pert15 pemrograman copy

8/13/2019 Pert15 Pemrograman Copy

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Pemrograman

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Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007).Using Information Technology: APractical Introduction to Computers &Communications . Seventh Edition,McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-110768-6

Sumber:Chapter 10. System Analysis &Programming: S/W Development,Programming, & Languages, p.463


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Learning Outcomes

Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswaakan mampu :

menjelaskan apa itu pemrograman dan

langkah-langkah dalam pemrograman(C2)

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Outline Materi

Programming: Procedural Clarify/define the problem Design the program

Code the program Test the program Document and maintain the program

Programming: OOP

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Programming: A Five-Step Procedure

A program is a list of instructions that the computermust follow to process data into information

The five steps are1. Clarify/define the problem

a. Clarify the program objectives & usersb. Clarify outputsc. Clarify inputsd. Clarify processing taskse. Study the feasibility of the programf. Document the analysis

2. Design the program3. Code the program4. Test the program

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Step 2: Design the program Create an algorithm or set of steps to solve the problem

Traditional structured programming approach Determine program logic using top-down approach &

modules Design details using pseudocode or flow charts

Alternative object-oriented approach Use Use Case approach to determine program objects,

object inheritance, and actions or functions each objectcan perform

Identify major program components and organize relatedfunctions and associated data into object classes

This is the approach used by object-oriented languagessuch as Java, C#, Lisp, Visual Basic, and C++

For more information on object-oriented programming,visit http://oopweb.com/ orhttp://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/concepts/

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http://oopweb.com/http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/concepts/http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/concepts/http://oopweb.com/


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Programming: A Five-Step

Procedure A hierarchy chart

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Programming: A Five-StepProcedure

Panel 10.13 Pseudocode

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STARTDO WHILE (SO LONG AS) THERE ARE RECORDS

Read a customer billing account record

IF todays date is greater than 30 days from

date of last customer payment

Calculate total amount dueCalculate 5% interest on amount due

Add interest to total amount due to calculate

Grand total

Print on invoice overdue amount

ELSE

Calculate total amount dueENDIF

Print out invoice

END DO

END


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Programming: A Five-StepProcedure

Iteration and sequencecontrol structures

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Step 3: Code the program Translate the logic requirements into a programming

language Programming language is a set of rules that tells the

computer what operations to do Each programming language has a syn tax , or set of

grammatical rules to follow to write valid expressions Syntax rules must be followed or there will be

syntax errors Computers dont understand what you want , onlywhat you type in

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Step 4: Test the program Desk checking is done by the programmer who

checks for syntax errors and logic errors Debugging is the process of detecting, locating,

and removing all errors in a computer program Beta testing is the process of testing the program

using real data One phase of testing uses correct data Once the program works, the next phase of

testing uses invalid data and untrained usersto root out hidden errors

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Step 5: Document & Maintain the program Documentation is written descriptions of what a program is and

how to fix it There are several types of documentation that should be written

User documentation for the people who will use yourprogram

Operator documentation for the people who run the largecomputers the program runs on so they know what to do ifthe program or computer malfunctions

Programmer documentation for the next programmer whomust modify and maintain what you have written

Maintain the program Fix any errors that are noticed once the program is inproduction

Update the program to reflect new requirements

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Object-Oriented & VisualProgramming

In Object oriented Programming (OOP) data andprocessing instructions are combined into anobject that can be reused Object

Self-contained module consisting of reusable code

Message The instruction received by the object indicating it is time to

perform an action

Method The processing instructions within the object to perform thespecified action

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Black Box Objects are like a black box in that the

actions and the objects are specified, butthe methods used are internal to the object

This means the programmer that uses an object does notneed to know how the program inside the object does what itdoes

For example, Microsoft Excel is like an object Most of us use Excel without understanding what the programmers

at Microsoft did to make Excel work If we had to know that, it would take a lot longer to learn how to use

Excel! Programmers who use objects can write programs a lot faster,

because objects save so much work

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3 basic concepts of OOP Encapsulation

One object contains (encapsulates) both Data Relevant processing instructions

Inheritance One object can be used as the foundation for other objects Objects can be arranged in hierarchies classes and

subclasses Objects can inherit actions and attributes from each other

Polymorphism Allows a single definition to be used with different data typesand different functions

Means a message produces different results depending onthe object it is sent to

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DoorsHave a Handle

openclose

Patio doors

Have a slider slide open

slide closed

Front doors

Have locks

Car doorsHave locks

Have windows

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The Doorclass

Actionsperformed by

a door

Subclasses ofdoors inheritfrom the doorclass, but alsohave their ownunique actionsand attributes

Notice we only list theactions & attributes whenthey differ from those of

class

Example of

InheritanceHierarchy withSpecialization


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Visual Basic is an example of visualprogramming Using a mouse, the programmer drags and drops

objects on screen

The objects are arranged to make up the graphicaluser interface for the program being written By double-clicking on those objects, the programmer

can get into a coding window and write the programsto control the actions and behaviors of those objects

This makes it fast and easy to build prototype userinterfaces and get end-user approval before doing alot of programming

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If you have Visual Basic installed on your schools computers, this would be agreat time to try it out.


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Markup & ScriptingLanguages

A markup language is a kind of coding or tagsinserted into text that embeds details about thestructure and appearance of the text.

Open up a text editor such as Notepad orWordpad, and enter the following text:

Then save the file on your desktop. Name it sample.htm Now open your internet browser and view it by clicking file open

and navigating to your desktop

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My name is your name

And I love this class!!!


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Markup & Scripting Languages

So how did this Turn into this?

By HTMLtags

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My name is your name


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HTML Hypertext markup language Used to create web pages Also lets you insert a hypertext link in a web page

VRML Virtual Reality Modeling for Markup Language is used

to create three-dimensional web pages includinginteractive animation

Requires special VRML browser to view those pages

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XML eXtensible Markup Language is a metalanguage

written in SGML that allows one to facilitate easydocument interchange on the internet

XML lets you create your own tags XML statements define data content

JavaScript Not the same language as Java An object-oriented scripting language that adds

interactive functions to web pages

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ActiveX Developed by Microsoft as an alternative to

Java for creating interactivity on web pages A set of controls or components that enable

programs or content of almost any type to beembedded in a web page

Often used by crackers to propagate virusesand/or trojans

Before you allow an ActiveX component todownload from your browser to your PC,make sure you trust that website!

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Perl A general-purpose programming language

developed for text manipulation.

Developed in 1987 by Larry Wall Now used for web development, network

programming, system administration, GUIdevelopment, other tasks

Widely used for web server programs toperform automatic tasks such as updatinguser accounts and newsgroup postings

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Kesimpulan

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