HUBUNGAN BODY MASS INDEX DAN PERSENTASE

LEMAK TUBUH DENGAN VOLUME OKSIGEN MAKSIMAL

PADA DEWASA MUDA

LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN

KARYA TULIS ILMIAH

Disusun untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan guna mencapai gelar sarjana

Kedokteran

SYLVIA TERESA

22010114120058

PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO

2017

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN

Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini,

Nama mahasiswa : Sylvia Teresa

NIM : 22010114120058

Program Studi : Pendidikan Dokter

Judul KTI : Hubungan Body Mass Index dan Persentase Lemak Tubuh

dengan Volume Oksigen Maksimal Pada Dewasa Muda

Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa :

1) KTI ini ditulis sendiri tulisan asli saya sediri tanpa bantuan orang lain selain

pembimbing dan narasumber yang diketahui oleh pembimbing

2) KTI ini sebagian atau seluruhnya belum pernah dipublikasi dalam bentuk

artikel ataupun tugas ilmiah lain di Universitas Diponegoro maupun di

perguruan tinggi lain

3) Dalam KTI ini tidak terdapat karya atau pendapat yang telah ditulis orang

lain kecuali secara tertulis dicantumkan sebagai rujukan dalam naskah dan

tercantum pada daftar kepustakaan

Semarang, 16 Oktober 2017

Yang membuat pernyataan,

Sylvia Teresa

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN......................................................................................i

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN.................................................................................ii

DAFTAR ISI..........................................................................................................iii

DAFTAR TABEL..................................................................................................ix

DAFTAR GAMBAR..............................................................................................x

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN..........................................................................................xi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN.......................................................................................xii

ABSTRAK............................................................................................................xiii

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................xiv

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang...................................................................................................1

1.2 Permasalahan penelitian.....................................................................................4

1.3 Tujuan penelitian................................................................................................4

1.3.1 Tujuan umum..................................................................................................4

1.3.2 Tujuan khusus.................................................................................................4

1.4 Manfaat penelitian..............................................................................................5

1.5 Keaslian penelitian.............................................................................................6

BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Komposisi tubuh................................................................................................9

2.1.1 Komposisi tubuh berdasarkan tingkatan molekuler......................................10

2.1.1.1 Lemak.........................................................................................................10

2.1.1.2 Non lemak..................................................................................................12

2.2 Pengukuran komposisi lemak tubuh................................................................13

2.2.1 Pengukuran secara langsung.........................................................................14

2.2.2 Pengukuran secara tidak langsung................................................................14

2.2.2.1 Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)..............................................15

2.2.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).........................................................16

2.2.2.3 Densitometri...............................................................................................17

2.2.2.4 Bioelectrical Impendance Analyze (BIA)..................................................19

2.2.2.5 Antropometri..............................................................................................20

2.3 Body Mass Index (BMI)...................................................................................22

2.3.1 Definisi BMI.................................................................................................22

2.3.2 Pengukuran BMI...........................................................................................22

2.3.3 Kriteria BMI..................................................................................................23

2.3.4 Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi BMI.......................................................24

2.3.5 Hubungan BMI dengan lemak tubuh............................................................26

2.4 Skinfold thicknes..............................................................................................26

2.4.1 Definisi skinfold thickness............................................................................26

2.4.2 Pengukuran skinfold thickness.....................................................................26

2.4.3 Keterbatasan skinfold thickness...................................................................30

2.4.4 Hubungan skinfold thickness dengan lemak tubuh.......................................31

2.5 Tingkat kebugaran kardiorespirasi..................................................................31

2.5.1 Definisi tingkat kebugaran kardiorespirasi..................................................31

2.5.2 Pengukuran tingkat kebugaran kardiorespirasi............................................32

2.6 Volume oksigen maksimal (VO2 maks)...........................................................33

2.6.1 Definisi VO2 maks........................................................................................33

2.6.2 Pengukuran VO2 maks.................................................................................34

2.6.3 Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi VO2 maks............................................36

2.7 Hubungan lemak tubuh dengan tingkat kebugaran kardiorespirasi................40

2.8 Kerangka teori.................................................................................................42

2.9 Kerangka konsep.............................................................................................43

2.10 Hipotesis........................................................................................................43

BAB 3 METODE PENELITIAN

3.1 Ruang lingkup penelitian.................................................................................44

3.2 Tempat dan waktu penelitian...........................................................................44

3.3 Jenis dan rancangan penelitian.........................................................................44

3.4 Populasi dan sampel penelitian........................................................................44

3.4.1 Populasi Target.............................................................................................44

3.4.2 Populasi terjangkau......................................................................................44

3.4.3 Sampel penelitian..........................................................................................44

3.4.3.1 Kriteria inklusi...........................................................................................45

3.4.3.2 Kriteria eksklusi.........................................................................................45

3.4.4 Cara pengambilan sampel.............................................................................45

3.4.5 Besar sampel penelitian................................................................................46

3.5 Variabel penelitian...........................................................................................47

3.5.1 Variabel bebas..............................................................................................47

3.5.2 Variabel terikat..............................................................................................47

3.6 Definisi operasional.........................................................................................47

3.7 Cara pengumpulan data...................................................................................49

3.7.1 Lokasi pengumpulan data............................................................................49

3.7.2 Alat dan instrumen penelitian.......................................................................49

3.7.3 Jenis data.......................................................................................................50

3.7.4 Cara kerja......................................................................................................50

3.7.4.1 Data kuesioner............................................................................................50

3.7.4.2 Data tanda vital..........................................................................................50

3.7.4.3 Data BMI....................................................................................................50

3.7.4.4 Data skinfold thickness...............................................................................51

3.7.4.5 Data VO2 maks...........................................................................................51

3.8 Alur penelitian..................................................................................................54

3.9 Analisis data.....................................................................................................55

3.9.1 Pengolahan data............................................................................................55

3.9.2 Analisis data..................................................................................................55

3.10 Etika penelitian...............................................................................................56

3.11 Jadwal penelitian............................................................................................56

BAB 4 HASIL PENELITIAN

4.1 Karakteristik sampel.........................................................................................58

4.2 Analisis bivariat...............................................................................................60

4.2.1 Uji korelasi Body Mass Index dan persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2

maks.......................................................................................................................60

4.2.2 Uji komparatif...............................................................................................61

4.3 Analisis multivariat..........................................................................................63

BAB 5 PEMBAHASAN

5.1 Hubungan BMI dengan VO2 maks pada dewasa muda..................................65

5.2 Hubungan persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks pada dewasa

muda.......................................................................................................................66

5.3 Perbedaan korelasi antara BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks

pada dewasa muda.................................................................................................69

5.4 Perbandingan VO2 maks antara kelompok BMI normal, overweight,dan

obese1.....................................................................................................................70

5.5 Korelasi berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi VO2 maks................................73

5.6 Keterbatasan penelitian....................................................................................77

BAB 6 SIMPULAN DAN SARAN

6.1 Simpulan..........................................................................................................78

6.2 Saran................................................................................................................79

DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................................80

LAMPIRAN...........................................................................................................94

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. Keaslian penelitian.....................................................................................6

Tabel 2. Kategori BMI menurut WHO dan Asia Pasifik.......................................23

Tabel 3. Definisi operasional.................................................................................47

Tabel 4. Jadwal penelitian......................................................................................56

Tabel 5. Karakteristik subjek penelitian.................................................................59

Tabel 6. Uji normalitas nilai BMI, persentase lemak tubuh, dan VO2

maks.......................................................................................................................60

Tabel 7. Korelasi BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks................61

Tabel 8. Uji normalitas data nilai VO2 maks pada kelompok BMI normal,

overweight, dan obese 1.........................................................................................61

Tabel 9. Hasil analisis uji Mann-Whitney nilai VO2 maks pada kelompok BMI

normal, overweight, dan obese 1............................................................................62

Tabel 10. Uji normalitas data masing-masing variabel..........................................63

Tabel 11. Korelasi faktor usia, berat badan, tinggi badan, tekanan darah sistol,

tekanan darah diastol, denyut nadi, dan suhu tubuh dengan VO2 maks...............64

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Komposisi tubuh manusia berdasarkan berbagai tingkatan...................9

Gambar 2. Komposisi tubuh tingkat molekuler pada individu dengan berat badan

70 kg.......................................................................................................................10

Gambar 3. Komposisi tubuh berdasarkan pembagian tingkat molekuler..............13

Gambar 4. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)........................................16

Gambar 5 Teknik air displacement plethysmography...........................................18

Gambar 6. Kerangka teori......................................................................................42

Gambar 7. Kerangka konsep..................................................................................43

Gambar 8. Alur penelitian......................................................................................54

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Ethical clearance...............................................................................98

Lampiran 2. Informed consent...............................................................................99

Lampiran 3. Kuesioner identitas diri....................................................................101

Lampiran 4. Formulir penghitungan multistage fitness test ................................103

Lampiran 5. Lembar pengukuran skinfold thickness............................................104

Lampiran 6. Spreadsheet data..............................................................................105

Lampiran 7. Hasil analisis data............................................................................109

Lampiran 8. Dokumentasi penelitian...................................................................143

Lampiran 9. Daftar riwayat hidup peneliti..........................................................144

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

ATP : adenosine tri fosfat

BIA : Bioelectrical Impendance Analysis

BMI : Body Mass Index

CT : Computed Tomography

DXA : Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

ISAK : International Society for Advancement Kinanthropometry

MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging

RLPP : Rasio lingkar pinggang pinggul

SIAS : spina iliaca anterior superior

VO2 maks : Volume Oksigen Maksimal

WHR : Waist to hip ratio

WHtR : Waist to height ratio

ABSTRAK

Latar belakang : Lemak tubuh yang berlebih dapat menurunkan status

kebugaran kardiorespirasi seseorang sehingga menyebabkan obesitas dan penyakit

kardiovaskuler. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan metode pengukuran lemak tubuh yang

tidak invasif dan biaya relatif murah untuk mengontrol status kebugaran

kardiorespirasi seseorang. VO2 maks dapat digunakan sebagai indikator status

kebugaran kardiorespirasi. Multistage fitness test adalah salah satu metode untuk

mengukur VO2 maks.

Tujuan : Menganalisis hubungan Body Mass Index (BMI) dan persentase

lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks pada dewasa muda.

Metode : Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross

sectional dilaksanakan di stadion Universitas Diponegoro. Subjek penelitian adalah

mahasiswa Universitas Diponegoro (n=96) yang sedang mengambil mata kuliah

olahraga. Subjek penelitian berusia 18-25 tahun, ras Melayu-Mongoloid, memiliki

BMI dalam kategori normal, atau overweight, atau obese 1. Subjek penelitian

diukur tanda vital, tinggi badan, berat badan, skinfold thickness di 7 lokasi tubuh,

dan multistage fitness test. Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah uji korelasi

Pearson, uji komparatif Kruskal-Wallis dilanjutkan uji post hoc Mann-Whitney,

dan uji multivariat regresi linear.

Hasil : BMI dengan VO2 maks memiliki korelasi (r) -0.287 (p<0.05) sedangkan

persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks memiliki koefisien korelasi -0.422

(p<0.05). Perbandingan nilai VO2 maks antara kelompok BMI normal, overweight,

dan obese 1 secara keseluruhan tidak signifikan (p>0.05). Faktor-faktor yang

berhubungan dengan nilai VO2 maks secara signifikan (p<0.05) diantaranya berat

badan, tinggi badan, BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh.

Kesimpulan : BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh memiliki korelasi negatif dengan

VO2 maks, semakin besar nilai BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh maka semakin

kecil nilai VO2 maks.

Kata kunci : Body Mass Index, persentase lemak tubuh, volume oksigen

maksimal

ABSTRACT

Background : Excess of body fat may decrease cardiorespiratory fitness resulting

obesity and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a non-invasive and a relatively low

cost body fat measurement method is required to control cardiorespiratory fitness.

Maximal oxygen volume (VO2 max) can be used as indicator for cardiorespiratory

fitness. Multistage fitness test is method to measure VO2 max.

Objective : To analyze the correlation between BMI and body fat percentage

to VO2 max in young adult.

Method : Analytical observational research with cross sectional approach

was implemented at Diponegoro University stadium. The subjects of the study are

the students of Diponegoro University (n = 96) who were going through excercise

class. Research subjects aged 18-25 years, Malay-Mongoloid race, had BMI in the

normal range category, or overweight, or obese 1. Research subjects were

measured vital signs, height, weight, skinfold thickness in 7 locations, and

undergone multistage fitness test. Statistical analysis that had been used was

Pearson correlation test, Kruskal-Wallis comparative test followed by Mann-

Whitney post hoc test, and multivariate regression linear test.

Results : BMI with VO2 max had a correlation (r) of -0.287 (p <0.05)

whereas body fat percentage with VO2 max has a correlation coefficient of -0.422

(p <0.05). The comparison of VO2 max values between normal, overweight, and

obese 1 BMI groups was overall not significant (p> 0.05). Factors correlated with

VO2 max with significant values (p< 0.05) were weight, height, BMI and body fat

percentage.

Conclusion : BMI and body fat percentage have negative correlation with VO2

max. The increase value of BMI and body fat percentage will decrease the value of

VO2 max.

Keywords : Body Mass Index, body fat percentage, maximum oxygen volume