Dosen pengampu: Dra. Ummul A M.P Anggota kelompok:1. Rahmat Ariza Putra (14012071)2. Muhammad Majuan Pasaribu (14011048)3. Mirad Sahri (1401076)4. Adwitiya Aksami (14011065)5. Syafa’at Abi Bukhari (14011027)6. Melinda Pertiwi (14011037)7. Agung Triwijaya (14011031)8. Nurjanah Harahap (15012071)9. Dedi Candro Panjaitan (14011104)10.Johan Irwansyah (14011044)11.Jaka Purnama (14011073)

Pleurotus species are world-wide distributed macrofungi (Yong Wang et al., 2007)

Since Oysters are Heterothrop organism, They usually grow on hardwood in terrestrial ecosystems (Vilgalys & Sun, 1994).

Similar to other white-rot fungi, they are important agents of biodeterioration (Carlile et al., 1994).

Pleurotus fungi are edible mushrooms with high commercial value, and thus they have been widely cultivated (Cohen et al ., 2002).

KINGDOM Fungi DIVISION Basidiomycota CLASS Hymenomycetes ORDER Agaricales FAMILY Tricholomataceae GENUS Pleurotus SPECIES Pleurotus ostreatus

source: www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/oyster__mushroom.htm

Gilled fungi have their basidia on their gills which consists of Basidium that produces generative spores called Basidiospora .

Source: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/woller_ryan/classification.htm

M

Morphology of Pleurotus ostreatus

Flesh: is white, firm and varies in thickness due to stipearrangement.Gills: The gills of the mushroom are white to cream and descend onthe stalk if present.Stipe: The stipe is off-center with a lateral attachment to wood(Hassen et al. 2011).

Pleurotus ostreatus in Nature

A. Oyster mushroom growing on a living tree parasitically

B. fruiting body of P. ostreatusgrowing on a log saprophytically

Source: http://www.messiah.edu/oakes/fungi_on_wood/gilled%20fungi/species%20pages/Pleurotus%20ostreatus.htm

A

B

A

Pleurotus ostreatus has many advantages as a cultivated mushroom: rapid mycelial growth, high ability for saprophytic colonisation, simple and inexpensive cultivation techniques. In addition, oyster mushroom is low in calories, sodium, fat and cholesterol, while rich in protein, carbohydrate, fibre, vitamins and minerals.(Kues and Liu, 2000)

They live by consuming carbon-containing organic compounds such us starch, glucose, fructose, maltose, mannose, sucrose, pectin, cellulose & lignin (OECD, 2005)

The Oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus is characterized by its rapid growth on agro-wastes such as olive cake, tomato tuff, pine needles, wheat straw, banana leaves (Ananbeh and Almomany, 2005 and Ananbeh and Almomany, 2008Al-Momany and Ananbeh, 2011), leaf of hazelnut (Yildiz et al., 1997), cotton waste (Oh et al., 2000), maize stover (Fanadzo et al., 2010), palm oil (Rizki and Tamai, 2011) and other wastes. The individual specimens of the oyster mushroom often grow in layers on top of each other (Hoglov, 1999).

Cultivating Media for Pleurotus ostreatus

A.Y Gibriel et al., 1996)

In that study, the authors recommended making a pile on the ground of a 1:1 mixture of corncobs and coffee pulp with 2% Ca(OH)2, then adding water to achieve a 70% moisture content, followed by composting for seven to nine days. This type of composting required no further thermal treatments, nor was the application of fungicides necessary to eliminate competitive microorganisms. Using a mixture of 70% pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens), 30% coffee pulp and 2% Ca(OH)2 followed by composting for five to seven days, biological efficiencies of 121% in three P. ostreatus harvests were achieved (Huerta-Palacios and Gonz alez, 2000)

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus on different substrates such as rice straw, rice straw + wheat straw, rice straw+paper, sugarcane bagasse and sawdust of alder was investigated. All the substrates except rice straw were supplemented with 10% rice bran. The substrate without supplement was considered as control. The effects ofvarious substrates on mycelial growth, colonization time, primordial appearance time, mushroom yield, biological efficiency (BE), size of the mushroom and chemical composition were analyzed. Among all aspects, rice straw(control) was found as a best substrate with yield (381.85 gm) and BE (95.46%) %) followed by rice plus wheat straw, rice straw plus paper waste for the production of mushroom. The nutritional composition was also better from mushroom fruit grown on rice straw. (Soniya et al., 2013)

Mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus were evaluated in culture media with various compositions based on extracts of substrates formulated with sugar cane bagasse together with straws and grasses, and with or without nitrogen supplementation. The results show that the culture medium with sugar cane straw and brizantha grass (supplemented) showed the highest rates of mycelial growth compared to wheat straw-based culture media with had the lowest velocities of growth (Fabricio et al., 2013) Techniques to grow oyster mushrooms were evaluated using locally available materials. Wheat straw, barley straw, sinar straw, waste paper, and gabi wastes were used as substrates; waste paper and gabi wastes alone or in mixture with saw dust yielded more oyster than wheat straw, barley straw, sinar straw. Substrates were reused and the yield was slower when it is compared to original substrates and they were found contaminated during pasteurization (Asmamaw Tesfaw et al., 2015).

Coffea arabica and Ficus sycomorus leaves were assessed for supporting growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. Comparatively, sholla leaves were highly supportive and their fruiting bodies appeared late,while coffee leaves were also supportive and their fruiting bodies appeared early. (Fekadu Alemu, 2013)

Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated from agricultural wastes such as saw dust, cassava peeel, cotton waste, dry plaintain, palm oil chaff, and vegetable.. All the substrates supported the growth of fungi except vegetable. The results of the proximate analysis indicated that palm oil cheaf had the highest level of the moisture content, ethyl ether, carbohydrate content and ash content, while saw dust, dry plaintain leaf, cotton waste, cassavapeel had an appreciable level of moisture content, ethyl ether,ash content and carbohydrate (Amuneke et al., 2011)

Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on different agro wastes soybean straw, paddy straw, wheat straw alone or in combination of 1:1 ratio. Maximum yield of P. ostreatus was recorded on soybean straw. Maximum protein, fat, ash, P, K and Na content was recorded when P. ostreatus was cultivated on soybean straw alone whereas maximum Ca and Fe content was recorded when P. ostreatus was cultivated on combination of soybean and paddy straw. Amino acid profile showed P. ostreatus proteins are rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lysine content whereas vitamin C and folic acid were also recorded. Biochemical changes take place in the substrates because of the mushroom growth. A decrease in cellulose, hemicellulose, crude fibre, carbohydrate lignin and tannin content was observed, while an increase in protein, ash and mineral content in spent straw was recorded (Shyam et al., 2010).

The objective of this research was to study the efficiency of cultivating oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on date palm wastes mixed with other agricultural wastes available in KSA. Four agricultural wastes were mixed with date palm leaves at different ratios, with two supplements and three spawn rates were used. Wheat straw mixed with date palm at ratio of 25 (date palm): 75 (agro-waste) showed the best results in most of the parameters measured. Corn meal was superior over wheat bran as a supplement in all treatments. Treatments with date palm leave wastes contained higher carbohydrates and fibers. No significant differences were found among the fruiting bodies produced on the different agro-wastes studied for the different proximates analyzed (Kholoud M. Alananbeh et al., 2014)

Sumber: http://kp4.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Budidya-jamur.pdf

1. The study showed that sterilization and watering of the mushroom bag was a limiting factor in the growth of the mushroom (Amuneke et al., 2011)

2. A recent research demonstrated the influence of heavy metals in substrates on P. eryngii primordial formation, fruiting body development and BE. Heavy metal (As, Hg and Cd) supplementation decreased average growth yields and BE of P. eryngii, whereas Pb supplementation improved both parameters. (M.Q. Qu, et al., 2006)

3. Irradiation by red & green light stimulated vegetative growth of P. ostreatus mycelium and shortened the substrate colonization and fructification time. The increased fruiting body yield in irradiated cultures reached 36–51 % (N.L. Poyedinok et al., 2003)

4. For fruiting body formation, CO2, light and temperature is key environmental factors. When the CO2 concentration in the mushroom house or growing bags is higher than 600 ppm (0.06%), the stipe elongates and the growth of the caps will be prevented. The requirements for light are different for the various stages of growth. The growth of mycelium does not need any light and cultivation of the oyster mushroom in a dark place is better than in a bright place. The formation of primordia and the growth of fruiting bodies require light. The former requires light of 200 lux intensity for over 12 hrs. The growth of the fruiting body requires light of 50 to 500 lux intensity. The colour of the caps is closely related to the intensity of light, and if it is low, then the colour will be pale.. The optimal temperatures for growth of the mycelium are around 25-28 °C while optimal temperatures for the development of fruiting bodies can range from 10 to 18 °C and the range of pH is about 5.5 to 6.5. (Chang and Miles, 1989).

Source: Nutritional Analysis of Cultivated Mushrooms in Bangladesh - Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica. (Nuhu Alam et al., 2008)

Sumber: http://www.fatsecret.co.id/kalori-gizi/umum/kacang-kedelai?portionid=51945&portionamount=100,000

The substrate used for the harvesting of the Pleurotus mushroom is valuable as a fertilizer and a soil conditioner for the growth of plants (Brenneman JA et al. 1994). Additionally, fermented residues could be used as animal feed after mushroom cultivation (Soto-Cruz O et al. 1994)

Rp. 20.000 per kg (sumber: economy.okezone.com/read/2015/08/28/320/1204336/bisnis-jamur-tiram-beromzet-rp24-juta-per-bulan

Rp. 25.000 per kg (Pasar Bendungan Kulonprogo)

keripik jamur tiram, krispi jamur tiram abon jamur, sup bola-bola jamur, pepes jamur, kerupuk jamur, roti jamur (sumber: bisnisukm.com/mengembangkan-kreasi-aneka-olahan-jamur-konsumsi.html

Satu kemasan keripik jamur seberat 100 gram dijual seharga Rp 13 ribu. Dengan berat yang sama, keripik jamur yang dikemas paper metal dijual dengan harga Rp 15 ribu. Sementara, untuk Nugget Original seberat 250 gram dihagai Rp 15 ribu. Sedangkan, yang nugget dengan bahan campuran brokoli, wortel, udang, dan lele dengan berat yang sama dijual Rp 18 ribu (sumber: http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/kreatipreneur/15/03/06/nksady-siti-rohayati-pembuat-olahan-jamur-marrema-raup-untung-bisnis-olahan-jamur)

Bahan-bahan150 gram Tepung terigu 50 gram Margarin 150 ml Air 2 btr Telur 150 gram Jamur tiram1 buah Wortel 1 batang Daun Bawang 1 batang Sledri 30 gram Keju parut (ditambah jg boleh) secukupnya lada, garam, gula pasir dan

pala Sumber: https://cookpad.com/id/resep/648209-soes-goreng-dan-jamur?ref=search

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