"#*# &"#i"* 5 -++*i"* '+$"i#', * )*#i+, *( #$ * +*('#i"'" (' "!' )* ( )i*+*"!*'#+)* 7&* * %'" &!i(i9'") *" &"' -i*9' &i#'(. Si" )&)' *+ )i*+*"!* *( '"(ii "*#*'+i -'+'*!&)i'+ (' >i#' #"!*-+"*', -*+ -+ ( -+"! *"7&=" *" (' !"'(i)') !+')i#i"'(.

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8%< Divisi5n o Hartici5n

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T'( %*9 *+;' i++*-"'6(*, i" *6'+, *!'6(*#*+ )*)* (' i"+'"#i' )* (' i!&'#i"* #"#+*!' &"

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una ora de aritmética" una de traducción" una de pr8ctica de instrumento" una de ordenación o

arci*o o bibilioteca" otra de redacción de cartas" y as asta 6 o m8s oras de traba/o mental.” A6

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CaHLt2lo <%

Al2nos ePe3Hlos

E( !*+#*+ #'-;!&( !*")+ &"' &!i(i)') *<!+' -'+' ;. E" =(, !+'+= #$ &'+ ( -+i"#i-i )* ('"*!*#"i' *" -i*9' #"#+*!', *-*#;i#'*"!* '(&"' 7&* %5 ' !#'+ *" i +*#i!'( )* !i!&('#i$".

//



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0%0 Mne3otecnias enerales sore la s2ite >rancesa No% / de -% S% *acK

E!' &i!* )* (' (('')' +'"#*' *! *" S( M'5+. E( )'! )* (' !"'(i)') )* (' 6+' * ( 6i# 5 "*#*'+i. S'6*+( " '++'+ "&*+ !+*"! 5 " '5&)'+ ' i"!*(ii+ ('#'+'#!*+;!i#' )i"'"!* )* (' 6+' )*)* &" -+i"#i-i. P)* +*#+)'+ 7&* *! *" S( M'5+ -+7&* S( * (' 7&i"!' "!' )* (' *#'(' #>" (' *#'(' )* D. D') 7&* * (' &i!* ">*+

#i"#, -&*)* &"#i"'+ # -+i*+' '#i'#i$" "*!=#"i#'.

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/4



P+ **-(, *" *( #' )*( 1K, &" i"ii#') "&=+i# * 7&* * (' i!') )* 1K. E #&+i: i (-"* '( +*%= Fi ( %(!*' ;i#'*"!*G, !i*"* *( i i"ii#') '!*!i#, -&* *+;' 1,i*") 1 *( )6(* )* .

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* * #&++* -'+' +*#+)'+ *! *" #' )* 7&* " &=+' >i# *<-*+i*"!'), * (' -'('6+''(. Si (' )i%i)i i=!+i#'*"!* !*"* )* &" (') )* (' ( F(' )i%ii$"G, (' -'('6+' ' 5 )*( !+, 7&* " +*#&*+)' 7&* * !*"i) 5 " 6*(. E( *!&)i'"!* 7&* ')* )* -+i"#i-i'"!* *'(%i)')i9, -)+ +i!'+ !+* %*#* '( 5 ';, #" '5+ *&+i)'), +'6'+ *( )'! *" & #*+*6+.

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L *<-*+i*"!') !'6i=" '6* )* i"*)i'! 7&* (' "!' 7&* -+6'6(**"!**"#"!+'+* *" &"' &i!* *" S( M'5+ *+" (' !+* )*( '#+)* )* S(. É!' ": S(, Si 5 R*.

0%8 Mne3otecnias Hara la ale3anda

D*-&= )* '6*+ ( 6i#, 7&* * (' !"'(i)'), *+;' 6&*" #"#*+ !)' (' '(!*+'#i"* 7&* *

-+**"!'" ' ( ('+ )* &"' *##i$". P*+"'(*"!* #"i)*+ 7&*, +'#i"'(*"!*, * i-+!'"!*+*#+)'+ (' '(!*+'#i"* 7&* %'" '-'+*#i*") *" (' -i*9' 7&* (' *();', -&* -'+' +*#+)'+ =!' * **#!i%' "&*!+' *+i' '&)i!i%'. C'i i*-+* ( *+++* #i*"9'" ' )**"#')*"'+* -+ (%i)'+ (' '(!*+'#i$" )*( *"!.

E" (' -+i*+' i!') )* (' -i*9', *"#"!+' (' i&i*"!*: ' ], ) ], +* ], i 6 5 ( ].

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E i" #"!'+ ( 6*#&')+, -+7&* *!'") (' -i*9' *" S( M'5+, * ($i# 7&* (' !+' '(!*+'#i"*" -*+'"*9#'" !) *( !i*-. L >"i# 7&* ; #'6+;' '"!'+, * 7&* *" #'i"* *( ' * "'!&+'(, #'7&* i-+!' -+7&* i"#&6* ' (' '+')&+'.

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E" *( (i6+ )* i"%*!i'#i$" 6+* *( & )* (' *+i' *" *( -i'" "racticin "er>ection, ((''"“performance cues” ' *' -*7&*8' -i!' 7&* " '5&)'" ' ''++'+" )* '(>" -&"! *" (' >i#'-'+' +*#+)'+ ( 7&* i&*. E 6%i 7&* *( -+i*+ #&* *! i*-+* '( -+i"#i-i, -&* i " '6**-*9'+, *! )i;#i( 7&* -)' #"!i"&'+ !#'").

E" *( #' )* i &i!* )* B'#, *( i"i#i * '"'#+>i# 5 i*-+* * '#&*+) 6*+%'") *( '+-*i )*S( M'5+ #" 7&* *-i*9' (' '" i97&i*+)'. A&)i!i%'*"!* )*!*#! !'6i=" *( )*(i#') !+i" 7&*#'+'#!*+i9' (' -i*9'. O!+ +' i-+!'"!* * *( i"!*+#'(') )* "!' !'" #'+'#!*+;!i# )* B'#, &'")&"' "!' -*)'(, 7&* %' ' %*+ #" #i*+!' +*#&++*"#i'.

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R*#+)* 7&* (' -i*9' *! *" S(, -+ ( 7&* * #i(*"!* -+*)*#i6(* *!* #'6i '( 7&i"! +').

O!+' #' ' "!'+ * #$ '"*' B'# *( 6', *)i'"!* "!' !*"i)' 7&* %'" +'") )i*+*"!*'+";'.

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C&'") * *!'6' '-+*")i*") *!' '(*'"', -&* (' (*!+' B *" *( #- , 7&* *" i %*+i$" U+!*<!#-i')', * &! (' i!') )* (' -i"'.

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U" #"* %'(i 7&* )'6' Anela ,eitt *" & DD B'# P*++'"#* " !* Pi'", * #'"!'+ ('%#*. N $( *, i" #'"!'+ &"' %9 i*"!+' * !#' !+'. C"i* 7&* " 5 &5 6&*" -'+' *,*-*#i'(*"!* )")* * "*#*i!', -*+ 7&i*" ( -&*)' '#*+ !*"' (' *&+i)') )* 7&* '"'+&#' i)*' *($)i#' 5 -(i$"i#' )* ( 7&* -'', 6+* !) *" (' &'.

E" *( #- '5 &" -''* )* "!' i"!*+#'(')' *)i'"'*"!* )i;#i( -'+' (' '" i97&i*+)'. E'+' )* i"!*+#'('+ "!' 7&* !'"! '#* B'# * #"#* # "!' -*)'(. T'6i=" -)* %*+( 5*#&#'+( *" *( #- ">*+ .

L' *&")' -'+!* )* (' Ale3anda, #i*"9' #" &" '+-*i )* R* M'5+, 7&* * *( '#+)* #"+*-*#! ' (' !"'(i)') +ii"'( )* (' 6+' FS( M'5+G. A&"7&* *!' *&")' -'+!* )* (' )'"9' #i*"9'i&'( ' (' -+i*+', )*-&= B'# " '+ !'"! & )*( !+i" ii('+, i" '+' )*( +)*"!*. P)*%*+ &"' *#&*"#i' )*#*")*"!* #" &"' i&+' )* #&'!+ )i*#i*i'% '(!*+"'") #" (' )*( +)*"!*,-'+' (&* )*'+ ' (' *&")' )* (') *" &" '#*" )i'!$"i#.

P# '"!* )* (' i!') )* *!' *&")' -'+!* #i*"9' &" &* *"!+* %#* 5 *( i"'( * &5**'"!* '( i"'( )* (' -+i*+' -'+!* )* (' )'"9'. C$ +*#+)'+ *! Si-(**"!* '5 7&* -*"'+ *" *( i"i#i 5 *( i"'( )* (' -'+!* 5 "!'+ 7&* " ii('+* ' (' -+i*+' -'+!*. L&* i'i"'+ %i&'(i9'+ &"' 6#' 7&* &*+)* F-'+' +*#+)'+ (' *##i$" )* +)*"!*G 5 (&* * -"* ' #'"!'+ F-'+' +*#+)'+ *(

&* )* %#*G.

0%< Mne3otecnias Hara la co2rante

E" (' Co2rante, ( -+i*+ 7&* )i!i"&i )* +' %i&'( *" (' -'+!i!&+' * &" %ii*"! #"!'"!*)* )i*#i*i'% #"!+' #!'%. A %*#* &" *" &"' '" 5 ( !+ *" (' !+' 5 ' %*#* %i#*%*+'. E"( )i*#i*i'% * #>" *"#"!+'+ *( %ii*"! )* '"*+' *#'('+, 5' *' #"!i"& )* "!'i"!*+#'(')'. E" ( #!'% * %*" '+-*i 5 $( &"' -#' "!' -+ +') #"&"!.

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L >(!i #&'!+ #-'* !i*"*" &"' *();' #-(*' 7&* '5 7&* '#'+ )* ;), *" (' 7&* ('"!' +*-*!i!i%' " +* K 5 i K.

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E" *( #- 21, *&")' *##i$", #i*"9' &" )i( )* %#* *9#(') #" &" -'!+"**($)i# #-(* *" *#&*"#i', 7&* (' '" i97&i*+)' !#'. D*-&= )* * (' *#'(' 5' " %'"'#i' '6', i" 7&* '+' *+" '#*")*"!*, -+ ( 7&* *( i"!=+-+*!* -&*)* i'i"'+ &" '%i$" 7&*)*-*' '(&i*" 7&* &6* &"' #(i"' #++i*"). I"#(& -)+;' &!i(i9'+* &"' "*!*#"i' '&)i!i%',*)i'"!* *#&#'+ *"!'(*"!* *( "i) )* &" '&!$%i( '#*(*+'").

P'+' +*#+)'+ 7&* (' *&")' -i*9' )* (' &i!* * C&+'"!* F7&* i"ii#' #++i*"!* 7&* #++*G,-)* i'i"'+ &" -'! #++i*"), ;6( #"#+*!i9'#i$" )*( ">*+ 2.

0%. Mne3otecnias Hara la saraanda

L -+i*+ 7&* )i!i"&i *" (' *+;i' Saraanda, '( *" %i&'(*"!*, * 7&* *! +*-(*!')* ')+". A -+i*+' %i!' " -&*)* -'+*#*+ '( &5 )i;#i(, -*+ ((*%'+(' ' #'6 #"((*%' +'")*'!i'##i"*.

P'+' +*#+)'+ 7&* (' !*+#*+' -i*9' * (('' S'+'6'")', %i&'(i#* ' "&*!+' 'i' S'+' !#')>i#' !*+"'+i' F')* *!' -i*9' ( *G )*"!+ )* &"' 6'")'. T'6i=" *+;' 6&*" i'i"'+(''(!'") &#, -'+' " (%i)'+ 7&* (' -i*9' !i*"* &# '(!. D*)* &" -+i"#i-i * "!' 7&* *" ('-i*9' !*+#*+' )* (' &i!* -+*)i"'" (' "!' ('+' # #&'+! 5 #&'+! #" -&"!. P)*i'i"'+ "&*!+' '(#6' F"&*!+ #&'+!G, #" &" -&"! %('") &! *" *( #*"!+ )* (' '6i!'#i$".

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*+i' '&)i!i%'. P+ ( *" 5 (' '-+*"); ';, '&"7&* #" &" ="'i *" (' *+i' %i&'( )*(!*#('), 7&* )* (' -'+!i!&+'.

0%/ Mne3otecnia Hara la avota

L' #&'+!' )'"9' * (' +avota. R*#+)'+* 7&* =!' * (' 4!' i'i"'") #&'!+ '%i!' 7&* "'!'#'" # i *!&%i=+' *" (' -*(;#&(' T* Bi+), )* Al>red ,itcKcocO. D '%i!' *"&+*#i)'" *!" '#'") ( 5 (' !+' ) -i#")" ( ;). N (%i)* 7&* ( +!*# '%+*#*(' -*+'"*"#i' )* (' i-+*i"*.

0%; Mne3otecnia Hara la o2rreé

L' *o2rreé * (' 7&i"!' )'"9'. I'i"* *"!"#* &" 6&++ )* #i"# -'!'. L 7&* -i*"'" '(-&*)*" *"!*")*+ *! #" '5+ '#i(i)'), -*+ "!+ ( i"#*"!* -*"'+* *" &" *"*")+*"=!i# 7&* ' "'#i) -+ *+++. E! " -&*)* '#i(i!'+ (' i-+*i$" )* ? B&++=*.

40



L 7&* '6&")' *" *!' -i*9' " ( #!'%: '#i' (' '" )*+*#', +'* )* !+* "!'. E" ('i97&i*+)' '#-'8'i*"! #"!'"!* )* '+-*i.

0%G Mne3otecnias Hara la ia

L' +ia %i*"* ' *+ (' )'"9' +-i)' )* !)' (' )* *!' &i!*. @'5 7&* +*#+)'+ & "6+*-*"'") *" &"' '"'(;' #-&!'#i"'(. L' -'('6+' i'65!* " +*#&*+)' *! !i*-, *" ( 7&*(' *+i' *+ !+'"i*+* 5 '('#*"' *" +'")* #'"!i)')* ' &"' %*(#i)') '5+ 7&* "&"#' '"!* *"(' i!+i' &'"'. Si*") (' i' (' )'"9' +-i)' )* (' &i!*, -*"'") *" i'65!* +*#+)'+*& "6+* #" '#i(i)').

N *+%i+ "!'+ 7&* i"i#i' #" &" '+-*i )* S( M'5+ *" i"%*+i$", '&"7&* *! ( %*+* 7&i9 #"'5+ #('+i)') *" *( !*#(') 7&* *" (' -'+!i!&+'. E( +i! -+*)i"'"!* * )* !+* )i*#i*i'% 5 !'6i="#6i"'#i"* )i%*+' )* #!'% 5 #!'% #" -&"! 5 )i*#i*i'%. T'" * '; 7&* *( #- * "i")i#' *" 121K.

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Concl2si5n

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