tugas teklab kel 10

8/11/2019 Tugas Teklab Kel 10

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WATERBATH

The Memmert waterbath is available in six model sizes and two performance classes. In addition to the Basic

classfor standard temperatre control tas!s" the Excellent versionprovides precise test procedres with amaximm of safet#$ electronic overtemperatre control and a wide ran%e of visal and acostic si%nals& for

example if the fillin% level is too low" for overtemperatre" bt also for inpt ac!nowled%ement or to si%nalisethe end of the pro%ramme. In the lar%est model"an optional circlation pmp provides an even better thermal

niformit# of the water.

Temperatre ran%e p to '() *+ ,with -eltier coolin% nit +- //) from '/0 *+1

2 model sizes ,3l to 4)l1

An extensive ran%e of optional accessories is available$ e.%. a -eltier coolin% nit" flat or %able lid"

sha!in% device" floor %rid" test tbe rac!

5tate6of6the6art control technolo%# of the Basic and Excellent performance classes for all models

+an be optionall# e7ipped with water level control

The sperior heatin% conceptof the Memmert ovens can also be fond in the waterbaths. -rotected from water"

bt still close to the load" the heatin% lies nder deep6drawn and eas# to clean ribs. The heatin% elements can

therefore neither corrode nor become frred. Thro%h their positionin% in the floor and side walls" a natral

mixin% of the temperatre control flid arises" providin% better temperatre distribtion in the bath.

When setpoint temperatres close to the ambient temperatre are re7ired in the waterbath to be as constant aspossible" theni7e -eltier coolin% nit +- //) cools the medim water down to /0 *+ precisel#"

economicall# and in an eco6friendl# wa#" with a precision of 80./ 9. :or all appliances from 3 to 4) litres it can

be easil# retrofitted" withot an# technical !nowled%e. ;or benefits$


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The >ab Armor Bead Bath is the latest in water bath e7ipment. It boasts of lowerin% contamination ris!s in the

lab and almost eliminatin% water bath maintenance.

A Waterless Upgrade for the Water Bath

When sin% a water bath" re%lar cleanin% and dili%ent lab practice were traditionall# the onl# means of

controllin% bacteria and molds from threatenin% lab wor!. Bath Armor? aims to tac!le the problem ofcontamination in water baths b# tilizin% a dr#" metallic thermal media comprised of small beads instead of

water. The reslt is a dr# bath that is far less condcive to contamination than a water6filled bath. The ni7e

properties of the dr# media spport the samples withot bloc!s" rac!s" floats or wei%hts. The cmbersome tas! of

empt#in%" cleanin% and refillin% is simplified" resltin% in a more prodctive lab" more sccessfl experiments

and less lab downtime. 5i%n p for the @Test rive" and receive eno%h Bath Armor? to replace one alminm

heat bloc!.

5o" whats a water bathC Its Dst a pan of water placed into an oven. The hot water provides a constant" stead#

heat sorce and ensres even" slow coo!in% for recipes that call for a water bath.

The best t#pe of pan to se for a water bath is a roastin% pan or other pan with sides at least /6/F to F inches

hi%h. That will allow #o to pt eno%h water into the pan so it wont all evaporate before #or pddin% or

cheeseca!e has ba!ed.

;o can place a pan of water into the oven" then pt in #or pan or rame!ins" bt #o rn the ris! of havin% the

water overflow or spillin% when #o pll the oven rac! ot.

A better wa# to prepare a water bath is to pt #or pddin% or cheeseca!e into the roastin% pan" place the paninto the oven" and add eno%h hot water to reach halfwa# p the pan.

After #or food item has ba!ed" some of the water will have evaporated" bt some will remain" so be carefl not

to tip the roastin% pan when #o ta!e it ot of the oven.

If #o se a sprin% form pan for a recipe that calls for a water bath" wrap the pan first with alminm foil to

prevent water from lea!in% thro%h the bottom. Gse two or three sheets in a crisscross pattern for best reslts

A device for re%latin% the temperatre of an#thin% sbDected to heat" b# srrondin% the vessel containin% it

with another vessel containin% water which can be !ept at a desired temperatre& also" a vessel desi%ned for this

prpose.

Gsin% awaterbathin ba!in%" coo!in% or warmin% recipesconsists of placin% a container ,for example" a pan"

bowl" rame!ins or soffl dish1 of a recipe or food in a lar%e" shallow pan of warm water either in an ovenor on

astovetop.The water srronds and protects delicate foods from direct heat" allowin% it to be prepared low andslow. The :rench call this coo!in% techni7e a bain marie ,bahn mah6ree1. The name ori%inated in the /4th

centr#" when it denoted a tensil first sed in alchem#. Jf corse" the name also referred to the Kir%in Mar#" a

s#mbol of %entleness 66 becase the term implies a %entle method of coo!in%.

An ovenor on a stovetopwaterbath is t#picall# sed with delicate foods and e%%6based desserts" sch as

custardsor cheesecakesand e%%6based saces" that wold crdle" brea!" crac! or scorch nder too mch heat.

The lower temperatre prevents the e%% proteins in the recipe from to%henin% when exposed to hi%h

temperatres. It also helps to prevent overcoo!in% them which cases the e%% proteins to overcoa%late and

shrin! when cooled" the classic case of crac!in% in recipesL A waterbath also prevents crst formation on a

cstard or other e%%6based dessert. With it" #o also %et a cheeseca!e recipe that is cream# almost cstard6li!e"

moist and rich.

A stovetopwaterbath is sed whenmelting or tempering chocolatebecase it can brn easil# from direct heat.

Stirred custardsare coo!ed in a waterbath on a stovetop" as well as delicate and e%% based saces or when

heatin% e%% whites or #ol!s.

NOTEIf there is some sort of starch in an e%% based recipe" sch as flor or cornstarch" #o need not se a

waterbath at all. However" some cheeseca!e ba!ers elect to se one all the time" doin% no harm and providin%

%entle heat for a more cream# textre and a li%hter color on top.

!OW "OES A WATE#BAT! WO#$%Water is perfect to se to srrond a delicate recipe drin% coo!in% or

ba!in%. It has a ver# hi%h specific heat so it can absorb a lot of ener%# withot chan%in% its temperatre. :or

example" when the oven is at F) de%rees :" a t#pical temperatre for a cheeseca!e recipe" the filled pan isinslated& the water that srronds it" never %oes over the temperatre of the hot water or F/F de%rees :.Becase water srronds the recipe" it also ba!es with even" moist heat.
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&ore tips when using a waterbath or double boiler

When sin% a top bowl on a doble boiler" it %ets ver# hot" so se hot mitts whenever holdin% or tochin%.

If #or recipe starts to crdle or the meltin% chocolate threatens to scorch" trn down the heat and simpl# lift off

the top pan ,or bowl" sin% a pot holder1 for a minte before continin%. If meltin% chocolate" lift the top pan orbowl awa# from the water and dr# off its bottom. Water introdced into meltin% chocolate cases sei'ing.

The amont of water in the lower part of the doble boiler has to be watched. It can 7ic!l# evaporate" even if!ept at a simmer" and brn both the bottom of the pan and the recipe.

Water Bath

Water bath is a device sed for re%latin% the temperatre of sbstances sbDected to heat. The vessel is

srronded b# another vessel containin% water which can be !ept at a desired temperatre. Water bath is

fre7entl# sed in chemistr# labs for a nmber of temperatre related applications. Water baths are sed to heat

those sbstances" which cant be heated directl# on Bnsen brneror hot plate or an# other media. However onl#those materials can be heated with water bath whose boilin% point is less than that of water.

T(pes of Water Baths

#efrigerated and !eated )irculating Baths

Whether #ore wor!in% in research" prodction or application technolo%#" a heatedrefri%erated

circlatin% bath or a circlator is a mst for #or lab operation. These laborator# baths are sed for

heatin%" coolin%" and circlatin%. Refri%erated and heated baths offer rapid response for efficienc# in the

laborator#. The# have inherent featres li!e bilt in safet#" with over6temperatre and low6li7id alerts

to provide accrac#.

Shaking Water Bath

5ha!in% water baths are sed when the lab operation re7ires precise temperatre control and a smooth

reciprocal sha!in% motion. These have featrin% microprocessor controls" both di%ital and !nob contolare available for operatin% in varios speeds.

"igital Water Bath

A di%ital water bath has some inherent featres li!e pro%rammable microprocessor6based !e#pad with

di%ital displa# for temperatre control" operation mode" and stirrer R-M. These water baths are ver#

eas# to se.

Waterless Water Bath

A waterless laborator# bath is basicall# a standard water bath withot water. r#" metallic beads are sed

to replace the water. This t#pe of water bath eliminates contamination and maintenance isses.

Applications of Water Baths

Water baths are excellent examples of the waters abilit# to retain heat for lon% time. Water

baths are sed in an arra# of sitations. 5ome of their applications inclde $

Warmin% Rea%ents

+oliform eterminations

5ample Thawin%

Bacteriolo%ical Examinations

Microbiolo%ical Assa#s

Water baths are sed in diverse fields for varios prposes. 5ome of the indstries where the# are sed

fre7entl# are $

Edcational >aboratories +linical >aboratories

Research >aboratories

:ood Technolo%# >aboratories

Waste Water >aboratories

Water Bath )ontrols

Water bath controls have varios controller featres associated with them to control the temperatre settin%.

The# are sed as a safet# tool to prevent excessive heatin% of sbstances.

Temperature )ontrol All the water bath s#stems have a control to set temperatre. It can be witherdi%ital control or a dial one. Most often it is associated with an indicator li%ht. If the li%ht is on it means
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water bath is heatin%. As the water bath attains the set temperatre" it will c#cle on and off to maintain

constant temperatre.

Safet( )ontrol Alon% with the temperatre control" most water baths have a safet# control. The safet#

control is sed to set the maximm temperatre the water bath shold attain.


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5erolo%ical Water Bath

5erolo%ical water bath is doble walled filled with hi%h %rade

%lass wool inslation between the two chambers. Jter chamber

of 5erolo%ical water bath is made of mild steel with powder

coatin% and inner chamber is made of stainless steel. Temp.

controller b# thermostatic Temp. Ran%e varies )*+ above

ambient to 20*+.

>ow Temperatre Water Bath

We manfactre and sppl# low temperatre water bath.

Applications E7ipment speciall# desi%ned for tests in the fieldof Medical" A%ricltral" Bio6chemical" R N N O.+

>aboratories N to sit the varios I5 standards.

5afet# :eatres $ 5afet# thermostat for over shoot of temp."

safet# circit to ct off the whole s#stems in case of malfnction.

,Applicable to based models onl#1 HR+ fses for compressors"

heaters N mains" time dela# circit for safet# of compressor.

!ot plate

A hot plateis a portable self6contained tabletopsmall appliance that featres one" two or more %as brners or

electric heatin% elements. A hot plate can be sed as a stand alone appliance" bt is often sed as a sbstitte for

one of the brners from anovenran%e or the coo! top of astove. Hot plates are often sed in food preparation"

%enerall# in locations where a fll !itchen stove wold not be convenient or practical. Becase a hot plate is

easil# moved from one location to another" care mst alwa#s be sed to ensre that there is sfficient clearance
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between the appliance location and combstible materials. In addition" a hot plate shold not be located in a

place where the heat control of the appliance wold be accessible to children and others nfamiliar with its

operation.

This laborator# hot plate with ma%netic stirreris sed for preparin% chemicals sed in scientific research.

Inlaborator#settin%s" hot plates are %enerall# sed to heat %lasswareor its contents. 5ome hotplates also containama%netic stirrer" allowin% the heated li7id to be stirred atomaticall#.

Advantages

This t#pe of coo!in% e7ipment is t#picall# powered b# electricit#" however" %as fired hot plates were not

ncommon in the /(th and F0th centr# and are still available in varios mar!ets arond the world. Hot plates

can be environmentall# responsible" if the heat %enerated from them comes from renewable resorces. In

addition" the low cost of hot plates ,sall# little more thanPF0 for a /"000Wplate1 allows them to be sed in

the developin% world or b# those who arefr%alor have a limitedbd%et.As sch" hot plates can be considered

an appropriate technolo%#.

Gpon searchin% abot the prodct I have fond two t#pes" there hot plates with F brners and the other is onl#

sin%le brner. All these t#pes are %reat becase it has an adDstable heat settin% that ran%es from low to hi%h and

most especiall# the thermostat can be easil# controlled.

Electric hot plateis safe to se becase it was made indeed drable and versatile. It was eas# to heat water for

m# tea" coffee" hot chocolate" spa%hetti" canned foods" sops and others that I need.

About Hot Plates

Hot plates are laborator# tools sed to niforml# heat samples. Hot plates provide less heat" bt do so withotthe dan%er associated with the open flame and hi%her temperatres of a Bnsen brner.

Hot plates are available with a nmber of different heatin% top st#les. The most common t#pes inclde those

constrcted from alminm"ceramic materials or enamel. Alminm topped hot plates provide a rapid heatin%

srface" which retains and distribtes heat ver# well. Alminm also lends itself to eas# cleanp. However"

alminm tops do have one specific drawbac!. The# do not perform well in conDnction with corrosive

materials" which can pit and erode the alminm head. While most devices are desi%ned with safet# strctres

to protect the internal electronics and circits" if the head comes into consistent contact with sch materials" its

efficac# and performance lifetime will be drasticall# redced. If the hot plate in 7estion will be sed to heat or

stir corrosive materials" it is best to select ceramic or enamel topped devices" which do not react in the same

wa#.

Both %lass ceramic and enamel tops %ive hot plates excellent chemical and temperatre resistance" and are eas#

to clean. The# are also less li!e to condct heat to the sides or ed%es of the hot plate" which cold case

inadvertent brns to the nprepared ser. Additionall#" the netral colorin% of these devices allows for better

visibilit# when std#in% a sample for color chan%e" sch as in titration.

When selectin% between st#les of hot plates" it is best to nderstand the specifics of the application at hand.

More to the What t#pes of samples will be sed and what temperatre ran%es will the# travel.

Hotplates, Stirrers and Stirring Hotplates

A wide ran%e of heatin% and stirrin% hotplates.

An impressive combination of sperior performance" advanced safet# and operational simplicit# ma!es it eas# to

find the perfect heatin% e7ipment for #or laborator# re7irements.

+, Tips for Working with !ot -lates

>aborator# hot plates present obvios dan%ers" sch as the potential for people to brn themselves or even start a

fire. While newer hot plates are manfactred to avoid spar!s" older hot plates are more of a spar! ris! de to theposition of the @on6off switch on the nit itself as well as the bimetallic thermostat" which can become

corroded.
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Below are /0 5afet# Tips to !eep in mind when sin% a hot plate$

/. When heatin% material in a bath" ma!e sre the %lasswareQs heat resistant. Also" #o shold inspect the

%lassware for crac!s visible to the na!ed e#e. ow boilin% li7ids shold never be heated over the hi%h settin%

at an# time. The srface can actall# reach as hi%h as )40 + ,/004 :1" and that is hot.

It also shold be noted that b# sin% foil or a metal pan is not a %ood thin% to se with them. This can dama%e it"

even %ive an electrical shoc! to the person sin% it" if not carefl.

When removin% obDects from a hot plate it is wise to se ton%s or rbber coated" heat resistant %rippin% devices.This will ensre that the stdent or whomever will not brn themselves in the process. This same cation shold

be sed when porin% hot li7ids.


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Jne of the most important thin%s that shold be remembered is that as soon as the se of it is no lon%er needed"

it shold be trned off immediatel#. It ta!es a lon% time for it to cool off and loo!s the same whether itQs on or

off" so itQs important that ever#one is aware that the hot plate was sed recentl#.

.N)UBATO#S /0aborator( "evice1

A2"efinition of .ncubators

Incbator is a tool to incbate or brood of microbes in a controlled temperatre. This appliance is

e7ipped with temperatre control and timer. In biolo%#" an incbator is a device sed to %row and

maintain microbiolo%ical cltres or cell cltres. The incbator maintains optimal temperatre"hmidit# and other conditions sch as thecarbon dioxide,+JF1 and ox#%en content of the atmosphere

inside. Incbators are essential for a lot of experimental wor! in cell biolo%#" microbiolo%# and

moleclar biolo%# and are sed to cltre bothbacterial as well as e!ar#otic cells.

An incbator is made of three maDor !inds of materials. These inclde common %rade stainless

steel sheet metal" sall# at .0)6/ cm in thic!ness& materials for inslation sch as fans" motors" nts

and screws and lastl#" electronics materials" which ma# come with either the analo% onoff switch andtemperatre control or an advanced" pro%rammable microprocessor that controls temperatres and

internal li%htin%. An incbator is also measred based on the volme of its chamber. +ontertop models

ran%e from /.)6 cbic meters while the free6standin% variet# ran%es from ).)6/0 cbic meters.


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An incbator is a chamber t#pe e7ipment that is primaril# sed for creatin% a controlledenvironment b# re%latin% the hmidit#" temperatre and ventilation within its bod#. Incbators have

been sed for #ears in hatchin% poltr# e%%s and carin% prematre or sic! infants. Bt with theadvancement of technolo%# incbators have fond a lot of applications in laboratories and several

fields of science.

More elaborate incbators can also inclde the abilit# to lower the temperatre ,via refri%eration1"or the abilit# to control hmidit# or +JF levels. This is important in the cltivation of mammalian

cells" where the relative hmidit# is t#picall# S() and a sli%htl# acidic pH is achieved b# maintainin%

a +JF level of ).U Incbator is a modern piece of laborator# e7ipment which is sed to maintain thepro%ressive development of microbiolo%ical cltres b# re%latin% viable %rowth factors sch as

temperatre" hmidit# and ventilation. Incbators are available in different sizes ,e.%." laptop to small

room size1 caterin% to different re7irements. 5ome sperior 7alities inclde bein% capable ofcontrollin% extreme low temperatres ,microbiolo%ical incbator1" hmidit# and carbon dioxide levels,cell cltre incbator1. A microbiolo%ical incbator focses mainl# on the %rowth and stora%e of

bacterial cltres and control temperatres ran%in% from ) to 3 de%rees +.

Most incbators inclde a timer& some can also be pro%rammed to c#cle thro%h differenttemperatres" hmidit# levels" etc. Incbators can var# in size from tabletop to nits the size of small

rooms.There are man# other wa#s to create an incbator. The renowned scientist >ois -aster sed the

small openin% nderneath his staircase as an incbator.The maximm temperatre for sterilization isF00o+ .

If a hot room is not available" it ma# be necessar# to b# an e7ivalent dr# incbator. Even with a

hot room" it is sometimes convenient to have another incbator close to the hood for tr#psinization. The

incbator shold be lar%e eno%h"

)0VF00 > ,/.)V2 ft1 per person" and shold have forced6aircirclation" temperatre control to within 80.F *+" and a safet# thermostat that cts off if the incbator

overheats or" better" that re%lates the incbator if the first thermostat fails. The incbator shold beresistant to corrosion ,e.%." stainless steel" altho%h anodized alminm is acceptable for a dr#

incbator1 and easil# cleaned. A doble chamber" or two incbators stac!ed" one above the other"

independentl# re%lated" is preferable to one lar%e incbator becase it can accommodate more cltreswith better temperatre control" and if one half fails or needs to be cleaned" the other can still be sed.

Man# incbators have a heated water Dac!et to distribte heat evenl# arond the cabinet" ths avoidin%

the formation of cold spots. These incbators also hold their temperatre lon%er in the event of a heater

failre or ct in power.However" new hi%h6efficienc# inslation and diffse srface heater elements have all bt

eliminated the need for a water Dac!et and ma!e movin% the incbator mch simpler. ,A water Dac!et

%enerall# needs to be emptied if the incbator is to be moved.1 Incbator shelvin% is sall# perforatedto facilitate the circlation of air. However" the perforations can lead to irre%larities in cell distribtion


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in monola#er cltres" with variations in cell densit# followin% the pattern of spacin% on the shelves.

The variations ma# be de to convection crrents %enerated over points of contact relative to holes in

the shelf" or the# ma# be related to areas that cool down more 7ic!l# when the door is opened.

Altho%h no problem ma# arise in rotine maintenance" flas!s and dishes shold be placed on aninslated tile or metal tra# in experiments in which niform densit# is important.

The simplest incbators are inslated boxes with an adDstable heater" t#picall# %oin% p to 20 to

2) *+ ,/40 to /)0 *:1" tho%h some can %o sli%htl# hi%her ,%enerall# to no more than /00 *+1. Themost commonl# sed temperatre both for bacteria sch as the fre7entl# sed E. +oli as well as for

mammalian cells is approximatel# 3 *+" as these or%anisms %row well nder sch conditions. :or

other or%anisms sed in biolo%ical experiments" sch as the bddin% #east 5accharom#ces cerevisiae" a%rowth temperatre of 0 *+ is optimal.

!umid )O3.ncubator

Altho%h cltres can be incbated in sealed flas!s in a re%lar dr# incbator or a hot room"

some vessels" e.%." -etri dishes or mltiwell plates" re7ire a controlled atmosphere with hi%h hmidit#

and elevated +JF tension.The cheapest wa# of controllin% the %as phase is to place the cltres in a plastic box" or

chamber ,Bellco" M- Biomedicals1$ =as the container with the correct +JF mixtre and then seal it. If

the container is not completel# filled with dishes" inclde an open dish of water to increase the

hmidit# inside the chamber. +JF incbators are more expensive" bt their ease of se and sperior

control of +JF tension and temperatre ,anaerobic Dars and desiccators ta!e lon%er to warm p1 Dstif#

the expenditre.

A controlled atmosphere is achieved b# sin% a hmidif#in% tra# ,:i% )./21 and controllin% the

+JF tension with a +JF6monitorin% device" which draws air from the incbator into a sample

chamber" determines the concentration of +JF" and inDects pre +JF into the incbator to ma!e p an#

deficienc#. Air is circlated arond the incbator b# natral convection or b# sin% a fan to !eep boththe +JF level and the temperatre niform. It is claimed that fan6circlated incbators recover faster

after openin%" altho%h natral convection incbators can still have a 7ic! recover# and %reatl# redce

the ris!s of contamination.

r#" heated wall incbators also encora%e less fn%al contamination on the walls" as the walls

tend to remain dr#" even at hi%h relative hmidit#. 5ome +JF controllers need to be calibrated ever#

few months" bt the se of %old wire or infrared detectors minimizes drift and man# models reset the

zero of the +JF detector atomaticall#. The size of incbator re7ired will depend on sa%e" both the

nmbers of people sin% it and the t#pes of cltres. :ive people sin% onl# microtitration plates cold

have /000 plates ,/00"000 individal cltres1 or /0 experiments each in a modest6sized incbator"

while one person doin% cell clonin% cold fill one shelf with one or two experiments. :las! cltres"

especiall# lar%e flas!s" are not an economical se of +JF incbators. The# are better incbated in are%lar incbator or hot room. If +JF is re7ired" flas!s can be %assed from a c#linder or +JF sppl#.

.ntelligent controls

Incbators operate at temperatres of p to 30 *+. -recise temperatre control is ensred b# a

microprocessor based controller with a lar%e" easil# read temperatredispla#. A timer for

activatin%deactivatin% the incbator is inte%rated inthe controller. This timer can be set from/ minteto (( hors.

B2T(pe of .ncubators

)ooling .ncubators4 Bacteriological .ncubators

+oolin% incbators are sed to control incbationstora%e temperatres closel#. The mainfnctions of coolin%w incbators inclde" B.J.. test" life c#cle testin%" shelf life stdies" cltre of

plant life and bacteria microor%anism" serm incbation stdies" %eneral incbation and refri%erated

stora%e of sensitive cltres. Bacteriolo%ical incbators are non refri%erated versions of coolin%incbators. These laborator# incbators are controlled with standard microprocessors.


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BO" .ncubator

As the name s%%ests" B.J.. incbators are desi%ned for condctin% biochemical biolo%ical

ox#%en demand test ,B.J.. Test1. It is a chemical process that determines how fast biolo%icalor%anisms se p ox#%en in a bod# of water. These incbators sit best for closed control of

incbation stora%e temperatre. BJ incbators provide controlled temperatre conditions for

accelerated tests and exposres. The# are sed in different fields li!e cell and tisse cltre" shelf6lifestdies" raw material and bl! prodct stora%e. BJ incbator is also sed for plasma and blood

prodct stora%e in the field of research" development" prodction and 7alit# control.

Shaking .ncubator5ha!in% incbator is a re7isite e7ipment for all those laboratories en%a%ed in

biomedical or biolo%ical research. 5ha!in% incbators have combined sha!ers and incbators.The# are also !nown as Incbator 5ha!er.

5ha!in% incbators have fond ses in nmeros applications in research of medicine" biolo%#"

pharmac# and environmental protection. There are a host of applications where incbators sha!ers aresed incldin%" ferment" h#bridization" %erm cltre" research of biochemical reaction" enz#me and

celllar tisse. The most common application of a sha!in% incbator is for the %rowth of bacterial

cltre. The# are sed in applications re7irin% hi%h temperatre and oscillation fre7enc#. Incbator sha!ers are aimed at providin% niform controlled conditions.


12/30

0aborator( .ncubator

A t#pe of incbator is the laborator# incbator" which was first sed when doctors fond that itcold identif# bacterial infections in the bod#. This is done so b# obtainin% a sample of the bod#s flid"

transferrin% it in a sterile dish or container and then pttin% it inside the laborator# incbator. Air is setat bod# temperatre" ,3 + or (.2 :1 to indce patho%enic %rowth. A laborator# incbator also

provides ade7ate amont of nitro%en needed to promote cell %rowth. This controlled settin% allows for

microor%anisms to mltipl#" which enables clinicians to identif# the specific t#pe of bacteria. A laborator# incbator is also sed for tisse cltre" a t#pe of clinical research method that

draws ot tisse parts from animals or plants. The sample is placed inside the incbator nder

controlled temperatre and monitored for sbse7ent %rowth. B# observin% these tisse fra%ments"scientists %ain valable insi%hts into how certain t#pes of cells operate and interact. :or instance" it

allows them to nderstand how cancer cells behave" leadin% to frther research and development of

vaccines for illnesses sch as inflenza" measles" mmps and polio. With the se of a laborator#incbator for performin% tisse cltre" researchers have now scceeded at identif#in% disorders casedb# the lac! of certain enz#mes in the bod#.

Moreover" a laborator# incbator is sed in %enetic en%ineerin%" which is an extended application

of tisse cltre. In this process" researchers maniplate the tisses %enetic materials. It is sometimescombined with


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temperatre control. We manfactre these incbators for se in laboratories of man# hospitals. Jr

incbators are ver# efficient" drable and hi%h on performance.

Incbators are sed in the poltr# indstr# to act as a sbstitte for hens. This often reslts in

hi%her hatch rates de to the abilit# to control both temperatre and hmidit#. Karios brands of

incbators are commerciall# available to breeders.

>aborator# incbators are sed for a nmber of prposes in different section of science and

research. Here are some of their most important applications$>aborator# incbators are sed for the cltivation and maniplation of microor%anisms for medical

research

The# are sed in tisse cltre in which tisse fra%ments are extracted from plants or animal bodies and

placed in incbators. Temperatre within the incbator is maintained near to that of the or%anisms fromwhich tisse was extracted. 5cientists and researchers monitor the %rowth of these tisses and observe

the operation and interaction of particlar cells. The# have been able to devise vaccines

of man# dan%eros and life ta!in% diseases.Jne of the valable ses of laborator# incbators is in%enetic en%ineerin%" which is an extension of tisse cltre. 5cientists maniplate the %enetic materialsof plants and animals to create new or%anisms.

Incbators are sed in modern research laboratories to maintain a stable environment" which

mimics the conditions inside an animals bod#" for the %rowth of small livin% thin%s" sch as cells.

5cientists also se incbators in experimental procedres" for example" to incbate antibodies on

tisses and cells for florescence microscop#. Modern incbators are not merel# temperatre6

controlled ovens66the maDorit# are also carbon dioxide and hmidit# chambers. Incbators are sed

to help finish the development of small nborn animals" particlarl# e%%s.Incbators dont have tobe hi%h tech& a simple cooler alon% with other hosehold items can ma!e for a fnctional incbator

whether #o are breedin% chic!ens or reptiles.

The incbator has man# %ood ses for different indstries. The poltr# indstr# will %row

increasin%l# dependent on incbators in hatchin% poltr# e%%s" a matter of !eepin% p withconsmer demand for poltr# prodcts. Hospitalswill alwa#s rel# on neonatal incbators while the

field of research and bio6technolo%# will mainl# depend on laborator# incbators. Meanwhile" the

%rowth chamber t#pe laborator# incbator will have to have more accrate settin%s in terms ofrelative hmidit# and temperatre control. This wa#" scientists and researchers will have better and

more improved wa#s to ma!e this world a better place to live in.

5cientists se incbators to %row microbial or%anisms in their laboratories. Man# microor%anisms"

sch as the commonl# stdied bacterim E. coli" %row best at temperatres close to that of the

hman bod#663 de%rees +elsis. Becase of this" the temperatre controls in most incbators

enable the scientist to maintain warmer6than6ambient temperatres& most simple incbators do notrefri%erate. Gsin% a microbial incbator is 7ite eas#.

The incbators sometimes se to hatchin% abot e%%s.

An incbator provides a controlled environment that re%lates temperatre" ventilation andhmilit#. It is sed to care for prematre babies" hatch poltr# e%%s and to cltivate

microor%anisms.An incbator is the most essential tool for an# t#pe of hatchin%. Gnderstandin% the

primar# fnctions of an incbator can help ensre a sccessfl hatch. When #o !now what anincbator is meant to do" #oll better nderstand the wa#s in which it shold be adDsted and cared

for.

Warmth

The primar# fnction of an incbator is to provide warmth for what it is incbatin%. E%%s re7ire

warmth to develop" and lac! of proper heat can reslt in failre to hatch or deformit#. Warmth is a

critical component" and ths there are man# t#pes of incbators sited for particlar t#pes ofincbation. :or example" a chic!en e%% re7ires different levels of heat than a sna!e e%%.

!umidit(

Another crcial component of an incbator is hmidit#. Most incbators will provide some !indof tra# for water placement. 5ome hi%her6end incbators will have a bilt6in mistin% s#stem. Withot
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hmidit#" the embr#o can dr# ot inside the e%%. With too mch hmidit#" the embr#o can drown. A

7alit# incbator will be desi%ned in sch a wa# that the proper amonts of hmidit# can be %iven.

#otation

An e%% mst be rotated in order for the embr#o to develop properl#. Man# incbators will inclde

an electric rotatin% tra# that will atomaticall# rotate or tilt the e%%s. These are desi%ned to distribte

heat evenl#.

-rotection

An incbator provides a safe" protected place for an e%% to develop. =enerall#" incbators arehard" sanitar#" and secre. Ideall# the# will be an area where e%%s can develop withot brea!in% or

bein% sha!en p too mch. 5ome incbators are more strd# than others" bt in %eneral incbators

provide ample protection for e%%s.

"2Operating instructions for .ncubators

The site chosen for an# incbator is vitall# important for the optimm performance of the

machine.An incbators temperatre control wor!s to its optimm when its srrondin% environmenthas a reasonabl# constant temperatre. =rmbach incbators have %reat inslation properties" bt lar%e

external variations in temperatre will affect even these machines temperatre control.

o not site #or incbator where direct snli%ht falls on it" as this will increase the incbatorstemperatre de to the %reen hose effectQ.

As relative hmidit# can onl# be increased within the incbator" it is important that the room where the

incbator is sited" has as lo.w as possible ambient hmidit#. This in trn will %ive #o a %reater field of

control on hmidit# settin%s within the incbator. 9itchens and bathrooms %enerall# have hi%h ambienthmidit# levels so shold be avoided.

The srface that the incbator is placed on" shold be level to decreases the problem of e%%

creepQ on the trnin% rollers. Ma!e sre #o have sfficient room to open the door fll# to allowremoval of the e%% tra#s.

Temperature )ontrol

Jnce #or machine is sited" pl% the Incbator into the mains and trn on the mains power

switch. If di%ital readers are fitted these will li%ht alon% with the power switch. >eave the incbator

rnnin% for several hors to heat p and allow the internal temperatre to e7ilibrate. The Thermo>i%htQ will be lit continos while the incbator is heatin% p and will start to flash onoff as it reaches

the temperatre it is set at. The temperatre settin%s will be set either at or ver# close to 3.) + in the

factor# prior to shipment. The two !nobs mar!ed coarse and fine are #or temperatre controllers. The

coarse !nob shold be sed to adDst the temperatre to close to the desired temperatre and then thefinal adDstments made with the fine !nob. Whenever ma!in% adDstments please ensre #o chec! the

temperatre re%larl# after" as the increase or decrease is not instant and will ta!e a few mintes to

e7ilibrate thro%hot the entire incbator.Each incbator is fitted with two additional safet# thermostats. Jn the left hand side panel a

mechanical safet# thermostat is fitted. This will stop #or incbator from overheatin% if there was a

failre with the electronic primar# thermostat. This is preset at the factor# and shold not need alterin%.A third electronic thermostat is fitted close to the fan hosin%. This is a safet# featre and will

stop the an# heater dama%e shold the fan stop wor!in%. This is fitted nder E.E.+. law and shold not

be tampered with.

Thermometers

Each incbator comes with a laborator# hi%h6%rade mercr# thermometer. These thermometersare ver# precise and we stron%l# advise that if #o have a di%ital thermometer fitted to #or machine"that #o calibrate it to the same readin% as the mercr# thermometer. The thermometer fits into the

brac!et spplied on one of the trnin% tra#s and shold be viewed strai%ht on to see the ble mercr#.

Whenever cleanin% the thermometer onl# se cold water.i%ital thermometers have a far 7ic!er reaction time to small chan%es in temperatre than mercr#

thermometers. Jnce the desired temperatre established within the incbator ,set b# the mercr#1

calibrate the di%ital nit to the same readin% if re7ired.To calibrate simpl# remove the blac! plastic frame that srronds the red plastic front" this clips

off b# mildl# prisin% it with a !nife or screwdriver then remove the plastic front. Then simpl# se a

screwdriver to trn the adDstin% screw cloc!wise to trn the thermometer readin% p or anti cloc!wise

to trn it down. Jnce the desired readin% is achieved replace the front. This is safel# achieved with theincbator trned on.


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Auto Turning

When settin% p the trnin% tra# with the rollers" ma!e sre that the rollers are at ri%ht an%les to

each other. 5impl# cont the nmber of spaces between rollers so each end of the rollers are the samenmber of slots apart from each other. The desired distance between rollers is dependant on the size of

e%% #o are incbatin%. The e%% shold sit on the rollers with the bottom of the e%% not tochin% the

trnin% tra#. To minimise e%% creepQ alon% the rollers it is best to alternate each e%% so the top of onee%% faces the front of the incbator and the next the bac! and so on. When placin% the trnin% tra# into

the incbator ma!e sre that the brass rod on the trnin% tra# enters into the for! on the trnin% arm.

The ato trnin% will onl# wor! when the switch on the control panel is trned on and it li%hts p.To set the fre7enc# and len%th of trn the timin% cloc! on the side of the incbator will have to be set.

The F46hor time cloc! has I di%it per /) mintes arond the ot side of the cloc! face. When one di%it

is pshed in this is e7al to the trner movin% for that period of time. /) mintes of trnin% e7alsapproximatel# half a stro!e. :or small e%%s sch as 7ail and partrid%e this is abot a /0de%ree trn.

:or the lar%er e%%s a fll stro!e ,two di%its pshed in1 will be needed for each trnin% session. -lease

remember to start the trner at one side for lar%er e%%s as if set off in the middle of its stro!e each 06

minte trn will end bac! at the middle of the incbator. As a rle of thmb a chic!en e%% will needtwo di%its in then the next for ot ,no trnin%1 and so on arond the cloc!. This will %ive #o half an

hor trnin% ,one stro!e1 and one hor of no trnin%. Bt the fre7enc# and amont of trnin% is down

to #or individal choice.

!umidit( )ontrol

Jn incbators where the ato6Hmidit# featre is not fitted the hmidit# can be increased viafillin% the bottom tra# with water. As relative hmidit# is directl# proportional to the srface area of

water" small receptacles ma# be placed on the floor of the incbator with different srface areas ntil

the desired hmidit# level is obtained.

Jn ato6hmidit# incbators the reservoir shold be filled sin% distilled water to combat lime scalebild p within the reservoir. Jpenin% or closin% the Hmidit# flap to varios de%rees can alter the

hmidit# level to sit most incbation needs. If when the flap is fll# open ,white line is at three

oQcloc!1 the hmidit# is still not as hi%h as #o re7ire then switch on the Hmidit# onoff switch. B#trnin% the Hmidit# pdown switch this will increase the hmidit# level p to /00.. Jnce the on

off switch is trned on there is a small heater sitated nder the water reservoir" which warms the

water" and so assists in evaporation hence increasin% the hmidit# level. The pdown switch is asimple thermostat that allows #o control over how warm the water %ets. B# sin% this facilit# in

conDnction with the flap" #o can control the hmidit# level to #or exact re7irements

Ma!e sre the water level is topped p this is easil# viewed thro%h the plastic fillin% tbe.Whenever the incbator is not in se or is bein% moved" empt# an# water from the reservoir into a bowl

b# removin% the drain pl% at the base of the fillin% tbe and tilt the incbator forward sli%htl#.

To calibrate the dial hmidit# %a%e" wrap it p in a damp cloth for /) mintes. Then with a small

screwdriver trn the pointer via the screw in the bac! off the %a%e to /00. Then leave for it to dropto ambient hmidit# level ,%enerall# between 06)0 1.

To calibrate the di%ital H#%rometer remove the front the same as the di%ital thermometer. The two

calibration screws are fond on the side of each di%ital di%it.

)ool "own Timer

+ool down timers are onl# %enerall# sed when incbatin% waterfowl e%%s The time cloc! is setthe same as the trnin% timer" with each di%it inserted e7allin% /) mintes of no heat

Air vent2

The air vent is a circlar rose on the top front of the 54 incbator and a lar%er oblon% %rate onB.5.5. models. This allows #o to maniplate how mch fresh air enters the machine. :or most e%%s

this will be left fll# open" bt some %eese and other waterfowl e%%s seem to re7ire a sli%htl# stale airenvironment" so the flap ma# be either partiall# or fll# closed to sit #or individal needs.

)leaning (our incubator

Each incbator has been desi%ned for ease of cleanin%. All srfaces can be cleaned with warmwater and a mild disinfectant. :mi%ation with :ormaldeh#de %as is recommended between hatches.

-lease do not place the rollers in a dishwasher as the# will bend and distort. The filter %aze shold be

chan%ed annall# nder normal conditions bt nder heav# se this will re7ire a more fre7entchan%e. A water6sanitisin% tablet ma# be sed in the water reservoir.


16/30

E2 !ow to Use a 0aborator( .ncubator

.nstructions

ecide what the incbator will be sed for. +ltresof plant andor animal cells" tisses and whole

microor%anisms can be performed in laborator# incbators. The# ma# also be sed to carr# ot lab

procedres sch as solidif#in% and dr#in% ot bacterial a%ar plates" dissolvin% solid rea%ents inwarmed soltions and histolo%# experiments.

:amiliarize #orself with all the components of the incbator. :ind the switches or !nobs to activate

the power sppl#" %as sppl#" temperatre control" and hmidit# levels. Reset these to #or re7ired

conditions. Most biolo%# laborator# incbators are set to 3 de%rees +elsis" ) percent carbon

dioxide and () to ( percent hmidit#.

-repare the nit. Gsin% a sterile flow laminar hood or other containment nit and a screwdriver"

nscrew and remove all internal components ,shelves" brac!ets" water pans" fans and so on1 in the

incbator chamber and decontaminate them inside the sterile flow hood" sin% 30 percent ethanol or

other approved disinfectant. Wipe down doors" handles and all external srfaces.

Attach ox#%en and carbon dioxide tan!s. +hec! that pressre %a%es are attached to the tan!s and

set to the correct parameters.

-rovide sfficient water. Gse onl# sterile" triple6distilled" laborator#6%rade water. The volme to se

will var# between incbators so chec! the docmentation that came with the incbator. -or the

water in either a water pan or at the bottom of the incbator. Wipe p an# spills and do not adddisinfectants to the water nless specified to do so.

-lace items to be cltred in a sin%le la#er or stac! them on top of each other. o not overcrowd the

incbator chamber. Maintain sterile conditions b# enclosin% cells" or%anisms or tisses in flas!s or

petri dishes. Ta!e care not to place infectios or%anisms in the same incbator as ssceptible cells,for example" virses and some tmor cells1. -lace onl# sterile cltree7ipment in the incbatorand avoid resin% when possible.

-erform re%lar maintenance. +hec! that valves" pmps" %a%es and barometers are in wor!in%

order and that levels of ox#%en" carbon dioxide" water and temperatre are correct. Avoid %rowth ofnwanted fn%i" m#coplasma or other well6!nown Als .nkubatorwird ein BehXlter bezeichnet" der in

der Re%el bei Temperatren zwischen 4*+ nd 3F*+ betrieben wird nd fYr diverse Anwendn%en

%entzt werden !ann. Alternativ werden In!batoren ach als Brt6 oder WXrmeschran! bezeichnet.

In!batoren werden hXfi% in der Biotechnolo%ie fYr die Zell6 nd =ewebe!ltr sowie fYr

9loniern%s6Experimente ein%esetzt" siehe$ .nkubator /Biologie1. In der Medizin finden sie ebenfallsfYr diverse Brt6 nd Wachstmsprozesse sowie der Kersor%n% von :rYh6 nd


17/30

.nkubator in biotechnologischem 0aboratorium

Three desi%n featres differentiate laborator# incbators$ temperatre ran%e" the temperatre

niformit#" and the chamber size. Temperatre niformit# in incbators is calclated b# sin% a mltiprobe temperatre reader" mappin% the temperatre of the chamber from top to bottom simltaneos#

and then calclatin% the ran%e as illstrated in this -:. >aborator# Incbator and Jven Gniformit#Jverview.

Shop the S!E0 0AB brand of 0aborator( .ncubators

5tandard =eneral -rpose >ab IncbatorsThese laborator# incbators ran%e in size from F c. ft. V /F c. ft. The 5HE> >AB incbator line is

heated from ) sides and featre triple wall constrction. This desi%n eliminates the need for an internal

convection fan" which is wh# these incbators wont dr# #or samples and are well sited forbacteriolo%# stdies.

>ar%e +apacit# >aborator# IncbatorsThe 5HE> >AB RIF and RI40 reach in" lar%e capacit# lab incbators are en%ineered for se with cell

prodction roller bottle apparatses. The >ar%e +apacit# Incbators also inclde for interior otletsallowin% #o to perform applications re7irin% ma%netic stirrers and sha!ers. ownload the 5HE>

>AB >aborator# Incbator brochre.in -: format.

>aborator# Incbator Applications

Bacterial +ltrin% and Research

Microbiolo%ical eterminations

-harmacetical 5tabilit# Assa#s

:ood -rocessin% O+ >ar%e 5cale Roller Apparats Applications
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18/30

0aborator( .ncubators5 Scientific .ncubators

Altho%h incbators are tho%ht of as devices for maintainin% temperatre" classic definition

incldes hmidit# and other factors. Added to the complexit#" some people se the term incbator"

environmental chamber" and stabilit# chamber to mean the same thin%.:or or ease of se" #o willfind arwin +hambers sin% the word incbator to mean a chamber controlled onl# with

temperatre. We se the term environmental chamber to indicate a chamber controlled b# bothtemperatre and hmidit#. =enerall#" there are three classifications of incbators that we sppl#$

!eated and )ooled 0aborator( .ncubators

These incbators have a wider ran%e of temperatres. Also" these mi%ht be prchased if the roleof the chamber mi%ht switch in ftre se 6 for example from cooler to above ambient temperatres.

We have two t#pes of heated and cooled incbators.

The "B series incubators

se compressor technolo%# and have temperatre ran%es of 4*+620*+.

The TE series incubators

se thermoelectric technolo%# and have temperatre ran%es of F0*+620*+.

!eated onl( 0aborator( .ncubators

These incbators wold be capable of maintainin% temperatre above ambient conditions.

*2!ow is a laborator( incubator made%

An incbator comprises a transparent chamber and the e7ipment that re%lates its temperatre"

hmidit#" and ventilation. :or #ears" the principle ses for the controlled environment provided b#incbators inclded hatchin%poltr#e%%s and carin% forprematreor sic! infants" bt a new and

important application has recentl# emer%ed" namel#" the cltivation and maniplation of

microor%anismsfor medical treatment and research. This article will focs on laborator# ,medical1incbators.

The first incbators were sed in ancient +hina and E%#pt" where the# consisted of fire6heated

rooms in which fertilized chic!en e%%s were placed to hatch" thereb# freein% the hens to contine

la#in% e%%s. >ater" wood stoves and alcohol lamps were sed to heat incbators. Toda#" poltr#incbators are lar%e rooms" electricall# heated to maintain temperatres between ((.) and /00 de%rees

:ahrenheit ,3.) and 3. de%rees +elsis1. :ans are sed to circlate the heated air evenl# over the

e%%s" and the rooms hmidit# is set at abot 20 percent to minimize the evaporationof water from thee%%s. In addition" otside air is pmped into the incbatorto maintain a constant ox#%en level of F/

percent" which is normal for fresh air. As man# as /00"000 e%%s ma# be nrtred in a lar%e commercial

incbator at one time" and all are rotated a minimm of times a da# thro%hot the F/6da# incbation

period.

rin% the late nineteenth centr#" ph#sicians be%an to se incbators to help save the lives of

babies born after a %estation periodof less than 3 wee!s ,an optimal hman pre%nanc# lasts F0 da#s"

or 40 wee!s1. The first infant incbator" heated b#!erosene lamps" appeared in /4 at a -aris womenshospital.

In /(" American ]lis H. Hess desi%ned an electricall# heated infant incbator ,most are still

electricall# heated toda#1. Modern bab# incbators resemble cribs" save that the# are enclosed. Gsall#"

the covers are transparent so that medical personnel can observe babies continall#. In addition" man#incbators are made with side wall apertres into which lon%6armed rbber %loves can be fitted"

enablin% nrses to care for the babies withot removin% them. The temperatre is sall# maintained at

between and (0 de%rees :ahrenheit ,/ to F de%rees +elsis1. Enterin% air is passed thro%h a

HE-A,hi%h efficienc# prified air1 filter" which cleans and hmidifies it" and the ox#%en level withinthe chamber is adDsted to meet the particlar needs of each infant. Incbators in neonatalnits" centers

that specialize in carin% for prematre infants" are fre7entl# e7ipped with electronic devices for
http://www.darwinchambers.com/incubators.htmlhttp://www.darwinchambers.com/TE_series_incubators.htmhttp://www.darwinchambers.com/incubators-heated.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/humidityhttp://www.answers.com/topic/poultryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/prematurehttp://www.answers.com/topic/microorganismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/evaporationhttp://www.answers.com/topic/incubatorhttp://www.answers.com/topic/incubation-periodhttp://www.answers.com/topic/incubation-periodhttp://www.answers.com/topic/gestation-period-1http://www.answers.com/topic/kerosenehttp://www.answers.com/topic/hepahttp://www.answers.com/topic/neonatalhttp://www.darwinchambers.com/incubators.htmlhttp://www.darwinchambers.com/TE_series_incubators.htmhttp://www.darwinchambers.com/TE_series_incubators.htmhttp://www.darwinchambers.com/incubators-heated.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/humidityhttp://www.answers.com/topic/poultryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/prematurehttp://www.answers.com/topic/microorganismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/evaporationhttp://www.answers.com/topic/incubatorhttp://www.answers.com/topic/incubation-periodhttp://www.answers.com/topic/incubation-periodhttp://www.answers.com/topic/gestation-period-1http://www.answers.com/topic/kerosenehttp://www.answers.com/topic/hepahttp://www.answers.com/topic/neonatal


19/30

monitorin% the infants temperatre and the amont of ox#%en in its blood.>aborator# ,medical1

incbators were first tilized drin% the twentieth centr#" when doctors realized that the# cold be

cold be sed to

#aw &aterials

Three main t#pes of materials are necessar# to manfactre an incbator. The first is stainlesssteelsheet metal of a common %rade" sall# .0F to .04 inch ,.0) to ./ centimeter1 thic!. 5tainless steelis sed becase it resists rst and corrosionthat mi%ht be cased b# both natrall# occrrin%

environmental a%ents and b# whatever is placed inside the nit. The next cate%or# of necessar#

components incldes items prchased from otside sppliers$ nts" screws"inslation" motors" fans"and other miscellaneos items. The third t#pe of necessar# material is the electronics pac!a%e" whose

complexit# will depend pon the sophistication of the nit in 7estion. 5ch a pac!a%e ma# have

simple onoff switches with analo% temperatre control or a state6of6the6art microprocessorthat can bepro%rammed to maintain identif# patho%ens ,disease6casin% bacteria1 in patientsbodil#flids and

ths dia%nose their disorders more accratel#. After a sample has been obtained" it is transferred to a

-etri dish" flas!" or some other sterilecontainer and placed in a rac!inside the incbator. To promote

patho%enic%rowth" the air inside the chamber is hmidified and heated to bod# temperatre ,(.2de%rees :ahrenheit or 3 de%rees +elsis1. In addition" these incbators provide the amont of

atmospheric carbon dioxideor nitro%en necessar# for the cells %rowth. As this carefll# conditioned air

circlates arond it" the microor%anism mltiplies" enablin% easier and more certain identification.

A related se of incbators is tisse cltre" a research techni7e in which clinicians extract tisse

fra%ments from plants or animals" place these explantsin an incbator" and monitor their sbse7ent

%rowth. The temperatre within the incbator is maintained at or near that of the or%anism from which

the explant was derived. Jbservin% explants in incbators %ives scientists insi%ht into the operation andinteraction of particlar cells& for example" it has enabled them to nderstand canceros cells and to

develop vaccines for polio" inflenza"measles" andmmps. In addition" tisse cltre has allowed

researchers to detect disorders stemmin% from the lac! of particlar enz#mes.

Incbators are also sed in %enetic en%ineerin%" an extension of tisse cltrin% in whichscientists maniplate the %enetic materials in explants" sometimes combinin% i!e standard refri%erators" incbators are measred in terms of the chambers volme" whichran%es from ) to /0 cbic feet ,/.) to cbic meters1 for contertop models and from / to cbic

feet ,).) to /0 cbic meters1 for free6standin% models.

The sheet metal is sed to ma!e two box confi%rations" an inner chamber and the case that

encloses it. Inslation ,if the chamber is heated electricall#1 or a water6Dac!et ,if it is water6heated1srronds the chamber" and the case spports it" the controls" and the doors. To prevent contamination

and avoid fn%alorbacterial %rowth" the chamber mst be hermeticall# sealed" or rendered airti%ht" as

mst an# apertres bilt into its walls. A %lass door that allows scientists to observe the chamberscontents withot distrbin% them fits a%ainst the chambers %as!et" which helps to !eep the incbator

airti%ht. A steel door" solid and inslated" closes over the %lass door.

Two t#pes of heat sorces are sed$ electrical heaters that se fans to circlate the warmththe#

%enerate" and hot water Dac!ets. In the former desi%n" the inner chamber has an electricalheatermonted on an inside wall and covered b# a perforated protective panel. Monted in the chamber wall

Dst above the heater is a fan whose motor extends thro%h the chamber wall into the control area of the

case and whose blades face inward.Jther manfactrers heat the chamber b# srrondin% it with awater6filled Dac!et.

The dr#6wall heater offer several advanta%es over the water6Dac!et. :irst" the former can chan%e

temperatre within the chamber more 7ic!l#. Also" electricall# heated nits can be thermall#

decontaminated becase the wall heaters not onl# warm the chamber more 7ic!l# bt also heat it tohi%her temperatres ,a nit is considered contaminant6free after its chamber temperatre has been
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20/30

raised to F/F de%rees :ahrenheit or /00 de%rees +elsis or above1. Water Dac!ets pose another problem

wall heaters dont$ becase the# are pressrized" the# can develop lea!s.

Hmidit# is %enerated b# heatin% a small copper bowl that contains limited amonts of prified

water& the resltin% steam can be introdced into the chamber b# means of a control valve. Interiorli%htin% ma# also be sed. :lorescent and GK ,ltra6violet1 lamps can be installed separatel# or in

combination. To adDst temperatre" hmidit#" li%hts" ventilation" and an# other special featres" moresophisticated incbators featre control panels on their oter case. However" if the nit is a relativel#simple one" it will provide onl# basic onoff switches with simple analo% temperatre controls. Inside

the chamber" athermostator thermocople is strate%icall# placed so that it can be viewed withot

difficlt# from the otside.

The &anufacturing -rocess

Cutting, perforating, and bending the sheet metal

:irst" 4 inch b# //F inch ,/FF centimeter b# F4 centimeter1 sheets of metal are ct into small"

s7are pieces with a flat shearthat resembles a ver# lar%e" table toppaper ctter.

A +


21/30

The third arc weldin% method sed to assemble the incbator is TI=,tn%sten6arc inert %as1

weldin%" a combination of stic! and MI= weldin%. In this process" a stationar#tn%sten rod

withot an# flx is inserted into a hand6held %n. Inert %as flows from a tan! thro%h the %nsnozzle. When the tri%%er is plled" the %as creates an atmosphere& as the tn%sten rod stri!es its

arc" the two parts fse to%ether withot an# filler metal.

Painting the incubator

At this point" the case ma# be painted to frther provide srface protection" both inside and

otside ,the inner chamber is never painted1. The box is spra#painted" sall# with an

electrostaticall# char%ed powderpaint. This process re7ires that a small electrical char%e be

applied so that it will attract the powder particles" which have been %iven an opposite char%e.After the case is spra#ed" it is moved into an oven that melts the powder particles" casin% them

to adhere to the freshl# cleaned metal srface. This process is ver# clean" efficient" and

environmentall# friendl#" and the hi%h67alit# paint resists most laborator# spills.

Insulating or jacketing the chamber


22/30

A2"efinition Of !ot Air Oven

A hot air oven is a piece of electronic e7ipment sed to sterilize items. It is often fond in

hospitals" where medical professionals se it to sterilize sr%ical e7ipment. 5cientists and laborator#technicians also se it fre7entl# becase a hot air oven doesnt experience the same internal pressre

bildp that other sterilizin% e7ipment" li!e an atoclave" does.

The interior of a hot air oven contains a di%ital thermostat that controls the temperatre" which

sall# ran%es an#where from /FF* : ,)0* +1 to )3F* : ,00* +1. The oven itself is created from adoble6walled constrction that is desi%ned to hold in heat and redce ener%# otpt. The exterior of

the nit is composed of metal" and the interior is made of a poor condctor. In between is an air6filled

space that provides additional inslation. Inside the nit" heat is distribted evenl# thro%h the help of abilt6in fan. +ompared to other t#pes of sterilizin% e7ipment" hot air ovens are fairl# compact. The dr#

heat created b# the ovens ma# not be as beneficial in !illin% harmfl or%anisms as moist6heat6

prodcin% ovens are. Temperatres in a hot air oven are sall# comparable to those fond in other

sterilizin% nits" however. :rthermore" the c#cle in a hot air oven is sall# mch shorter whencompared to steam sterilization nits.

The hot6air oven offers optimal conditions with inte%rated time switch cloc! and precise

temperatre re%lator for hardenin% paste plated6thro%h holes and for laminatin% solderin% mas! foils.

Hot air ovens mst be preheated before the# can be operated properl#. The preheatin% time is

essential for the complete sterilization c#cle to be effective. Jpenin% the chamber door before it has

finished heatin% p lets heat ot and re7ires the nit to be sht down completel# and the preheatin%process to start over a%ain.

A conventional hot air sterilization oven rns a t#pical c#cle at F0* : ,/20* +1. At this

temperatre" it ta!es approximatel# (0 mintes for the nit to complete its c#cle. There are also

convection ovenin abot /F mintes. Gnwrapped items ta!e onl# abot 2 mintes to sterilize.

!ot air ovens are electricaldevices used in sterili'ation2 The oven usesdr( heatto sterili'earticles2 8enerall(5 the( can be operated from 9, to :,, ;) /+33 to 9uenc(/hert'1 used2 Temperature sensitive tapes or other devices like those

using bacterial sporescan be used to work as controls5 to test for the efficac( of the device in ever(

c(cle2

Spesific Of !ot Air Oven

Temperatre ran%e$ 0 *+ ,at least )*+ or /0*+ above ambient1 to F)0 *+

Temperatre variation ,time1$ _ 80.F) *+ at /)0 *+

Triple overtemperatre protection$ If the electronic heatin% control shold fail" heatin% is switched

off at a fixed level of /0 *+ above the setpoint. An adDstable overtemperatre controller TWW

protection class ./ ,optional adDstable electronic temperatre limiter TWB protection class F1

ta!es over control at a preset temperatre in case of failre. In addition a mechanical temperatre
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23/30

limiter" TB" switches off heatin% permanentl# if the maximm permitted oven temperatre is

exceeded b# approx. /0 *+.

F hi%h6%rade platinm temperatre sensors -t /00 in a 46wire circit ,for stable lon%6term

transmission of measrement si%nals1 with mtal sensor monitorin% and operation transfer at same

wor!in% temperatre

-ro%rammable di%ital timer ,/ min. to ((( hrs1 and wee!l# pro%rammer for temperatre control

profile with a maximm of 4 se%ments$ 5witch on with time dela#" heat p" hold set temperatre,dependent on setpoint" if re7ired1 and defined coolin% down.

>oop ,repeat fnction1

Manall# adDstable air flap for fresh air inta!e

5peed of fan can be controlled and set at /0 intervals

5imltaneos displa# of all parameters" sch as temperatre" wee!da#" time" fan speed and ramp

Kisal alarm if temperatre is exceeded

:nction si%nals for stand6b#" operatin% mode" heatin% and overtemperatre

Internal lo% memor# with /0F4!B to save temperatre and error states" with timestamp to the

minte

B.Advantages and disadvantages

The# do not re7ire water and there is not mch pressre bild p within the oven" nli!e an atoclave"ma!in%

them safer to wor! with. This also ma!es them more sitable to be sed in alaborator#environment. The# are mch smaller

than atoclaves bt can still be as effective. The# can be more rapid than an atoclave and hi%her temperatres can be

reached compared to other means. As the# se dr# heatinstead ofmoist heat"some or%anisms li!eprions" ma# not be !illedb# them ever# time.

C.Usage

A complete c#cle involves heatin% the oven to the re7ired temperatre" maintainin% that

temperatre for the proper time interval for that temperatre" trnin% the machine off and coolin% the

articles in the closed oven till the# reach room temperatre. The standard settin%s for a hot air oven are$

/.) to F hors at /20 *+ ,F0 *:1

2 to /F mintes at /(0 *+ ,34 *:1
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24/30

....pls the time re7ired to preheat the chamber before be%innin% the sterilization c#cle. If the door is opened before time"

heat escapes and the process becomes incomplete. Ths the c#cle mst be properl# repeated all over.

These are widel# sed tosterilizearticles that can withstand hi%h temperatres and not %et brnt" li!e %lassware and

powders. >inen %ets brnt and sr%ical sharps lose their sharpness.

"2Operating .nstruction

+2itial STA#T ?U-

When the oven is started at the first time "it shold be srperviised continosl# ntil stead#

conditions have been reached. 5wvwral vibration drin% transpirt ma# case movementof

thetemperatre probe in its holder inside the chamber.


25/30

Setting the changes

Movin% the air slider apens and closed the air valve to control the spll# and dischar%e of air.

Setting the temperature

Hold down the set 9E; and set the temperatre set -JI


26/30

Steps to Ad=ust the oven temperature

5elect S!!I"#S" then$%&" then$%&" then ' temp. 5elect pper orlower oven for doble

oven models.The crrent temperatreadDstment will appear in the time and temperatre displa#.5elect

I"C&AS ,coo! hotter1 or (C&AS ,coo! cooler1 to chan%ecoo!in% temperatre adDstmentin

/*increments. +ontine ntildesired nmber is displa#ed.The oven temperatre can be adDsted p to

,'1 )*: hotter or,61 )*: cooler.When #o have made theadDstment" select )%$ to %o bac! to themain displa#. Gse #or oven as #o wold normall#.

92Selecting for operating mode


27/30

Setting the temperature

Trn the pshtrn control cloc!wise ntil the temperatre displa# is flashin%. Hold down the set

!e# and set the re7ired temperatre set point with the pshtrn control. After the 5ET !e# has been

released the oven flashed the oven briefl# the temoeratre setpoint. The displa# then chan%es to the

actsal temperatre and the controller start to control to the selected temperatre set point.

Setting timer

Trn thepsh trn control AJ+9WI5E ntil the timer displa# is flashin%. Hold the set

!e# and set the re7ired operatin%time with the pshtrn control.

2Oven depicted in a painting b( CeanD*ranois &illet

An ovenis an enclosed compartment for heatin%"ba!in%or dr#in%.It is most commonl# sed in

coo!in%andpotter#. Jvens sed in potter# are also !nown as !ilns. An oven sed for heatin% or for

indstrial processes is called a frnaceor indstrial oven. In modern times the oven is sed to coo! andheat food in man# hoseholds across the %lobe.

Ancient =ree! portable oven" /3th centr# B+E

5ettlements across the Inds Kalle# +ivilizationwere the first to have an oven within each md6

bric! hose b# F00 B+. +linar# historians credit the =ree!sfor developin%breadba!in% into an art.:ront6loaded bread ovens were developed in ancient =reece. The =ree!s created a wide variet# of

do%hs" loaf shapes and st#les of servin% bread with other foods. Ba!in% developed as a trade and

profession as bread increasin%l# was prepared otside of the famil# home b# speciall# trained wor!ers

to be sold to the pblic. This is one of the oldest forms of professional food processin%.

&odern oven
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28/30

In coo!in%" the conventional oven is a !itchen applianceand is sed for roastin%and heatin%.

:ood normall# coo!ed in this manner incldes meat"casserolesand ba!ed %oods sch asbread"ca!e

and other desserts.

Modern ovens are feled b# %as or electricit#.When an oven is contained in a complete stove" thefel sed for the oven ma# be the same as or different from the fel sed for the brners on top of the

stove.Jvens sall# can se a variet# of methods to coo!. The most common ma# be to heat the ovenfrom below. This is commonl# sed for ba!in% and roastin%. The oven ma# also be able to heat fromthe top to providebroilin%. In order to provide faster" more6even coo!in%" convection ovensse a small

fan to blow hot air arond the coo!in% chamber. An oven ma# also provide an inte%rated rotisserie.

Jvens also var# in the wa# that the# are controlled. The simplest ovens ,for example" the A=A

coo!er1 ma# not have an# controls at all& the ovens simpl# rn continosl# at varios temperatres.More conventional ovens have a simple thermostat which trns the oven on and off and selects the

temperatre at which it will operate. 5et to the hi%hest settin%" this ma# also enable the broiler element.

A timerma# allow the oven to be trned on and off atomaticall# at pre6set times. More sophisticated

ovens ma# have complex" compter6based controls allowin% a wide variet# of operatin% modes andspecial featres incldin% the se of a temperatre probeto atomaticall# sht the oven off when the

food is completel# coo!ed to the desired de%ree.

5ome ovens provide varios aids to cleanin%. Continuous cleaningovens have the oven chambercoated with a catal#tic srface that helps brea! down ,oxidize1 food splatters and spills over time. Self*cleaning ovenssep#rol#tic decomposition,extreme heat1 to oxidize dirt. 5team ovens ma# provide a

wet6soa! c#cle to loosen dirt" allowin% easier manal removal. In the absence of an# special methods"

chemical o+en cleanersare sometimes sed or Dst old6fashionedscrbbin%.

F2.ndustrial5 scientific5 and artisanal use

Jtside the clinar# world" ovens are sed for a nmber of prposes.

A frnacecan be sed either to provide heat to a bildin% or sed to melt sbstances sch as

%lass or metal for frther processin%. Ablast frnace is a particlar t#pe of frnace %enerall#associated with metal smeltin%,particlarl# steelmanfactre1 sin% refined co!e or similar

hot6brnin% sbstance as a fel" with air pmped in nder pressre to increase the temperatre

of the fire.

A !ilnis a hi%h6temperatre oven sed in wood dr#in%" ceramicsand cementmanfactre to

convertmineral feedstoc! ,in the form of cla# or calcim or alminm roc!s1 into a %lassier"

more solid form. In the case of ceramic !ilns" a shaped cla# obDect is the final reslt" while

cement !ilns prodce a sbstance called clin!er that is crshed to ma!e the final cement

prodct. ,+ertain t#pes of dr#in% ovens sed in food manfactre" especiall# those sed inmaltin%" are also referred to as !ilns.1

An atoclave is an oven6li!e device with featres similar to apressre coo!er that allows the

heatin% of a7eos soltions to hi%her temperatres than waters boilin% point in order tosterilize the contents of the atoclave.

Indstrial ovensare similar to their clinar# e7ivalents and are sed for a nmber of different

applications that do not re7ire the hi%h temperatres of a !iln or frnace.

:rnace
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casserolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotisseriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGA_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGA_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-cleaning_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-cleaning_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-cleaning_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow_greasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_dryinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(cement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave_(industrial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casserolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotisseriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGA_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGA_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-cleaning_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-cleaning_ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow_greasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_dryinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(cement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave_(industrial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_oven


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How to se of frnace$

/. Trn on the device b# connectin% to a sorce of electric crrent.

F. open the door of the frnace b# trnin% the microswitch.. enter the sample to be in ab!an into the crsh to size and !inds of materials" and enter into the

frnace" close the bac!.

4. adDst the heatin% temperatre and time re7ired to -en%aban.

Maintenance and care

if the tool is not in se" then the relationship with the electric crrent shold be decided" and the

temperatre is minimized. thermalfse on this tool" and tb heaters can be replaced if it sffereddama%e.

:rnace parts

/. sorce of electrical ener%#F. re%lator and temperatre %a%e

. We have the front door of the frnace" which can be opened b# trnin% the !e#.

4. thermal fse

). themocople brea! protection2. re%lator of heat and space heaters

Atoclave

Atoclave is a tool that is sed to ma!e a free bod# of an or%anism with the sterilization process with

pressrized hot steam.


30/30

Wor!in% principles of an atoclave is a wa# to !ill microor%anisms in the hi%h heatin% at hi%h pressres

in a state accompanied bases. temperatre in need ,water vapor temperatre1 is /F/ 0 +" and water

vapor pressre /) lbs for /) to 0 mintes.

tools and materials that will be sterilized with an atoclave is a tool and materials that are resistant toheat ,temperatre1 and hi%h pressre ,more than at / atm1. materials that do not withstand hi%h heat

sch as blood serm can be sterilized b# other means.

-rinciples of how to se an atoclave$

/. contents of an atoclave with distilled water ,a7ades1 as mch volme in need ,dependin% on the

size of the atoclave1F. prepare materials that will be sterilized and pt into a rac! atoclve" then insert it into the atoclave

. atoclave in closed meetin%s b# wa# of ti%htenin% the !e#s contained in the air tersebt.!lep leave

open the lid ntil #o see the first drops of water" then close it after the water drips4. warmin% in the forward" watchin% the temperatre and pressre rise seen in the instrment pointer.

the tar%eted temperatre and pressre are /F/ + and /) lbs" and this sitation is maintained for /)60

mintes.

). when temperatre" pressre and more time in reach" in trn atoclave ,heatin% at stop

tugas teklab kel 10

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