morse, dan. forencis archaeology. 1976

7/27/2019 Morse, Dan. Forencis Archaeology. 1976

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D an M o r se,' M .D . , D ona l d C r u soe, 2 Ph .D . ,a n d H . G . Sm i t h , ' Ph .D .

Forensic Archaeology

Phys ica l an th ropo logy has long been a necessa ry pa r t o f c r imina l inves t iga t ion . Archae-o lo g y , wh ic h is a n o th e r b r a n c h o f a n th r o p o lo g y , h a s r a r e ly , i f ev e r , b e e n u s e d e v e n wh e nthe invest iga tions invo lved a bur ied bo dy . T he pu rpose o f th i s p resen ta tion i s to d em ons t ra tet h e v a l u e o f u s i n g m o d e r n a r c h a e o l o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e s a s a n a i d i n i n v e s t i g a t i o n s m a d en e c e s s a r y b y t h e s e a r c h f o r o r t h e d i s c o v e r y o f b u r i a ls , e i t h e r s k e l e to n i z e d o r p a r t l y d e -c o m p o s e d .

Ne a r ly a l l a n th r o p o lo g i s t s a n d m a n y p h y s i c i a n s i n v a r io u s c o m m u n i t i e s i n t h e Un i t e dS t a te s h a v e h a d a la w o f f i ci a l b r i n g t h e m a p i l e o f h u m a n b o n e s , b a d l y b r o k e n o r w i t hmany par t s miss ing , usua l ly in a bushe l baske t o r a p las t ic bag a f te r hav ing been removedf r o m t h e g r o u n d w i t h a l o n g - h a n d l e d sh o v e l o r a p i ck a x , o r b o t h . O n o c c a s i o n t h e r e i ss o m e e x c u s e f o r t h i s b e c a u s e t h e l a w o f f i c e r s w il l a p p e a r o n t h e s c e n e a ft e r s o m e in e x p e ri -e n c e d i n d iv id u a l h a s a l r e a d y e x c a v a t e d t h e b o n e s , b u t o f t e n t h e i n e x p e r t e x c a v a t i o n o c c u r su n d e r t h e d i r e c t s u p e r v i si o n o r o b s e r v a t i o n o f th e l a w o f f i c ia l . I n t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s t h e r eh a v e b e e n s e v e r a l e x a m p le s o f th i s in t h e Un i t e d S t a t e s o n a m a s s b a s is . T w o o f t h e m o s tp u b l ic i z e d a r e t h e C u m m i n s P r i s o n F a r m i n A r k a n s a s a n d t h e H o u s t o n , T e x . h o m o s e x u a lm u r d e r s .

C u m m i n s P r i so n F a r mT o m M u r t o n f r o m S o u t h e r n I l li n oi s U n i v e r s it y w a s a p p o i n t e d S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f C u m -

m i n s P r i s o n , A r k a n s a s b y G o v e r n o r W i n t h r o p R o c k e f e ll e r. T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e a p p o i n t -m e n t wa s p r i so n r e f o r m . M r . M u r to n w a s f i r st a s sig n e d t o T u c k e r P r i s o n f o r a p p r o x im a te lyo n e y e a r a n d t h e n wa s t r a n s fe r r e d t o a n d t o o k c o n t r o l o f Cu m m in s P r i s o n o n 1 J a n . 1 96 8.He wa s f i r e d M a r c h 1 9 6 8 [ I ] .

Shor t ly a fte r h is a rr iva l a b lack inmate , R euben Jo hnso n , con tac ted M r . M ur ton , c la im-ing tha t he had wi tnessed th ree murders by a p rev ious admin is t ra t ion . Some o f the de ta i l sa r e a s f o l l o w s .

J a k e J a c k s o n w a s s h o t b y a w a r d e n . R e u b e n w a s o r d e r e d t o b u r y t h e b o d y . T h i s h e d i d ,a f t e r r e m o v i n g a ll t h e c l o t h i n g a n d m a k i n g a c r u d e w o o d e n c o f f i n . I n a d d i t i o n , R e u b e na l s o c l a i m e d h e h a d h e l p e d t o b u r y t w o o t h e r m u r d e r e d i n m a t e s a n d s t a t e d t h a t h e c o u l dp o i n t o u t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n o f t h ei r g r a v e s. O n e o f t h e m u r d e r e d i n m a t e s , n a m e d B r a d le y ,

Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Chicago,Ill., 20 Feb. 1975. Received for pubfication 21 Feb. 1975; revised manuscript received 1 July 1975;accepted for puttlication 3 July 1975.'Research associate and historical archaeologist, respectively, Department of Anthropology,Florida State University, Tailahassee, Fla.2Research archaeologist, United States National Park Service, Office of Archaeology and HistoricalPreservation, Atlanta, Ga.3 2 3

J Forensic Sci, Apr. 1976, Vol. 21, No. 2


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h a d h a d h is " h e a d c h o p p e d o f f " b y a w a r d e n a n d t h e th i r d w a s " b l u d g e o n e d t o d e a t h "w i t h r i f l e b u t t s b y s o m e t r u s t e e s .

A b o u t t h e m i d d l e o f J a n u a r y , d u r i ng a n i n te r v ie w b y a r e p o r t e r fo r t h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s ,S u p e r i n t e n d e n t M u r t o n s t a te d t h a t h e w a s c o n v i n ce d a n u m b e r o f i nm a t e s h a d b e e n s h o to r b e a t e n t o d e a t h i n t h e p a s t . T h e r e w a s a n i m m e d i a t e r e s p o n s e f r o m n e w s m e d i a a l l o v e rt h e w o r l d , a n d M u t t o n w a s r e p e a t e d l y p r e s s u r e d t o d i g u p t h e b o d i e s . H i s re s p o n s e w a st h a t h e m u s t w a i t f o r "unfavorable w e a t h e r , " b e c a u s e h e c o u l d n ' t t a k e p r i so n l a b o r a w a yf r o m t h e c ro p s .

U n f a v o r a b l e w e a t h e r c a m e in t h e f o r m o f s e v en in c h es o f r a i n a n d t h e g r o u n d b e c a m ev e r y m u d d y . O n 2 9 J a n . 1 96 8 tw o t e l e v is i o n c r ew s d r o p p e d i n u n e x p e c t e d l y , s o d i g g in gs t a r t e d t h a t v e r y d a y . E v e n t h o u g h t h e s t a t e o f A r k a n s a s e m p l o y e d a t l e a s t t w e l v e e x p e r tf i e l d a r c h a e o l o g i s ts , n o n e w e r e a s k e d t o h e l p . T h e o n l y r e c o r d s w e re t a k e n b y t h e w a r d e n .N e w s m e n w e r e e v e r y w h e r e a n d g o t i n t h e w a y o f t h e d i g g e r s . M u r t o n r e p o r t e d t h a t o n eb o d y w a s d e c a p i t a t e d a n d a n o t h e r h a d a c r u s h e d s k u ll .I n s u m m a r y , t h e e x c a v a ti o n s w er e d o n e u n d e r t h e w o r s t p o s si b le c o n d i t i o n s m i n t h em u d a n d w i t h i n e x p e r i e n c e d c o n v i c t s a s a r c h a e o l o g i s t s a n d M r . M u r t o n a s n o t e ta k e r . A sa r e s u l t, a n y i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t m i g h t h a v e b e e n a c q u i r e d , i f p r o p e r t ec h n i q u e s h a d b e e nu s e d , w a s l o s t f o r e v e r . T h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t m a y h a v e h a d g o o d i n t e n t i o n s , b u t h e c e r t a i n l yd i s p l a y e d p o o r j u d g m e n t i n h is h a n d l i n g o f t h e e x c a v a t io n . M r . M u r t o n s a i d th a t t h eG o v e r n o r a n d t h e s t a te a d m i n i s t r a t io n h a d w h i t e w a s he d t h e w h o l e a f fa i r in o r d e r n o t t og i ve A r k a n s a s a b a d n a m e .

A f t e r a n a l y s i s o f t h e p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s k e l e t o n s b y p h y s i c a l a n t h r o p o l o -g i s ts , it w a s d e c i d e d t h a t n o n e o f t h e t h r e e s k e l e t o n s e x c a v a t e d c o u l d h a v e b e e n t h e c o n -v ic ts n a m e d b y R e u b e n J o h n s o n t h a t w e r e s u p p o s e d t o h a v e b e e n m u r d e r e d .

T e x a s H o m o s e x u a l M u r d e rsE a r l y i n A u g u s t 1 97 3 a 1 7 - y e a r -o l d b o y ( E l m e r W a y n e H e n l e y ) t o l d p o l i c e i n H a r r i s

C o u n t y , T e x a s t h a t h e h a d k i l le d a 3 3 - y e a r - o l d m a n ( D e a n A l l e n C o r ll ) . L a t e r i t w a sl e a r n e d t h a t H e n l e y a n d a n o t h e r y o u t h ( D a v i d B r o o k s , a g e 1 8) h a d , o v e r a 3 - y e a r p e r i o d ,s u p p l ie d C o r l l w i t h y o u n g b o y s f o r h o m o s e x u a l p u r p o s e s. M a n y o f t h e b o y s w e r e s u b s e -q u e n t l y m u r d e r e d a n d b u r i e d [ 2 ] .

T o d a t e t h e p o l i c e h a v e r e c o v e r e d 27 b o d i e s i n v a r i o u s s t a g e s o f d e c o m p o s i t io n . O f t h e s e ,2 2 h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f ie d . S e v e n te e n o f t h e b o d i e s w e r e e x c a v a t e d in s i d e a b o a t s h e d , w h e r e a st h e o t h e r t e n w e r e f r o m o t h e r l o c a t io n s .B e c a u s e o f t r e m e n d o u s p u b l i c in t e r e st a n d c u r i o s it y , la r g e c r o w d s a c c u m u l a t e d , i n c l u d i n gt e le v i s io n a n d p r e s s p e r s o n n e l. S i n c e se c u r i ty b e c a m e a m a j o r p r o b l e m , t h e p o l i c e u s e d t h i sa s a n e x c u s e t o r e m o v e t h e b o d i e s a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e - - s o c a r e w a s s a c r i f i c e d f o r h a s t e .N o a r c h a e o l o g i s t s w e r e c o n s u l t e d a n d n o a r c h a e o l o g i c a l t e c h n iq u e s w e r e u s e d . A t f i r s t,c o n v i c t v o l u n t e e r s w e r e e m p l o y e d i n t h e d i g g i n g . S i n c e m a n y b e c a m e i l l o n a c c o u n t o f t h eo d o r , a b a c k h o e w a s u s e d a n d l a t e r a b u l l d o z e r . F o r t u n a t e l y m o s t o f t h e b o d i e s w e r ee n c l o s e d i n p l a s t i c s o i n t e r m i n g l i n g o f t h e b o n e s d i d n o t o c c u r e x c e p t w h e n t h e p l a s t i c w a sb r o k e n o r d i s l o d g e d . T e l e vi s io n p r o g r a m s b r o a d c a s t t h r o u g h o u t t h e U n i t e d S t a te s s h o w e dh a s t y , in d i s c r i m i n a t e r e m o v a l o f th e b o d i e s . O n e p r o g r a m s h o w e d a m a n w i t h a l o n g -h a n d l e d s h o v e l t h r o w i n g a s k u l l i n t o a w h e e l b a r r o w . L a t e r i t w a s c l a i m e d t h is w a s s t a g e df o r t e le v i s i o n . I n a n y c a s e , t h e p r o c e d u r e w a s i n e x c u s a b l e .

T e a m w o r kW h e n e v e r a h o m i c i d e in v e s t i g a t io n is p l a n n e d , i t i s t h e c u s t o m t o i n v o l v e a te a m o f ex -

perts, i n c l u d in g t h e c r i m e s c e n e i n v e s ti g a t o r a n d h i s a s s i s t a n ts a n d t h e f a c i l it ie s o f a c r i m e


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l a b o r a t o r y . S u p p o r t p e r s o n n e l i n c l u d e a p h y s i c a l a n t h r o p o l i g i s t , a f o r e n s i c p a t h o l o g i s t ,a n d a f o r e n s i c o d o n t o l o g i s t . I t s h o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r, a s c h i e f l a wo f f i c ia l , i s i n c o m p l e t e c h a r g e o f t h e w h o l e p r o c e d u r e . A l l o t h e r s w o r k u n d e r h i s s u P er v i-s i o n . I t i s h is r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o d e c i d e i f th e c a s e i s o f p o l i c e in t e r e s t . H e w i l l b e i n c h a r g eo f t h e c h a i n - o f - p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e e v i d e n c e a n d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e f a c t s t o b e p r e s e n t e dt o t h e c o u r t . I f p o s s i b le , th e physical anthropologist s h o u l d v i e w t h e r e m a i n s a t g r a v e s i d ea s w e l l a s i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . H e s h o u l d s u p e r v i s e t h e r e m o v a l o f t h e s k e l e t o n , t h e l a b e l i n g ,p a c k a g i n g , a n d p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y . H i s p r i n c ip a l o b je c t iv e ,w i t h t h e h e l p o f t h e forensic odontologist, i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e v i c t i m . A n i n v e n t o r y o f t h eb o n e s s h o u l d b e m a d e a t t h e ti m e o f r e m o v a l i n o r d e r th a t a s e a rc h c a n b e m a d e f o r a n yo f t h o s e t h a t m i g h t b e m i s s i n g . T h e forensic pathologist c a n s u b s t i t u t e f o r o r a s s i s t t h ep h y s i c a l a n t h r o p o l o g i s t a n d i f t h e r e a r e s o f t t i s s u es p r e s e n t, h e i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o n d u c t i n ga n a u t o p s y t o a t t e m p t t o d e t e r m i n e th e t im e a n d c a u s e o f d e at h .

A n archaeologist s h o u l d b e a m e m b e r o f th e t e a m w h e n e v e r t h e i n v e s t i g a ti o n i n v o l v e sa b u r i e d b o d y . T h e m o s t p r a c t i c a l s o l u t io n w o u l d b e t o h a v e t h e la w e n f o r c e m e n t a g e n c ye m p l o y a n a r c h a e o l o g i s t a s c o n s u l t a n t d u r i n g t h e s h o r t a n d i n f r e q u e n t p e r i o d s h is s e r v ic e sw o u l d b e n e e d e d . A s a n a l t e r n a t i v e , th e c r i m e s c e n e in v e s t i g a t o r o r a n a s s i s t a n t c o u l d b et r a i n e d i n t h e u s e o f a r c h a e o l o g i c a l t e c h n iq u e s . I f a n e e d f o r t h e s e r v ic e s o f a n a r c h a e o l o -g i s t i s a n t i c i p a t e d , i t is s u g g e s t e d t h a t h e b e c o n t a c t e d w e l l i n a d v a n c e o f t h e e v e n t s o a st o p r o m o t e m u t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g .

F r e q u e n c y o f t h e P r o b l e mT h e r e i s a g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n t h a t b u r i e d b o d i e s o f f o r e n s i c i n t e r e s t a r e n o t v e r y

n u m e r o u s . I n a s y m p o s i u m h e l d in M e x i c o C i t y a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s o f t h eA m e r i c a s la s t y e a r , D r . T . D a l e S t e w a r t o f th e S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n s t a te d t h a t o fs o m e 2 5 0 f o r e n s i c e a s e s w h i c h h e h a d h a n d l e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o v e r a p e r i o d o f a b o u t3 0 y e a r s , o n l y s e v e n c a m e t o t r i a l . H o w e v e r , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t i f m o r e c a r e f u l r e m o v a l o ft h e s e b u r i a l s h a d o c c u r r e d , m o r e o f t h e s e 2 5 0 c a s es m a y h a v e b e e n o f c o u r t i n t e r e s t .

A c o m m o n m e t h o d f o r c r im i n a l s t o g e t r i d o f a b o d y i s t o b u r y i t, s o p e r h a p s m a n yb u r i a l s h a v e n e v e r b e e n d i s c o v e r e d . R e g a r d l e s s , t h e s c a r c i t ~ o f t h i s i t e m d o e s n o t j u s t i f yt h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e p r e v a i l i n g t e c h n i q u e , w h i c h c a n b e s t b e d e s c r i b e d as i n e f fe c t iv e .

U n d o u b t e d l y t h e r e h a v e b e e n a f e w b o d i e s e x c a v a te d u n d e r t h e d i r e ct i o n o f c r im e i n -v e s t i g a t o r s u s i n g a r c h a e o l o g i c a l te c h n i q u e s , b u t a s f a r a s w e c a n t e l l, n o n e o f t h e s e h a v eb e e n p u b l i s h e d o r p u b l i c i z e d . W e k n o w o f t w o s u c h c a s e s t h a t w o u l d c o m e u n d e r t h i sc a t e g o ry . O n e , f o u n d n e a r P e o r i a , I lL , w a s e x c a v a t e d b y J a m e s G i ll i h a n o f t h e P e o r i aA r t s a n d S c i e n c e C e n t e r . A h u m a n f e m u r h a d b e e n e x t r a c t e d f r o m a h i l ls i d e b y a b u l l d o z e rw h i l e r e m o v i n g d i r t . E x c a v a t i o n o f t h e g r a v e , a l r e a d y s e v e r e ly d i s t u r b e d b y t h e d o z e r , w a sc o m p l e t e d . T h e s k e l e t o n w a s t h a t o f a m a n a b o u t 5 0 y e a r s o f a g e i n a c o f f i n . T h e d a t eo f b u r i a l w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f b u t t o n s a s a r o u n d 1 84 0. O b v i o u s l y t h is w a sn o t o f f o r e n s i c in t e r e s t. A n o t h e r c a s e w a s e x c a v a t e d w i th a r c h a e o l o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e s b y aN a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v ic e a r c h a e o l o g i s t , D i c k P i n g H s u , a t t h e r e q u e s t o f t h e N e w Y o r k S t a t eP o l i c e in 1 97 2. A b o d y o f a y o u n g g i r l, w r a p p e d i n a r a i n c o a t , w a s f o u n d i n a s h a l l o wg r a v e t e n m i le s n o r t h e a s t o f R o m e , N e w Y o r k . T h e f in d i n gs o f t h e a r c h a e o l o g i s t h e l p e dt o b r i n g a b o u t t h e a r r e s t o f a s u s p e c t i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 97 4. T h e c a s e i s s t i ll i n t h e c o u r t s .

C r i m e S c e n e E v e n t sT h e g e n e r a l s e q u e n c e o f e v e n t s o n t h e d i s c o v e r y o f a h o m i c i d e v i c t im i s a s f o l l o w s : i n

m o s t c a se s a p o r t i o n o f a b o d y o r t h e e n t ir e b o d y i s u n e a r t h e d b y s o m e t y p e o f e a r t h -m o v i n g a c t i v i ty , a n d t h e o f f i c i a l p e r s o n n e l a r e t h e n n o t i f ie d . A t o t h e r t i m e s t h e l a w o f f i c i a ls


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m a y k n o w t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l o c a t io n o f t h e g r a ve , u s u a ll y t h r o u g h c o n f es s io n . T h e g r a v eo r g r a v e s c a n t h e n b e l o c a t e d b y v i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n , c a r e f u l p r o b i n g w i t h a s t e e l r o d f l a n dt h e u se o f t h e V a p o r - T e c t m e t h a n e g a s d e t e c t o r a s d e s c r i b e d b y J a c k M c L a u g h l i n [3 ].

U p o n t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e l a w e n f o r c e m e n t o f f i c i a l s , t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e s i t e i s s e a r c h e d f o rm o r e o r l e s s o b v i o u s i t e m s : t ir e t r a c k s , a r t i cl e s o f c l o t h i n g , a n d w e a p o n s a n d o t h e r o b j e c t st h a t m i g h t h a v e b e e n i n a d v e r t e n t l y d r o p p e d o r d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g th e e v e n t s t u d i e d . U s u a l l ya t o p o g r a p h i c a l m a p i s m a d e o f th e a r e a . S e c u r i t y i s a l s o a p r o b l e m t h a t m u s t b e c o n -s i d e r e d . A l l o f t h e s e a c t iv i t ie s a r e c o o r d i n a t e d b y t h e c h i e f i n v e s ti g a t o r .

L e t u s n o w c o n f r o n t t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r ' s p r o b l e m a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y , i n c l u d i n g t h e n a t u r eo f t h e r e m a i n s , d a t i n g t h e t i m e o f b u r i a l, a n d t e c h n i q u e s o f e x c a v a t i o n .

N a t u r e o f t h e R e m a i n sT h e f i rs t s t e p i n a n a t t e m p t t o i d e n t i f y t h e r e m a i n s i s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s t a t u r e , a g e ,s e x, r a c i a l o ri g i n , a n d t h e p r e s e n c e o f d i s e a s e a n d a b n o r m a l i t i e s . T h i s i s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y

o f t h e p h y s i c a l a n t h r o p o l o g i s t o r t h e f o r e n s i c p a t h o l o g i s t , o r b o t h , w i t h t h e h e l p o f t h ef o r e n s i c o d o n t o l o g i s t . T h e d e t a i l s o f h o w t h i s is a c c o m p l i s h e d a r e n o t a p a r t o f t h i sp r e s e n t a t i o n , b u t t w o n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s w h i c h p r o m i s e t o b e o f v a l u e t o t h e c r i m i n a li n v e s t i g a t o r w il l b e m e n t i o n e d .

A s a n a s s i s t i n d e t e r m i n i n g c h r o n o l o g i c a l a g e , E l l i s K e r l e y i n 1 9 6 5 [ 4 ] i n t r o d u c e d am e t h o d o f m i c r o s c o p i c e x a m i n a t i o n o f c r o s s s e c t io n s o f l o n g b o n e s . A s a g e i n c r e a se s , t h em i c r o s c o p i c a r c h i t e c t u r e o f b o n e c h a n g e s . T h e s e c h a n g e s c a n b e m e a s u r e d a n d t h u s ar a t h e r a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t i o n o f a g e c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d . T h i s p r o c e d u r e h a s b e e n u s e de x t e n s iv e l y i n a r c h a e o l o g i c a l b o n e [5 ]. I t s a p p l i c a t i o n t o f o r e n s i c b o n e h a s b e e nd o c u m e n t e d b y K e r l e y i n 1 96 9 [6 ] a n d , w i t h s o m e m o d i f i c a t i o n , b y A h l q v i s t a n dD a m s t e n i n 1 96 9 [7 ]. T h e d e t a i ls o f t h e te c h n i q u e s o f b o n e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d t h e f o r m u l af o r c a l c u l a t in g t h e a g e c a n b e f o u n d i n R e f 5 .

A n o t h e r p r o c e d u r e b e i n g d e v e l o p e d i s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f r a c i a l o r i g i n u s i n g s k u l lX - r a y s , a n e l e c t r o n i c s c a n n e r , a n d a c o m p u t e r . T h i s r e s e a rc h i s b e i n g c o n d u c t e d b yG e o f f r e y W a l k e r a n d C h a r l e s K o w a i s k i a t t h e D e n t a l S c h o o l b io m e t r i c l a b o r a t o r y ,U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n [8 ].

F e w d i s e a s e s l e a v e t e l lt a l e m a r k s o n b o n e . T r a u m a , a r t h r i ti s , a n d b o n e i n f e c t i o n s a r et h e e x c e p t i o n s . I f a m i s s i n g p e r s o n i s s u s p e c t e d o f b e i n g t h e d i s c o v e r e d b o d y , t h e n t h em e d i c a l r e c o r d s c a n b e c o m p a r e d w i t h g ro s s b o n e a p p e a r a n c e . A r e v ie w o f w h a t d i s e a s e sa n d a b n o r m a l i t ie s c a n c h an g e a p p e a r a n c e o f b o n e c a n b e f o u n d i n R e f 9 .

Dat ing the Time o f Bur ia lW h e n e v e r a s k e l e t o n is u n e a r t h e d , t h e p r i n c i p a l c o n c e r n o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r is , is i t

r e c e n t o r is i t a n c i e n t ? F o r t h e m o s t p a r t , t h e r e m a i n s o f i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t h a v e b e e n d e a df o r a p e r i o d g r e a t e r t h a n 3 0 o r 4 0 y e a r s i s o f m i n i m a l i m p o r t a n c e i n l a w e n f o r c e m e n t .

I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s m a n y s k e l e t o n s u n c o v e r e d a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y r e p o r t e d t o t h e p o l i c ea r e t h o s e o f e a r l y o r p r e h i s t o r i c I n d i a n s . A p h y s i c a l a n t h r o p o l o g i s t c a n u s u a l l y d e t e r m i n et h a t a c e r t a i n s k e l e t o n i s I n d i a n a n d n o t C a u c a s i a n o r N e g r o i d r a c i a l s t o c k , b u t s k e l e t o n so f p e o p l e f r o m e a s t e r n A s i a ( M o n g o l o i d s ) a r e q u i te d i f f i c u lt t o d i s t i n g u i s h fr o m t h o s e o fA m e r i c a n I n d i a n s . B u r i a ls o f r e c e n t h i s t o r ic o r i g in a r e f r e q u e n t l y e a s y t o p i n p o i n t b y t h ep r e s e n c e o f a s s o c i a t e d g ra v e g o o d s s u c h a s b u t t o n s , b e l t b u c k l e s , c o in s , c o f f i n n a i l s , a n dc l o t h in g . H i s t o r i c a r c h a e o l o g i s t s c a n s i f t th e s e o u t r a t h e r a c c u r a t e l y as t o c e n t u r y a n d

3The use of a pro be sh ould be avo ided if at a l l possible. W hen used, i t should be restricted to thedetermination of the degree of earth softness which could indicate the presence of a recent grave. T heprobe shou ld never touch the body.


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d e c a d e . D e n t a l a n a l y s is m a y b e o f h e l p a s p r e h i s to r ! c I n d i a n s d i d n o t h a v e s u c h t h i n g s a sd e n t a l f il li n g s , d e n t u r e s , o r i n l a y s . I f t h e r e m a i n s w e r e a c t u a l l y o f f o r e n s i c c o n c e r n , a n d ,a s f r e q u e n t l y h a p p e n s , a l l c l o t h i n g a n d o t h e r o b j e c t s t h a t m i g h t b e u s e d f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o nh a d b e e n r e m o v e d b e f o r e b u r i a l, o n e m i g h t h a v e a r e a l p r o b l e m .

T h e r e h a v e b e e n m a n y a t t e m p t s t o d a t e b o n e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t im e b e t w e e n d e a t h a n dd i s c o v e r y . I n 1 9 6 9 K n i g h t a n d L a u d e r [10| p e r f o r m e d s o m e t e n c h e m i c a l t e s t s o n 6 8b o n e s o f k n o w n d a t e o f d e p o s i t i o n f r o m 1 t o 3 0 00 y e a rs . W e t h o u g h t a f e w o f t h e i r t e s tst o b e o f v a l u e , b u t i n t h e i r s e ri e s t h e r e w e r e s e v e r a l e x a m p l e s o f w i d e d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h ee x p e c te d . O n e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e y e x p r e ss e d w a s th a t i f t h e n u m b e r o f a m i n o a c i ds p r e s e n ti n a b o n e s p e c i m e n w a s s e v e n o r m o r e , t h e b o n e a g e w a s m o s t l i k e l y t o b e l e ss t h a n 1 00y e a rs . A t F l o r i d a S t a te U n i v e r s it y t w o g r a d u a t e s t u d e n ts , w i th t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h eD e p a r t m e n t o f C h e m i s t r y , a n a l y z e d f o u r b o n e s a m p l e s f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f a m i n o a c i d su s i n g t h e B e c k m a n a m i n o a c i d a n a l y z e r a n d t h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . T w o s a m p l e sw e r e f ro m t h e S o w e ll M o u n d [ 1 1 ] , o n e w a s f r o m t h e F a i r t y O s s u a r y [12] a n d t h e o t h e rw a s f r o m t h e T a b o r H i l l O s s u a r y [ 1 3 ] . T h e s e w e r e f o u n d t o c o n t a i n 1 6 , 1 8 , 1 6 , a n d 1 6a m i n o a c i d r e s i d u e s r e s p e c t i v e l y . A l l o f t h e s e s i t e s h a v e b e e n d a t e d a s o l d e r t h a n 5 0 0y e a r s b e f o r e th e p r e s e nt . A n o t h e r o p i n i o n o f K n i g h t a n d L a u d e r w a s t h a t a " n e g a t i v eb e n z i d i n e te s t (f o r b l o o d ) " a l m o s t c e r ta i n l y r u l es o u t a b o n e f r o m a r e c e n t p e r i o d . T w oo t h e r s t u d e n t s a t F l o r i d a S t a te U n i v e r s it y p e r f o r m e d b e n z i d in e t es t s o n m a n y s a m p l e s o fb o n e o f k n o w n d a t es . O n e s a m p l e w h ic h w a s l es s t h a n n i n e y e a r s f r o m d e p o s i t i o n u n t ilt e s ti n g g av e a n e g a ti v e r e a c t i o n . M o r e w o r k o n d a t e d s a m p l e s s h o u l d b e d o n e b e f o r e t h es i g n i f ic a n c e o f t h e s e t e s t s c a n b e r e a l iz e d ; d a t i n g a n i n d i v i d u a l b o n e s p e c i m e n b yc h e m i c a l m e a n s i s u n r e l i a b l e .

O n e a n a l y s i s t h a t m a y b e c o m e o f i n t e r e s t t o t h e f o r e n s i c s c i e n ti s t i s d a t i n g a n a m i n oa c i d i n b o n e b y d e t e r m i n g t h e e x t e n t o f r a c e m i z a t i o n . B e f o r e t h i s a n a l y s i s w i l l b e o fv a l u e to c r i m i n a l i n v e s t i g a ti o n , f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n i q u e p e r f e c t i o n m u s t b ea c c o m p l i s h e d [14 ,15] .T e c h n i q u e s o f E x c a v a t i o n

P r o p e r e x c a v a t i o n m e t h o d s a r e d e t a i l e d i n R e f s 1 6 a n d 1 7 a n d o u t l i n e d h e r e . A f t e r t h es e a r c h te a m h a s c o m p l e t e d t h e i n v e s t i g a t io n o f t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e a r e a a n d t h ea p p r o x i m a t e l o c a t i o n o f t h e g r a v e o r g r a v e s h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d , t h e e x c a v a t i o n o f t h eb u r i a l p i t a n d i t s c o n t e n t s b e g i n s . A p h o t o g r a p h , w i t h a n i d e n t i f y i n g n u m b e r , a s c a le ,a n d a n a r r o w p o i n t i n g t o m a g n e t i c n o r t h , s h o u l d b e m a d e o f t h e s i te i n it s o r i g i n a l s t a t e.T h e v e g e t a t i o n o v e r t h e p i t s h o u l d b e o b s e r v e d a s t o i t s h e i g h t, d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d d e p t ho f r o o t s y s te m a n d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t o f t h e i m m e d i a t e s u rr o u n d i n g s to g e t s o m e i d e ao f t h e t i m e e l a p s e d b e t w e e n t h e d i g g i n g o f t h e p i t a n d t h e p r e s e n t . A b o t a n i s t c a n b e o fh e l p . A s d i g g i n g p ro g r e s s e s , th e s iz e o f a n y r o o t s o f i d e n t i f i a b l e t re e s a n d s h r u b s g r o w i n gi n t h e p i t c a n g i v e a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n . A l l s a m p l e s s h o u l d b e t a g g e d .

E x t r a n e o u s m a t e r i a l s h o u l d b e c l e a r e d f r o m t h e s u r f a c e a n d , i f n e c e s s a r y , a s m a l la m o u n t o f s u r f a c e e a r t h c a n b e s c r a p e d o f f u s i n g a t ro w e l o r s h o v e l w i t h a f l a t b l a d e . I nt h i s m a n n e r a h o r i z o n t a l p r o f i l e i s m a d e a n d t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e g r a v e o r g r av e s n o wb e c o m e c l e a r l y d i s c e r n i b le .

A f t e r t h e e x t e n t o f t h e a r e a i s e s t a b l i s h e d , a m a p s h o u l d b e m a d e . A v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r ym a p c a n b e m a d e w i t h t h e f o l lo w i n g b a s i c e q u i p m e n t : d r a w i n g b o a r d , 1 0 0 -f t ( 3 0 -m )t a p e , c r o s s - s e c t i o n p a p e r , s c a l e d ru l e r , h a r d l e a d # 4 p e n c i l s , B r u n t o n o r l e n s a t i c c o m p a s s ,p l u m b b o b , s t ri n g , p r o t r a c t o r , a n d a s t r i n g l e ve l . M o r e c o m p l i c a t e d a n d p r e c i s ee q u i p m e n t m a y b e u s e d i f a t r a i n e d s u r v e y o r o r e n g i n e e r i s a v a i l a b le . M o s t c o u n t y r o a dd e p a r t m e n t s d o h a v e p e r s o n n e l a n d e q u i p m e n t o f t h is t y p e. M a p p i n g b e g i n s w i th t h ee s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a d a t u m p o i n t , o u t s i d e t h e a r e a s e l e c t e d f o r e x c a v a t i o n b u t c l o s e t o i t ,t o w h i c h a l l m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e r e f e r r e d . I t s h o u l d b e m a r k e d b y a n i t e m s u c h a s a w o o d e n


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s t a k e w i t h a n a i l i n t h e t o p a n d s h o u l d b e p r o t e c t e d s o t h a t i t w i ll n o t b e d i s t u r b e d .V e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e o r d e p t h w i ll b e m e a s u r e d f r o m t h e d a t u m p o i n t w i t h th e u s e o f a l e v e l,a s t r i n g , a n d a m e a s u r i n g t a p e . T o g e t h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e a g r i d s y s t e m i s e s t a b l i s h e d( F i g . 1 ) b y d i v i d i n g t h e w h o l e a r e a i n t o 5 - f t ( 1 .5 - m ) s q u a r e s . E a c h s q u a r e i s a s s i g n e d a

1 5

~5- N

1 ' 0 1 '9 | 9

R 5I

F I G . 1 - - A drawing i llus tra ting the gr id sys tem. Represen ted here are fo ur 5- f t (1 .5-m) squares ,wi th num bers fo r the squares in the lower le f t corner. Eac h 5- f t square i s d iv ided in to 1 - f t (0 .3-m)squares, which are fu rth er subdivid ed into 0.2 -f t (61-ram) squares. So m e archaeologists p refe r thelet te rs N , S , E, and W (points o f the compass) fo r labe ling the squares: 5RO wo uld then be N5EO,- 5RO wo uld be SSEO, and so on . To s impl i fy the records, i t m ay be des irable to m ap al l f inding sin a s ingle square , so square O0 could b e lO f t (3 m) ins tead o f 5 f t .n u m b e r w h i c h i s p l a c e d o n t h e l o w e r l e ft c o r n e r . T h e s q u a r e ju s t t o t h e r i g h t o f a n da b o v e t h e d a t u m p o i n t i s u s u a l l y g i v e n t h e n u m b e r 0 0 . T h e c o r n e r o f e a c h s q u a r e i sm a r k e d b y a s t a k e . I t i s c u s t o m a r y , b u t n o t e s s e n t i a l , t o h a v e t h e g r i d l i n e s o r i e n t e dn o r t h - s o u t h a n d e a s t - w e s t . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t a l l fi n d s a n d f e a t u r e s s h o u l d b e a c c u r a t e l yn o t e d i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e g r i d c o o r d i n a t e s a s w e l l a s d e p t h b e l o w d a t u m . F o r e x a m p l e ,b e c a u s e a b u l l e t in t h e b o d y w i l l d r o p d o w n w a r d w i t h d e c a y o f f l e s h , it s l o c a t i o n s h o u l db e r e c o r d e d i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h e s k e l e t o n ; o r , i f t h e c r i m i n a l h a s l o s t s o m e t h i n g , s a y ab u t t o n , i t i s m o r e m e a n i n g f u l t o k n o w i f t l~ a t b u t t o n w a s i n th e g r a v e o r o n t h e s u r f a c e .N o w o n e s h o u l d b e g i n c a r e f u l e x c a v a t i o n o f t h e b u r i a l p i t , u s i n g s m a l l h a n d t o o l s a n dv i s u a l i n s p e c t io n . E x t r e m e c a r e s h o u l d b e e x e r c i se d t o m a i n t a i n t h e e x a c t li m i t s o f t h e g r a v e .W e k n o w t h a t w h e n e v e r p i t s a r e r e fi l le d , t h e e a r t h o r i g i n a l l y f r o m w i t h i n t h e p i t b e c o m e sm i x e d o r m o t t l e d . S l o w a n d c a r e fu l r e m o v a l o f t h is m o t t l e d e a r t h s h o u l d r e v e a l t h e n a t u r eo f t h e s c a r s o n t h e p e r i p h e r ie s , w h i c h c o u l d i n d i c a t e t h e t y p e o f t o o l u s e d b y t h e o r i g i n a le x c a v a t o r . T h e e a r t h f r o m t h e g r a v e s h o u l d b e r e m o v e d u s i n g a r b i t r a r y l ev e ls , a b o u t e v e r y 2t o 4 i n . ( 5 0 t o 10 1 m m ) . E a c h l e v e l s h o u l d b e p r o f ' d e d a n d t h e d i r t r e m o v e d s i f t e d t h r o u g ha 8 8 ( 6 .3 5 - m m ) s c re e n a n d , t o r e c o v e r s u c h i t e m s a s s m a l l c a l i b e r b u l l e ts a n d s h o t g u n


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pellets, the dir t must be resif ted with standard window screen. Anything found by thismethod should be recorded by its level number. If anything significant is found, it shouldbe map ped and photog raphed in si tu (F igs . 2 and 3).

FIG. 2- -G rid l ines superim posed on photo grap h o f mult iple burials in a circular pi t . These areprehistoric Indians [18].Wh en the bo ttom of the pi t is near and a p ort ion of the bo dy visible, smaller and softer

tools should be used. A f ter exposure of the individual has been accom pl ished and the re-mains pedesta led, photographs and maps should be made. One should be careful whenexposing the burial so as not to disturb the original f loor. Sufficient records of al l f indsshould be made throughout the ent i re excavat ion preferably in a bound notebook so thatno pages can be lost. Notes should be clear and not erased. Any corrections should be linedthrough, by a single line so that the original can still be read, and initialed.


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r r 0 t Z o" o I Z (3 6 c_ m z tD m

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M ORS E E T A L ON F ORE NS IC A RCHA E OL OG Y 3 3 1

After the remains have been removed, i t would be advisable to excavate a por t ion o f thep i t f l oo r t o be ce r t a i n t ha t no th ing ha s been ove r looked . I n ju r i e s t o t he bone a t t ime o fdea th migh t be a sce r t a ined by ca r e fu l examina t i on o f t he ske l e ton i n s i t u . Th i s may beimposs ib l e a f t e r t he ske l e ton ha s been r em oved t o t he l abo ra to ry .Whenever a pi t is dug and ref i l led, the dir t becomes mixed and some material or iginal lyon t he su r f ace w il l a lways be fou nd i n t he bo t t om o f t he p i t . A s am ple o f d i r t f r om nea rthe f l oo r shou ld be s en t t o expe r t s f o r examina t i on fo r t he p r e sence o f po l l en , s eeds , an dinsects . In this way i t might be possible to tel l the season of the year the event took place.M ore d i r t f r om the v i c in it y o f t he s t om ach an d i n te s ti nes shou ld be co l l ec t ed and s en t t othe t ox i co logy l abo ra to ry fo r ana ly s is .

In case a body is not completely decomposed, i t may be desirable for the forensic path-o log i st t o have t he r em a ins r emoved i n i t s en t ir e t y . Th i s m ay be accom pl i shed by va r i ousme tho ds , d epend ing on t he deg ree o f decom pos i t i on . I t ma y be necessa ry t o p l ace e i the rp l a st ic , shee t me t a l , o r p lyw ood unde r t he bo dy fo r r em ova l .Comments and C o n d n s i o n

The t e chn iques ou t l i ned i n t h i s p r e sen t a t ion can b e va r i ed t o su i t the ca se and t h e ex -pe r i ence o f t he excava to r . The deg ree o f a c cu racy and t he ex t en t o f r e co rd ing shou ld bede t e rmined b y t he c r imina l i nves ti ga to r wh o wi ll have t he du ty o f s t ee r ing t he ev idenceth rough t he cou r t s .

S ince forens ic a rcha eolog y has never been tes ted adeq uate ly , ex tens ive prac t ica l exper i -ence in the fie ld m ay d isc lose o the r inform at ion not m ent ion ed in th i s a rt ic le .

For further information concerning techniques of excavat ion, Field Methods in Archae-ology by H es t e r e t a l [ 16 ] i s h igh ly r ecom men ded .Summary

This presenta t ion a t tempts to demons t ra te the va lue of the use of improved methods inthe excava t ion of bur ied bodies involved in a c r imina l inves t iga t ion . Care in the removalo f t he ske l e ton and p rope r r eco rd ing w i l l documen t t he i n t e r r e l a t i onsh ip o f a l l ob j ec t sfoun d i n and a roun d t he g r ave and can , t o a c e r t a in ex t en t , r e c r eat e the even t . Ca re l e ss -ness wi l l resu l t in ev idence be ing i r re t r ievably los t .

Th e c r im e scene inves t iga tor ' s p rob lem , a rchaeologica l ly , inc ludes th e na ture of the re -ma ins , da t i ng t he t ime o f bu r i a l , an d t e chn iques o f excava t ion . Archaeo log i ca l r e cove ryt echn iques shou ld b e ad op t ed i n hom ic ide i nves t iga t i on invo lv ing bu r i ed bod i e s .Acknowledgments

The au tho r s w i sh t o acknowledge the fo l l owing s t uden t s in t he Depa r tm en t o f A n th ro -pology, Florida State Universi ty for their assis tance in the preparat ion of this paper: MaryAn n Ki rk land ,- R andy D an i el , Pa t Su l li van , Geo rge Hasem ann , Da l e Ma i lho t , D onn aW ol f inba rge r , J e r i Peco t t e , Eve lyn Mas t , Joh n Bos tw ick , Chr i s t ophe r Ha mi l t on , andMark Wi l l i ams .

Tha nks a l so a re due to D r . D an F . M orse , survey a rchaeologis t, Arkansas A rchaeologySurvey fo r t e chn i ca l a s s is t ance ; t o Dr . Rob in Ba r r aco , Schoo l o f Med ic ine , W ayne S t a t eUn ive r s i ty , r e la t ive t o am ino ac id da ti ng o f bone ; t o :D r . C lyde Snow, Ch ie f , Phy s i ca lAn th ropo logy , FAA Aeronau t i ca l Cen t e r , Ok lahoma C i ty , Ok lahoma ; and t o Dr . Pau l G .Stimson, associate professor , Department Pathology, Universi ty of Texas Dental Branch,Hous ton , Texas . The l a t t e r two fu rn i shed some in fo rma t ion conce rn ing t he excava t i onsa t t h e C u m m i n s P r i s o n F a r m , A r k a n s a s a n d t h e T e x a s h o m o s e x u a l m u r d e rs . T h e a d v i c e


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g i v e n t h e a u t h o r s b y J a c k D u n c a n , F l o r i d a S ta t e C r i m e L a b o r a t o r y , i s r e c o g n i ze d a n da p p r e c i a t e d .

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pp. 28-129.[13] Churcher , C . S . and K enyo n , W. A . , " Th e T abor H i l l O s suaries : A S tudy in Iroquo is D emo-g r a p h y , " Human Biology, Vol. 32, No. 3, 196 0, pp. 249-273.[14] Bada , J . L . , S ch roeder, R . A . , a nd Car te r , G . F . , "N ew Ev idence fo r the A n t iqu i ty o f M ani n N o r t h A m e r i c a D e d uc e d f r o m A s p a r ti c A c i d R a c e m i z a t io n , " Science, Vol. 184, No. 4138,1974, pp. 791-793.[15] B a d a , J . L . a n d K v e n v o l d e n , K . A . , " R a c e m i z a t i o n o f A m i n o A c i d s i n B o n e , " Nature (Lon-don), Vol. 245, No. 5424, 1973, pp. 308-310.[16 ] H es te r, T . R . , H e ize r , R . F . , and G raha m, J . A . , Eds . , A Guide to Field Methods in Archaeology,Ma yfield Press, Palo Alto , 1975.[17] Cole , F . C. and Deuel , Thorne, Rediscovering Illinois, Cha pter 2, Methods of Excavations, Th eUniv ers i ty of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1937, pp . 2 2-32.[181 Morse, D. F. and Morse, Phyllis , "1962 Excavations of the Morse Site: A Red Ocher Cemeteryin the I l l ino i s V a l ley , " Wisconsin Archaeologist, New Ser ies , Vol . 45 , No. 2 , 196 4, pp .79-87.

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