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GOLONGAN DARAH

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“ Golongan Darah “

  Perbedaan  golongan  darah  setiap  orang  disebabkan  oleh 

karena  adanya  Antigen  (Ag)  Aglutinogen  pada  dinding eritrosit dan adanya antibody spesifik (Ab) Aglutinin di dalam plasmanya

 darah donor + resipien

           Tidak cocok                 transfusi

      oleh karena terjadi aglutinasi 

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Golongan Darah “ ABO ”

Gol. Darah Ag. Ab.O - Anti A & anti BA A Anti BB B Anti AAB AB -

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Blood Types with their Genotypes and their constituent Agglutinogens and Agglutinins

Genotypes

Blood types Agglutinogens

Agglutinins

OO O - Anti A and Anti B

OA or AA A A Anti BOB or BB B B Anti A

AB AB A and B -

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Relative Frequencies of the Different Blood Types

The prevalence of the different Blood Types among one group of persons studied was approximately : O 47 % A 41 % B 9 % AB 3 %

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Blood typing, showing Agglutination of cells of the different blood types with Anti A or Anti B Agglutinins in the Sera

Red Blood Cells Types

SeraAnti A Anti B

O - -A + -B - +

AB + +

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“Reaksi silang“

 

Penting dikerjakan sebelum transfusi darah Eritrosit & serum antara donor & resipien direaksikan secara 

silang invitro• r.  s.  mayor  :  erit.  donor  +  serum  resipien  →  ada  / 

tidaknya  aglutinin  resipien  yg  mungkin  merusak  erit. donor

• r. s. minor : serum donor + erit. resipien → ada / tidaknya aglutinin donor yg mempengaruhi erit. resipien.

Aglutinin  donor  dalam  sirkulasi  sangat  diencerkan  oleh plasma  resipien    <  berbahaya      r.s.  minor  dianggap kurang penting

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Contoh :Ag Ab

D → A : A anti BR → B : B anti A

m (+) M (+)

Sangat diencerkan dalam tubuh R → < penting

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“Golongan darah Rhesus“

Ag. golongan darah Rh, biasanya mempunyai antigenisitas lemah, kecuali Ag D  disebut “Ag. Rh“

Ag Rh  dalam erit  golongan Rh  (ada Ag Rh)Ag Rh  dalam erit  golongan Rh  (tidak ada Rh)

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Anyone who has this type of antigen (D antigen) is said to be “Rh positive”, whereas a person who does not have type D antigen is called to be Rh negative

It can still cause transfusion reactions usually much milder

About 85 % of all white people are Rh positive and 15 % Rh negative

In American blacks the percentage of Rh positive is about 95, whereas in African blacks, it is virtually 100 percent

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Rh Blood Types

The major difference betweenAOB system Rh system

The plasma agglutinins responsible for causing transfusion reactions develop spontancously

Spontaneous agglutinins almost never occur

The person must first be massively exposed to an Rh antigen

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When RBC containing Rh factor Are injected

Blood does not contain Rh factor/Rh negative person

Anti Rh agglutinins develop slowly

Reaching maximum concentration of agglutinins about 2 to 4 months later

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If an Rh negative person has never before been exposed to Rh positive blood

Transfusion of Rh positiveNo Immediate reaction

Then it’s hemolyzed by the tissue macrophage system

A delayed transfusion reaction occurs, although it is usually mild

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N : Pada golongan darah Rh (–) → Tidak ada Ab anti Rh (–)

terpapar  golongan  darah  Rh    dari  transfusi atau  darah bayi waktu lahir

    Reaksi pembentukan Ab. Anti Rhterpapar lagi Rh 

 Darah tsb akan dihancurkan oleh Ab. anti Rh

  

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Ibu Rh   bayi Rh   kehamilan baik oleh karena  darah bayi                         placenta  ibu. Waktu persalinan   jaringan placenta rusak  darah bayi ke ibu.

  imunitas  ibu  membentuk  Ab  anti  Rh.  Beberapa  tahun kemudian, ibu hamil II : bayi Rh   anti Rh ibu ke bayi  menghancurkan  darah  bayi    anemia  hemolitik   “Erythroblastosis Fetalis”

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Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Is a disease of the fetus and new born child

Characterized by aglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus’s RBCs

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The mother is Rh (-)

The father Rh (+)

The baby hasInherited the Rh (+) antigen

The mother develops anti Rh agglutinins from exposure to the fetus’s Rh antigen

The mother’s agglutinins diffuse through the placenta into the fetus

Cause RBC agglutination

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Treatment of the Erythroblastosis Fetalis

To replace the neonate’s blood with Rh (–) blood by infused over period of 1,5 or more hours while the neonate’s own Rh (+) blood is being removed (during the first few weeks of life)