TAREB MAGOL RAMECRET NAHAL ISAIDEMEROTIF dC nad bP

NAKANUGGNEM MUISROSNOK LUKONI NA ABORKIM SISABREB

ISAIDAR SOPMOK

ITNAYISUS ISUS

AIMIK IDUTS MARGORP

IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF

HALLUTAYADIH FIRAYS IREGEN MALSI SATISREVINU

ATRAKAJ

5102 M 341 / 6 H

TAREB MAGOL RAMECRET NAHAL ISAIDEMEROTIF dC nad bP

NAKANUGGNEM ABORKIM NALUKONI MUISROSNOK SISABREB

ISAIDAR SOPMOK

ispirkS

sniaS anajraS raleG helorepmeM tarayS utaS halaS iagabeS aimiK idutS margorP

igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF isrevinU atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS iregeN malsI sat

: helO

ITNAYISUS ISUS 1500006900111

AIMIK IDUTS MARGORP

IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF

HALLUTAYADIH FIRAYS IREGEN MALSI SATISREVINU

ATRAKAJ

5102 341/M 6 H

TAREB MAGOL RAMECRET NAHAL ISAIDEMEROTIF dC nad bP

NAKANUGGNEM ABORKIM NALUKONI MUISROSNOK SISABREB

ISAIDAR SOPMOK

S ispirk

utaS halaS iagabeS tarayS helorepmeM raleG anajraS sniaS gorP aimiK idutS mar satlukaF sniaS d igolonkeT na

N malsI satisrevinU irege firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH

: helO

ITNAYISUS ISUS 1500006900111

iujuteyneM ,

I gnibmibmeP II gnibmibmeP

iS.M ,.L haiD onteR irT .arD .I.D iniarsuY .S iS.M , .PIN 500 2 305891 91103691 .PIN 200 2 211002 21507791

iuhategneM ,

auteK aimiK idutS margorP

edeD .srD iS.M ,radnakuS 40105691 .PIN 301991 1 400

NAHASEGNEP NAIJU

ispirkS ,ludujreB “ tareB magoL ramecreT nahaL isaidemerotiF dC nad bP

nakanuggneM aborkiM nalukonI muisrosnoK isaidaR sopmoK sisabreB ”

gnay silutid helo itnayisuS isuS , 1500006900111 MIN halet ijuid nad nakataynid

”suluL“ malad adis gn hasoqanuM satlukaF sniaS nad igolonkeT , satisrevinU

iregeN malsI firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH adap irah 5102 iluJ 30 ,ta’muJ spirkS . i

i in halet amiretid iagabes halas utas tarays helorepmem raleg anajraS utaS atartS

.aimiK idutS margorP )1S(

iujuteyneM ,

P I ijugne II ijugneP

rD lizmaT . saL iS.M ,insahruN N .PI 100 1 307791 61509491 2 105002 81604791 .PIN 500

I gnibmibmeP gnibmibmeP II

iS.M ,.L haiD onteR irT .arD .M ,.S.I.D iniarsuY iS .PIN 500 2 305891 91103691 .PIN 200 2 211002 21507791

iuhategneM ,

nakeD auteK igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF idutS margorP aimiK

sugA .rD iS.M ,milaS edeD .srD iS.M ,radnakuS 300 1 309991 61802791 .PIN 40105691 .PIN 301991 1 400

NAATAYNREP

HALADA INI ISPIRKS AWHAB NAKATAYNEM AYAS INI NAGNED

ES AYAS AYRAK LISAH N NAKUJAID HANREP MULEB NAD IRID

IGGNIT NAURUGREP ADAP HAIMLI AYRAK UATA ISPIRKS IAGABES

NUPANAM AGABMEL UATA .

5102 iluJ ,atrakaJ

itnayisuS isuS 1500006900111

KARTSBA

ITNAYISUS ISUS tareB magoL ramecreT nahaL isaidemerotiF , dC nad dP .isaidaR sopmoK sisabreB )MIK( aborkiM nalukonI muisrosnoK nakanuggneM

nagnibmib hawab iD itasaraL haiD onteR irT nad S.I.D iniarsuY .

in nakutnenem kutnu naujutreb ini naitileneP ial refsnarT rotcaF )FT( malad )hajag tupmur nad ,ragap karaj ,uajih iwas ,mayab( namanat nahubmutrep asilanagnem nad hanat adap dC nad bP tareb magol isalumukagnem MIK nahabmanep aynada nagned )nuad halmuj nad namanat iggnit( namanat

aidar sopmok sisabreb lada ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay nagnacnaR .is ha )LAR( pakgneL kacA nagnacnaR nakrasadreb nakukalid naukalrep nad

nahabmanep MIK nahabmanep apnat nad MIK namanat sinej naadebreP .gnisam ,)hajaG tupmuR nad ragaP karaJ ,uajiH iwaS ,mayaB(( - ned gnisam 4 nag

gnisaM .nagnalu - akanuggnem asilanaid lepmas gnisam retemotofortkepS n motA napareS nakanuggnem atad sisilanA .)ASS( ecneiraV fO sisylanaA

)AVONA( nakkujnunem naitilenep lisaH .nacnuD iju nagned naktujnalidad iggnit hibel raka adap dC nad bP nagnudnak gnay namanaT .kujat adap adapir

ialin ikilimem refsnarT rotcaF aynada nagned uajih iwas namanat utiay 1 > )FT( nahabmanep apnat ragap karaj nad isaidar sopmok sisabreb MIK nahabmanep

.dC magoL kutnu 5424.1 nad 6852.6 rasebes utiay MIK namanat nahubmutrePb nahabmanep aynada nagned hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uajih iwas ,maya

isaidar sopmok sisabreb MIK gnay huragnep nakirebmem iju nagned atayn kadit nad AVONA gnay huragnep nakirebnem atayn adap gnay namanat sinej

rep adeb amas haletes naukal nacnuD iju .

ataK icnuK : ,dC nad bP magoL ,isaidemerotiF sisabreb MIK .isaidaR sopmoK

,motA napareS retemotofortkepS refsnarT aF rotc .

TCARTSBA

ITNAYISUS ISUS lateM yvaeH fo noitaidemerotyhP , dC dna bP nimatnoC detaI gnisU lioS ( muitrosnoC laiborciM stnalucon CMI ) htiw noitaidaR tsopmoC

desaB rednu si siseht sihT . fo ecnadiug itasaraL haiD onteR irT nad iniarsuY.S.I.D

s siht fo mia ehT ot si ydut fo eulav eht enimreted rotcaF refsnarT )FT( fo

gnitalumucca ni )ssarG tnahpelE dna ,ahportaJ ,sneerG dratsuM ,hcanipS( stnalpatem yvaeh htworg tnalp gnizylana dna lios ni dC dna bP sl h tnalp( dna thgie

gnivig yb )sevael fo rebmun noitidda eht fo cihw CMI saw h noitaidar tsopmoc desab esu ngised ehT . a si hcraeser siht ni d modnaR etelpmoC dna )DRC( ngiseD

fo noitidda eht no desab si tnemtaert eht CMI ht tuohtiw dna .CMI fo noitidda etnereffid hcaE pyt ( stnalp fo e ahportaJ ,neerG dratsuM ,hcanipS an d tnahpelE

4 htiw detsetsi )ssarG cimotA gnisu dezylana saw elpmas hcaE .snoitacilper retemotohportcepS noitprosbA o sisylanA gnisu sisylanA ataD eht dna )SAA( f

V )AVONA( ecnaira ot deunitnoc neht eht dewohs stluser ehT .tset nacnuD ni dC dna bP fo tnetnoc eht naht rehgih si stoor eht nworc eulav a evah taht stnalP .

fo rotcaF refsnarT )FT( nalp dratsuM neerG yleman ,1 > fo noitidda eht htiw st tsopmoc htiw CMI noitaidar desab J dna fo noitidda eht tuohtiw ahporta ehT .CMI

si eulav m rof 5424.1 dna 6852.6 C late d . htworg tnalP hcanips , sneerg dratsum ,ahportaj dna tnahpele ssarg htiw fo noitidda eht tsopmoc - desab CMI noitaidar

tceffe tnacifingis htiw dna AVONA ton etirw osla ecneulfni laer no tnereffid sepytfo tnalp emas eht tnemtaert retfa tset nacnuD .

rowyeK sd ,dC dna bP slateM ,noitaidemerotyhP : C noitaidaR CMI tsopmo desaB .

,retemotohportcepS noitprosbA cimotA T refsnar .rotcaF

iiiv

RATNAGNEP ATAK

ميحرلا نمحرلا هللا مسب

ijuP nad rukuys TWS hallA taridahek ahdir nad tamhar sata - aggnihes ayN

ludujreb gnay ispirks nakiaseleynem tapad silunep ” nahaL isaidemerotiF

nakanuggneM tareB magoL ramecreT isrosnoK mu aborkiM nalukonI

opmoK sisabreB isaidaR s ” nususid S iagabe S hala S uta helorepmeM tarayS

raleG anajraS igolonkeT naD sniaS satlukaF aimiK idutS margorP sniaS

iregeN malsI satisrevinU ( NIU ) firayS .atrakaJ hallutayadiH

kaynab halet kahip iagabreb ,ispirks nasilunep nad naanaskalep amaleS

ini natapmesek adap ,uti anerak helO .nagnorod nad nautnab nakirebmem

adapek nakirebid amaturet hisak amiret napacu nad tamroh asar nakiapmasid :

.1 iS.M ,.L haiD onteR irT .arD kaynab gnay ,1 gnibmibmep ukales

aynnahara nad nagnibmib ,nauhategnep nakirebmem silunep adapek .

.2 iS.M .S.I.D iniarsuY nakirebmem kaynab gnay II gnibmibmep ukales

umli atres nakusam nad nahara , .nasilunep sesorp malad utnabmem

.3 ,radnakuS edeD .srD ukales ,iS.M satlukaF ,aimiK idutS margorP auteK

sniaS nad geN malsI satisrevinU ,igolonkeT ire firayS ,hallutayadiH

.atrakaJ

.4 ,igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF nakeD ukales ,iS.M ,milaS sugA .rD

.atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS iregeN malsI satisrevinU

.5 ret aut gnaro audeK kakak ,atnic - ,ukkakak lA ijajnuM ikfiR ukkida -

faruN adzaM akI uk nakanopek ,korrabum hafi sata agraulek hurules nad

xi

nagnukud nakirebmem halet nad sutup hanrep kadit gnay aod arom l nad

nad ,liretam kat itneh - aynitneh nakirebmem tagnames kutnu .silunep

.6 kapaB ,.iS.S ,tajarduS gnadaD kapaB ,.TS.S ,anayluM anaN kapaB

s atreseb firA saM ,idrawaM utnabmem kaynab halet gnay NATAB ffat

.naitilenep nakukalem amales silunep

.7 .atrakaJ ,ta’muJ rasaP ,NATAB )RIAP( isaidaR nad potosI isakilpA tasuP

.8 ,inidnA ayiL atilluY ,hirituS itutsaydiW saiT ,annaH ,ifiF ,haizfiH ,aydiW ,

irS ,adhiW ,atilieM ,imsI ,adlihK anirbaS asinnA nad hitnayluM amiret

nautnab sata hisak .naitilenep amales ayntagnames nad

.9 nameT - namet iregeN malsI satisrevinU ,aimiK awsisaham firayS

.0102 natakgna atrakaJ hallutayadiH

.01 .utasrep utas naktubes silunep tapad kadit gnay kahip aumeS

ada kadiT TWS hallA ilaucek ini ainud id anrupmes gnay nuputas

silunep aggnihes iradaynem saguT nasilunep malad nagnarukek kaynab hisam

tagnas nakiabrep imed nugnabmem gnay kitirk nad naras ,ini )ispirkS( rihkA

.nakparahid

,aynrihkA siluneP parahreb agomes ispirks ini tapad taafnamreb igab

aumes .nakhutubmem gnay kahip

.bW .rWmukiala’umalassaW

,atrakaJ iluJ 102 5

siluneP

xi

ISI RATFAD

laH nama

RATNAGNEP ATAK ................................ ................................ .................. iv ii

ISI RATFAD ................................ ................................ ............................ x

LEBAT RATFAD ................................ ................................ ........................ ix ii

RABMAG RATFAD ................................ ................................ .................... vix

NARIPMAL RATFAD ................................ ................................ ................ xv

I BAB NAULUHADNEP ................................ ................................ ............ 1

1.1 . gnakaleB rataL ................................ ................................ .................. 1

nasumuR .2.1 halasam ................................ ................................ .............. 4

.1 .3 sisetopiH naitileneP ................................ ................................ ........... 5

4.1 . naujuT naitileneP ................................ ................................ ............... 5

taafnaM .5.1 naitileneP ................................ ................................ ............. 5

II BAB AKATSUP NAUAJNIT ................................ ................................ ... 6

.1.2 naitregneP isaidemerotiF ................................ ................................ ... 6

magoL .2.2 tareB ................................ ................................ ...................... 01

magoL .1.2.2 )bP( labmiT ................................ ................................ .. 11

2.2.2 . magoL K )dC( muimda ................................ .............................. 21

.2 .3 namanaT mayaB ................................ ................................ ................ 31

.1.3.2 isakifisalK namanaT mayaB ................................ .................. 41

.2.3.2 igolofroM namanaT mayaB ................................ ................... 41

.3.3.2 taafnaM namanaT mayaB ................................ ....................... 51

.4.2 namanaT iwaS uajiH ................................ ................................ ......... 51

.1.4.2 isakifisalK namanaT iwaS uajiH ................................ ............ 51

.2.4.2 igolofroM namanaT iwaS uajiH ................................ ............. 61

4.2 .3. taafnaM manaT na iwaS uajiH ................................ ................ 61

.5.2 aT naman karaJ ragaP ................................ ................................ ......... 71

.1.5.2 isakifisalK anamaT n karaJ ragaP ................................ ........... 71

.2.5.2 igolofroM namanaT karaJ ragaP ................................ ............ 81

x

.3.5.2 taafnaM namanaT karaJ ragaP ................................ ............... 91

.6.2 namanaT hajaG tupmuR ................................ ................................ ... 91

.1.6.2 isakifisalK namanaT hajaG tupmuR ................................ ....... 91

.2.6.2 froM igolo namanaT hajaG tupmuR ................................ ........ 02

.3.6.2 taafnaM namanaT hajaG tupmuR ................................ ........... 02

.7.2 kupuP gnadnaK ................................ ................................ ................. 12

8.2 . nahaB awabmeP ( reirraC ) ................................ ................................ 22

.1.8.2 sopmoK ................................ ................................ ............... 32

.9.2 aborkiM malad nahaB( sopmoK awabmeP ) ................................ ....... 42

1.9.2 . retkabotozA ps ................................ ................................ ....... 42

2.9.2 . sullicaB surtiC ................................ ................................ ....... 62

3.9.2 . ps sanomoduesP ................................ ................................ .... 82

01.2 . isaidarI oC ammaG raniS - 06 ................................ ........................... 92

11.2 . ortkepS retemotof napareS otA )ASS( m ................................ .......... 23

BAB III NAITILENEP EDOTEM ................................ ................................ 63

3 1. . naitileneP utkaW nad tapmeT ................................ ........................... 63

3 2. . nahaB nad talA naitileneP ................................ ................................ . 63

3 1.2. . talA ................................ ................................ ........................ 63

3 2.2. . nahaB ................................ ................................ .................... 63

.3.3 edoteM naitileneP ................................ ................................ ............. 73

3.4. rudesorP ajreK ................................ ................................ ................... 73

1.4.3 . nataubmeP sisabreB )MIK( aborkiM nalukonI muisrosnoK

isaidaR sopmoK ................................ ................................ .... 73

2.4.3 aideM nataubmeP tnuoC etalP latoT ( CPT ) ........................... 38

pahaT .5.3 isaidemerotiF ................................ ................................ .......... 83

3 5. .1. eP manaT aideM napaiyn ................................ ........................ 83

.2.5.3 nataubmeP manaT aideM malad gabylop ............................... 93

.3.5.3 naukalreP ................................ ................................ ............... 93

.6.3 napaiyneP namanaT ................................ ................................ .......... 04

.1.6.3 natibibmeP ................................ ................................ ............. 04

.2.6.3 namananeP ................................ ................................ ............ 14

ix

.3.6.3 naabocreP ................................ ................................ .............. 14

7.3 . itamaiD gnay retemaraP ................................ ................................ .... 14

7.3 . .1 hanaT Hp rukugneM ................................ ............................. 14

.2.7.3 riA radaK rukugneM ................................ ............................. 24

.3.7.3 ukugneM ubA radaK r nahaB radaK nad kinagrO ................... 24

4.7.3 . nakutneneM tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT( ................................ ... 34

5.7.3 . rukugneM iggniT namanaT ................................ .................... 34

6.7.3 . M gnutihgne halmuJ nuaD ................................ ...................... 44

7.7.3 . ijU oL mag tareB nagned doteM ASS e ................................ .. 44

8.7.3 . anA sisil magoL tareB bP dC nad ................................ ........... 54

.8.3 silanA ataD si ................................ ................................ .................... 54

NASAHABMEP NAD LISAH VI BAB ................................ ........................ 64

.1.4 hanaT aideM iagabes manaT aideM isasiretkaraK ............................ 64

2.4 . isaidemerotiF sesorP sisilanA lisaH ................................ ................... 74

2.4 .1. hanaT Hp ialiN ................................ ................................ ..... 74

2.4 .2. riA radaK ................................ ................................ .............. 15

2.4 .3. ubA radaK ................................ ................................ ............ 35

2.4 .4. nahaB radaK kinagrO ................................ ............................ 56

2.4 5. . nakutneneM tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT( ................................ ... 95

3.4 . narukugneP sigoloisiF namanaT ................................ ........................ 16

4 3. .1. iggniT namanaT ................................ ................................ ..... 16

4 .3. .2 halmuJ nuaD ................................ ................................ .......... 46

4.4 . lisaH sisilanA magoL nad )bP( labmiT nenapacsaP )dC( muimdaK

rakA( nad )kujaT ................................ ................................ ............... 86

4.4 1. . rakA adap bP isartnesnoK ialin nad ,kujaT nad snarT ref rotcaF

)FT( adap b ,maya s iwa h ,uaji j kara p nad raga r tupmu g haja ... 86

.4 4 .2. ialin nad ,kujaT nad rakA adap dC isartnesnoK snarT ref rotcaF

)FT( hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uajih iwas ,mayab adap ... 17

V BAB PUTUNEP ................................ ................................ ....................... 57

.1.5 S nalupmi ................................ ................................ ........................... 57

.2.5 naraS ................................ ................................ ................................ 57

iix

AKATSUP RATFAD ................................ ................................ .................... 67

NARIPMAL ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 86

iiix

LEBAT RATFAD

laH nama

1 lebaT manaT aideM naukalreP isairaV : ................................ .................. 04

2 lebaT hanaT aideM asilanA lisaH : ................................ ......................... 64

3 lebaT : aka id bP isartnesnoK b adap FT ialin nad ,kujat nad r iwas ,maya

hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uajih ................................ ............ 96

4 lebaT : isartnesnoK dC aka id r b adap FT ialin nad ,kujat nad iwas ,maya

hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uajih ................................ ............ 27

vix

RABMAG RATFAD

laH nama

1 rabmaG mayaB namanaT : )ps suhtnarnamA( ................................ ........... 51

2 rabmaG uajiH iwaS namanaT : ( acissarB L sisnenihcarap .rav apar ) ........ 61

3 rabmaG manaT : ragaP karaJ na ( sueanniL sacruC ahportaJ ) .................... 81

4 rabmaG hajaG tupmuR namanaT : mueruprup mutesinneP( muahS ) ......... 02

5 rabmaG iretkaB : retkabotozA ps ................................ ............................... 52

6 rabmaG iretkaB : sutriC sullicaB ................................ .............................. 72

7 rabmaG iretkaB : ps sanomoduesP ................................ ............................ 92

8 rabmaG oC nahuruleP : -6 0 ................................ ................................ ....... 03

9 rabmaG H adaP isaidaR isasinoI kefE : 2 O ................................ ................ 23

01 rabmaG pS talA amekS : motA napareS retemotofortke ........................... 33

11 rabmaG ( lCH upmaL : pmaL edotahC wolloH ) ................................ ....... 43

rabmaG 12 : lawa Hp asilanA lisaH - rihkA ................................ .................... 84

rabmaG 31 : asilanA lisaH riA radaK lawa - rihkA ................................ ......... 25

rabmaG 41 : lisaH asilanA lawA ubA radaK – rihkA ................................ .... 45

rabmaG 51 : asilanA lisaH kinagrO nahaB radaK lawA – rihkA ................... 65

rabmaG 61 lisaH : lawA iretkaB latoT sisilanA – rihkA ................................ 95

rabmaG 71 : asilanA lisaH lawA namanat iggnit narukugnep – ihkA r .......... 26

rabmaG 81 MIK nahabmaneP nagned uajiH iwaS namanaT : ...................... 36

91 rabmaG MIK nahabmaneP apnat uajiH iwaS namanat : .......................... 36

rabmaG 02 : asilanA lisaH namanat nuad halmuj nagnutihrep lawA – rihkA . 56

12 rabmaG MIK nahabmaneP nagned ragaP karaJ nuaD : ............................ 76

22 rabmaG uaD : MIK nahabmaneP apnat ragaP karaJ n ............................... 76

rabmaG 32 : lisaH kujaT nad rakA malad bP nagnudnaK napareyneP ........... 07

rabmaG 42 : lisaH nagnudnaK napareyneP dC kujaT nad rakA malad .......... 37

vx

RATFAD NARIPMAL

namalaH

1 naripmaL naitileneP rulA margaiD : ................................ ......................... 68

2 naripmaL : nataubmeP reirraC nalukonI iskudorP nad ............................. 78

3 naripmaL : Hp naukalreP narukugneP lisaH hanaT ................................ .. 98

4 naripmaL : naukalreP narukugneP lisaH riA radaK ................................ .. 09

5 naripmaL lisaH : naukalreP narukugneP ubA radaK ................................ 19

6 naripmaL lisaH : naukalreP narukugneP B radaK kinagrO naha ................. 29

7 naripmaL lisaH : naukalreP narukugneP tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT( ............ 39

8 naripmaL lisaH : naukalreP narukugneP namanaT iggniT ......................... 59

9 naripmaL lisaH : naukalreP narukugneP nuaD halmuJ .............................. 69

01 naripmaL tA napareS retemotofortkepS sisilanA lisaH : )ASS( mo ........... 79

11 naripmaL hanaT Hp avonA ijU lisaH : ................................ ..................... 89

21 naripmaL riA radaK avonA ijU lisaH : ................................ ................... 001

31 naripmaL : ubA radaK avonA ijU lisaH ................................ ................... 201

41 naripmaL jU lisaH : kinagrO nahaB radaK avonA i ................................ ... 401

51 naripmaL avonA ijU lisaH : tnuoC etalP latoT T( )CP ............................... 601

61 naripmaL isaH : namanaT iggniT avonA ijU l ................................ .......... 801

71 naripmaL : nuaD halmuJ avonA ijU lisaH ................................ ................ 011

81 naripmaL U lisaH : )bP( labmiT magoL avonA ij ................................ ..... 211

91 naripmaL jU lisaH : )dC( muimdaK magoL avonA i ................................ . 411

02 naripmaL nagnutihreP ataD hotnoC : ................................ ........................ 116

12 naripmaL ijU lisaH : tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT( ................................ ......... 911

1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

.1.1 gnakaleB rataL

hamur nupuam irtsudni kiab aisunam sativitka ayntakgnineM aggnat

abeynem gnay habmil emulov aynraseb nikames nakb sahid nakli irad ek utkaw

habmil raseb naigabeS .utkaw ek gnusgnal gnaubid tubesret kgnil apnat nagnu

p iulalem esnoK .nahalognep sesor halada aynisneuk ay naramecnep aynidajret gn

.nagnukgnil nad aisunam igab naigurek naklubminem kaynab halas halada hanaT

itnep gnukudnep rotkaf utas id pudih kulham napudihek malad gn .ini imub

et pudih kulhkam naadarebek rasad iagabeS ikilimem hanat ,aisunam kusamr

,uti babes helO .igoloke nupuata iretam sulkis kutnu gnitnep gnay narep

d aynisgnuf naknalajnem tapad ulales raga hanat nairatselek agajnem nagne

nabijawek halada kiab gnitnep .pudih kulham paites igab akA n ,ipatet

gnay hanat naramecnep ,aradu nad ria naramecnep aynlah anamiagabes

.iradnihid tilus tagnas aisunam sativitka nupuam mala rotkaf helo nakbabesid

utas halaS isketednem kutnu rotakidni idajnem gnay ramecnep nahab

aynidajret aramecnep halada hanat n .aynmalad id tareb magol naramec rotkaF

magol nakbabeynem gnay tareb halada ramecnep taz kopmolek malad kusamret

tafis aynada anerak - fis tapad kadit gnay tareb magol ta iaruret hadum nad

halaS .isbrosbaid tas tareb magol u gnay isnetopreb tapad nucar idajnem akij

k nagned hanat malad adareb t( bP halada hibelreb isartnesno )labmi dC nad

k( )muimda . magol nakapurem bP magoL tareb non se s laisne tafisreb gnay

2

elibommi aggnihes namanat helo paresid tilus S . nakgnade magol tafisreb dC

elibom elo paresid hadum aggnihes namanat h . rusnU bP dC nad ini taas iapmas

gnay ramecnep nahab iagabes gnadnapid hisam naramecnep naklubminem tapad

( nagnukgnil nad hanat iteahuJ la te . .)4002 ,

magoL dC nad bP gnay m nataigek irad lasareb tapad hanat iramecne

sudni irt b nagnepmel nataubmep b ,ika ,iareta ,kadelep naha ep atres ,magol nasipal

naanuggnep nainatrep gnadib malad tafsof kupup ssoR( ,eyoK dna )4991 aynadA .

magol apureb natulop bP dC nad nahibelreb gnay halmuj malad pad ta

dnes nahisrebmep nakadagnem tapad kadit nagnukgnil nakbabeynem iri aggnihes ,

.dC nad bP naramecnep isatagnem kutnu edotem nakulrepid edotem utas halaS

halada ramecret gnay nagnukgnil satilauk nahilumep ,isaidemerotif arac nagned

utiay naanuggnep uata hanat irad natulop nakgnalihgnem kutnu nahubmut

okret gnay nariarep .isanimatn kinheT hibel isaidemerotif hamar nad nagnukgnil

nakgnutnugnem hibel hadum nad harum hibel nakraulekid gnay ayaib anerak

aynnaajregnep iteahuJ( la te . )4002 , , edotem nagned nakgnidnabid isaidemer

aynnial itrepes akisif edotem - em ,aimik rtske edot iska isaidemeroib edotem nad

gnay timur tagnas gnay aynnaajregnep nad laham gnay ayaib nakhutubmem

)4002 ,omotarP( .

d tareb magol nahadnipreP iagabes nakataynid nagnukgnil i rotcaf refsnart

utiay ,)FT( adap isartnesnok nagnidnabrep iagabes nagniraj namanat padahret

aidem adap isartnesnok suktuB( .la te , ialin iraD .)8002 FT tahilid tapad tubesret

nahilumep kutnu aidem iagabes nakanugid tapad utnetret namanat utaus hakapa

akiJ .)4002 ,regierG( tareb magol ramecret gnay nagnukgnil ialin > FT akam 1

3

ret namanat tareb magol rotaidemerotif iagabes nakgnabmitrepid tapad tubes

.)7002 ,ajahajT(

namanat aparebeB d aynisnetnop ijuret halet magol isaidemerem mala

id tareb irad halada aynaratnaid ,hanat suneg suhtnaramA nad suneG acissarB .

gnay namanat ini naitilenep adaP demerotif sesorp kutnu naktaafnam id naka isai

uajih iwas ,mayab namanat halada .hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj , lisah turuneM

atiD naitilenep itnatsirK nad , azirokim nairebmep awhab helorepid lisah ,3102

mutalucicsaf sumolG /gm 5754.5 rasebes 52 sisod nagned naktakgninem tapad gk

raka adap bP magol isalumuka namanat aibrohpue m nad bP isalumuka tabmahgne

.nuad nad gnatab adap M lisah turune nad anasuS nakukalid gnay naitilenep

itawsuS adap dC nagnudnak nakkujnunem ,3102 nad hitup iwas ,uajih iwas raka

bel naliak gnay assamoib nagned hitup iwas nad uajih iwas ,kucup irad raseb hi

kucup ek dC refsnart naupmamek iaynupmem nad raseb raseb hibel huaj gnay

liak irad ramecret gnay hanat isaidemerotif kutnu nakanugid laisnetop hibel ,na

.dC itilenep lisah turunem nakgnadeS isartnesnok isairav adap ,1102 damahoM na

apnat mpp 05 nad mpp 52 isartnesnok kutnu isprosdaret dC iggnitret naturu

gnisam adap ATDE nagned nad ATDE - utiay mpp 52 adap halada nagniraj gnisam

505,81<585,5( raka ,% )496,11<914,6( gnatab ,% )335,03<956,7( nuad nad % )

raka ,% )745,9<023,4( gnatab ,% )174,81<985,5( nuad mpp 05 kutnu

.% )162,11<822,5( irah 04 manat utkaw adap idajret mumitpo uC napareyneP

idajret mumitpo bP napareynep nad raka naigab adap rasebret isalumuka nagned

lumuka nagned ,irah 06 utkaw adap hajag tupmur nuad naigab adap rasebret isa

4

)8002 ,aisuoluoT( . itawamsiR turuneM ,0102 ragap karaJ ( sacruc ahportaJ )

iagabes isnetopreb oib .nZ rotalumuka

adaP aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nakhabmatid aguj ini naitilenep )MIK(

K .isaidar sopmok sisabreb rosno irad nalupmuk utiay aborkim nalukoni muis

iretkab ozA ,.ps retcabot ps sullicaB , ps sanomoduesP nad id halet gnay

( awabmep nahab malad nakisalukoni reirrac nakisakilpaid ayntujnales ,) adap

.manat aidem K gnay emsinagroorkim nakapurem tubesret iretkab agite

b nahubmutrep naktakgninem kutnu itayah nega iagabes taafnamre , k iretkab anera

ps retkabotoza nakgnades ,)N( negortin tabmanep iretkab nakapurem . iretkab

.ps sullicaB nad .ps sanomoduesP tafsop turalep iretkab nakapurem anayluM( nad

gnadaD .)2102 , lid nagneD tapad nakparahid ini isaidemerotif sesorp aynnakuka

nairatselep ayapu iagabes sugilakes ramecret hanat satilauk nakhilumem

.kitoib namagarek naktabilem gnay nagnukgnil

.2.1 halasaM nasumuR

:halada ini naitilenep malad itiletid naka gnay halasam nasumureP

.1 iagaB ialin anam rotcaf refsnart )FT( namanat karaj ,uajih iwas ,mayab(

)hajag tupmur nad ,ragap isalumukagnem malad magol bP dC nad adap

hanat ?

.2 p anamiagaB nuad halmuj nad namanat iggnit( namanat nahubmutre )

aynada nagned k sisabreb aborkim muisrosnok nahabmanep saidar sopmo .i

5

.3.1 sisetopiH naitileneP

:halada ini naitilenep irad sisetopiH

.1 ialiN rotcaf refsnart )FT( nad bP magol isalumukagnem malad namanat

namanat adap dC )hajag tupmur nad ,ragap karaj ,uajih iwas ,mayab( .1>

.2 p aynada nagneD rkim muisrosnok nahabmane abo isaidar sopmok sisabreb

namanat nahubmutrep padahret huragnep nakirebmem namanat iggnit(

)nuad halmuj nad .

.4.1 naitileneP naujuT

T :halada ini naitilenep irad nauju

.1 ialin nakutneneM f refsnart rotca )FT( karaj ,uajih iwas ,mayab( namanat

ragap g tupmur nad , haja dC nad bP tareb magol isalumukagnem malad )

.hanat adap

.2 )nuad halmuj nad namanat iggnit( namanat nahubmutrep asilanagneM

sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nahabmanep aynada nagned

.isaidar sopmok

.5.1 naitileneP taafnaM

D ag nad isamrofni nakirebmem tapa ianegnem anam huajes narabm

iwas ,mayab namanat naupmamek uajih malad hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,

nakidajid tapad aggniheS .dC nad bP aynsusuhk tareb magol isalumukagnem

iagabes tubesret namanat nataafnamep nad naanuggnep malad narabmag

rotaidemerotif ap ad .ramecret gnay nahal

6

II BAB

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT

.1.2 isaidemerotiF naitregneP

sirggnI atak irad lasareb isaidemerotif halitsI noitaidemerotyhp ataK . ini

utiay ,atak naigab aud sata nususret iridnes otyhp inanuY atak irad lasareb gnay

notyhp nahubmut utiay nad noitaidemer b gnay nitaL atak irad lasare muidemer

.nakhisrebmem uata nakhubmeynem itrareb gnay halas nakapurem isaidemerotiF

nad uajih nahubmut asaj nataafnamep utiay ,igoloib tafisreb gnay igolonket utas

nil natulop ignarugnem kutnu ,isaisosareb gnay emsinagroorkim nupuata ,nagnukg

,ria adap kiab helo nakbabesid gnay kiab ,aradu nupuam ,hanat p latem natulo

nupuam kinagro uurT( la te ,. .)3002

nagnutnuek nakirebmem naka isaidemerotif nahubmut nakgnabmegneM

ut ,kisif araceS .hanat padahret aimik araces nupuam kisif araces kiab nahubm

tlaS( isore iulalem tukgnaret natulop nahadniprep hagecnem tapad narelot gnay te

.la , isoreret hanat ignudnilem naka tubesret nahal adap nahubmut aynadA .)6991

.ria helo tubesid ini emsinakem aggniheS isasilibatsotif aimik araces nagnutnueK .

kirebid emsinakem iulaleM .fitpada gnay nahubmut helo na isasilibomiotif

magol isasilibomignem tapad gnay rednukes tilobatem nakraulegnem nahubmut

,uti gnipmasiD .ria malad turalret magol natukgnagnep hagecnem tapad aggnihes

emsinakem iaynupmem fitpada nahubmut if ,iskartskeot magol kartskegnem utiay

tlaS( nagniraj malad ek naklupmukid nad hanat irad la te ,. nahK .)6991 .la te ,

7

0002 , tapadnepreb aguj narepreb nahubmut isaidemer sesorp malad awhab

magol isadargednep uata libatsnep ,lupmugnep iagabes - .magol

if edoteM aynigolonket :utiay ,nahibelek aparebeb iaynupmem isaidemerot

utis ni nauggnag naklubminem kadit ,licek fitaler nakhutubid gnay ayaib ,neisife ,

aparebeb iaynupmem aguj isaidemerotif edotem ipatet nakA .nagnukgnil padahret

ahisrebmep sesorp utiay ,nahamelek gnay magol ,amal fitaler nakulrepid gnay n

namanat alibapa nanakam iatnar ikusamem tapad namanat adap isalumukaret

esret ,pudih kulham helo nakamret tub atres misum ihuragnepid aynnafitkefeek

atnok isartnesnok alibapa nad ,namanat tikaynep nad amah nagnares iggnit nanim

( namanat nahubmutrep tabmahgnem nad kiskototif nakbabeynem tapad roonhcS

,noehctuC nad .)3002

isaidemerotif igoloisif emsinakem ianegnem nauhategnep ini taaS

naklamitpognem kutnu kinket nad igoloib nagned nakgnubagid ialum

otif idajnem igabret aggnihes isaidemer tlaS( ,.la te : )6991

.1 l natulop napareynep utiay ,iskartskeotiF helo hanat malad id tareb mago

nakisalumukagnem nad ,nahubmut raka naigab ek tubesret awaynes

nahubmut ( nuad uata ,gnatab ,raka ) .

.2 mep utiay ,isartlifozihR nataafna kutnu nahubmut raka naupmamek

isalumukagnem nad ,nakpadnegnem ,napareynem naakumrep irad magol

.habmiL isanimatnokret gnay ria narila uata

.3 asilibatsotiF ,is kutnu utnetret nahubmut sinej naanuggnep utiay

sozihr haread id natulop isasilibomignem ,ria naakumrep nad hanat ref

.raka helo isalumuka nad isprosba iulalem

8

.4 tareb magol emsilobatem halada isadargedotiF ad id namanat nagniraj mal

nad esanegolahed itrepes mizne helo .esanegisko

.5 reb magol pareynem namanat akitek idajret isasilitalovotiF nad ta

aynalak ada nad nuad tawel aradu ek aynnaksapelem tareb magol

uluhad hibelret isadarged imalagnem lebes sapelid mu .nuad tawel

namanaT sativitkudorp ikilimem surah isaidemerotif kutnu laedi gnay

tisapak nad iggnit gnay isnarelot ,iggnit gnay assamoib isartnesnok isalumuka sa

nanimatnok pareynem kutnu upmam pukuc namanaT .nanimatnok irad iggnit

nahubmutrep kutnu raseb hibel gnay nakasurek apnat iggnit isartnesnok malad

.ria aguj ipatet hanat nakhisrebmem kutnu aynah kadit ini laH .namanat

nad napareyneP namanat sinej nad tafis adap gnutnagret nanimatnok isalumuka

.)0002 ,ajiR(

)9991( rekaB awhab nakataynem namanat rotalumuccarepyh halada

id magol nakisartnesnokgnem naidumek nad pareynem tapad gnay namanat

gnay )%11( radak malad aynassamoib malad kadit numan ,iggnit asaib raul

magol kutnU .aynnamanat sinej adap gnutnagret nad napudihek uggnaggnem

radak bP nad uC ,oC magol ,)gnirek tareb gk/gm 001( % 10,0 iggnitret radak dC

iggnitret ,1( % 1,0 halada kutnu nad )gnirek tareb gk/gm 000 nM nad nZ 1 halada

,01( % )gnirek tareb gk/gm 000 . tapad nahubmut utaus ,)5002( artuphayS turuneM

nakatakid rotalumuccarepyh alibapa isaidemerotif iagabes nakanugid tapad nad

retkarak ikilimem - :tukireb iagabes retkarak

.1 nat irad rusnu napareynep ujal ikilimem nahubmuT iggnit hibel gnay ha

.aynnial namanat gnidnabid

9

.2 adap iggnit gnay takgnit malad natulop isnarelotnem tapad nahubmuT

.raseb gnay assamoib ikilimem nad aynkujat ,raka nagniraj

.3 gnay kujat ek raka irad tareb magol isakolsnart ujal ikilimem nahubmuT

nihes iggnit habugnem kadit nad raka aynah kadit aynisalumuka agg

.ayahabreb hibel idajnem natulop

iskiderpid tapad tareb magol isalumukagnem malad namanat naupmameK

ialin irad rotcaF noitartnecnocoiB nad )FCB( refsnarT rotcaF turuneM .)FT(

,)5002 ,hgnis dna hsohG( oiB rotcaF noitartnecnoc namanat naupmamek halada

padahret napaggnat iagabes utnetret tareb magol isalumukagnem kutnu

.tartsbus maladid tubesret magol isartnesnok rotcaF noitartnecnocoiB )FCB(

padret gnay nagned raka id magol oisar helo nakutnetid at maladid ta ialiN .han

nakujnunem > FCB .rotalumuka iagabes tubesret seiseps narT refs rotcaF )FT(

turunem amrahS la te kujat naigab adap magol isartnesnok oisar halada )0102( ,.

kujat naigab adap magol refsnart naupmamek nakujnunem ,raka naigab padahret

t adaP .namanat > FT ialin ,rotalumuka uata rotalumukarepih namana nakanugid 1

utnu naujut k ,iskartskeotif aynkilabes < FT nakanugid( redulkske iagabes 1 kutnu

naujut isasilibatsotif euqaH( ) ,.la te )8002

p emsinakeM tareb magol isalumuka nad napareyne o igabid nahubmut hel

agit idajnem sesorp )7002 ,ontiyarP nad otnayirP( utiay , :

.1 .raka helo napareyneP magol pareynem malaD reb nahubmut ,ta

esatkuder mizne utaus kutnebmem id narbmem .aynraka ini esatkudeR

iskuderem isgnufreb magol gnay ayntujnales emsinakem iulalem tukgnaid

hk malad id susu narbmem .raka

01

.2 alad id isakolsnarT eS .namanat hubut m les malad ek kusam magol halet

,raka nagniraj iulalem tukgnaid magol ayntujnales tukgnagnep , melyx nad

meolf ek .nial gnay nahubmut naigab kutnU isneisife naktakgninem

id magol ,natukgnagnep .talehk lukelom helo taki talehk lukelom iagabreB

gnay isgnufreb ,nahubmut helo naklisahid magol takignem aynlasim

dap takiret gnay niditsih nitalehkotif nad iN a - noitatulg adap takiret gnay

.bP nad dC

.3 isiskot hagecnem kutnU .nagniraj adap magol isasilakoL magol sat

adahret ,les p ,isakifiskoted emsinakem iaynupmem nahubmut aynlasim

dC kutnu( raka itrepes utnetret nagro malad id magol nubminem nagned

adap eneliS acioid ,) amohkirt kutnu( sketal nad ,)dC kutnu( adap iN

atanimuca aitebreS .)

.2.2 tareB magoL

L tareb ,iggnit lukelom tareb nagned magol rusnu halada tareb mago

mc/g 5 irad hibel aynsinej 3 tafis iaynupmem tareb magoL .)1102 ,nardnahcivaR(

,ria malad isalumukaret gnurednec nad imala araces isadargedret tapad kadit

ut nad ,nariarep rasad nemides ,hanat onomraD turuneM .emsinagroorkim hub

kusamret tareb magol nakbabeynem gnay rotkaF .9002 natiajnaP malad )5991(

tafis aynada anerak halada ramecnep taz kopmolek malad - gnay tareb magol tafis

isbrosbaid hadum nad iaruret tapad kadit . turuneM K arageN nairtneme

tapad tareb magol satisiskot tafis )0991( pudiH nagnukgniL nad nakkududnepeK

iridret gnay iggnit kiskot tafisreb )a( :utiay ,kopmolek 3 malad ek nakopmolekid

11

rusnu irad - irad iridret gnades kiskot tafisreb )b( ,nZ nad ,uC ,bP ,dC ,gH rusnu

rusnu - C rusnu nM rusnu sata iridret hadner kiskot tafisreb )c( nad,oC nad ,iN ,r

.eF nad

.1.2.2 )bP( labmiT magoL

mota tareb iaynupmem labmiT .nubmulp nagned aguj tubesid labmiT

4,723 helel kitit ,28 mota romon ,43,11 sinej tareb ,12,702 0 ,1 hidid kitit ,C 026 0 ,C

sreb uba revlis uata urib anrawreb nad ,kanul tafi - nagned uba labmiT .magol ualik

,aradu id idajret tapad labmit isuloP .nucareb tagnas gnay tareb magol nakapurem

atar hanat id labmit nagnudnaK .hanat nupuam ria - adap ipatet ,mpp 61 atar

haread - utnetret haread mpp ubir aparebeb iapacnem tapad tapad nikgnum

( ijdamraduS ,.la te 8002 .)

nad masa kitamgam nautab adap tapadret hibelreb gnay bP halmuJ

nemides suoecalligra 01 isartnesnok nagned – nautab adap nakgnades mpp 04

famartlu ,0 kaynabes rupak nemides nad ki 1 – .)2991 ,saidneP nad atabaK( mpp 01

habmil ,narubelep nad nagnabmatrep sativitka irad halada nial gnay bP rebmuS

sag irad isanimatnok nad nainatrep id nakanugid gnay gnadnak kupup ,kirbap

.)5991 ,seivaD( naaradnek nagnaubmep

bP magol ,aisunam hubut malad iD gnay mizne sativitka tabmahgnem asib

bP magol licek naigabes nad )bH( nibolgomeh nakutnebmep malad tabilret

nakgnades ,nietorp helo takiret naigabes anerak sesef uata niru tawel nakiserskeid

l nagniraj ,ukuk ,itah ,lajnig malad isalumukaret igal naigabes e tubmar nad ,kam

1102 ,itawodiW( .) t ,uti anerak helO helo ramecret gnay naruyas uata namana

21

.nagro adap nauggnag iagabreb nakbabeynem tapad ,ismusnokret akij labmit

isgnuf ,igoloruen nauggnag halada idajret tapad gnay nagro adap nauggnag okiseR

tsis ,lajnig ,ijdamraduS( farays metsis nad ,kitiopomeh metsis ,iskudorper me te

la 8002 ,. .) INS nakrasadreB gnay labmit tareb magol mumiskam satab ,)9002(

ikilimem gnay naruyaS .gk/gm 50,0 rasebes naruyas malad nakhelobrepid

ad raseb hibel labmit tareb magol nagnudnak m ,gk/gm 50,0 ir kutnu kayal kat aka

.ismusnokid

.2.2.2 )dC( muimdaK magoL

daK m halada mui utaus magol ,hitup m hadu ,kutnebid kanul nagned anraw

ikilimem nad nauribek it Cº767 hidid kit irad utas halas nakapurem muimdaK .

breb gnay tareb magol sinej iagabreb nahubmutrep kutnu aynah kadit ,ayaha

tafis ikilimem nZ nad dC .gnatanib nad aisunam igab aguj naknialem namanat

isgnuf nad napareynep malad aynlasim ,iwaimik araces apures gnay

gnay halmuj malad nahubmut igab ayahabreb kadit nZ numan ,aynemsilobatem

licek ,namanat igab laisnese gnay arah nakub dC .aynnial pudih kulham nad

nad mizne malad ,loiht sugug padahret iggnit gnay satinifa iaynupmem numan

,mizne sativitka uggnaggnem naka dC naadarebek uti anerak helo ,nietorp

sisorolk nakbabeynem tapad eF emsilobatem .)8991 ,onoiraH( nuad adap

nahab nakupalep irad lasareb utiay muimdak naramecnep amatu rebmuS

nad gnadnak kupup ,hapmas narakabmep ,arabutab narakabmep ,hanat larenim

hadner aynnagnudnak nad hanat malad id ada imala araces muimdaK .habmil

/dC gm 4.0 utiay sulopret kadit hanat kutnu lamron halmuj nagned gk halada i

31

,0 60 - gm 1,1 gk/ dC naka kadit tubesret iggnitret gnay dC takgnit imala araceS .

ilaucek idajret isulop aggnihes aisunam sativitka tabika dC nahabmanep aynada

gk/dC gm 061 aggnih takgninem tapad hanat diergeaL( la te .)9991 ,.

ihuragnepmem tapad aisunam padahret muimdak gnajnap akgnaj narapaP

halada muimdak rapapret sitirk gnay nagrO .hubut nagro iagabreb rapapreT .lajnig

asaret adad nad gnirek nagnokgnorek alajeg nakbabeynem muimdak helo tuka

as ,kases narapap akiJ .naitamek itukiid tapad nad ,ligiggnem nad alapek tik

muicnem naupmamek halada lubmit gnay alajeg ,sinork araces idajret muimdak

gninuk anrawreb nad ulign asaret igig ,nurunem nadab tareb ,nurunem uab

k fanrep gnareynem nialeS ,nasamee nad nasa sinork tafisreb gnay nanucarek ,igig

,ijdamraduS( gnalut nad itah ,lajnig ,naanrecnep narulas aguj gnareynem la te ,.

8002 .)

gnay muimdak tareb magol mumiskam satab ,)9002( INS nakrasadreB

d nakhelobrepid .gk/gm 2,0 rasebes naruyas mala ikilimem gnay naruyaS

kayal kat akam ,gk/gm 2,0 irad raseb hibel muimdak tareb magol nagnudnak

.natahesek nauggnag iagabreb naklubminem tapad anerak ismusnokid kutnu

.3.2 namanaT mayaB

tubac mayab utiay ,ayadidub mayab sinej aud lanekid aynah aisenodnI iD

( locirt suhtnaramA )ro kitep mayab nad )sudirbyh suhtnaramA( tubac mayaB .

iay sateirav aud irad iridreT .inatep helo nakahasuid kaynab gnay mayab halada ut

harem mayab nad uajih mayab .)5002 ,anamkuR(

41

amaturet ,hagnenem aggnih hadner naratad id manatid kaynab mayaB

nitek adap 5 naigg - .tual naakumrep sataid retem 0002 hubmuT adap mumitpo

rutarepmet 02 - 03 o 0001 aratna najuh haruc ,C - sata id nababmelek nad mm 0002

06 nagned akubret nahal id manatid alid kiab hubmut mayab ,uti anerak helO .%

dit nad awareb uata hunep irahatam ranis ,N nad Y ,inidnaB( ria gnanegret ka

.)1002 ,sizA

.1.3.2 mayaB namanaT isakifisalK

( mayaB namanat isakifisalK ps suhtnarnamA ,N nad Y ,inidnaB( malad )

:tukireb iagabes )1002 .sizA

modgniK : )nahubmut( eatnalP modgnikbuS : luksaV nahubmut( atnoiboehcarT )ra

oisiviD : )ijibreb nahubmut( atyhpotamrepS noisividbuS : )agnubreb nahubmut( atyhpoilongaM

saleK : )eaenodelytocid( adispoilongaM salekbuS : eadailemamaH

odrO : selallyhpoyraC ylimaF : eaecahtnaramA suneG : suhtnaramA seisepS : tnarnamA ps suh

.2.3.2 mayaB namanaT igolofroM

.gnatab gnuju nad nuad kaitek adap kopmolekreb nad licek aynagnuB

mayab uata pakak mayab tubesid gnires kitep mayaB .nahitupek uajih ayngnataB

rabel kaga nuadreb ,kaget hibel aynhubmut gnay mayab nakapurem nuhat . neB kut

gnay nenap asam ikilimem ini sineJ .tubac mayab adapirad licek hibel aynijib

rail mayab nakapurem tubesret mayab sinej irad rauliD .nuhat utas iapmas amal

aB( manaT .)1002 ,sizA ,N nad Y ,inidn adap tahil id tapad mayab na rabmaG 1.

51

abmaG .1 r mayaB namanaT )ps suhtnarnamA(

.3.3.2 mayaB namanaT taafnaM

,larenim ,nietorp nagnudnak kaynab pukuc tapadret mayab nuad malad iD

B nimativ tikides atres C nad A nimativ nad iseb taz ,muislak taafnamreb gnay

nadab nahubmutrep nad natahesek igab uR ( .)5002 ,anamk

.4.2 uajih iwaS namanaT

0001 naiggnitek id hubmut tapad uajih iwaS – sata id retem 0051

aidem adap hubmut alibapa kiab nagned hubmut tapad uajih iwaS .tual naakumrep

.risapreb nad ,rubmeg ,rubus gnay hanat adap utiay tapet gnay mek tajareD masa na

5,5 aratna rasikreb hanat )Hp( - ,6 igab mumitpo gnay Hp nakapurem 5

.)2002 ,anamkuR( uajih iwas nahubmutrep

.1.4.2 uajih iwaS namanaT isakifisalK

( uajih iwas namanat isakifisalK L sisnenihcarap .rav apar acissarB malad )

ireb iagabes )2002 ,anamkuR( :tuk

modgniK : eatnalP modgnikbuS : atnoiboehcarT

oisiviD : atyhpotamrepS

61

noisividbuS : atyhpoilongaM saleK : adispoilongaM

salekbuS : eadiinelliD odrO : selarappaC

ylimaF : eaecacissarB suneG : acissarB seisepS : rav apar acissarB L sisnenihcarap .

.2.4.2 uajih iwaS namanaT igolofroM

anraw nagned talub nad kednep gnatab kutneb iaynupmem uajih iwaS

anraw nagned gnojnol tikides kaga ipatet talub kutnebreb uajih iwas nuaD .uajih

nalub 1 rumu adap nenap id tapad uajih iwaS .aut uajih uajih iwaS .manat haletes

naka gnay ijib lakab kutnebmem naka nad agnubreb naka aut hadus gnay

rabmaG adap tahil id tapad uajih iwas namanaT .hineb kutnu nakanugid 2.

maG rab 2. uajiH iwaS namanaT L sisnenihcarap .rav apar acissarB( )

.3.4.2 uajih iwaS namanaT taafnaM

,tardihobrak ,kamel ,nietorp halada misiac adap tapadret gnay nagnudnaK

.C nimatiV nad ,B nimatiV ,A nimatiV ,eF ,P ,aC M kiab tagnas misiac taafna

atirednep adap nakoroggnet id latag asar nakgnalihgnem kutnu hubmeynep ,kutab

as ,alapek tik atres ,lajnig isgnuf ikiabrepmem ,harad hisrebmep nahab

iabrepmem naanrecnep racnalrepmem nad ik )2002 ,anamkuR( .

71

.5.2 ragaP karaJ namanaT

ilimaf kusamret ragap karaj namanaT eaecaibrohpuE nagned ilimaf utas ,

p karaj namanaT .uyak ibu nad terak iapmas hadner naratad id hubmut raga

apad ini namanaT .tual naakumrep sata id m 005 ratikes naiggnitek adap hubmut t

003 najuh haruc - ,2 .nuhat/mm 526 mumitpo najuh haruc nagned nuhat/mm 083

l aratna ,hanat sinej iagabreb adap hubmut tapad ragap karaj namanaT hanat nia

tubmag hanaT .rubus gnaruk gnay hanat nakhab ,tail hanat ,risapreb hanat ,utabreb

akij kiab gnaruk aynnahubmutrep aggnihes ragap karaj namanat iakusid tagnas

kutnu iauses gnay hanat Hp isidnoK .)6002 ,hayS( tadap gnay hanat id manatid

raj namanat 0,5 halada ragap ka - uhus narasiK .)7002 ,hisramuS nad silohcruN( 5,6

02 halada ragap karaj manatreb kutnu iauses gnay - 62 o nagned haread adaP .C

53 sata id( iggnit ulalret uhus o 51 hawab id( hadner ulalret uata )C o naka )C

ugnem atres nahubmutrep tabmahgnem nad ijib malad kaynim radak ignar

.)7002 ,ilabmaH( aynisisopmok habugnem

.1.5.2 ragaP karaJ namanaT isakifisalK

ragap karaj namanat isakifisalK ( sueanniL sacruC ahportaJ malad )

:tukireb iagabes )7002 ,hisramuS naD silohcruN(

modgniK : eatnalP odgnikbuS m : atnoiboehcarT

oisiviD : atyhpotamrepS noisividbuS : eamrepsoignA

saleK : adispoilongaM salekbuS : eadisoR

odrO : selaibrohpuE ylimaF : eaecaibrohpuE suneG : ahportaJ seisepS : sueanniL sacruC ahportaJ

81

.2.5.2 aP karaJ namanaT igolofroM rag

( ragap karaj namanat igolofroM sueanniL sacruC ahportaJ turunem ) atseP

:)6002( oP ,gnades kujatreb ragap karaj noh nad sirdnilis ,uyakreb ayngnatab

,laggnut nuad apureb nuaD .akulret alib )sketal( gnineb hateg nakraulegnem

,4 uata 3 tudusreb ,kukelreb 5 nagned irajnem nuad gnalut - anraw ,amatu gnalut 7

nagned nakgnidnab id tacup hibel hawab nuad naigab naakumrep( uajih nuad

4 aratna nuad iakgnat gnajnaP .)sata naigab - gninuk anrawreb agnuB .mc 51

s hamureb ,ialam kutnebreb kumejam agnub apureb ,nauajihek natnaj agnuB .uta

gnuju id lucnum ,nawac kutnebreb naiakgnar malad nususret aniteb agnub nad

,rulet talub kutnebreb katok haub apureb hauB .nuad kaitek uata gnatab

2retemaid - hadus akitek gninuk nad adum hisam akitek uajih anrawreb ,mc 4

p karaj ijiB .kasam matihek talkoc anrawreb ,gnojnol talub kutnebreb raga -

4,0 tareb nad ,mc 1 labet ,mc 2 gnajnap .namatih - gnay halini ijiB .ijib/marg 6,0

53 ratikes nemedner nagned kaynim gnudnagnem kaynab - 04 % )3 rabmaG( .

rabmaG 3. ( ragaP karaJ namanaT C ahportaJ sacru iL sueann )

91

.3.5.2 ragaP karaJ namanaT taafnaM

P turunem ragap karaj namanat taafnaM e :halada 6002 ,ats

.a o namanaT tab : urab akul kutnu selo tabo nad nawairas kutnu selo tabo

rupmacid adum hisam gnay aynnuaD .)harem tabo irad itnaggnep iagabes(

gnawab nagned ini aynnasarep ,sarepid naidumek ria tikides nad harem

)hubut hurulesek rulabid( sanap nurunep tabo iagabes iakapid aynasaib .

.b I namanaT irtsudn : nataubmep rasad nahab nakidajid asib ragap karaj ijiB

ralos itnaggnep igrene rebmus ,leseidoib s iulalem halete sesorp

aratnemeS .nanubaynep kutnu nakanugid ragaP karaJ kayniM .naharemep

kupup nad lakol rakab nahab naklisahgnem asib ragaP karaJ ijib tiluk ,uti .

.6.2 hajaG tupmuR namanaT

( hajag tupmuR muahS muerupruP mutesinneP gnay namanat halada )

malad ek kusamret tupmur namanat kopmolek - hajag tupmur aynmumU .natupmur

.rail araces hubmut gnay tupmur halada aisenodnI id nakanugid gnay namanaT

r .laminim gnay isirtun nagnudnak nagned haread adap pudih tapad hajag tupmu

ggnih nenapid tapad hajag tupmur nuhat utas malaD ( ilak tapme a ,eomopeosortijT

4002 .)

.1.6.2 hajaG tupmuR anamanaT isakifisalK

( hajag tupmuR namanat isakifisalK mueruprup mutesinneP( hajag tupmuR

muahS ( malad ) :tukireb iagabes )4002 ,eomopeosortijT

modgniK : eatnalP oisiviD : atyhpotamrepS

02

dbuS noisivi : eamrepsoignA saleK : eaenodelytoconoM

odrO : arolfimulG ylimaF : eaenimarG suneG : mutesinneP seisepS : muahS mueruprup mutesinneP

.2.6.2 igolofroM namanaT hajaG tupmuR

r namanat iggniT ( hajag tupmu muahS muerupruP mutesinneP ) apad t

hisam gnay hulub adap nad nicil aynhulub naakumreP .hibel retem 3 iapacnem

ulubreb uata nicil aynhapeleP .sipit nicil taz sinejes helo ipututid aynasaib adum

ulubreb naidumek nad adum utkaw adap - kutnebreb aynnuaD .rugug tubesret ulub

el aynlakgnap ,sirag naagnubreP .rasak nuad ipeT .ilakes picnal ayngnuju nad rab

gnagag .mc 52 iapmas ayngnajnap gnay kaget nadnat apureb - .ulubreb ayngnagag

riluB - 3 irad iridret ,kopmolekreb aynrilub - nad aynkopmolek pait narilub 4

ep gnagagreb eb aynrilub lakgnaP .ilakes kedn br sulah nad gnajnap ulu

)4002 ,eomopeosortijT( rabmaG adap tahil id tapad hajag tupmur namanaT . 4.

rabmaG 4. ( hajaG tupmuR namanaT muahS mueruprup mutesinneP )

.3.6.2 hajaG tupmuR namanaT taafnaM

et naweh nanakam iagabes naktaafnamid kaynab hajag tupmuR kanr

aduk nad gnibmak ,ipas itrepes .

12

.7.2 adnaK kupuP gn

edid )nakup( gnadnak kupuP kudorp aumes iagabes nakisinif irad nagnaub

habmanem kutnu nakanugid tapad gnay naarahilep gnatanib ikiabrepmem ,arah

kisif tafis gnudnakret gnay arah taZ .hanat igoloib nad :nial aratna nakup malad

.)0002 ,sugA( .aynnial nad ,muilak ,rofsof ,negortin

.aidesret tartin kutneb idajnem haburid aynmumu nakup irad negortiN

ini kutneB .namanat narakarep haread ek karegreb nad tural hadum halada tartiN

d asib gnay kutneb nagned amas kupup rebmus irad namanat helo libmai

nakapurem namanat kupup iagabes nakup naanuggneP .kirbap irad kinagrona

naklamitpognem malad taafnamreb tagnas gnay arah rusnu sulkis utaus

nakup naanuggnep nial isisid ,nakurabret gnay mala ayad rebmus naanuggnep

apad akitsauS( namanat igab nucar tafisreb gnay arah rusnu ignarugnem t ,.la te

)5002

gnay tares radak iaynupmem gnay halipas nakup ,nakup sinej aratna iD

oisar N/C retemarap narukugnep lisah irad itkubret ini lah ,asolules itrepes iggnit

04> iggnit pukuc gnay tabmahgnem ipas nakup malad C radak ayniggniT .

nahubmutrep nakenem naka anerak nainatrep nahal ek gnusgnal naanuggnep

naka resopmoked aborkim anerak idajret nahubmutrep nanakeneP .amatu namanat

inagro nahab isisopmokednem kutnu aidesret gnay N nakanuggnem tubesret k

naanuggnep naklamiskamem kutnU .N nagnarukek naka amatu namanat aggnihes

ipas nakup sopmok idajnem raga nasopmognep nakukalid surah ipas nakup

ipas nakup nataafnamep ,N/C oisar halasam nialeS .02 hawab id N/C oisar nagned

eb aguj gnusgnal araces aynmumu inateP .iggnit gnay ria radak nagned natiakr

22

iggnit gnay ria radak nagned nakup aliB .nignid kupup iagabes ayntubeynem

atres kaynab hibel gnay aganet nakulremem naka gnusgnal araces nakisakilpaid

gnusgnalreb hisam kainoma nasapelep sesorp 02 ,sugA( )00 .

.8.2 ( awabmeP nahaB reirraC )

uata awabmep nahaB reirrac les awabmem tapmet nahab nakapurem

alukoniid gnay utnetret aborkim pudih kinagro kupup( aynmalad id nakis ) nagned

runeM .utnetret utkaw akgnaj amales pudih patet raga naujut )9791( notruB tu

alad 4991( ijA m tarays ) - nalukoni kutnu kiab gnay awabmep nahab tarays

:halada aynaratnaid

.1 nalukoni aborkim igab nucar tafisreb kadiT

.2 kiab fitaler nababmelek nad napareynep satisapaK

.3 hakgnobreb kadit nad sesorpid haduM

.4 tua nakanuggnem nagned isasiliretsid haduM ranis isaidari nupuam falko

ammag

.5 haruM

.6 namanat igab nucareb kadit nad larten Hp narasiK

aynada iradnihgnem kutnu isasiliretsid ulrep awabmep nahaB

akgna tapeces hubmut sunegedni aborkim akiJ .sunegidni aborkim nahubmutrep

nay nalukoni aborkim halmuj irad hibel naknikgnumem tapad akam nakkusamid g

atpuG( itayah kupup rihka lisah adap naknigniid kadit gnay aborkim kaynab la le ,.

.)7002

32

iridret utiay aborkim sinej iagabreb irad nalupmuk nakapurem muisrosnoK

eB aborkiM nalukonI .rumaj nad iretkab iagabreb irad isaidaR sopmoK sisabr

malad ek nakhabmatid gnay aborkim riac rutluk isireb gnay kudorp nakapurem

( awabmep nahab uata sopmok reirrac atres naksulahid halet aynmulebes gnay )

mag ranis isaidarid ,gnadaD nad anayluM( yGK 52 sisod nagned am .)2102

orkiM nalukonI iagabes nakisakilpaid ayntujnales isaidaR sopmoK sisabreB ab

nagned isaidemerotif sesorp adap tareb magol ramecret gnay hanat adap kupup

ramecret nahal isaidemerotif sesorp naklamitpognem utnabmem kutnu naujut

.tareb magol

2 .1.8. K sopmo

nakapurem sopmoK nuad itrepes ,kinagro nahab - tupmur ,imarej ,nanuad -

helo isisopmoked sesorp imalagnem halet gnay naweh narotok atres ,natupmur

tapad aggniheS .iarugnep emsinagroorkim tafis ikiabrepmem - .hanat tafis sopmoK

.namanat isirtun nad kinagro nahab rebmus nakapurem rasad nahab nanikgnumeK

51 asolules gnudnagnem sopmok - 3 )uba( larenim nahab ,% 04 - uti niales ,% 5

marag nad ,onima masa ,itap ,alug( nignid nad sanap ria tural nahab tapadret

2 kaynabes )muinoma - nad % 03 1- kla nad rete tural kamel % 51 .loho nenopmoK

em ini kilifomret nad kilifosem isidnok hawab id sisopmoked sesorp imalagn

iniroyteS( ,.la te .)6002

.ayniridnes nagned idajret saib ,akubret mala id nasopmognep sesorP

nahab ,imala sesorp taweL - nuad ,tupmur itrepes nahab - naweh narotok ,nanuad

k amal hapmas atres aborkim aratna amasajrek aynada anerak kusubmem naamale

42

saib tubesret sesorP .acauc halada aynutas halas nagnukgnil rotkaf nagned

iarugnep aborkim nakhabmanem nagned utiay ,aisunam ukalirep helo tapecrepid

helorep id naka takgnis gnay utkaw malad aggnihes satilaukreb gnay sopmok

.kiab

akisifoib araces idajret kinagro nahab nakabmorep sesorP - ,aimik

sesorp imala araceS .anuafosem nad aborkim igoloib sativitka naktabilem

O nagned ( borea naadaek malad saib tubesret iarugnep 2 apnat( boreana nupuam )

O2 esorP .) :tukireb iagabes raseb sirag araces boreana nad borea naiarugnep s

borea aborkiM O + kinagro nahaB 2 H2 OC + O 2 + sumuh+ arah + igrene

K ,P ,N boreana aborkiM

kinagro nahaB HC 4 sumuh+ arah + K ,P ,N

da sumuH irad iridret ,kinagro nahab gnudnagnem gnay hanat naigab hala

naigab atres taflus masa nad tamuh masa itrepes ,tural gnay naigab - gnay naigab

irad udiser nakapurem sumuH .iaruret hadum kadit gnay nimuh itrepes tural kadit

retkab helo namanat nahab isadarged ,nobrak naka ayak sumuH .ignup uata i

negisko nad negordih .)8002 ,izuaF(

.9.2 )awabmeP nahaB( sopmoK malaD aborkiM

.1.9.2 retcabotozA .ps

retcabotozA upmam gnay kiborea negortin tabmanep iretkab halada

,iggnit pukuc gnay halmuj malad negortin tabmanem 2 aratna isairavreb - gm 51

52

nakirebid alibapa reluspak ridnel naklisahgnem ,nobrak rebmus marg/negortin

.)2891 ,oaR( nobrak rebmus iagabes asokulg muccocoorhc retcabotozA halada

ilimaf irad naigab nakapurem fitagen marg iretkab eaecaretcabotozA kapurem , na

malad refsomta N isaskifmem upmam sabeb pudih gnay portozaid ,kiborea purg

kinagro nahab nenopmok nakanuggnem nagned N niksim nupuam N sabeb aidem

ramuK( igrene rebmus iagabes ,.la te .)6002

rutarepmeT nahubmutrep igab mumitpo gnay retcabotoza halada ± 03 o C

91 ,rednaxelA( 7 ialpus akiteK .)7 tapad gnay aborkim aynah ,nurunem negortin

isaskifmem uggnem nad habugnem kutnu upmam naka gnay refsomta irad n naka

.asokulg retcabotozA )5 rabmaG( Hp ikilimem gnay hanat malad fitka nakumetid

0.6 < Hp nad 0.6 > isreb .fitka non taf aynada nagned nahubmutrep kutnu Hp

5,4 halada nahabmat negortin - nad nahubmutrep kutnu lamitpo Hp nakgnades 5,8

7 halada negortin natakignep - .5,7 etcabotozA r gnay kopmolek utaus nakkujnunem

.borea emsinagro irad kiranem tagnas etcabotozA r pad ta rutarepmet adap pudih

01 aratnaid oC 04 nad o nad C uhus 03 adap mumitpo - 53 oC ojdetuS( ,.la te 1991 .)

.5 rabmaG .ps retkabotozA

retcabotozA masa nad niskua utiay hubmut nomroh naklisahgem tapad

lodni IA( tatesa kefE .)A retcabotozA inem malad raka assamoib naktakgn

62

nalisahgnep helo nakbabesid AIA itkub gnukudid ini laH .narakarep haread id

tapad gnay apures awaynes uata nahpotpirt gnudnagnem raka taduske awhab

,haifanaH( tatesa lodni masa iskudorpmem kutnu hanat borkim helo nakanugid

.)5002 meK iretkabozir naupma retcabotozA idajnem negortin isaskifmem malad

nomrohotif iskudorpmem nad namanat kutnu aidesret gnay muinomma

tupni iagabes nakanugid kutnu ini iretkabozir naupmamek rotakidni nakapurem

matugnem gnay namanat iskudorp metsis utaus malad ka .hanat natahesek na

isalukonI retcabotozA nad ,naruyas namanat natibibmep id nakukalid halet

nahubmutrep naktakgninem kutnu ini iretkabozir isnetop naktahilrepmem

isalupop natakgninep gnukudnem atres tibib kujat nad narakarep retcabotozA id

edniH( rifsozir .)4002 ,atamramiS nad hasr

2.9.2 . sullicaB surtiC

surtiC sullisaB hanat iretkab kopmolek irad iretkab utas halas nakapurem

.namanat refsozir maladid iapmujid ilakgnires gnay surtiC sullisaB nakapurem

s ikilimem gnay fitisop marg iretkab natab kutnebreb le iretkaB .g surtiC sullisaB

aynnaupmamek ,nakigurem gnay igoloke isidnok padahret narelot tagnas

aropsodnE .aropsodne kutnebmem surtiC sullisaB b fitategev les malad id adare

ini iretkab taubmem aropsodnE .skelpmok gnay rutkurtsartlu igolofrom nad kudni

apad nahab nad alumrof nagned isatpadareb t – nakisakilpaid gnay aimik nahab

iaB( nainatrep hanat malad la te .)3002 ,.

esaf adap adareb gnades les akij idajret naka kadit arops rukurtS

isidnok adap amaturet kutnebid naka ipatet laisnenopske araces nahalebmep

72

tun nagidaM( satabret negortin nad nobrak aynlasim laisnese isir ,.la te .)9002

aradu adap nahat kadit isalurops nad les rep arops utas irad hibel kadit akereM

iretkaB .akubret surtiC sullisaB )6 rabmaG( fitatuklaf uata kiborea tafisreb

isif naupmameK .boreana padahret akep :itrepes magareb tagnas ini iretkab sigolo

uata isatnemref emsilobatem nagned fortonagromek ;satinilas nad Hp ,sanap

.nasapanrep

G rabma 6. iretkaB sutriC sullicaB

awhab nakropalem )7002( itutsA surtiC sullisaB tapad naklisahgnem

sinej nomrohotif AI iagabes roporedis iskudorpmem nad ,tafsop nakturalem ,A

.iseb talekgnep surtiC sullisaB A naklisahgnem I gnusgnal huragnepreb gnay A

fitka kutneb nakapurem )AIA( tatesa lodni masA .namanat nahubmutrep padahret

mujid gnay niskua nomroh irad naktakgninem narepreb nad namanat adap iap

nial aratna namanat igab AIA nomroh isgnuF .nenap lisah nad satilauk

nasgnarem ,les nagnabmekrep naktakgninem nakutnebmep g ucamem ,urab raka

arebeB .mizne sativitka naktakgninem ,naagnubmep gnasgnarem ,nahubmutrep ap

seiseps ps sullicaB aynaratnaid ,tafsof nakturalem upmam gnay .B ,sivreb sullilaB

surtiC.B ,suerec silitbus .B nad sucirtnesem .B ,muiretagem .B ,sumruf .B , ,uyR(

.)3002

82

iskudorpmem gnay iretkab awhab nakropalem )2002( kcilG nad nettaP

AIA isalumitsnem iskudorP .gnani narakarep metsis nahubmutrep AIA kadit ,

malad tapadret naknikgnumid ,iretkab les malad nomroh iagabes atayn isgnufreb

iretkab aratna iskaretni malad gnitnep narepreb tubesret nomroh anerak iretkab les

.namanat nagned

.3.9.2 sanomoduesP ps

suneG ps sanomoduesP adap nakumetid tapad gnay iretkab halada .

tafisreb gnay awaynes padahret nahat nad imala aidem aumes ripmah

d hadum aggnihes nial iretkab nahubmutrep tabmahgnem iretkaB .isalosii

.ps sanomoduesP animodnem upmam araces gnabmekreb nad refsozir haread is

lesreb ,aropsreb kadit ,fitatlukaf boreana /borea ,litom ,fitagen marg tafisreb ,tapec

nad larten Hp adap fortonagroomek araces hubmut nad ,kaynab lesreb uata utas

nagidaM( kilifosem rutarepmet narasik la te . , 002 .)0

hanat metsisoke malad id saul araces nakumetid gnay iretkab utas halaS

halada refsozir ,.ps sanomoduesP nakanuggnem nad isadargednem upmam gnay

nad namanat nagned iskaretnireb ,kinagrona nad kinagro awaynes raseb halmujes

ay refsozir malad isaisosareb iretkaB .nainatrep gnadib nakgnutnugnem gn

.ps sanomoduesP kopmolek neseroulf iskudorpmem tapad AIA ,ninikotis ,

enisoneda lynetneposi nad , esobir nitaez .)4002 ,erooM & inorellaP(

92

.7 rabmaG iretkaB ps sanomoduesP nomoduesP ps sa )7 rabmaG( . lisahgnep iagabes nakropalid kaynab

aynsusuhk raseb gnay halmuj malad nomrohotif AIA gnasgnarem kutnu

.nahubmutrep AIA gnay niskua kopmolek nahubmutrep nomroh nakapurem

.namanat nahubmutrep gnasgnarem kutnu anugreb aguj uti nialeS

ps sanomoduesP enomalaS( P arah napareynep iagabes isgnufreb . ,.la te .)1002

.01.2 oC ammaG raniS isaidarI - 06

naka nahab ianegnem alibapa gnay isaidar ranis halada isaidarI

tubesret nahab malad id igrene napareynep aynidajret nakbabeynem nagned

gnay isaidar igrene halmuJ .iskaretni uata sesorp macam iagabreb iulalem

( sisod naraseb malad nakataynid tubesret nahab utaus helo isbrosbaid okomtaiwD

0002 ).

oC nahurulep helo kutnebret ammag raniS - ammag rotime ubires irad ,06

oC aynah - sC nad 06 - 31 ranis igrenE .isaidar sesorp kutnu isakidni id gnay 7

nagned ipatet ayahac itrepes amas ,kitengamortkele gnabmoleg itrepes ,ammag

ay gnabmoleg gnajnap nad iggnit hibel gnay notof igrene nagned .kednep hibel gn

oC adilkunoidaR - aubes malad iskudorpid tapad 06 nagned rilkun aganet rotkaer h

03

oC magol irad isaidari - .nortuen ujal nagned 95 kutnebret gnay fitkaoidar potosI

:naamasrep nagned nakkujnutid nortuen nagned

72 Co 95 + 0n1 82 iN 06 + -1β0 γ +

iduyhaW ,.la te i nakatagnem )5002( oC itn - libats kadit gnay 06

hurap utkaw iaynupmem gnay VeM 31,1 nad VeM 71,1 adap notof nakracnamem

iN libats idajnem nad nuhat 472,5 - 06 .8 rabmaG nakkujnutid gnay itrepes

rabmaG 8. oC nahuruleP - )0102 ,aitaK( 06

G ranis isaidaR amma iggnit igrenereb nortkele uata isaidar aguj tubesid

nagned iskaretnireb naka adneb helo paresret gnay isaidar igrene anerak noignep

.aimik iskaer nad isatiske ,isasinoi naklubminem nad tubesret adneb mota itni

aklubminem ini nahabureP napudihek sesorp habugnem gnay igoloib kefe n

adap idajret amaturet tubesret nahaburep aborkim adaP .pudih les irad lamron

apad aborkiM .AND t napuggnasek nagnalihek tabika irid halebmem kutnu

naklubmitid gnay nahaburep nil isasinoi lisah sabeb lakidar helo nagnukg

.)6891 ,nawdiR(

irad helorepid gnay kitengamortkele gnabmoleg kusamret ammaG raniS

iggnit natapecek nagned mota irad nakracnapid gnay fitkaoidar taz nahurulep

13

helo ihuragnepret kadit aynsativitkaoidaR .igrene nahibelek aynada anerak

itni naadaek - tlaboC helo nakracnapid tapad ammaG ranis isaidaR .aynpotosi itni -

muiseaC nad 06 - .)6891 ,nawdiR( 731

sisoD atar iagabes nakisinifedid )D( pares - nahabparesid gnay igrene atar

S .tubesret nahab assam nautas rep yarG halada ini taas nakanugid gnay nauta

.)yG( 001 = yarG 1 awhab nagnubuh helorepid aggnihes gk/eluoJ 1 = yarG utaS

dar . fe ikilimem ammag ranis isaidaR nakitamem malad adebreb gnay sativitke

gnay sisod raseb nikameS .nakirebid gnay sisod naraseb nagned gniries aborkim

im nakitamem ayad akam nakirebid alup raseb nikames aynabork 5002 ,emuK( .)

oC ammaG ranis isaidari huragneP - adap salej tahilret aborkim padahret 06

tneirtuN adap kutnebret gnay inolok halmuj ayngnarukreb utiay isalupop utaus

kadit ,hunubret tubesret iretkab anerak idajret ini laH .ragA tabmahret uata fitka

les nakgnades ,aynnahubmutrep - helo nakbabesid nikgnum pudih hisam gnay les

.isaidar padahret nahat ayad uata naakepek tafis nahaburep uata naadebrep

otnajraD( , .)5991

uj ayniggnit agajnem kutnu gnitnep tagnas awabmep nahab isasiliretS halm

.amal gnay nanapmiynep edoirep kutnu awabmep nahab adap nalukoni iretkab

nahab isasilirets kutnu iauses gnilap gnay arac halada ammaG ranis isaidarI

aynidajret nakbabeynem kadit ripmah taubmem ini sesorp anerak ,awabmep

nad kisif tafis malad nahaburep .nahab irad aimik ranis isaidari isasilirets edoteM

oC ammag - isaidar naktaafnamem anerak nignid isasilirets edotem aguj tubesid 06

noignep isaidar ,)0891( ymliH turuneM .aborkim AND kasurem malad noignep

aupmamek nagnalihek aborkim kapmad nakirebmem naka irid halebmem n

23

iretkab raseb naigabeS .itnehret idajnem aynpudih nagnusgnalek utigeb nagned

.noignep isaidar padahret fitisnes hibel fitaler ,arops kutnebmem kadit gnay

9 rabmaG . H adap isaidar isasinoi kefE 2 ( O aitaK dna oniuqA , 102 0)

uj tapad isaidaR kadit araces uata AND padahret gnusgnal huragnepreb ag

gnay uata les malad lukelom uata mota nagned isaidar iskaretni inkay gnusgnal

.ria itrepes ignililegnem G 9 rabma nakkujnunem r awhab nagned iskaereb isaida

surem nad sabeb lakidar kutnebmem naidumek ria gnay lakidar HO .AND ka

09 inkay AND kasurem malad huragnepreb gnilap gnay idajnem kutnebret .%

.les napudihek malad gnitnep tagnas gnusgnal kadit kefe ,uti anerak helO

nakasurek 0001 nakbabeynem les padahret yarG 1 isaidari awhab nakarikrepiD

gnut naiatnu 051 ,adnag naiatnu nakasurek 04 ,lag ssorc - knil nad AND aratna

ylerroB( isadiskoret gnay nimit 052 nad ,nietorp a te .l .)8991 ,

.11.2 retemotofortkepS )ASS( motA napareS

retemotofortkeps edoteM kutnu edotem nakapurem )ASS( mota napares

magol mota sisilana aneraK .natural utaus malad tapadret gnay ini edotem fitkeles

33

s nad fitisnes tagna , kutnu nakanugid gnires gnay sisilana edotem idajnem ASS

.)2002 ,treakeorB( licek tagnas gnay radak nagned magol lepmas narukugnep

motA - sil sacsid malad isatiskeid gnay mota upmal utaus irad kirt

mota naidumek ,rotamorkonom - alib isaidar nakracnamem naka uti magol mota

utaus nakub uti isaidar ,hadner hibel gnay kinortkele takgnitek ilabmek akerem

isneukerf haubes naknialem nunitnok - isisnart nakataynem gnay tirksid isneukerf

ele .)1002 ,doowrednU( magol mota utaus malad nortk

retemotofortkepS edoteM sbrosba adap pisnirpreb )ASS( motA napareS i

motA .mota helo ayahac - gnabmoleg gnajnap adap tubesret ayahac pareynem mota

lalem ASS malad sesorP .aynrusnu tafis adap gnutnagret ,utnetret ,pahat aud iu

:utiay lepmas isasimotA a nad .sabeb mota helo rebmus irad isaidar isbrosb

nupuam alayn nakanuggnem kiab nagned nakukalid tapad isasimotA

helo ,sanap igrene nakulrepid pau idajnem magol rusnu nahabugneP .tifarg ukgnut

neb surah uhus uti anerak ra - aliB .anrupmes isasimota sesorp raga iladnekret raneb

ar rebmus irad uajnitid nitnok tafisreb halsurah ,isaid .u

etsiS temotofortkepS isatnemurtsni m re malad tahilid tapad motA napareS

rabmaG 01 .

rabmaG 01 . napareS retemotofortkepS talA amekS motA ( .)5002 ,zleW

43

motA napareS retemotofortkepS isatnemurtsni metsiS mem amil iaynup

utiay ,amatu naigab : ( 1002 ,doowrednU ):

.a rebmuS ayahac

rebmuS ayahac rusnu irad mota murtkeps nakracnamem isgnufreb

rebmuS .nakutnetid naka gnay ayahac anugid gnires gnay nak halada

( LCH upmal pmaL edotahC wolloH ) ( rabmaG )11 LCH upmaL .

rebmus nakapurem ayahac nakisimegnem nad majat gnay artkeps nagned

.sitamorkonom gnabmoleg

rabmaG 11 . L ( LCH upma pmaL edotahC wolloH ) ltnahC( .)2891 ,e

.b namotagnep metsiS isprosba metsis uata

kutnu isgnufreb isprosba metsis uata namotagnep metsiS

mota idajnem iretam habugnem - mota sabeb gnay naktabilem aynasaib

.iggnit uhus

.c rotamorkonoM

sirag utas halas isalosignem kutnu isgnufreb rotamorkonoM

aynab naikes irad isnanoser adotak upmal helo naklisahid gnay murtkeps k

mota helo tauk gnilap isprosbaid gnay gnukec - ipa alayn malad id mota

sirag nahanem nad )lamiskam gnabmoleg gnajnap( - nial isime sirag irad

53

.sisilana kutnu nakanugid kadit gnay aggnoreb adotak upmal nad rajdnaG(

R )7002 ,namho .

.d rotketeD

igrene idajnem ranis igrene habugnem halada rotketed isgnuF

kirtsil tapad aggnihes nem naklipma rotinom rayal adap akgna rajdnaG(

)7002 ,namhoR nad .

.e redrokeR

kirtsil laynis kutneb naklipmanem kutnu isgnufreb redrokeR

autas idajnem rayal adap tapadret gnay nalipmaT .acabid tapad gnay n

isnabrosba atad nakkujnunem )7002 ,namhoR nad rajdnaG( .

63

III BAB

EDOTEM NAITILENEP

.1.3 utkaW naitileneP tapmeT nad

P naitilene ini ialum nakukalid 4102 teraM nalub - sutsugA id 4102

,nagnukgniL kopmoleK muirotarobaL ,nagnukgniL nad irtsudnI gnadiB tasuP

lanoisaN rilkuN aganeT nadaB isaidaR nad potosI isakilpA RIAP( - NATAB .lJ )

ereniC ,ta’muJ rasaP ayaR - atrakaJ asilanA .nataleS eb magol nakanuggnem tar

retemotofortkepS udapreT muirotarobaL tasuP id nakukalid )ASS( motA napareS

.atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS )NIU( iregeN malsI satisrevinU

.2.3 eP nahaB nad talA naitilen

.1.2.3 talA

halada ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay talA gabylop , nagnabmit

kitilana , ,retem Hp rekahS ( runat ,nelesrop nawac ,)tremmeM( nevo ,)flodieH

,irtep nawac ,siraggnep ,)ecanruf( kni ,rotakised ,)rehsiF( rotabu falkotuA ,rednelb ,

talp tnuoc e nad retemotofortkepS .)remlE nikreP( )SAA( motA napareS

.2.2.3 nahaB

nahaB ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay ,gnadnak kupup ,hanat halada

muisrosnok aborkim nalukoni )MIK( isaidar sopmok sisabreb 2 naripmaL iauses ,

jih iwas ,mayab namanat tibib nataub naramec ,hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,ua

ON(bP natural irad lasareb gnay 3)2 OSdC nad 4 H8. 2 ,O 58,0 lCaN , % ONH 3 ,takep

73

H2 OS 4 H ,takep ,sedauqA , 2O2 , ,esalom natural ( BST htab ayos otpirt ) nad ragA

lacigoloiretcab .

.3.3 naitileneP edoteM

p nagnacnaR halada ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay naabocre

)LAR( pakgneL kacA nagnacnaR nakrasadreb nakukalid naukalrep nad

nahabmanep aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok )MIK( nahabmanep apnat nad

aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok ( namanat sinej naadebreP . waS ,mayaB ,uajiH i

tupmuR nad ragaP karaJ hajaG ), gnisam - ledoM .nagnalu 4 nagned gnisam

:tukireb iagabes nakanugid gnay kitsitats

Y ji α + μ = i + ɛ ji

: nagnareteK

J )8=t( 8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 =

Y ek naukalrep adap natamagnep ialiN = - ek nagnalu nad I -j

μ ataR = - mu atar natamagnep lisah mu

αi ek naukalrep huragneP = -i

ɛ ji ek naukalrep adap naabocrep talaG = - ek nagnalu nad I -j

.4.3 ajreK rudesorP

.1.4.3 nataubmeP sopmoK sisabreB )MIK( aborkiM nalukonI muisrosnoK

.isaidaR

mulebeS lukoni uluhad hibelret nakpaisid MIK nataubmep sesorp na

c( awabmep nahab maladek nakisalukoni id halet gnay iretkab reirra id halet gnay )

nahab nataubmep sesorP .yarGK 52 rasebes ammaG ranis nagned isaidar

.2 naripmal adap tahilid tapad nalukoni iskudorp nad awabmep

83

04 kaynabeS Lm atural d nakturalid esalom n 008 mala Lm sedauqa nad

121 rutarepmet adap isasiliretsid o isasiliretsid haleteS .tinem 51 amales C

5 esalom natural naidumek adnipid % 0051 reyemnelre malad ek nakh Lm rutluK .

kudni iretkab retkabotozA ,)ZA( sneroulF sanomoduesP nad )FP( surtiC sullisaB

B( .lirets nad nignid halet gnay esalom natural maladek nakisalukoniid )C

ekahs nagned isavitkaid ayntujnaleS .maj 42 amales mpr 57 sinakem r

.2.4.3 aideM nataubmeP tnuoC etalP latoT ( CPT )

,1 nad BST marg 3 gnabmitiD marg 5 lacigoloiretcab ragA naidumeK .

aynaudek cid 001 nakhabmatid nad rupma Lm nagned nakliretsid ulaL .sedauqa

nakanuggnem falkotua 67 rutarepmet adap – 121 O naidumeK .tinem 51 amales C

.irtep nawac maladek nakkusamid ulaL .maj 1 ± amales nakmaidid

.5.3 isaidemerotiF pahaT

.1.5.3 anaT aideM napaiyneP h

id gnay hanaT gnudeg ratikes irad libmaid ini naitilenep malad nakanug

nautab irad nakhisrebid tubesret hanat naidumeK .NATAB nagnukgnil kopmolek

raka - ,tafsof ,negortin rusnu naidumeK .tubesret hanat malad ada gnay naraka

isilanaid kinagro nahab radak ,ria radak ,muilak .muirotarobal id sisilana id s

nignaid nad kudaid libmas uggnim aud amales nakraibid ayntujnaleS - .naknigna

93

.2.5.3 aideM nataubmeP T malaD mana gabyloP

.a apnaT muisrosnoK nalukonI aborkiM )MIK( sopmoK sisabreB

isaidaR

agned nakrupmacid hanat tareb g 0081 kaynabeS bP naramec n 25

Lm )mpp 002( , dC 52 Lm )mpp 05( nad 15 0 Lm H2O K . naidume

nagned rupmacid gnirek tareb g 002 gnadnak kupup iapmas kudaid atres

.atar

.b nagneD aborkiM nalukonI muisrosnoK )MIK( sopmoK sisabreB

isaidaR )2102 ,nasuS(

nirek tareb g 002 kaynabeS g gnadnak kupup tid habma muisrosnok

nalukoni aborkim isaidar sopmok sisabreb 05 rasebes Lm . naidumeK

d nakrupmacid dus aynmulebes gnay hanat nagne naramec nakhabmatid ha

.atar aggnih kudaid ulaL .dC nad bP

3.5.3 . naukalreP

,ini naitilenep adaP ap naukalrep bP magol ramecret gnay manat aidem ad

dC nad , aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok irebid gnay ada )MIK( sopmok sisabreb

aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nairebmep apnat gnay ada nad isaidar )MIK(

.isaidar sopmok sisabreb naitileneP nat adap irah 24 amales nakukalid ini nama

.hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uajih iwas ,mayab

id namanat lepmas amatrep hakgnaL B edok ireb )mayab( S , )uajih iwas( ,

J )ragap karaj( ad .)hajag tupmur( R n naidumeK R nad J ,S ,B lepmas paites

apnat B lepmas ,ilak tapme nagnalugnep nakukalid :MIK MB 10 MB , 20 MB , 30 nad

04

MB 40 nagned , MIK MB edokid 11 MB , 21 MB , 31 MB nad 41 apnat S lepmas adaP .

MIK MS nagned edokid 10 MS , 20 MS , 30 MS nad 40 nagned , MIK MS edokid 11 ,

MS 21 MS , 31 MS nad 41 . adaP apnat J lepmas edokid MIK MJ 10 MJ , 20 MJ , 30 nad

MJ 40 nagned , MIK edokid MJ 11 MJ , 21 MJ , 31 MJ nad 41 R lepmas kutnu nakgnadeS .

apnat MIK MR edokid 10 MR , 20 MR , 30 MR nad 40 nagned , MIK MR edokid 11 ,

MR 21 MR , 31 MR nad 41 . .1 lebaT adap tahilid tapad naukalrep isairaV

lebaT 1. P isairaV naukalre T aideM mana isisopmoK

M aide manaT

amanaT n mayaB uajiH iwaS ragaP karaJ tupmuR

hajaG MB 0 MB 1 MS 0 MS 1 MJ 0 MJ 1 MR 0 MR 1

)g( hanaT 0081 0081 0081 0081 0081 0081 0081 0081

MIK ( Lm ) - 05 - 05 - 05 - 05

gnadnaK kupuP

)g( 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002

narameC( dC+bP Lm )

2 00 200 02 0 02 0 02 0 200 200 02 0

:teK aborkiM nalukonI muisrosnoK : MIK ( ,.ps retcabotozA nad sutriC sullicaBps sanomoduesP )

.6.3 namanat napaiyneP

.1.6.3 natibibmeP

kutnU .acak hamur id moksab hadaw malad id nakukalid natibibmeP

ad lawa hibel nakukalid hajag tupmur namanat natibibmep amales isasitamilka id n

5- gnim 6 mayab kutnu nakgnadeS .ug tupmur haletes nakukalid uajih iwas nad

itamilka id naidumeK .uggnim 4 rumureb hajag sanut raga uggnim 2 amales isas

ragap karaj kutnu nakgnadeS .atarem hubmut hadus raka nad helorepid nagned

14

lebmem rogob haread id i )nalub 4 rumu( . naidumek tubesret namanat nakanA

nakpaisid halet gnay manat aidem adap manatid .

6.3 .2. namananeP

malad ek nakhadnipid manat pais hadus gnay namanat sinej 4 ek nakanA

gnisam top utaS .manat aidem isireb halet gnay top - am utas helo isiid aynah gnis

.namanat sinej

6.3 .3. naabocreP

ukalreP .acak hamur id nakukalid naabocreP isairav halada naabocrep na

rumu .manat aidem nad manat isairaV rumu 0 utiay ,manat 4 ,uggnim 2 ,uggnim

nad uggnim uggnim 6 . lada manat aidem nakgnadeS hanat aidem ha

i muisrosnok nakhabmatid kadit gnay isanimatnokret sisabreb aborkim nalukon

sopmok sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nagned habmatid gnay nad

.isaidar sopmok

.7.3 itamaiD gnay retemaraP :

.1.7.3 )1102 ,PORTOIB OEMAES( hanaT Hp rukugneM

epmas marg amiL aidumek gnabmitid l 52 sedauqa nagned habmatid n Lm

nagned naknegomohiD .5:1 nagnidnabrep nagned rekahs tinem 03 amales

Hp nakanuggnem nagned rukuid nad tinem 03 amales nakmaidid ayntujnales

retem .

24

.2.7.3 5553 10 INS( riA radaK rukugneM - )8991

rekid nelesrop nawaC nevo malad nakgni maj 1 amales rutarepmet adap

501 o naktapadnem aggnih gnabmitid nad rotakised malad naknignidid ulal C

W( patet tobob 0 malad ek nakkusamid ,marg 5 kaynabes lepmas tareb gnabmitiD .)

nad nelesrop nawac nevo id 5 ± - nevo malad maj 6 W( 1 umeK .) nawac naid

aggnih igal gnabmitid nad tinem 03 amales rotakised malad naknignidid

W( patet gnay tobob naktapadnem 2 tareb helorepid iapmas gnaluid nasanameP .)

tareb nagnarugnep nad tadap latot iagabes gnutihid lepmas asiS .natsnok

ria aynkaynab nakkujnunem .nahab malad

:nagnareteK W0 )g( gnosoK nawaC tareB = W1 )g( leppmas + nawac tareB = W2 )g( nevo id haletes lepmas + nawac tareB =

.3.7.3 ubA radaK rukugneM nad radaK kinagrO nahaB ayumoyZ( .la te ,

)5002

nevo malad nakgnirekid nelesrop nawaC maj 1 amales adap rutarepmet

501 o h gnabmitid nad rotakised malad naknignidid ulal C naktapadnem aggni

W( patet tobob 0 malad ek nakkusamid ,marg 5 kaynabes lepmas tareb gnabmitiD .)

nad nelesrop nawac nevo id 5 ± - nevo malad maj 6 501 rutarepmet adap oC W( 1 .)

id nawac naidumeK runat maladek nakkusam ubagnep rutarepmet adap na 055 o C

5 amales - anrupmes gnay naubagnep iapacnem aggnih maj 6 . nawac ulaL

naidumeK .nignid aggnih nakraibid )tinem 03( rotakised maladek nakkusamid

gnabmitid W( 2 mur nakanuggnem tapad uba radak nagnutihreP .) :su

34

:nagnareteK W0 )g( gnosoK nawaC tareB = W1 )g( nevoid haletes lepmaS + nawaC tareB = W2 )g( runatid haletes + nawaC tareB =

:sumur nakanuggnem tapad kinagrO nahaB radaK nagnutihrep kutnU

.4.7.3 nakutneneM tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT(

lepmas marg 5 kaynabeS libmaid hanat Lm 54 malad ek nakkusamid nad

58,0 )lCaN( sigoloisif natural 01 narecnegnep( % -1 naklirets id hadus gnay )

001 ilabmek libmaid naidumeK .tinem 03 amales naknegomohid nad aynmulebes

01 narecnegnep irad rutluk Lμ - 1 lCaN natural 009 malad ek nakhabmatid nad

01 narecnegnep( %58,0 -2 01 narecnegnep ires aggnih naktujnalid ) -8 001 kaynabeS .

Lμ 01 narecnegnep ires adap talosi rutluk - 6 01 narecnegnep nad - 8 nakisalukoniid

aidem adap ragA ayoS otpyrT nakanuggnem isasiliretsid halet gnay )AST(

( rabes edotem nagned irtep nawac malad falkotua etalP daerpS isabukniid nad )

73 rutarepmet adap o males C 2 a - araces nagnutihrep nakukalid naidumeK .irah 3

malad nakataynid gnay lepmas malad iretkab latot iuhategnem kutnu gnusgnal

tinu gnimrof inoloc ( .)2991 ,hajI

.5.7.3 namanaT iggniT rukugneM

iggniT namanat iuhatekid nagned arac rukugnem iggnit namanat lepmas

ad ir lakgnap gnatab iapmas kitit hubmut gnatab .amatu natamagneP nakukalid

paites 2 uggnim ilakes . natamagneP nakukalid nagned rukugnem paites lepmas

44

namanat adap gnisam - gnisam .naukalrep ataD ek tapme lepmas tubesret atarid -

.nakatar

.6.7.3 uJ gnutihgneM lm uaD ha n

uJ Lm nuad ha .namanat paites irad nuad gnutihgnem arac nagned iuhatekid

nagned nakukalid natamagneP .ilakes uggnim 2 paites nakukalid natamagneP

gnisam adap namanat lepmas paites gnutihgnem - naidumeK .naukalrep gnisam

tapmeek atad lepmas tubesret atarid - ar .nakat

.7.7.3 ijU nagned tareB magoL edoteM temotofortkepS re motA napareS

)ASS(

)2002( uyA naitilenep adap ucagnem ini tareb magol nautnenep edoteM

lepmas arac nagned inkay namanat gnotopid naidumek g 001 kaynabes gnabmitid

licek - .licek namanaT lad nakgnirekid adap nevo ma rutarepmet 07 0 iapmas C

.rednelb nagned naksulahid ayntujnales nad natsnok tobob iapacnem

nagned inkay hasab iskurtsed sesorp nakukalid tareb magol asilana adaP

alad ek nakusamid lepmas marg 5 gnabmitid Lm 01 nakhabmatiD .reyemnelre m

ONH 3 kep Lm 01 nad ta H2 OS 4 anrawreb natural aggnih naksanapid ulal ,takep

eb pasa nakraulegnem nad paleg talkoc r raw Lm 2 nakhabmatiD .natalkocek an

ONH 3 .gnalihgnem kutnebret gnay talkoc pasa aggnih naktujnalid nasanamep nad

H nakhabmatid naidumeK 2O2 tural malad ek natural aggnih naksanapid nad na

01 habmatid ayntujnaleS .hinrej gninuk Lm naktujnalid nasanamep nad sedauka

nad gnaur uhus aggnih nakmaidid ulaL .pasa nakraulegnem natural iapmas

54

05 ruku ubal nakanuggnem nakrecneid Lm aggnih sedauka nakhabmanem nagned

nat magol radak sisilanaid nad gniras satrek nakanuggnem gnirasid ,aret ad

nem ayntareb nakanugg retemotoportkepS asilanaid bP magoL .motA napareS

mn 8,882 gnabmoleg gnajnap adap dC ,mn 3,382 gnabmoleg gnajnap adap .

:nagnareteK a )L/gm( lepmas isnabrosba ialin = b )L/gm( oknalb isnabrosba ialin = K )mpp uata gK/gm( lepmas adap tareb magol radak = V )L( lepmas rihka emulov = W )gK( lepmas tareb=

.8.7.3 sisilanA magoL dC nad bP tareB

namanat adap tareb magol emsinakem nakutnenem kutnU dna hsohG

S kaf ialin gnutihgnem )5002( hgni tukireb iagabes sumur nagned isakolsnart rot :

:nagnareteK tareB magoL = M

.8.3 ataD sisilanA

iju nakanuggnem nagned haloid naka ataD ecneiraV fO sisylanaA

59 naayacrepek takgnit adap )AVONA( rep tahilem kutnu % pait irad naadeb

irad atayn gnay naadebrep tapadret AVONA iju nakrasadreb aliB .naukalrep

nalid naka akam naukalrep ,0 = α( nacnuD iju naktuj margorp nagned utnabid ,)50

malad nakijasid itamaid gnay retemarap itupilem atad lausiv araces 31 SSPS

avruk kutneb .7002 lecxE margorp nakanuggnem

64

VI BAB

NAD LISAH NASAHABMEP

.1.4 manaT aideM iagabes hanaT aideM isasiretkaraK

naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay hanaT halada malad irad lasareb

RIAP nasawak – atrakaJ NATAB . akisif kitsiretkarak iaynupmem ini hanaT

tret gnay itrepes aimik nad )hanat rutsket( lebaT malad are 2.

.2 lebaT hanaT aideM sisilanA lisaH oN retemaraP hanat aideM

1 Hp 67,6 2 )%( latoT negortiN 010,0 3 K2 )%( O 600,0 4 P2O 5 )%( 650,0 5 C- )%( kinagrO 054,1 6 )%( kinagrO nahaB 005,2 7 )%( riA radaK 25,51 hanaT rutskeT 8 )%( ubeD 093,11 9 )%( taiL 632,08 01 )%( risaP 073,8

isasiretkarak sisilanA adap hanat aidem tahilret rutsket asilana lisah awhab

pukuc ayntail iskarf nagnudnak awhab nakkujnunem hanat aidem iagabes hanat

iggnit 632,08 55>( % )% 093,11 ubed , % risap nad 073,8 %, tubesret aidem akam

.tail rutsket iaynupmem s nakgnadeS tafi - gnitnep gnay hanat aidem aimik tafis

)Hp( aidem iskaer nial aratna nad rusnu - rusnu aidem Hp ialiN .laisnese arah

tagnas nakutnenem anerak iuhatekid kutnu gnitnep noi aynkadit hadum - rusnu noi

rah helo paresid a naadarebek nakkujnunem aguj nad namanat rusnu - gnay rusnu

.namanat igab nucar tafisreb awhab nakkujnunem aidem sisilana lisah iraD aidem

74

Hp iaynupmem hanat .67,6 Hp ialin nagned larten masa ulalret gnay aideM

asab ulalret nupuam t hagecnem naka aidem malad isirtun pareynem namana

aidem adap N ialin ,N nagnudnak irad uajnitiD .aidesret arah rusnu nupiksem

nakirogetakid hanat 2,0( gnades 1- 03,0 .% 010,0 utiay )% osraniW turuneM

atet ,namanat fitategev nahubmutrep naktakgninem naka N nahibelek )5002( ip

P nagnudnaK .fitareneg asam kedneprepmem naka aidesret gnay aidem malad

hanat .% 650,0 halada C radaK - kinagro rasebes utiay hadner tagnas %054,1 ,

C radak anamid - 1,2 utiay hanat arah airetirk iauses lamron gnay kinagro - .% 0,3

kinagro nahab kutnu nakgnadeS % 005,2 utiay hadner tagnas gnay ialin ikilimem

ria radak nad )%5<( .%25,51 rasebes

.2.4 lisaH sisilanA sesorP isaidemerotiF

2.4 hanaT Hp ialiN .1.

aratna nagnubuhreb gnilas gnay retemarap utas halas nakapurem hanat Hp

nahubmutrep nagned tareb magol aguj huragnepreb uti nialeS .nahubmut irad

b isisopmoked sesorp nad emsinagroorkim sativitka padahret malad kinagro naha

,ini naitilenep malaD .hanat d nakukali aud paites hubmut aidem Hp asilana

retem Hp nakanuggnem ilakes uggnim uid naka gnay hanat lepmaS . ij aynmulebes

id rekahs .tinem 03 ± amales uluhad hibelret

84

rabmaG 21 . lawa Hp asilanA lisaH - rihkA

21 rabmaG m nakkujnune awhab haletes hubmut aidem id Hp narukugnep

.hubmut aidem aumes adap Hp ialin nahaburep naktapadid natamagnep nakukalid

ukalrep adaP irebmep apnat hubmut aidem lawa na ikilimem aborkim nalukoni na

Hp .larten tafisreb nalukoni nairebmep nagned hubmut aidem kutnu nakgnadeS

tafisreb aborkim tikides .masa ek uggnim iapmas aud ek uggnim haletes ipateT

dajnem habureb gnurednec hanat aumes mane larten i 3 naripmaL( ). isidnoK

em aynada anerak nakbabesid larten idajnem habureb gnay hubmut aid emsinakem

gnay hanat iskaereb nagned H+ HO nad - ret hanat akam tubes idajnem habureb

± larten .7 gnay ria nanarep aynada anerak halada aynbabeynep utas halaS

bid adap nakirebid gnay riA .aynirah paites hubmut aidem malad ek nakire aidem

noi idajnem asilordihret naka hubmut H( muinordih 3O+ negordih noi uata ) H( + )

HO( liskorih noi nad - halada larten idajnem Hp taubmem gnay nial babeyneP .)

H noi aynhabmatreb nagned + d H sapelem nahubmut raka anerak hanat malad i +

94

naka hanat adap Hp aggnihes ,hanat malad id arah rusnu libmagnem taas adap

ten idajnem K .lar iagabes lanekid nahubmut ,tubesret sesorp anera reffub .Hp

)2002( lieW nad ydarB tujnal hibeL , kian awhab naksalejnem hanat Hp aynnurut

H noi isgnuf nakapurem + HO nad - H noi isartnesnok akiJ . + l malad hanat natura

akam takgninem HO noi isartnesnok akij nad masa idajnem naka Hp - takgninem

naka Hp akam b itakednem uata larten idajnem .asa

s halas nakapurem aguj hanat Hp ialiN iwaimik narubusek rotakidni uta

naknimrecnem tapad anerak ,hanat naaidesretek tubesret hanat malad arah

)5002 ,haifanaH( nad masam isidnok nagned hanaT . nilakla b nak huragnepre

nahubmutrep padahret tabmahgnem naka tubesret hanat isidnok anerak namanat

alep gnay arah rusnu natur rotkaf idajnem naka aynrihka adap tabmahgnep

namanat nahubmutrep .)7002 ,aidemorgA(

arah rusnU aynmumu adap hanat Hp adap namanat raka paresid hadum

lad tural hadum arah rusnu nakaynabek tubesret Hp adap anerak ,larten ratikes ma

.ria p rusnu ,masam hanat adaP tafso )P( takiid anerak namanat paresid tapad kadit

helo )lA( muinumula tapad kadit aguj P rusnu ,silakla isidnok adap nakgnades ,

helo isaskifid anerak namanat helo kiab paresid ( muislak aC ) naidesreteK . P

8 Hp adap halada mumiskam ipateT .7, naaidesretek P kutnu hawab mumiskam

,6 halada 5 – nakgnadeS .5,7 naaidesretek ( negortin N) aratna Hp adap mumiskam

6, 0 – .)5002 ,haifanaH( 0,8

D tabmahret naka aguj kinagro nahab isisopmoke ulalret gnay Hp adap

asab ulalret uata masa kimed nagneD . lasareb gnay arah rusnu nasabebmep ,nai

irad S nad N itrepes kinagro nahab naksalejnem ini isidnoK .tabmahret naka aguj

05

.naikimed Hp adap hanat malad id ini rusnu nagnudnak aynhadner gnatnet nialeS

padahret huragnepreb naaidesretek epreb aguj Hp arah rusnu padahret huragn

turuneM .hanat malad id tapadret gnay emsinagroorkim sativitka nad napudihek

haifanaH ( 5002 ) uata 5,5 Hp isidnok adap kiab araces gnabmekreb tapad iretkab ,

naka iretkab sativitka naktabikagnem 5,5 hawab id adareb Hp ialin akiteK .hibel

gret .uggna

emsinagroorkim sativitka helo nakbabesid tapad aguj Hp ialin natakgnineP

HN( ainomma idajnem kinagro negortin hacemem malad 3 natakgninep uti nialeS .)

masa nahaburep helo nakbabesid Hp - OC idajnem kinagro masa 2 noitak nad -

gM( asab noitak + K , + aC , + h ) ilarenim lisa .sopmok irad kinagro nahab isas noitaK -

nakaini noitak masa nagned natakireb - gnay masa sesorp amales kutnebret

.)7002 ,itutsayduS( kian Hp nakbabeynem isisopmoked

lisaH s kitsitat AVONA whab nakkujnunem atar a - aratnaid Hp ialin atar

at sinej tapme naman , em naukalrep aud kadit gnay naadebrep nakkujnun atayn

P( ≥0, nagneD .)50 ok nairebmep naikimed kadit aborkim nalukoni muisrosn

tubesret Hp ialin padahret nakifingis gnay huragnep nakirebmem ( naripmaL 11 .)

Hp nakbabeynem gnay gnadnak kupup nahabmanep aynada nakanerakid ini laH

paites adap hanat n idajnem aidem .larte malad ek kinagro nahab nahabmaneP

anat tapad h .)2002 ,mahtreB( silakla gnologret gnay hanat Hp naknurunem

natakignep tiakret Hp natakgnineP awaynes - masa tafisreb gnay awaynes

ned iskaereb gnay hanat malad id ada gnay .sopmok irad kinagro nahab nag

zA zi awhab nakropalem )3102( ha isadisko iulalem isadiskoret gnay kinagro masa

OC kutnebret aggnihes emsinagroorkom kitamizne 2 H nad 2 .O )7991( nosnevetS

15

naktakgninem tapad isisopmokedret halet gnay kinagro nahab nakataynem

HO noi sativitka - rad rebmusreb gnay ( liskobrak sugug i - sugug nad )HOOC

HO( liskordih - HO noI .) - H noi risilartenem naka + areb gnay natural malad ad

.hanat )6002( nursI awhab nakataynem kinagro nahab nairebmep huragnep

.Hp ialin nakkianem tapad aggnihes hanat namasaek naknurunem upmam adaP

Hp kla iapmas larten a sil hanat malad tareb magol , kutnu gnurednec

isasilibommiret ahubmut malad ek napareynep nad napadnegnep helo n

naka nakgnadeS .licek nikames em naka masa Hp adap nakbabeyn napareynep

tareb magol anerak raseb gnay .masa Hp malad tural naka

2.4 .2. riA radaK

nenopmok nakapurem riA nakhab ,namanat utaus malad amatu ripmah

les % 09 iapacnem - aguj namanat paresid gnay riA .ria helo nususret namanat les

b iagabes isgnufre sesorp hurules ripmah adap iskaer aidem m .aynemsilobate

isaripsnartopavE sesorp utas halas nakapurem msilobatem imalaid gnay helo

)isaropave( hanat nad )isaripsnart( atamots iulalem nakpauid ria anamid namanat

.)5002 ,haifanaH(

babmeleK sesorp malad gnitnep rotkaf utas halas nakapurem hanat na

ria naadarebek anerak isaidemerotif irad kilobatem sativitka kutnu gnitnep tagnas

bmahgnem naka ria nagnarukeK .namanat nahubmutrep nad emsinagroorkim ta

.namanat nahubmutrep rendraG ,.la te ( awhab nakropalem )1991 nagnudnak akij

rad nanimod hibel naka kujat nahubmutrep akam kaynab hibel ria adapi

gnabac raka aneraK .gnabac raka nahubmutrep malad gnitnep narepreb

25

pareynem .namanat sata nagro ek tukgnaid kutnu hanat malad irad ria kutnu nialeS

raga hanat nababmelek igab gnitnep tagnas aguj ria namanat nahubmutrep

itrepes emsinagroorkim p iretkab tapad P nad N tabmane malad pudih nahatreb

05 aratna rasikreb nababmeleK .hanat - 08 ria aggnaynep satisapak %

,asotnaS( aborkim sativitka ayngnusgnalreb kutnu laedi nababmelek nakapurem

.)9991

rabmaG .31 lawa riA radaK asilanA lisaH - rihkA

rabmaG atar awhab nakkujnunem 31 - aidem paites adap ria radak atar

manat gnay ria radak halmuj ikilimem adebreb - ria radak nagnutihrep ataD .adeb

pakgnel gnay nakijasid adap 4 naripmaL radak nagned nagnubuhreb tubesret laH .

ro nahab nagnudnak anamiD .kinagro nahab malad id gnudnakret gnay kinag

gnisam - adebreb aguj hanat gnisam - nagnudnak iggnit nikames alibapA .adeb

nad ria radak iggnit nikames naknimrecnem hanat malad id kinagro nahab

naaidesretek irop ikilimem hanat kinagro nahab nakanerakid ,hanat malad id ria -

rop .hanat )uba radak( larenim lekitrap nakgnidnabid kaynab hibel gnay orkim i

35

,kinagro nahab radak nialeS naaidesretek ,hanat rutsket adap gnutnagret aguj ria

.)5002 ,otnatuS( namanat sinej nad hanat nasipal ,aimik awaynes

kitsitats lisaH AVONA ab nakkujnunem sinej tapme aratnaid ria radak awh

nem naukalrep aud namanat P( atayn naadebrep nakkujnu ≤ nagneD .)50,0

gnay huragnep nakirebmem aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nahabmanep naikimed

tubesret ria radak padahret nakifingis 21 naripmaL( raseb gnay ria radak ialiN .)

nagnudnak nakbabeynem gnay kinagro nahab isadarged lisah irad helorepid aguj

tapad naka namanat adap ria nagnarukeK .iggnit idajnem hanat malad ria

nakbabeynem aggnihes les nagnabmekrep nad nakutnebmep tabmahgnem

ynep nad tabmahret namanat raka nahubmutrep tipmes fitaler raka narabe

emsilobatem agggnihes nurunem arah rusnu nad ria isbrosba ayntabika

namanat aynrihka nad uggnagret hubmut rutagnep taz nad nietorp ,tardihobrak

.)4002 ,itraK( lidrek idajnem

2.4 3. . ubA radaK

m kutnu nakukalid uba radak sisilanA asis kinagrona taz halmuj iuhategne

ijdamraduS( kinagro nahab utaus narakabmep lisah ,.la te .)6991 rabmaG 41

isaidemerotif sesorp amales uba radak nahaburep aynidajret nakkujnunem

nakianek imalagnem gnurednec gnusgnalreb uba radak nagnutihrep atad lisaH .

adap tahilid tapad naripmaL 5 .

45

rabmaG .41 lawA ubA radaK asilanA – rihkA

naukalrep aud nagned namanat sinej tapmeek adap nahurulesek araceS

MB( ,0 MB ,1 MS ,0 MS ,1 MJ ,0 MJ ,1 MR ,0 MR 1 .uba radak nakianek imalagnem )

gnay nahab nakbabesid uba radak nakianeK akret naukalrep malad gnudn

imalagnem helo naktabikaid ini isasilarenim sesorP .isasilarenim sesorp

natulop naktaafnamem arac nagned ,aynaborkim nad namanat irad emsilobatem

kutneb malad tapadret tubesret lareniM .aidem malad gnudnakret gnay marag

,kinagro kinagrona marag tafisreb gnay skelpmok awaynes kutneb iagabes uata

.)8991 ,ojdrahoyluM( kinagro

kitsitats lisaH AVONA tapme aratnaid uba radak awhab nakkujnunem

naukalrep aud namanat P( atayn huragnepreb kadit ≥ ( )50,0 31 naripmaL inI .)

huragnep nakirebmem kadit aborkim nalukoni nairebmep awhab nakkujnunem

.nakifingis gnay

nahutubek kutnu nanikgnumek refsozir irad taduske naksapelem namanaT

dna newoB( aborkim kutnu nobrak rebmus iagabes ,okowN malad 1991 ,arivoR

55

masa nad itap ,alug apureb nakraulekid gnay taduskE .)0102 - gnay kinagro masa

aborkim ,ayntabikA .nobrak rebmus iagabes aborkim helo naktaafnamid tapad

isalumitsnem nagned namanat natahesek naktakgninem tapad refsozir

nahubmutrep ,namanat nahubmutrep rutagnep iskudorp iulalem raka

.)0102 ,okowN( ria nad larenim napareynep naktakgninem

retneC hcraeseR tnemideS cinagrO radak aratna nakgnubuhgnem )CRSO(

alibapa anamid kilabret gnidnabreb nagnubuh iagabes kinagro radak nad uba

ba radak iggnit aynkinagro radak akam ,hadner aynu nakirebmem ini naitileneP .

gnay kinagro nahabradak nanurunep imalagnem naukalrep aumes awhab lisah

isisopmoked sesorp haletes uba nagnudnak natakgninep aynada nakkujnunem

.gnusgnalreb agabes isgnufreb hanat lareniM igab arah ialpuynep gnadug i

lekitrap kutneb iulalem larenim nahaB .hanat atoib nad namanat - aynlekitrap

gnadug iagabes isgnufreb ajas kadit gnay hanat irop gnaur nusuynep nakapurem

des nikam ,isartenepreb raka kutnu gnaur iagabes aguj ipatet ,ria nad aradu tiki

radaK .namanat narakarep metsis gnabmekreb kadit nikam naka naka ini gnaur

ad larenim nahab uata uba 01 rasikreb aynlaedi hanat mal - 54 .% ,)5002( haifanaH

nagnabmekrep ihuragnepmem naka iggnit gnay larenim nagnudnak naksalejnem

namanat irad nahubmutrep uti nialeS . tabika nanucarek imalagnem naka namanat

hanat malad larenim nahibelek nakkujnunem )4991( otayrus naitilenep lisaH .

.nakanugid gnay natural gnutnagret ,hanat Hp ialin nagned isarelokreb uba radak

iggnit nkimes naka akam uba radak iggnit nikameS natakgnineP .Hp ialin alup

.)1002 ,rooN( hanat isasilarenim sesorp ayntakgninem nagned gniries uba radak

65

2.4 4. . )OBK( kinagrO nahaB radaK

nad hanat sativitkudorp utnenep nakapurem hanat kinagro nahaB

m hanat malad emsinagroorkim nanakam rebmus nakapurem iskaer iulale - iskaer

,sigoloib nupuam aimik ,kisif araces narepreb hanat kinagro nahaB.aimik

aguj kinagro nahaB .hanat utaus narubusek sutats nakutnenem aggnihes

namanat nahubmutrep nad nagnabmekrep padahret gnusgnal araces huragnepreb

y ,hanat aborkim nad awaynes nad nimativ ,nomroh ,igrene rebmus iagabes utia

araces fitka gnay kinagro nenopmoK .)5002 ,haifanaH( nial hubmut gnasgnarep

alug ,onima ,adirakasilop aynaratnaid hanat iskarf irad igoloib - ,nial gnay alug

.tafsof nad ruflus gro nahab radak nahabureP araces lepmas malad kina

sesorp rihkaid kinagro nahab radak nanurunep nakkujnunem nahurulesek

isaidemerotif )61 rabmaG( .

rabmaG .51 lawa kinagrO nahaB radaK asilanA lisaH kifarG - rihkA

75

asilana lisaH nkkujnunem ialin urureb araces rihka kinagro nahab radak nat

MB lepmas adap 0 )% 48,31( MB , 1 )% 47,31( MS , 0 )% 77,31( MS , 1 )% 11,41( ,

MJ 0 )% 10,41( MJ , 1 )% 22,41( MR , 0 )% 27,41( MR nad 1 )% 43,41( ( naripmaL 6) .

MB naukalrep adaP 1 iggnitret kinagro nahab radak ialin nanurunep imalagnem

nakgnidnab id akij gnay nagned ,41 rasebes aynnial 28 ini lah ,% adap nakanerakid

MB lepmas 1 , MS 1 MJ , 1 MR nad , 1 aggnihes aborkim muisrosnok nakhabmatid

malad tapadret gnay magol isadargednem hadum hibel naka emsinagroorkim

.tubesret ramecret gnay hanat

P nanurune nahab nagnudnak kinagro gnires anerak nakbabesid

namanat helo tubesret arah taz aynnakanugid hanat sataid pudih gnay . nanuruneP

natakgninep nad aborkim nahubmutrep nagned nalajes kinagro nahab nagnudnak

)7002( usmayS turuneM .iggnit gnay ria nagnudnak naaidesretek tardihobrak

ret gnay emsinagroorkim isalupop naktakgninem naka nahab utaus malad tural

H idajnem turalret tardihobrak habugnem 2 OC ,O 2 aggnihes ,igrene nad

aynidajret nakbabeynem nanurunep nagnudnak nanurunep nad ria nagnudnak

.kinagro nahab

taz aynadA - b malad kinagro taz upmam naka nakirebid gnay naha

C nakaideynem - alup tapad kinagro nahab nairebmeP .iggnit hibel gnay kinagro

aisnetop namasaek nad hanat fitka namasaek naknurunem kimaM turuneM .hanat l

s ,)4002( abes narepreb aynasaib hanat malad nakirebid gnay kinagro awayne iag

( aggnaynep reffub .larten naadaek malad adareb patet naka hanat aggnihes ,)

satisapaK reffab nahaburep adap nakenem utiay hara aud adap ajrekeb hanat

85

.satinilakla nad satidisa malad tanobrak noI OC( 32- ,) tanobrakib OCH( 3

-) nad

isopmoked lisah tafsof b is iagabes upmam kinagro naha b reffu .

H lisa kitsitats AVONA awhab nakkujnunem aratnaid kinagro nahab radak

em naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapme kadit gnay naadebrep nakkujnun atayn

P( ≥ ,0 kadit aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nairebmep naikimed nagneD .)50

ebmem tubesret kinagro nahab radak padahret nakifingis gnay huragnep nakir

( naripmaL 41 .)

)2002( onodnabuM , awhab nakataynem naktakgninem tapad sopmok

t malad kinagro nahab s ,hana ifanaH turunem nakgnade kinagro nahab ,)5002( ha

tagnas pmem malad aynnanarep raseb nupualaw hanat narubusek ikiabre

5 rasebes aynah aynesatnesrep nahab niksim hanaT .hanat emulov latot irad %

nad ria aggnaynem upmam gnaruk naka kinagro kinagro nahab nairebmeP .kupup

beynem tapad nad hanat nababmelek naknahatrepmem tapad hanat P nakba

jnem .aidesret ida tapad hanat malad nakisisopmokedid gnay kinagro nahaB

nad nahubmut nagniraj irad kiner dasaj nupuata namanat uata naweh asis apureb

.hanat naakumrep adap nakisisopmokedret gnay naweh aguj tapad kinagro nahaB

B .gnadnak kupup nad sopmok apureb malad ek nakhabmatid alib kinagro naha

naka kinagro nahab nairebmep huragneP .nakupalep imalagnem naka hanat

nakbabeynem gnay noitak satilibom ada natalehkgnep aynidajret nakbabeynem

.noi nagnukgnil adap nahaburep

padahret huragnepreb hanat kinagro nahaB .hanat satisorop satisoroP

aradu helo isiret kadit gnay hanat naigab nakkujnunem gnay naruku halada hanat

.ria nad atres hanat aradu nad ria nagnudnak nakutnenem hanat malad iroP

95

.kiab gnay ria atat nad aradu atat nagnidnabrep nakutnenem naikimed nagneD

ab nakirebmem hanat kinagro nah A.hanat isarea padahret huragnep at isare han

fanrep nagned tiakret gnires ,namanat raka nad hanat malad emsinagroorkim nasa

O nagned tiakret isarea anerak 2 .)7991 ,nosnevetS( hanat malad

2.4 .5. nakutneneM tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT(

nanimatnok naknurunem kutnu amatu rusnu nakapurem emsinagroorkiM

tapad lepmas malad emsinagroorkim isalupop natakgnineP.hanat adap kinagro

.)0102 ,nidihaW( nanimatnok isadarged ujal naktakgninem

.61 rabmaG lawA iretkaB latoT asilanA lisaH – rihkA

rabmaG adap iretkab isalupop halmuj uata latot awhab nakkujnunem 61

adebreb manat aidem paites - atar iretkab isalupop 6 ek uggnim adaP .adeb - atar

MB adap ilucek ,aidem paites adap nanurunep imalagnem 0 MJ , 0 MR nad 1 gnay

MB nakgnadeS.nakianek imalagnem 1 ibats patet l )7 naripmaL( . ini laH

06

aynidajret nakbabeynem gnay rotkaf kaynab tapadret awhab nakkujnunem

debrep akimanid utiay ,aidem paites adap isalupop naa adap isirtun nagnudnak

,Hp ,hanat nababmelek ,aidem naaidesretek sigrenis aynada nad uhus ,negisko

anat aratna nagned nam .iretkab )6991( namskaW turuneM , raseb naigabes

.nagnabmiesek naadaek malad kiab nagned pudih hanat emsinagroorkim

utiay tubesret iretkab halmuj ihuragnepmem tagnas gnay rotkaF

aggnihes lepmas maladid gnarukreb nikames gnay negisko nagnudnak

ep ap Hp ialiN .itam naka nad tabmahret idajnem naka borea iretkab nahubmutr ad

larten gnologret manat aidem - nilakla tubesret Hp narasik adap aggnihes

iretkab nahubmutrep kutnu mumitpo gnay nagnukgnil isidnok nakapurem

.)1002 ,idaduS & gnaromutiS(

lisaH sitats kit AVONA aratnaid aborkim halmuj awhab nakkujnunem

atayn naadebrep nakkujnunem naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapmeek P( ≤ .)50,0

huragnep nakirebmem aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nairebmep naikimed nagneD

tubesret iretkab halmuj padahret nakifingis gnay 51 naripmaL( .) naujuT

tareb magol isasilibom naktakgninem halada ini naitilenep adap MIK nahabmanep

nem ini iretkab anerak itrepes kadnitreb tapad gnay adirakasiloposke naklisahg

izaitmE( roforedis .,la te hasredniH naitileneP .)4002 la te nakitkubmem )7002( .

id dC isartnesnok naktakgninem fitkefe ini iretkab ,borea hanat adap awhab

nay hanat id manatid gnay rotalumuka namanat gkgm 01 gnudnagnem g -1 lCdC 2 .

nahabmanep anerak nakbabesid tapad namanat malad tareb magol natakgnineP

MIK p naktakgninem kutnu igrenisreb SPE iskudorp iulalem namanat narakare

d .tubesret MIK helo nomrohotif na

16

ar sopmok sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnoK iretkab irad iridret isaid

retkabotozA , sneroulF sanomoduesP nad .surtiC sullisaB iretkaB retkabotozA

.iggnit pukuc gnay negortin tabmanep iretkab nakapurem iretkab nakgnadeS

sneroulF sanomoduesP nad surtiC sullisaB .tafsop turalep iretkab nakapurem

agiteK nahubmutrep kutnu namanat helo nakhutubid tagnas tubesret iretkab

.namanat iretkab uti nialeS retkabotozA , sneroulF sanomoduesP nad sullisaB

surtiC igab AIA nomroh isgnuF .)AIA( tatesA lodnI masA nomroh naklisahgnem

mekrep naktakgninem nial aratna namanat nakutnebmep gnasgnarem ,les nagnab

naktakgninem ,naagnubmep gnasgnarem ,nahubmutrep ucamem ,urab raka

)7002 ,itutsA( mizne sativitka .

sozir id emsinagroorkim nahubmutreP naknikgnumid namanat ref tapad

.namanat sativitka helo ihuragnepid nakaideynem namanaT kutnu tartsbus

taduske iagabes iuhatekid gnay kinagro awaynes apureb aborkim nahubmutrep

.raka nimativ nad aditoelkun ,kinagro masa ,alug gnudnagnem tubesret taduskE

.)2891 ,sanA( kaynab helo ihuragnepid namanat adap raka taduske iskudorP

ynaratnaid rotkaf ,hanat nababmelek ,emsinagroorkim ,hanat naadaek a

.raka larenim nad isirtun ,rutarepmet

3.4 . namanaT sigoloisiF narukugneP

3.4 .1. namanaT iggniT

nakapurem namanat iggniT g rabma nad nahubmutrep natakgninep na

karaj ,uajih iwas ,mayab namanat nagnabmekrep hajag tupmur nad ragap .

isaidar sopmok sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nahabmanep huragneP

26

aud paites nakukalid gnay narukugnep lisah irad iuhatekid tapad namanat padahret

.6 nad ,4 ,2 ,0 ek uggnim adap ilakes uggnim namanat iggnit narukugneP

abmaG( l nagnutihrep lisah nad )71 r 8 naripmaL adap nakijasid pakgne . paiteS

namanat iggnit uggnim .nakianek imalagnem

rabmaG .71 lawa namanat iggnit narukugnep asilanA lisaH - rihkA

lisaH kitsitats AVONA aratna id namanat iggnit awhab nakkujnunem

sinej tapmeek at atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem naukalrep aud ,naman

P( ≤ ,0 naadebrep salej hibel tahilem kutnu nacnuD iju nakukalid ayntujnaleS .)50

.tubesret naukalrep aud nagned namanat paites irad namanat iggnit iju iraD

gnay naadebrep ada kadit awhab iuhatekid ,nacnuD naukalrep audek irad atayn

sinej tapme irad tahil id akitek atayn adebreb ipatet ,sinejes gnay namanat adap

( namanat naripmaL 61 ). nahabmanep aynada nagned namanat nahubmutreP

iwas ,mayab namanat adap isaidar sopmok sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok

ih iggnit adapek kapmadreb ulalret kadit hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uaj

36

ipatet nakA .namanat nahabmanep sopmok sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok

atab( iggnit adapek huragnep nakirebmem isaidar rages hibel idajnem namanat )gn

( rabmaG apnat nakgnadeS .)81 nalukoni muisrosnok nahabmanep aynada

( uyal idajnem namanat gnatab isaidar sopmok sisabreb aborkim rabmaG .)91

K adap isaidar sopmok sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nahabmanep anera

ay N ayntakgninem tabika simetsirem sativitka gnasgnarem upmam namanat gn

.namanat helo paresid gnatab hubmut kitit adap sitametsirem nagniraj ayntabikA

)8991( idrakiN nad nahbuS turuneM.)4002 ,rawansuM( tahes nad fitka nikames

huragnep tabika fitategev nahubmutrep helo ihuragnepid kaynab namanat iggnit

.N rusnu irad

epmem gnay rusnu nakapurem negortiN nad namanat nahubmutrep ihuragn

rusnU .kaynab fitaler gnay halmuj malad nakulrepid atres nietorp nusuynep aguj

anraw irebmem tapad anerak asetnisotof naktakgninem tapad namanat igab N

tagnas gnay liforolk/nuad adap uajih lisaH .asetnisotof sesorp adap huragnepreb

rabmaG .91 uajiH iwaS namanaT nahabmanep apnat

MIK

rabmaG .81 naT uajiH iwaS namnagned nahabmanep

MIK

46

nahubmutrep kutnu namanat naigab hurulesek nakisubirtsidid tapad asetnisotof

hormuJ( namanat iggnit kusamret ,la te .)4102 nakhutubid gnay N rusnu nialeS

nakhutubid tagnas aguj P rusnu ,namanat nahubmutrep malad nahubmutrep malad

naktakgninem tapad nad namanat raka helo paresid tapad turalret tafsoF.namanat

.namanat nahubmutrep .ps sullicaB ( sutriC .B nad ) .ps sanomoduesP ( sneroulF.P )

na nad kinagro tafsof turalep iretkab sinej nakapurem tafsof idajnem kinagro

ralret tu iW( .)b6002 ,hisailuS nad itawad orkim arah rusnu ,P nad N rusnu nialeS

namanat iggnit nahubmutrep ihuragnepmem tagnas aguj rages patet namanat raga

)5002 ,haifanaH( kiab nagned hubmut nad

P naktakgninem aguj gnadnak kupup itrepes kinagro nahab nahabmane

naksapelem kinagro nahab isasilarenim anerak ini lah ,namanat nahubmutrep

aggnihes orkim arah rusnu nad orkam arah rusnu naaidesretek hanat malad arah

natakgnineP.takgninem naaidesretek padahret huragnepreb naka )K,P,N( arah

gnihes arah napares natakgninep hormuJ( takgninem aguj nahubmutrep sesorp ag

,.la te .)4102 naaidesreteK naigabes ,negortin amaturet iggnit gnay arah rusnu

itrepes fitategev nagnabmegnep nad nakutnebmep kutnu namanat nakanugid

.)3991 ,idajdraH( raka nad gnatab ,nuad naktakgninem nialeS k naaidesrete rusnu

nad hanat malad isidnok ikiabrepmem tapad aguj gnadnak kupup arah

.emsinagroorkim sativitka naktakgninem

3.4 .2. nuaD halmuJ

nakapurem nuaD nagniraj sisetnisotof ayngnusgnalreb tapmet amatu

ub ,adum gnatab adap idajret alup tapad nupualaw raka nakhab adum haub ,agn

56

.irahatam ranis tapadnem gnay irad naigab nakapurem nuad nahubmutreP

.fitategev nahubmutrep gnilap gnay arah rusnu fitategev nahubmutrep adaP

gnay nahubmutrep gnorodnem negortiN.negortin halada narepreb kaynab

of nagned natiakreb .)7002 ,itawoytsiluS( nuad utiay ,sisetnisot nuad halmuJ

ek uggnim adap natakgninep imalagnem - imalagnem nad manat haletes 2

anurunep ek uggnim haletes n - 3 ini laH .)9 naripmaL( awhab nakkujnunem

aynnagnukgnil nagned isatpadareb upmam namanat )02 rabmaG( nad nagned

rusnu anakaideynem upmam nakhabmat id gnay )nakup( kinagro nahab aynada -

naka atres nuad nahubmutrep kutnu namanat helo nakhutubid gnay rusnu

rusnu ayntikides nikames nagned gniries nanurunep imalagnem - gnay rusnu

alagnem ialum namanat nad nakhutubid isalumuka aynada tabika nanucarek im

.nahubmut malad ek magol

rabmaG .02 lawa namanat nuad halmuj nagnutihrep asilanA lisaH - rihkA

P MB( isaidar sopmok sisabreb MIK nairebmep apnat naukalre 0 ikilimem )

p aynada nagned nakgnidnabid kaynab hibel nuad halmuj nairebmep naukalre

66

MB isaidar sopmok sisabreb MIK 1 MS namanat adap nakgnadeS. 0 MS , 1 MR nad , 1

MJ kutnu ajas aynaH.aynuggnim paites adap takgninem gnurednec 0

MJ adapirad raseb hibel aynnanurunep 1 6 ek uggnim adap . halmuj nanuruneP

idajret anerak idajret nuad k amal nad nuad padahret sisorok nuad naamale

.gniregnem )5002( haifanaH awhab naksalejnem P nad N nagnarukek tapad

padahret huragnepreb tagnas aguj orkim arah rusnU .nuad halmuj ihuragnepmem

esret akitek uajih hibel naka nuaD .nZ nad eF amaturet nuad anraw rusnu aynaid

.)5002 ,haifanaH( nZ nad eF

lisaH sisilana AVONA muj awhab tahilid tapad tapme irad nuad hal

,namanat nem naukalrep aud P( atayn adeb nakujnu ≤ ,0 I .)50 nakkujnunem in

isaidar sopmok sisabreb )MIK( aborkim nalukoni nahabmanep awhab

nuad halmuj nahubmutrep padahret atayn huragnepreb . naktujnalid naidumeK

lmuj ataynret nacnuD iju nagned gnay namanat sinej adap nuad ha nagned amas

( atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit naukalrep adeb naripmaL 71 .) u iraD ij

nacnuD iuhatekid naadebrep ada kadit awhab atayn gnay naukalrep audek irad

.mayab namanat adap ilaucek sinejes namanat adap daP a nagned mayab namanat

ukoni muisrosnok nahabmanep ikilimem isaidar sopmok sisabreb aborkim nal

apnat mayab namanat nagned nakgnidnabid tikides hibel gnay nuad halmuj

.sopmok sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nahabmanep ini laH

atreS .namananep taas adap nuad halmuj naadebrep tabika idajret nanikgnumek

sopmok sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nahabmanep isaidar namanat adap

adapek huragnep irebmem rages nad uajih patet gnay nuad ( rabmaG )12

sisabreb aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nahabmanep apnat namanat aynkilabes

76

yal imalagnem nuad naktabikagnem sopmok lidrek nad u ( rabmaG ,)22 anerak

.)4002 ,atanarP( P nad N rusnu aynaidesret gnaruk

HN( muinoma kutneb malad namanat libmaid negortiN 4+ ON( tartin nad ) 3 .)

muinoma idajnem iskuderet naka tartin kutneb malad libmaid gnay negortiN

lalem noI .munedbilom gnudnagnem gnay mizne iu - aparebeb nad muinoma noi

,onima masa idajnem habuid nad nuad malad sisetnis imalagnem tardihobrak

hormuJ( nuad uajih malad idajret amaturet ,.la te .)4102

nagneD nalukoni nahabmanep aynada aborkim duesp ,retkabotozA sanomo

sneruolF sullicab nad. sutric desretek akam . aai kutnu ihunepret P nad N n

nialeS .nuad halmuj nahubmutrep malad amaturet namanat nahutubek

up nahabmanep aborkim muisrosnok nahabmanep kup nak gnad tagnas aguj

.nuad halmuj natakgninep padahret huragnepreb aynada nagned aneraK kupup

gnadnak ek nakirebid gnay malad rusnu aparebeb naklisahgnem naka akam hanat

nahubmutrep naktakgninem tapad aggnihes ,namanat igab nakulrepid gnay arah

halmuj nad namanat iggnit .nuad ydarB ( 0991 ) isisopmoked awhab nakataynem

rabmaG .22 ragaP karaJ nuaD apnatMIK nahabmanep

rabmaG 12 . aD d ragaP karaJ nu nagne MIK nahabmanep

86

ahab aparebeb naklisahgnem naka gnay kitamizne sesorp nakapurem kinagro n

itrepes arah rusnu .namanat nakhutubid gnay K ,P ,N

4.4 . nenapacsaP )dC( muimdaK nad )bP( labmiT magoL sisilanA lisaH)kujaT nad rakA(

raka adap )dC( muimdak )bP( labmit magol sisilanA nakukalid kujat nad

tes nakanuggnem nagned utiay nenapacsap hale edotem rtkeps napares retemotofo

s ,)ASS( mota ialin gnutih id uti halete rotcaf refsnart .)FT( ialiN rotcaF refsnarT

,pareynem malad namanat naupmamek iuhategnem kutnu nakanugid )FT(

khadnimem .hanat malad irad tareb magol isalumukagnem nad na

4.4 .1. ialin nad ,kujaT nad rakA adap bP isartnesnoK rotcaF refsnarT )FT(.hajaG tupmuR nad ragaP karaJ ,uajiH iwaS ,mayaB adap

kutnu gnutihid FT ialin ,ini isaidemerotif kinket nagned naitilenep malaD

l mago naigab aumes malad isalumukaid nad hanat malad irad paresid gnay bP

.)kujat nad raka( namanat kujat nad raka adap )bP( labmit magol isartnesnoK

awhab nakkujnunem lisah naktapadid ,namananep uggnim mane haletes namanat

ukaid kaynab hibel bP isartnesnok adapirad raka naigabid isalum nad gnatab( kujat

3 lebaT .)nuad atar awhab nakkujnunem - adap iggnitret bP magol nagnudnak atar

MS( MIK nagned habmatid gnay uajih iwas namanat adap utiay raka 1 nagned )

gk.gm 81,32 ialin -1 gnay mayab namanat helo itukiid nad MIK nagned habmatid

MB( 1 gk.gm 88,9 utiay bP magol nagnudnak ikilimem gnay ) -1 nakgnadeS .

nahabmanep apnat mayab namanat utiay raka adap hadneret bP magol nagnudnak

MB( MIK 0 isketedret kat utiay ) . retemotofortkeps asilana lisah nakgnadeS

96

ta napares bP magol namanat kujat adap mo isketedret kadit )01 naripmaL( . laH

ulalret tubesret namanat helo paresid gnay bP magol nagnudnak anerak idajret ini

.hadner

3 lebaT . ,uajih iwas ,mayab adap FT ialin nad ,kujat nad raka id bP isartnesnoKur nad ragap karaj hajag tupm

namanaT edoK nahabmaneP*MIK

rakA gkgm( -1)

kujaT gkgm( -1)

**FT

mayaB MB 0 - DN DN 00.0 MB 1 + 88.9 DN 00.0

uajiH iwaS MS 0 - 59.7 DN 00.0 MS 1 + 81.32 DN 00.0

ragaP karaJ MJ 0 - 45.3 DN 00.0 MJ 1 + 33.3 DN 00.0

hajaG tupmuR MR 0 - 39.3 DN 0.0 0 MR 1 + 79.7 DN 00.0

= FT** ,aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok = MIK* :nagnareteK rotcaf refsnart = DN noitceteD oN

s lisaH kitsitat AVONA raka malad bP nagnudnak awhab nakkujnunem

kujnunem naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapmeek irad kujat nupuam naadebrep nak

P( atayn gnay ,0 ≤ muisrosnok nairebmep awhab nakkujnunem nacnuD ijU .)50

nakifingis gnay huragnep nakirebmem isaidar sopmok sisabreb aborkim nalukoni

)50,0=α( tubesret namanat helo bP magol napareynep padahret ( naripmaL 81 .)

asilana lisah nakrasadreB gnay magol isalumuka awhab iuhatekid ,nakukalid halet

gnidnabid raka id tapadret aynisartnesnok raseb gnilap bP kujat id nak . ini laH

namanat adap bP isalumuka adap idajret gnay emsinakem awhab nakkujnunem

f halada hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uajih iwas ,mayab anerak isasilibatsoti

.1 < FT ialin ikilimem

naigabid raseb gnilap gnay halmuj malad tapadret bP magol isartnesnoK

gnay namanat naigab nakapurem gnay hanat malad id tapadret raka anerak ,raka

ozir iulalem bP nagned gnusgnal araces iskaretnireb ilak amatrep .refs ini laH

07

hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uajih iwas ,mayab namanat awhab nakisakidnignem

ipatet ,hanat irad bP magol kiranem kutnu raseb gnay naupmamek iaynupmem

nakisakolsnartnem kutnu naupmamek magol bP naigabek kujat hadner tagnas .

eb magol nagnudnaK nagnudnak padahret huragnepreb tagnas hanat malad tar

iskaretni idajret ilaucek ,aynsataid hubmut gnay namanat adap tareb magol

helo tubesret magol napareynep natabmahgnep idajret aggnihes uti magol aratnaid

.namanat onomraD tapadnep nagned iauses ini laH isalumuka awhab ,)5991(

malad magol nagnudnak adap gnutnagret aynah kadit namanat malad magol

seiseps nad ,magol sinej ,hanat kitsiretkarak adap gnutnagret aguj ipatet ,hanat

.nial amas utas ihuragnepmem gnilas tubesret rotkaf agiteK .namanat lisaH

p areyne .32 rabmaG adap tahilid tapad kujat nad raka malad bP nagnudnak nap

rabmaG 32 . kujaT nad rakA malad bP nagnudnaK napareyneP lisaH

nad isalumukaret gnurdnec gnay magol nakapurem )bP( labmiT

hanat malad isatnemidesret r nad hadner gnay aynnaturalek anerak irad sabeb fitale

isadarged emsinagroorkim ,ailedA( )4002 magol nakapurem labmit uti nialeS .

17

reb gnay tafis elibommi naitilenep adap aggnihes ,namanat helo paresid tilus uata

ini .ajas narakarep naigabid paresid aynah labmit namanat helo labmit napareyneP

m ajret aynah raka iulale id tapadret gnay labmit alibapa id malad eb hanat kutnebr

.ria tural gnay awaynes

isidnok taas adap bP magol pareynem tapad namanaT narubusek

naka bP tareb magol ini naadaek adaP .hadner gnay kinagro nahab nagnudnak

apelret .hanat natural adap sabeb karegreb gnay noi apureb nad hanat nataki irad s

naka akam ,aynnaadarebek tabmahgnem upmam kadit nial magol akiJ idajret

s napare seivaD( namanat raka helo bP 5991 , gnay labmiT .) adareb aguj hanat id

elo tauk takiret ulales ripmah .)4002 ,ailedA( kinagro nahab h

magol napareynep pisnirP raseb nikames halada namanat helo bP

nagnudnak b nikames nakbabeynem naka hanat aidem malad bP magol alup rase

akbabesid ini lah ,namanat helo paresid gnay bP n naadebrep aynada nagnudnak

aratna bP muisrosnok nairebmep irad huragnep nialeS.namanat nad hanat aidem

aumes adap gnadnak kupup nairebmep aynada anerak aguj aborkim nalukoni

naknurunem tapad tubesret kupup nairebmep aynada nagned aggnihes namanat

sinej tapmeek adap paresret gnay bP nagnudnak kupup uata tubesret namanat

.namanat helo paresret kadit aggnihes bP takignem upmam nakirebid gnay

4.4 .2. ialin nad ,kujaT nad rakA adap dC isartnesnoK rotcaF refsnarT adap.hajaG tupmuR nad ragaP karaJ ,uajiH iwaS ,mayaB

raj ,uajih iwas ,mayab namanaT isalumukagnem hajag tupmur nad ragap ka

magol 4 lebaT( kujat nad raka adap dC .) kujat ek raka irad magol nakaregreP

nakaregrep iaynupmem magol paites aynitra ,magol tafis helo ihuragnepid

27

ad adebreb yawollA .kujat ek raka ir )7791( rusnu nakisakifisalkgnem ,dC ,nZ ,nM

oC ,iN ;namanat kujat ek karegreb uata hadnip tapec gnay rusnu iagabes eS nad ,B

gnologret uC nad ,etaidemretni gnay magol gnologret gH nad bP ,rC nakgnades

turut namanat tafis ,magol tafis nialeS .kujat ek karegreb tabmal gnilap

rep nakutnenem ikilimem fitka araces namanaT .kujat ek raka irad magol nakareg

ek raka irad rusnu nakaregrep hagecnem kutnu iridnesret emsinakem nagned kujat

arac uata aloukav naigab id aynsusuhk ,raka naigab id magol isartseukesnem

P .)8002 ,ahniS nad atpuG( les gnidnid gnay naataynre nakpakgnuid aguj amas

nooY helo ,.la te 2( raka gnadakret nakataynem ,)600 metsis iaynupmem aguj

magol amaturet nuad ujunem magol refsnart naitnehgnep laisnese non aggnihes ,

ada .raka id magol nakkupmunep

lebaT 4. ka id dC isartnesnoK iwas ,mayab adap FT ialin nad ,kujat nad rahajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uajih

namanaT edoK nahabmaneP*MIK

rakA gkgm( -1)

kujaT gkgm( -1)

**FT

mayaB MB 0 - 11.33 87.92 4998.0 MB 1 + 41.03 08.61 4755.0

uajiH iwaS MS 0 - 59.86 02.85 1448.0 MS 1 + 67.21 .97 68 6852.6

ragaP karaJ MJ 0 - 54.2 94.3 5424.1 MJ 1 + 56.51 82.3 6902.0

hajaG tupmuR MR 0 - 62.91 6.2 0531.0 MR 1 + 49.92 49.3 6131.0

= FT** ,aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok = MIK* :nagnareteK rotcaf refsnart

kitsitats lisaH AVONA agnudnak awhab nakkujnunem raka malad dC n

kujnunem naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapmeek irad kujat nupuam naadebrep nak

P( atayn gnay aborkim nalukoni muisrosnok nairebmep naikimed nagneD .)50,0≤

37

helo dC magol napareynep padahret nakifingis gnay huragnep nakirebmem

tubesret namanat L( 91 naripma .)

.42 rabmaG kujaT nad rakA malad dC nagnudnaK napareyneP lisaH

rabmaG 42 , tapad namanat sinej paites awhab nakkujnunem

adebreb gnay dC magol isalumukagnem - dC magol napareynep nagnudnaK .adeb

ajih iwas namanat adap utiay iggnitret raka malad MS( MIK nairebmep apnat u 0 )

rasebes gkgm 59,86 -1 karaj namanat adap utiay hadneret napareynep nakgnadeS .

MJ( MIK nairebmep apnat ragap 0 54,2 rasebes ) gkgm -1 napareynep nakgnadeS .

nairebmep nagned uajih iwas namanat adap utiay iggnitret kujat adap dC magol

rasebes utiay MIK gkgm 68,97 - 1 MIK nairebmep apnat uajih iwas helo itukiid nad

gkgm 02,85 rasebes -1 utiay hadneret kujat adap dC magol napareynep nakgnadeS .

utiay MIK nairebmep aynada nagned nad apnat hajag tupmur namanat adap

gkgm 6,2 rasebes -1 m 49,3 nad gkg -1 nagned ragap karaj namanat helo itukiid nad

gkgm 82,3 rasebes utiay MIK nairebmep aynada - 1 ( naripmaL 81 ini laH .)

47

MIK nairebmep aynada nagned nad apnat uajih iwas awhab nakkujnunem

s nakidajid tapad nad dC magol padahret narelot gnay namanat nakapurem iagabe

.isaidemerotiF sesorp kutnu namanat

FT ialin ikilimem MIK nairebmep aynada nagned uajih iwas namanaT

FT ialin ikilimem MIK nairebmep apnat ragap karaj nad 6852,6 utiay iggnitret

424,1 rasebes 5 isaidemer awhab naagud taukrepmem nikames tubesret laH .

namanat nagned nuputigeB .iskartskeotif emsinakem iulalem uajih iwas namanat

ragap karaj namanat dC magol pareynem tikides aynah nupualaw ragap karaj

magol isanimatnokret gnay hanat rotaidemerotif iagabes nakgnabmitrepid tapad

.iskartskeotif sesorp muimdak .1 < FT ialin ikilimem aynnial namanat nakgnadeS

adap dC isalumuka adap idajret gnay emsinakem awhab nakkujnunem ini laH

BM( mayaB namanat 0 MB nad 1 MS( uajiH iwaS .) 0 MJ( ragaP karaJ ,) 1 nad )

MR( hajaG tupmuR 0 MR nad 1 .isasilibatsotif halada )

57

V BAB

PUTUNEP

.1.5 iS nalupm

.1 namanaT MS( uajih iwas 1 MJ( ragap karaj nad ) 0 ) dC magol gnudnagnem

ialin nagned rotcaf refsnart rasebes utiay 1> )FT( 6852,6 nad ,1 ,5424

s namanat nakgnade ikilimem aynnial ialin rotcaf refsnart .1< )FT(

.2 ab namanat nahubmutreP hajag tupmur nad ragap karaj ,uajih iwas ,may

isaidar sopmok sisabreb MIK nahabmanep aynada nagned nakirebmem

gnay huragnep kadit nad AVONA iju nagned atayn huragnep nakirebnem

gnay atayn haletes naukalreb adeb amas gnay namanat sinej adap iju

nacnuD .

.5 .2 naraS

.1 naanuggneP negaoib iagabes namanat )rotalumukarepih namanat( itayah

asib raga nakgnabmitrepid ulrep id .igreneoib idajnem isrevnok

.2 kutnu tujnal hibel naitilenep nakulremem hisam ini naitilenep lisaH

ad namanat nakhutubid gnay utkaw amal iuhategnem l napareynep ma

nad labmit magol muimdak .mumiskam

67

AKATSUP RATFAD

.4002 .ailedA radaK isaulavE )bP( labmiT nad )iN( lekiN tareB magoL neibmA

s hanaT malaD upmeyneP rasaD iagabe hanaT utuM ukaB airetirK naanrd i aisenodnI .rogoB .rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI .ispirkS .

.7002 .aidemorgA kujnuteP nakupumeP . orgA .TP :atrakaJ .akatsuP aideM

2 .A .F ,sugA u kinagrO nahaB isubirtsnoK .000 utn iskudorP naktakgnineM k

p nagnaP ada lah .masaM iskaereB gnireK nahaL 78 . - ranimeS .401aurasiC .III ukuB .nahaL ayaD rebmuS lanoisaN - 9 ,rogoB - iraurbeF 11

tileneP tasuP .9991 i .rogoB .rogoB ,tamilkorgA nad hanaT na

.4991 .S .A ,ijA sanomoduespoziR pudiH nanahateK nad sopmoK aideM malads aynsativitkefE atres tubmaG abe nad namanaT nahubmutreP ucimeP iag

iladnegneP iretkaB uyaL tikayneP p ucisrepocyL( tamoT namanaT ada mmutalocsE ). ispirkS nainatreP tutitsnI .nainatreP satlukaF .hanaT nasuruJ .

.rogoB

.7791 .M ,rednaxelA lioS ot noitcudortnI ygoloiborciM yeliW .noitidE dnoceS ..ihleD weN .detimiL nretsaE

.3991 .yawollA noitullop latnemnorivne fo selpicnirP lacimehC pmahC :nodnoL .

& .llaH

.I ,sanA 91 69 . isaidemeroiB nad isuloP hanaT . hailuK tatkiD naT igolonketoiB .ha .anajrasacsaP satlukaF rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI .rogoB .

,itutsA R .7002 .I . airetkaboziR sullicaB ps . A gnay ialedeK refsoziR hanaT las

topreB s isne gabe ucameP ia treP nahubmu namanaT . siseT halokeS . anajrasacsaP rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI . .rogoB

.2002 .C .C ,uyA lareniM radaK irajalepmeM d reB magoL na p ta itidumoK ada

rogoB id rasaP aparebeB id rageS naruyaS igolonkeT satlukaF .ispirkS .ogoB nainatreP tutitsnI .nainatreP .rogoB .r

.3102 .hazizA aV huragneP tiluK habmiL adap ekaC retliF habmiL assaM isair

d aisnanimuR kanreT nakaP iagabes oakaK gnasiP B nagne rotavitkaoiu esaloM nad ediriV amredohcirT nietorP nagnudnaK naktakgnineM kutn

nakaP . ispirkS . L kinkeT idutS margorP satisrevinU .nagnukgni.gnarameS .orogonepiD

,X uohZ ,Y iaB dna 3002 .LD htim tworG tnalP naebyosdecnahnE . gnitluseR h

noitaluconioC morf htiw niarT sullicaB fo .mucinopaJ muibozihrydarB

77

a tnemeganaM porC ytilauQ dn peD . o tnemetra P f dlanodcaM .ecneicS tnalo supmaC .adanaC.vnU lligcM f

,rekaB .9991 .M.J.A rotalumuccarepyH lateM :stnalP ecruoseR lacigoloiB A f olpxE ro o noitcartxeotyhP eht ni noitati lateM f - slioS detulloP LRU .

.1002 .sizA ,N nad Y ,inidnaB mayaB .ayadawS rabeneP :atrakaJ .

.Y ,mahtreB 2 .H namanaT nopseR .200 [ ialedeK enicilG xaM L( ]llireM ).

nakupumeP padahreT fsoF imareJ sopmoK nad ro p hanaT ada .lositlUlanruJ umlI - umli aisenodnI nainatreP . .loV 4 oN . 2 laH : 87 - .38

moS dna .O .H .M ,apmaS ,.L .N ,ortsaM leD ,.C .A ,zurC ,.I .S ,ylleroB E ,irasse .

gnissecorP noitaidaR .8991 .S S dna egaweS fo .eiver A .egdu rgorP i sse n :egaP 33 .loV .ygrenE raelcuN 3- 12 .

91 .M ,ydarB .09 o seitreporP dna erutaN ehT dlioS f 01 . ht .lbuP nallimcaM .dE

.kroY weN .ynapmoC

.2002 .lieW .R .R dnA .C .N ,ydarB ehT dlioS fo seitreporP dna erutaN .dE ht13 .ecitnerP - .P 115 .kroY weN .reviR elddaS reppU ,llaH

.A .J ,treakeorB .C dna semalF htiw yrtemortcepS cimotA lacitylanA .2002

.samsalP yeliW:ynamreG - .HCV

fO noitaulavE .8002 .avonitnatsnoK dna ,eneiskuL ,suktuB 731 tnalP ot lioS sC.stnemirepxE ledoM dA larutaN : refsnarT dna lacitylanaoidaR fo lanruoJ

yrtsimehc raelcun .ainauhtiL .

tsopmoC .1002 .salguod.W .L dna ,reblihnietS .M .P ,arokiS .J .L ,.A .T ,relttuBo srotacidnI ytirutaM no stceffE egarotS elpmaS dna egA sdilosoiB f

tsopmoC . lanruoJ ytilauQ tnemnorivnE fo :egap 03 .loV 1412 - .8412

.2891 .J ,eltnaC yrtemortcepS noitprosbA cimotA . gnihsilbuP ecneicS reiveslEynapmoC :laH 5 loV . 62 .

.5991 .D .L ,otnajraD oC ammaG isaidarI sisoD nad sisoD ujaL huragneP - 06

ret D agraH nad leS halmuJ padah 01 .ps allenomlaS nad AN aideM adapragA IHB . ispirkS umlI nad akitametaM satlukaF .igoloiB nasuruJ .

.narajajdaP satisrevinU .malA nauhategneP .gnudnaB

.5991 .onomraD D magoL pudiH kulhaM igoloiB metsiS mala . IU :atrakaJ - serP .s

eivaD .5991 .E .B ,s slioS ni lateM yvaeH & cimedacA eikcalB .noitide dnoceS ..nodnoL .lanoisseporP

87

P .I itnatsirK nad ,.A .D ,iwD azirokiM nairebmeP huragneP .3102 . sumolGmulucicsaF namanaT adap )bP( labmiT magoL isalumukA padahreT

illiM aibrohpuE . anruJ sniaS l stimoP ineS nad :laH 1 .oN 2 .loV . 7332 -.0253

.0002 .C .B .J ,okomtaiwD oC( ammaG raniS isaidaR huragneP - padahret )06

otatoP( ADP muideM adap M 100 CCUD .ps sulligrepsA satilibaiV isatnemreF muideM adap aynasoluleS iskudorP nad )ragA esortxeD

tadA imareJ narupmaC fi - lutakeB . satlukF .igoloiB nasuruJ .ispirkS .orogonepiD satisrevinU .malA nauhategneP umlI nad akitametaM

.gnarameS

relullecartxE fo noitcudorP .4002 .ibibaH .H .M dna rafidamehtE ,.G ,izaitmEteM fo noitprosbA dna retkabotozA ni remyloP lanruoJ.remylopoxE yb la

033 :egaP 3 .loV .ygolonhcetoiB - .333

.8002 .A ,izuaF id negortiN nad kinagrO nobraK araH rusnU radaK asilanA malad tiwaS apaleK nanubekreP hanaT ispirkS . nad akitametaM satlukaF .

aretamuS satisrevinU .malA nauhategneP umlI .aratU .nadeM

G .I ,rajdnaG . .A ,namhoR nad .7002 sisilanA isamraF aimiK . :atrakaygoY .rajaleB akatsuP

.1991 .llehctiM .L .R naD ecraeP .B .R ,.P.F .rendraG stnalP porC fo ygoloisyhP

( ayadiduB namanaT igoloisiF IU :atrakaJ .) .sserP

hgniS dna .M hsohG 002 .P.S .5 ydutS noitcartxeotyhP dna ekatpU evitarapmoCo cudnI lioS f rotalumuccA yb muimorhC de a deeW ssamoiB hgiH dn

.seisepS deilppA lanruoJ olocE dna yg hcraeseR latnemnorivnE 3 .loVP 2.oN ega : 76 - .97

.4002 .airaM ,regierG stnalP yb sedilcuN fo ekatpU mtrapeD . ,ynatoB fo tne

31 segaP .hsidewS .ytisrevinU mlohkcotS - .44

.S dna ,ailaK .A ,.P .R ,atpuG .7002 .roopaK sdrawoT petS A tnaluconioiBycnegA gnihsilbuP aidnI weN .erutlucirgA elbaninatsuS .ihleD weN .

noitanimatnoceD .8002 .S ,ahniS dna K .A ,atpuG o/dna noitategeveR r o ylF f

gniworG yllarutaN hguorhT sekyD hsA ,stnalP lanruoJ o f suodrazaH slairetaM .loV 351 egaP : 8701 - .4801

.7002.E ,ilabmaH leseidoiB lisahgneP namanaT ragaP karaJ :atrakaJ . rabeneP

.ayadawS

.5002 .A .K ,haifanaH rasaD - hanaT umlI rasad . J .sserP ilawajaR :atraka

97

.3991 ,S .S idajdraH .imonorgA ratnagneP .aidemarG TP :atrakaJ

nagnukgniL id tareB magoL naramecneP halasaM iagabreB .8991 .B ,onoiraH.nagnukgniL nad aisunaM .atiK tasuP P pudiH nagnukgniL naitilene

srevinU kaygoY .adaM hajdaG sati .atra

,euqaH ,.N atlareB .R.J - ,senoJ .L.G ,aediV .E.T ,lliG .L.J dna aedraG - .yedserroT.8002 rcS gninee th laitnetoP noitaidemerotyhP e o treseD f moorB

sirahccaB( no gniworG )yarG sediorhtoraS i sgniliaT eniM anozirA n , .ASU latnemnorivnE lanruoJ noitulloP . .loV P 351 :ega 263 - .863

.0102 .atiR ,itayaH )hsA ylF( gnabreT ubA isasiretkaraK d sarolpskE na isategeV i

gnabreT ubA llifdnaL aerA id rotaidemerotiF u naalolegneP kutn hamaRnagnukgniL acsaP halokeS . .rogoB .rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI .anajraS

.1991 ,anamreH gnudnaB .nanakaM isaidarI tutitsnI : gnudnaB igolonkeT . .gnudnaB

tasuP .isaidaR isasiruetsaP nad isasiliretS sisoD napateneP .0891 .N ,ymliH

.atrakaJ .NATAB .isaidaR nad potosI isakilpA

.4002 .atamramiS .T nad .R ,hasredniH iretkaboziR isnetoP tcabotozA re ad mal .hanaT nataheseK naktakgnineM aisenodnI rutaN lanruJ . .loV 5 .oN 2

laH 721 : - .331

nalukonI huragneP .7002 .otranuG .L ,ortimeoS .S ,feirA .H.D ,.R ,hasredniH isakilpA nad adirakasoloposkE iskudorpmeM gnay 6MKL .ps retkabotozA

ahreT adirolK muimdaK .adaleS kujaT nad hanaT id muimdaK pad5 .atrakaygoY .aisenodnI hanaT umlI nanupmiH sergnoK gnidisorP - 7

0411:laH .7002 rebmeseD - .6411

.J .J .U ,hajI niartS sullicaB yb liO edurC fo noitadargedoiB .2991 .epkU .I .L dnadellipS liO morf detalosI B61 dna A82 .lioS lanruoJ tnemeganaM etsaW

55 :egaP 21 .loV - .06

padahret gnadnaK kupuP sineJ nad P kupuP sisoD huragneP .6002 .nursI( gnugaJ lisaH nad P napareS .hanaT aimiK tafiS aparebeB .raV syaM aeZ

trurtS atarahccaS ) .rognanitaJ siositpecnI adaP lanruJ irgA ias sn 7 .loV1 .oN laH 9 : - .71

.T ,iteahuJ , laisnetoP nahubmuT isasiratnevnI .4002 .itayadiH .N nad aizuaF .S

.samE nagnabmaneP isadargedreT riA nad nahaL isaidemerotiF kutnuigoloiB atireB lanruJ . .loV 6 :laH 1 .oN 13 - 33 .

akitraK ativoN nad inailuY ,hormuJ sagig airalicarG naanuggneP .4102 .hadnI

naktakgnineM malad manaT aideM adap kinagrO nahaB iagabes

08

.oromsajnA sateiraV ialedeK namanaT nahubmutreP aretneL lanruJ oiB igol 842 :laH 3 .oN 3 .loV . – .452

.2991 .H ,saedneP dna .A ,atabaK na slioS ni tnemelE ecarT stnalP d 2 . dn .noitide.aF ,eguoR notaB .sserP CFC

aluksubrA azirokiM nawadneC nairebmeP huragneP .4002 .H .M .D .P ,itraK

tupmuR iskudorP nad nahubmutreP padahret fpatS didnelps airateS gnaynakaM nad isirtuN umlI nemetrapeD .nagnirekeK namakeC imalagneM na

.rogoB .rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI ,nakanreteP satlukaF ,kanreT

.0102 .oniuqA avliS dna adicerapA ,aitaK noitaziliretS b noitaidarrI ammaG y ..lizarB .ygrenE rilcuN fo tnemetrapeD.acubmanreP fo ytisrevinU laredeF

.M.T ,keuK .C ,.G.A ,nahK , .S.C ,yrduahC 002 .seyaH .J.W dna oohK fo eloR .0

i srotalehcotyhP dna eazyhrrocyM ,stnalP detanimatnoC lateM yvaeH n .noitaidemeR dnaL lanruoJ erehpsomehC .loV 12 laH 791 : – .702

weiveR iniM .6002 .urustiM .O dna ,orukaT .S ,alujnaM .V ,ureeN .N ,.R ,ramuK

- gnissenraH A X epytoneG taehW f snoitcaretnI niarts retcabotoz o ri noitcudorP taehW elbaniatsuS sciporT dirA imeS n . sciporT fo lanruoJ .

.loV :egaP 51 .1

,emuK tcejorP rezilitrefoiB ACNF .reirraC fo noitaziliretS noitaidaR .5002 .To noitaziliretS no gniteeM lacinhceT .oykoT .noitaidarrI yb reirraC f

S onoitsuK . A. .irtemisoD .4991 isaidaR isketorP saguteP naudnaP ukuB tasuP .

.atrakaJ .NATAB nahitaL nad nakididneP

.O dna mahceB .C.O ,.M ,diergeaL .9991 .datsraaK dna srezilitreF ,erutlucirgAtnemnorivnE eht lbuP IBAC . .yawroN .gnihsi

,,T .M ,nagidaM J oknitraM . ,M dna .0002 .J rekraP fo ygoloiB kcorB

smsinagroorciM .evir elddas reppU :yesreJ weN .

.4002 .kimaM agneP iretkaB nataafnameP dC nad bP tareB magoL isalumuku creT sareB adap tareB magoL nagnudnaK naknuruneM kutn rame

irtsudnI habmiL .rogoB .rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI anajrasacsaP .isatresiD .

.5991 .H ,renhcsraM stnalP rehgiH fo noitirtuN lareniM 2 . dn de noiti . :nodnoL.sserP cimedacA

.E ,damahoM hanaT malad muimdaK tareB magoL isaidemerotiF .1102D mayaB nakanuggneM .iru igolonkeT nad sniaS lanruJ 3 .oN 6 .loV . :laH

.413

18

aborkiM aisrosnoK nalukonI isalumroF .2102 .tajarduS gnadaD nad N ,anayluM potosI igolonkeT isakilpA tasuP .isaidarireT sopmoK sisabreB refsozihR

isaidaR nad - .NATAB .atrakaJ

.onteR irT ,.N ,anayluM sopmoK satilauK naktakgnineM .0102 .S ,gnadaD ,.L .DeP ucameP refsoziR iretkaB nagned tasuP .arosipA .namanaT nahubmutr

isaidaR nad potosI igolonkeT isakilpA -B .atrakaJ .NATA

.8991 .ojdrahoyluM nagnaP natewagneP igolonkeT atrakaJ . .sserP IU :

.E ,rawansuM .4002 .I kinagO kupuP :atrakaJ . ayadawS rabeneP .

.1002 .dammahuM ,rooN tubmaG nahaL nainatreP .suisinaK :atrakaygoY .

ilohcruN .7002 .hisramuS .S nad M ,s leseidoiB nataubmeP nad ragaP karaJ ..suisinaK :atrakaygoY

merotyhP ni sdnerT .0102 .O sirhC ,okowN dna latnemelE cixoT fo noitaide

nacirfA .snatulloP cinagrO . ygoloncetoiB fo lanruoJ 9 .loV . oN :laH 73 . 0106 - .6106

erooM ,NJ inorellaP .BRE P fo ymonoxaT .4002 nomodues a latnemirepxe :sd .sehcaorppa i .rotide ,LJ somaR :malad .sanomoduesP ek loV - weN .1

oY .srehsilbuP munelP :kr

ni dicA citecA elodnI ps sanomoduesP fo eloR .2002 .RB kcilG dna LC nettaPlppA .metsyS tooR tnalP eht fo tnempoleveD dei laiborciM norivnE .loV

86 :laH 5973 - .1083

.atseP .6002 ayadiduB .anodamirp gnaS )sacruc ahportaj( ragap karaJ nahaBoiB nataubmeP rasaD - S itnaggneP( leseiD igrenE rebmuS )ralo

y nakurabreT nagnukgniL hamaR gna .anahaW itnaS :rasapneD .

.4002 .S .A ,atanarP riaC kinagrO kupuP .ayntaafnam nad isakilpA . :atrakaJ.akatsuP aidemorgA

oyitesarP 91 .S , U sisoD huragneP .79 d telbaT aer araJ na padahreT namanaT k

d nahubmutreP .orodniS rutavitluK ialedeK lisaH na sniasorgA lanruJ , .loV 2 :laH 2 .oN .54

.S ,omotarP .4002 nad lamroN namanaT nakanuggneM nZ isaidemerotiF

L murgiN munaloS kinegsnarT umlI retsigaM margorP .siseT .niL .gnarameS .orogonepiD satisrevinU .nagnukg

28

igolonkeT haubeS iagabes isaidemerotiF .7002 .J ,ontayirP nad ,.B ,otnayirP iulaleM .tareB magoL susuhK ,naramecneP nahilumeP

moc.dopirt.tppb.ltl//:ptth mth.arolfl/balbus/ .

,oaR .S .2891 .S .N erutlucirgA ni rezilitrefoiB .oC gnihsilbuP HBI dna drofxO ..atuclaC .yabmoB .ihleD weN

slateM yvaeH cixoT etanimilE ot syaW larutaN elbissoP .1102 .S .nardnahcivaR .

mehC fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI laci hceT ygolon eR NEDOC hcraes .)ASU(4 .oN 3 .loV :egaP 6881 – .0981

oC ammaG raniS isaidaR rebmuS naanuggneP .6891 .M ,nawdiR - tnu 06 ku

.naretkodeK talA isasiliretS uP isaidaR nad potosI isakilpA tas - .NATAB .atrakaJ

auB riA rapapreT nahaT huragneP isaulavE .0002 .S ,ajiR litskeT nagn t padahre

aparebeb napareS atres )avitaS azyrO( hawaS idaP namanaT nahubmutreP nanupmiH IIV lanoisaN sergnoK gnidisorP :malad iD .tareB magoL rusnU

aisenodnI hanaT umlI 2 gnudnaB . - :laH .9991 rebmevoN 4 7051 - 1251 .

merotiF .0102 .I .S ,itawamsiR nZ tareB magoL ramecreT hanaT isaide( ragaP karaJ namanaT nakanuggneM sacruC ahportaJ idutS margorP .)

akitametaM satlukaF ,igoloiB tutitsnI .malA nauhategneP umlI igolonkeT.ayabaruS .teraM hulupeS

.5002 .R ,anamkuR nagnarakeP id naruyaS manatreB kaygoY . .suisinaK :atra

.2002.R ,anamkuR iwas nad iasteP amasreB ygoY. :atraka .suisinak

.4991 .eyaK .J .K dna .M .S ,ssoR yticixoT lateM fo gninaeM ehT i tnalP lioS n

metsyS egaP .kroY weN . 72 : - 26 .

.3002 .MC uyR sispodibarA ni tworG etomorP elitaloV lairetcaB rP . dacA ltaN co icS .loV 001 egaP 7294 : - .2394

,KR senyeH ,GEI enomalaS sleN .ML no .1002 ninikotyC noitcudorP tnalP yb

a airetcabozihR gnitomorP htworG .stnatuM detceleS dn .loiborciM J naC :egaP 74 .loV 404 - .114

.D ,tlaS E. .N ,kcolyalB .M , .P .B .A ,ramuK .V .B ,voknehsuD .L ,yelhsnE .D

:noitaidemerotyhP .6991 .niksaR. L dna tehC ygetartS levoN A f ro t eh lavomeR o slateM cixoT f f mor t stnalP gnisU stnemnorivnE eh .

.loV ygolonhcetoiB :egaP 31 864 – .474

.asotnaS .9991 .A.D nahaB hanaT igolonketoiB hailuk . .hanaT nasuruJ satlukaF .rogoB .rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI .nainatreP

38

C .S ,noehctuC dna L .J ,roonhcS cM . .5002 . noitamrofsnarT noitaidemerotyhPstnanimatnoC fo lortnoC dna yeliW :ASU . - .cnI ecneicsretnI

rukugneP yrotarobaL ecivreS .1102 .PORTOIB OEMAES seskaiD .hanaT Hp na

.gro.portoib:ptth irad

6002 .rawnA .K .E nad .itawsaraS .R ,.D ,iniroyteS . sopmoK nI kinagrO kupuP .itayaH kupuP nad R.D.M nahaL ayadrebmuS gnabtiL raseB ialaB .

.rogoB .nainatreP nagnabmegneP nad naitileneP nadaB nainatreP

.S amrahS ni slateM yvaeH fo noitalumuccaoiB .0102 .artorheM dna ,.P amrahS , .lioS demednamA hsA ylF nI gniworG .L muvitaS musiP Jo fo lanru

ecneicS naciremA .oN 6 .loV . 6 :egaP 34 - 05 .

.nanakaM natewagneP malad isaidarI igolonkeT nataafnameP .0002 ,R aganiSidisorP satlukaF VI murtsuL akgnaR malad lanoisaN haimlI ranimeS 2 gn

.adaM hajdaG satisrevinU igoloiB :akideM tibreneP atrakaygoY .

,gnaromutiS .1002 .idaduS .U nad .R hanaT hawaS . nainatreP tutitsnI :rogoBrogoB sserP .

.9002 .7837 aisenodnI lanoisaN radnatS taB tareB magoL narameC mumiskaM sa

.nagnaP malad .lanoisaN isasiradnatS nadaB :atrakaJ

5553 aisenodnI lanoisaN radnatS - .8991 riA radaK nautneneP nevO edoteM ..lanoisaN isasiradnatS nadaB :atrakaJ

91 .aisenodnI lanoisaN radnatS - 0307 - .4002

1 .G .J ,nosnevetS .799 magoL nad noI nakelpmogneP aimiK d kinagrO nagne

hanaT naturaL . .sserP adaM hajdaG satisrevinU :atrakaygoY

huragneP .5002 .onsaK .A nad ,idairtuS .T.M ,.W.I ,akitsauS nad gnadnaK kupuPgnugaJ sativitkudorP padahret malA tafsoF id xodulpaH cipyT nad lP citni

stluduidnaK 191 .mlh .nataleS natnamilaK . - ranimeS gnidisorP malaD .102 .II ukuB .milkI nad hanaT ayaD rebmuS igolonkeT isavonI lanoisaN

41 ,rogoB - hanaT nagnabmegneP nad naitileneP tasuP .4002 rebmetpeS 51.rogoB ,tamilkorgA nad

nahbuS .G nad .H .A , naanuggneP .8991 .idrakiN kupuP nad negortiN kupuP

.gnireK nahaL id iabaC namanaT adap mayA gnadnaK lanruJarutlukitroH . .loV 9 .oN 2 :laH 8711 - .811

amraduS nad onokuM .J ,ijd eiroC P .I , nad 3B tareB magoL igolokiskoT .8002 .

.nataheseK padahreT aynkapmaD .nagnukgniL nataheseK lanruJ .2 loV:laH 2 .oN 331 - .041

48

d T ,itutsayduS iatnaP narisaP hanaT lamrehT tafiS .7002 .N ,nawayteS na d nagne

hanaT isidnokgneP nahaB nairebmeP d orkimoiB na p ayadiduB ada( iabaC namanaT munnA mucispaC sorP .) lanoisaN ranimeS gnidi kinheT

.atrakaygoY .nainatreP

.7002 .ammE ,itawoytsiluS huragneP kodnoG gnecE sopmoK nairebmeP( ainrohhciE ( sepissarC traM ) smloS padahret ipaS gnadnaK kupuP nad )

( gnugaJ namanaT nahubmutreP nad hanaT isagergA syamaeZ adap )kagaP losiflA suruJ .ispirkS . satisrevinU nainatrep satlukaf hanat na

.gnalaM .ayajiwarB

.3002 .irS ,hisramuS rasaD igoloiborkiM . nainatreP satlukaF hanaT umlI nasuruJ iregeN nanugnabmeP satisrevinU .atrakaygoY .atrakaygoY ”nareteV”

.2102 .A .J ,nasuS paU isasiliretS edoteM huragneP ammaG raniS isaidarI nad

oC - awabmeP nahaB adap .pS retkabotozA satilibaiV padahreT 06sopmok sisabreb )reirraC( sniaS satlukaF .aimiK idutS margorP .ispirkS .

.atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS iregeN malsI satisrevinU .igolonkeT nad.atrakaJ

tawsuS nad R anasuS i isubirtsiD nad isalumukaoiB .3102 .D nad rakA adap dC sineJ 3 kucuP namanaT eaecacissarB ylimaF kutnU aynisatnemilpmI

.isaidemerotiF lanruJ nagnukgniL nad aisunaM 2 .oN 02 .loV . :laH 122 -.822

.namhaR ,otnatuS .5002 rasaD - aatayneK pesnoK hanaT umlI rasaD n .

.suisinaK :atrakaygoY

.1991 .ojomtaortsaS .S nad,arteopasatraK .G .A ,.M .M ojdetuS igoloiborkiM.hanaT .atpiC akeniR :atrakaJ

.A .N .A ,hayS .6002 :ragaP karaJ leseidoiB fitanretlA rakaB nahaB gnay

.nagnukgniL hamaR .akasuP aidemorgA :atrakaJ

phayS gnecE namanaT nagned nZ nad uC magoL isaidemerotiF .5002 .R ,artu( kodnoG smloS ).ttaM( sepissarC ainrohhciE .) lanruJ akigoL . .oN 2 .loV

2 :laH 75 - .76

napareyneP .7002 .I yppoP ,ajahajT 431 agnuB namanaT helo hanaT irad sC)sseL ,suuna suhtnaileH( irahataM . nahaB rilkuN igolonkeT tasuP lanruJ

,irtemoidaR nad .gnudnaB .NATAB

,omopeosortijT .G .4002 imonoskaT nahubmuT ( atyhpotamrepS :atrakaygoY.)U satisrevin G haja M ada .sserP

58

ad nahinebreP tarotkeriD .itayaH kupuP salikeS .8002 .M ,ebmoT anaraS n .iskudorP rasad//:ptth - rasad )4102 rebmevoN 51(moc.topsgolb.hanatumli

E ,uranieH .E ,reldeV .E ,pesplaT .J ,uurT .A ,uranieH & .3002 decnahnE

iB noitadargedo setsaW diloS yrtsudnI lacimehC elahS liO fo yb.noitatnemguaoiB dna noitaidemerotyhP ehsilbuP ymedacA ainotsE .r

.1002 .L .A ,doowrednU .fitatitnauK aimiK sisilanA :atrakaJ aggnalrE .

.0102 .N .N ,nidihaW habmiL isaidemeroiB kayniM araces tareB nasopmogeP kinkeT nakanuggneM gnimrafdnaL .akubreT ispirkS . najraS .aimiK a

tutitsnI .APIMF .rogoB .rogoB nainatrep

yhaW uS .U ,.P ,idu ,oyosraH ,onoyhaw nad ,inupmuM .A 5002 .hisgninuyhaW .D .tlaboC potosI ammaG raniS narapameP huragneP - 52,0 sisoD 06 - yGk 1

kitsinogotnA ayaD padahret amredocirT munaizraH adap muirasuF muropyxO . itayaH .leneP .kreB . .loV 01 laH : 341 – .441

leW .5002 .S leahciM dna .B ,z drihT .yrtemortcepS noitprosbA cimotA

.noitidE desiveR yletelpmoC YELIW :kroY weN - .HCV

P .1102 .H ,itawodiW t bP ,dC tareB magoL huragne gnataB nahabureP padahre .naruyaS nad lE - hayaH laH 4 .oN 1 .loV , : 761 - .861

nad .S ,itawadiW ,ikinakiC id tafsof turalep iretkab isalupop .b6002 .hisailuS

takireT P nakturaleM aynnaupmameK atres ,asaratpiC nad lotoB gnunuG id M aide P .tadaP ayaksvoki satisrevidoiB lanruJ . laH 2 .oN 7 .loV 901 : -

.311

,.J ,nooY ,edniX .C 2 .aM .Q.L dna gnixiQ .Z ,uC ,bP fo noitalumuccA .600evitaN ni nZ dna .etiS adirolF detanimatnoC a no gniworG stnalP lanruoJ

tnemnorivnE latoT eht fo ecneicS : :egaP 654 - .464

,F ,ayumoyZ .5002 .relliM .J .J dna noslO ,F .A ,lohciN .K .C ,yenraL .J .FegnahC lacisyhP dna lacimehC oC gniwolloF s - elttaC feeB fO gnisopmoC

.muspygohpsohP htiW erunaM toldeeF lanruoJ norivnE .lauQ . .loV 13 :egaP 7132 - .8132

58

NARIPMAL

naripmaL .1 naitileneP rulA margaiD

tibiB naiameynePnamanaT

naapaiyneP aideMmanaT

aideM nataubmeP malad manaT

gabyloP

yneP napai namanaT

namananeP

naitileneP rulA

nairebmeP apnaT sisabreb MIKisaidaR sopmoK

ukalreP : na

.1 0MB )MIK apnat mayaB( 0MJ .5 )MIK apnat ragaP karaJ(

.2 1MB )MIK nagned mayaB( 1MJ .6 )MIK nagned ragaP karaJ(

.3 0MS )MIK apnat uajiH iwaS( 0MR .7 )MIK apnat hajaG tupmuR(

.4 1MS )MIK apnaT uajiH iwaS( 1MR .8 )MIK nagned hajaG tupmuR(

nagneD nairebmeP sisabreb MIKisaidaR sopmoK

retemaraP id gnayitama

.1 hanat Hp .5 tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT(

.2 ria radaK namanat iggniT .6

.3 ubA radaK nuad halmuJ .7

.4 kinagro nahab radaK

areB magoL sisilanA nad bP t nakanuggnem nagned dC

SAA

nahalognePataD

78

nataubmeP .2 naripmaL reirraC nalukonI iskudorP nad

.1 nataubmeP rudesorP awabmeP nahaB ( reirraC )

reirraC mm 5,0 lekitrap naruku ikkilimem aggnih naksulahid – .mm 5,1

reirrac kitsiretkarak iuhategnem kutnu aynaimik tafis sisilanaid uluhad hibelret

irad rrac rei Hp nakanuggnem nagned nakukalid Hp narukugneP .iridnes uti - retem

ria radak narukugneP .01:1 rasebes sedauqa nad lepmas nagnidnabrep nagned

501 rutarepmet adap nanevognep iulalem nakukalid aguj o .maj 42 amales C

d nagned utiay aborkim latot nagnutihgneP nagned AST aidem malad nakhubmuti

nep ires iulalem gnutih nawac edotem .narecneg

gnisaM - gnisam reirrac .marg 01 kitsalp malad ek samekid reirraC id

p malad ek samek kitsalp utiay sanap nahat kitsal enelyhteyloP ytisneD hgiH

maG ranis isasilirets kutnu )EPDH( oC am - naidumek ,06 nagned legesid nasamek

ed tapar .relaes nakanuggnem nagn

.2 isasiliretS sesorP ( awabmeP nahaB reirraC )

oC ammaG raniS isaidarI isasiliretS - halmujes arac nagned nakukalid 06

reirrac gnisam gnay , - nabes EPDH kitsalp malad samekid halet gnisam g 01 kay

nasamek rep reirrac ulal reniatnok hadaw utas malad utas idajnem naktapmetid ,

ranis nakirebid naidumek tubesret isaidar gnauR .gnaur malad id nakkatelid

.yGk 52 sisod nagned ammag

.3 nalukonI iskudorP

talosI ,retcabotozA surtiC sullicaB nad nomoduesP .ps sa kaynabrepid

Lm 001 nakanuggnem ,htorB tneirtuN nagned irah agit amales kocokid naidumek

mpr 021 natapecek .aynisaluop nakpatetid naidumeK .ramak uhus adap

88

.4 isalukonI sesorP

isalukoni sesorP ,retcabotozA surtiC sullicaB nad .ps sanomoduesP ek

malad id kitpesa araces nakukalid reirrac wolf ranimal nalukoni Lm 5 kaynabeS .

g 01 isireb gnay nasamek malad ek nakkusamid reirrac muraj nakanuggnem

ayntujnaleS .pututid uti haletes kitnus reirrac nad negomoh aggnih nakatarid

ni sinej nagned iauses lebal irebid nasameK .aynnaluko - tubesret nahab nasamek

52( ramak rutarepmet malad napmisid nad katok malad ek nakkusamid o .)C

98

maL 3 narip Hp naukalreP narukugneP lisaH . hanaT

5 lebaT . 0 ek irah Hp natamagneP nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 22.7 22.6 32.7 32.6 21.7 22.6 22.7 32.6

2 42.7 55.6 42.7 55.6 42.7 45.6 42.7 65.6 atareR 32.7 93.6 42.7 93.6 81.7 83.6 32.7 04.6

41 ek irah Hp natamagneP .6 lebaT nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 83,7 43,7 53,7 4,7 64,7 46,7 73,7 66,7 2 72,7 23,7 74,7 4,7 42,7 16,7 54,7 27,7 3 3,7 72,7 92,7 14,7 3,7 92,7 43,7 37,7 4 82,7 82,7 42,7 3,7 53,7 3,7 33,7 76,7

atareR 13,7 03,7 43,7 83,7 43,7 64,7 73,7 07,7

82 ek irah Hp natamagneP .7 lebaT nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 97,7 45,7 57,7 11,7 54,7 44,7 16,7 46,7 2 56,7 86,7 64,7 25,7 35,7 55,7 5,7 44,7 3 55,7 64,7 25,7 65,7 27,7 24,7 46,7 15,7 4 74,7 93,7 64,7 2,7 43,7 53,7 15,7 85,7

atareR 26,7 25,7 55,7 53,7 15,7 44,7 75,7 45,7

241 ek irah Hp natamagneP .8 lebaT nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 56,7 46,7 67,7 36,7 56,7 36,7 8,7 86,7 2 86,7 95,7 85,7 5,7 9 46,7 95,7 67,7 77,7 3 8,7 76,7 96,7 86,7 57,7 96,7 96,7 57,7 4 57,7 96,7 96,7 17,7 37,7 86,7 87,7 47,7

atareR 27,7 56,7 86,7 56,7 96,7 56,7 67,7 47,7

09

4 naripmaL riA radaK naukalreP narukugneP lisaH .

riA radaK .9 lebaT iraH aideM ek 0 nagnalU MB 0 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 3765,8 1990,01 4613,7 9665,11 1513,9 1900,01 0035,8 8590,21 2 9618,7 3342,01 7979,6 6985,01 2701,8 4565,9 4475,7 0777,11

atareR 91,8 71,01 51,7 80,11 17,8 97,9 50,8 49,11

riA radaK .01 lebaT iraH aideM ek 41 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 1995,72 7418,62 6940,52 7632,52 2092,62 5993,52 2478,42 7480,72 2 9188,22 1389,52 9140,62 9285,72 2355,42 7784,72 7582,32 4361,14

atareR 42,52 04,62 55,52 14,62 24,52 44,62 80,42 21,43

daK .11 lebaT riA ra iraH aideM ek 82 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 8882,52 0054,13 4557,23 3576,72 6213,62 9651,72 8834,03 4742,92 2 0945,62 5227,43 7773,13 3139,62 1362,52 9876,03 6762,72 0789,62

atareR 29,52 90,33 70,23 03,72 97,52 29,82 58,82 1,82 2

24 ek iraH aideM riA radaK .21 lebaT nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 3753,33 9836,33 4737,52 4090,62 7459,62 8320,72 2085,62 0291,42 2 6775,92 8618,23 4590,62 9629,62 6853,62 1964,62 6138,52 2285,52

atareR 74,13 32,33 29,52 62 15, 66,62 57,62 12,62 98,42

19

5 naripmaL ubA radaK naukalreP narukugneP lisaH .

lebaT 31 A radaK . ub ek iraH aideM 0 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 0676,17 5766,17 4271,27 3964,17 9177,47 4400,17 9167,37 7466,17 2 5769,27 8912,17 8733,37 3651,17 9689,27 8771,37 1963,37 6573,37

atareR 23,27 44,17 67,27 13,17 88,37 90,27 75,37 25,27

lebaT ubA radaK .41 ek iraH aideM 41 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 4310,97 5618,38 4998,28 7945,28 3110,38 323,28 4735,28 1190,38 2 2954,28 5573,38 3340,38 3518,28 967,28 1515,38 9714,48 1438,28

atareR 47,08 06,38 79,28 86,28 98,28 29,28 84,38 69,28

1 lebaT ubA radaK .5 ek iraH aideM 82 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 7007,48 2627,48 4148,48 3199,28 4691,48 4308,48 1891,48 3819,38 2 3867,48 2645,48 234,48 2118,38 6020,48 1353,48 2761,38 1854,48

atareR 37,48 46,48 46,48 04,38 11,48 85,48 86,38 91,48

lebaT ubA radaK .61 ek iraH aideM 24 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 1042,68 4958,58 6886,68 4154,58 1722,68 9748,58 3020,48 1704,58 2 670,68 8656,68 5477,58 4533,68 8957,58 4907,58 2335,68 8709,58

atareR 61,68 62,68 32,68 98,58 99,58 87,58 82,58 66,58

29

6 naripmaL kinagrO nahaB radaK naukalreP narukugneP lisaH .

1 lebaT radaK .7 kinagrO nahaB ek iraH aideM 0 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 423,82 5233,82 6728,72 7035,82 1822,52 6599,82 1832,62 533,82 2 5230,72 2087,82 2266,62 7348,82 1310,72 2228,62 9036,62 426,62

atareR 86,72 65,82 42,72 96,82 21,62 19,72 34,62 84,72

1 lebaT kinagrO nahaB radaK .8 ek iraH aideM 41 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 6689,02 5381,61 6001,71 3054,71 7889,61 776,71 6264,71 909,61 2 8045,71 5426,61 7659,61 7481,71 132,71 9484,61 1285,51 661,71

atareR 62,91 04,61 ,71 30 23,71 11,71 80,71 25,61 40,71

1 lebaT kinagrO nahaB radaK .9 ek iraH aideM 82 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 3992,51 8372,51 6851,51 7800,71 6308,51 6691,51 9108,51 280,61 2 7132,51 8354,51 865,51 8881,61 4979,51 9646,51 38,61 82 245,51

atareR 72,51 63,51 63,51 06,61 98,51 24,51 23,61 18,51

lebaT kinagrO nahaB radaK .02 ek iraH aideM 24 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 9957,31 6041,41 4113,31 6845,41 9277,31 1251,41 7979,51 395,41 2 429,31 2343,31 2,41 552 6466,31 2042,41 6092,41 8664,31 290,41

atareR 48,31 47,31 77,31 11,41 10,41 22,41 27,41 43,41

naripmaL 7 naukalreP narukugneP lisaH . tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT(

lebaT 12 iraH aideM boreA iretkaB latoT . ek 0 naiarU nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR IMR

CPT 1 90+E00.1 90+E04.2 90+E00.1 90+E04.2 90+E00.1 90+E04.2 90+E00.1 90+E04.2

2 90+E00.1 .5 90+E04 90+E00.1 90+E04.5 90+E00.1 90+E04.5 90+E00.1 90+E04.5 BB

g ,lepmas

7440.5 7640.5 7440.5 7640.5 7440.5 7640.5 7440.5 7640.5 ria radaK

,lepmas%

1291.8 2171.01 1291.8 2171.01 1291.8 2171.01 1291.8 2171.01

KBg ,lepmas

4136.4 4335.4 4136.4 4335.4 4136.4 4335.4 4136.4 4335.4

,abTg/ufc 1 80+E61.2 80+E92.5 80+E61.2 80+E92.5 80+E61.2 80+E92.5 80+E61.2 80+E92.5

2 80+E61.2 90+E91.1 80+E61.2 90+E91.1 80+E61.2 90+E91.1 80+E61.2 90+E91.1

atareR 80+E61.2 80+E06.8 80+E61.2 80+E06.8 80+E61.2 80+E06.8 80+E61.2 80+E06.8

gol ,ab.Tg/ufc 01 1 3433.8 8327.8 3433.8 8327.8 3433.8 8327.8 3433.8 8327.8

2 3433.8 0670.9 3433.8 0670.9 3433.8 0670.9 3433.8 0670.9

atareR 3433.8 9998.8 3433.8 9998.8 3433.8 9998.8 3433.8 9998.8

lebaT 22 oreA iretkaB latoT . 24 ek iraH aideM b naiarU nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR IMR

CPT 1 90+E06.1 90+E08.2 80+E00.3 90+E00.2 90+E01.1 90+E04.2 80+E00.5 90+E00.3

2 90+E04.1 90+E04.2 80+E00.7 90+E08.1 90+E00.1 90+E00.2 80+E00.7 90+E07.3 BB

g ,lepmas

3320.5 1220.5 6710.5 7910.5 3510.5 8710.5 120.5 4320.5 ria radaK

,lepmas%

5764.13 8722.33 4619.52 7805.62 7656.62 5647.62 9502.62 1788.42

KBg ,lepmas

6244.3 4353.3 2717.3 0986.3 4876.3 7576.3 2507.3 2377.3

,abTg/ufc 1 80+E56.4 80+E53.8 70+E70.8 80+E24.5 80+E99.2 80+E35.6 80+E53.1 80+E59.7

2 80+E70.4 80+E61.7 80+E88.1 80+E88.4 80+E27.2 80+E44.5 80+E98.1 80+E18.9

atareR 80+E63.4 80+E57.7 80+E53.1 80+E51.5 80+E58.2 80+E99.5 80+E26.1 80+E88.8

gol ,ab.Tg/ufc 01 1 2766.8 7129.8 9609.7 1437.8 7574.8 9418.8 031.8 2 4009.8

2 2906.8 7458.8 9472.8 4886.8 3434.8 7537.8 3672.8 5199.8

atareR 2836.8 2888.8 9090.8 2117.8 0554.8 3577.8 2302.8 9549.8

59

naripmaL 8 . namanat iggnit naukalreP narukugneP lisaH

lebaT 32 iraH namanat iggniT . ek 0 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 00,04 00,24 00,51 00,02 00,85 00,95 00,08 00,09 2 00,14 00,34 05,51 00,81 00,66 00,45 00,86 00,59 3 00,24 00,05 05,02 ,42 00 00,75 00,37 00,28 00,09 4 00,74 00,24 00,91 00,22 00,55 00,55 00,07 00,09

atareR 05,24 52,44 05,71 00,12 00,95 52,06 00,57 52,19

lebaT 42 iraH namanat iggniT . ek 41 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 05,66 00,38 00,42 05,72 58 00, 00,88 00,001 00,711 2 00,96 00,07 00,62 00,7 00,98 05,48 00,59 00,401 3 00,97 00,77 00,03 00,7 00,88 00,59 00,521 00,601 4 00,58 00,76 00,62 00,4 00,88 00,08 00,011 00,621

atareR 88,47 52,47 05,62 83,11 05,78 88,68 05,701 52,311

lebaT 52 iraH namanat iggniT . ek 82 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 00,301 00,331 00,03 00,92 00,68 00,29 00,911 00,121 2 00,711 00,601 00,13 00,43 00,79 00,78 00,011 00,011 3 00,611 00,801 00,43 00,83 00,88 00,001 00,031 00,611 4 00,921 00,58 00,23 00,13 00,29 00,09 00,711 00,921

atareR 52,611 00,801 57,13 00,33 57,09 52,29 00,911 00,911

lebaT 62 iraH namanat iggniT . ek 24 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 00,111 00,731 00,53 00,13 00,98 00,79 00,721 00,821 2 00,121 00,021 00,33 00,73 00,501 00,09 00,511 00,711 3 00,811 00,411 00,53 00,04 00,29 00,801 00,931 00,421 4 00,041 00,29 00,73 00,43 00,89 00,39 00,521 00,631

atareR 05,221 57,511 00,53 05,53 00,69 00,79 05,621 52,621

69

aL naripm 9 . alreP narukugneP lisaH nuaD halmuJ nauk

lebaT 72 iraH nuaD halmuJ . ek 0 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 21 01 5 5 11 31 32 02 2 01 8 5 6 51 9 71 81 3 9 01 4 6 21 51 51 02 4 8 01 5 4 8 8 61 61

atareR 57,9 05,9 57,4 52,5 05,11 52,11 57,71 05,81

lebaT 82 . iraH nuaD halmuJ ek 41 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 23 61 7 5 41 11 82 42 2 42 21 8 7 51 01 22 02 3 42 22 9 7 31 41 22 42 4 32 32 6 4 21 41 72 42

atareR 57,52 52,81 05,7 57,5 05,31 52,21 57,42 00,32

lebaT 92 H nuaD halmuJ . ira ek 82 nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 52 21 7 5,11 41 61 52 42 2 52 31 11 01 81 31 32 62 3 12 51 9 01 51 61 22 52 4 62 22 8 7 21 9 42 42

atareR 52,42 05,51 57,8 36,9 57,41 05,31 05,32 57,42

lebaT 72 iraH nuaD halmuJ . ek nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 52 21 01 21 2 8 42 52 2 92 9 11 21 31 9 62 32 3 02 01 11 11 6 21 22 52 4 32 01 21 11 2 11 32 72

atareR 52,42 52,01 00,11 05,11 57,5 00,01 57,32 00,52

79

naripmaL 01 . retemotofortkepS sisilanA lisaH reS )ASS( motA napa

.1 )bP( labmiT magoL

lebaT 13 rakA bP magoL . nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 00.0 35.9 25.8 36.12 26.2 82.3 76.4 40.8 2 00.0 32.01 83.7 27.42 54.4 83.3 81.3 09.7

atareR 00.0 88.9 59.7 81.32 45.3 33.3 39.3 79.7

.23 lebaT kujaT bP magoL nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 2 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

atareR 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0

.2 dC( muimdaC magoL )

rakA dC magoL .33 lebaT U nagnal 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 34.23 44.03 12.86 69.21 26.2 09.82 97.81 61.92 2 87.33 48.92 96.96 65.21 72.2 93.2 37.91 17.03

atareR 11.33 41.03 59.86 67.21 54.2 56.51 62.91 49.92

kujaT dC magoL .43 lebaT nagnalU 0MB 1MB 0MS 1MS 0MJ 1MJ 0MR 1MR

1 80.03 77.61 08.75 63.08 99.3 08.3 53.2 12.4 2 84.92 28.61 06.85 63.97 99.2 67.2 58.2 66.3

atareR 87.92 08.61 02.85 68.97 94.3 82.3 06.2 49.3

89

11 naripmaL . hanaT Hp avonA ijU lisaH

avonA ijU Hp hanat irah ek 0

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

kopmolek aratnaiD 867.2 7 593. 944.41 100. kopmolek naigaB 912. 8 720.

latoT 789.2 51

Hp ialin kutnU hanat irah ek 0

H0 : ataR - ialin atar Hp hanat tapme adap sinej kadit naukalrep aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

H1 : ataR - Hp ialin atar hanat tapme adap sinej naukalrep aud namanat

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

mat lebat adaP 0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin kap ,00 ,0 < 1 akam ,50 H0 kalotid

atar uata - Hp atar hanat naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid

.)ayntujnales iju( atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

nacnuD

Hp nacnuD ijU iraH hanat ek 0

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 00.6 2 0083.6 a 00.2 2 0583.6 a 00.4 2 0093.6 a 00.8 2 0593.6 a 00.5 2 0081.7 b 00.1 2 0032.7 b 00.7 2 0032.7 b 00.3 2 0532.7 b .giS 439. 167.

:teK ( amas gnay licek furuH b nad a unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn )50

99

Hp avonA ijU hanat ek iraH 24

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

dauK tarhagnat F isakifingiS

kopmolek aratnaiD 050. 7 700. 804.2 150. kopmolek naigaB 270. 42 300.

latoT 221. 13

Hp ialin kutnU hanat ek irah 24

H0 : ataR - Hp ialin atar hanat tapme adap sinej kadit naukalrep aud namanat

ayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem at

H1 : ataR - Hp ialin atar hanat tapme adap sinej naukalrep aud namanat

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

mat lebat adaP ,0 > 150,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin kap H akam ,50 0 amiretid

atar uata - Hp atar hanat nakkujnunem kadit namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid

atayn gnay naadebrep )ayntujnales iju( .

nacnuD

Hp nacnuD ijU hanat iraH ek 24

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 00.2 4 5746.7 a 00.6 4 5746.7 a 00.4 4 5256.7 a 00.3 4 0086.7 a 0086.7 b

00.5 4 5296.7 a 5296.7 b

00.1 4 0027.7 a 0027.7 b

00.8 4 0537.7 a 0537.7 b

.7 00 4 5757.7 b

.giS 850. 380. :teK ( amas gnay licek furuH b nad a unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn )50

001

21 naripmaL avonA ijU . riA radaK

ek iraH riA radaK avonA ijU 0

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

opmolek aratnaiD k 826.73 7 573.5 598.91 000. kopmolek naigaB 261.2 8 072.

latoT 097.93 51

irah ria radak ialin kutnU ek 0

H0 : ataR - tapme adap ria radak ialin atar sinej kadit naukalrep aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

H1 : ataR - ria radak ialin atar tapme adap sinej naukalrep aud namanat

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

mat lebat adaP )gis( satilibaborp ialin kap ,0 < 000,0 H akam ,50 0 kalotid

atar uata - naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid ria radak atar

iju( atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem .)ayntujnales

nacnuD

irah riA radaK ialiN nacnuD ijU ek 0

naukalreP N 50. 0= α

1 2 3 4 5 6 00.3 2 1841.7 a 00.7 2 2250.8 a 2250.8 b 00.1 2 1291.8 a 1291.8 b 00.5 2 2117.8 b 2117.8 c 00.6 2 3787.9 c 3787.9 d 00.2 2 2171.01 d 2171.01 e 00.4 2 3870.11 e 3870.11 f 00.8 2 4639.11 f .giS 090. 952. 270. 184. 911. 731.

:teK ( amas gnay licek furuh f nad ,e ,d ,c ,b ,a adit nakkujnunem nakkujnunem ) adeb k( atayn α ,0 = )50

101

ek iraH riA radaK ialiN avonA ijU 24

halmuJtardauk

reD tajasabeb

tardauKhagnat F

isakifingiS

kopmolek aratnaiD 889.221 7 075.71 838.41 100. kopmolek naigaB 374.9 8 481.1

latoT 164.231 51

ek irah ria radak ialin kutnU 24

H0 : ataR - tapme adap ria radak ialin atar sinej it naukalrep aud namanat kad

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

H1 : ataR - tapme adap ria radak ialin atar naukalrep aud namanat sinej

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin kapmat lebat adaP 000 akam ,50,0 < H0 kalotid

atar uata - tapmeek aratnaid ria radak atar namanat sinej naukalrep aud

.)ayntujnales iju( atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

nacnuD

iraH riA radaK ialiN nacnuD ijU ek 24

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 00.8 2 1788.42 a 00.3 2 4619.52 a 00.7 2 9502.62 a 00.4 2 7805.62 a 00.5 2 7656.62 a 00.6 2 .62 5647 a 00.1 2 5764.13 b

00.2 2 9722.33 b

.giS 251. 441. teK ( amas gnay licek furuh : b nad ,a atayn adeb kadit nakkujnunem nakkujnunem )

( α ,0 = )50

201

31 naripmaL ubA radaK avonA ijU .

ek irah ubA radaK avonA ijU 0

halmuJtardauk

tajareDeb sab

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

kopmolek aratnaiD 356.11 7 566.1 068.1 202. kopmolek naigaB 851.7 8 598.

latoT 118.81 51

ek irah uba radak ialin kutnU 0

0H : ataR - tapme adap uba radak ialin atar sinej kadit naukalrep aud namanat

brep nakkujnunem atayn gnay naade

1H : ataR - tapme adap uba radak ialin atar sinej naukalrep aud namanat

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

mat lebat adaP )gis( satilibaborp ialin kap ,0 > 202,0 H akam ,50 0 amiretid

atar uata - eek aratnaid uba radak atar ud namanat sinej tapm naukalrep a kadit

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem )ayntujnales iju( .

nacnuD

iraH ubA radaK nacnuD ijU ek 0

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 00.4 2 8213.17 a 00.2 2 7344.17 a 00.6 2 1190.27 a 1190.27 b

00.1 2 8123.27 a 8123.27 b

00.8 2 2025.27 a 2025.27 b

00.3 2 1557.27 a 1557.27 b

00.7 2 5565.37 a 5565.37 b

00.5 2 4978.37 b

.giS 160. 911. :teK ( amas gnay licek furuh b nad a kkujnunem ) atayn adeb kadit nakkujnunem na

( α ,0 = )50

301

ek iraH ubA radaK avonA ijU 24

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKat hagn F sakifingiS i

kopmolek aratnaiD 055.1 7 122. 093. 488. kopmolek naigaB 145.4 8 865.

latoT 290.6 51

ek irah uba radak ialin kutnU 24

H0 : ataR - tapme adap uba radak ialin atar sinej kadit naukalrep aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

H1 : ataR - tapme adap uba radak ialin atar naukalrep aud namanat sinej

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

mat lebat adaP p akam ,50,0 > 488,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin ka H0 amiretid

atar uata - namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid uba radak atar naukalrep aud kadit

m atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnune )ayntujnales iju( .

nacnuD

iraH ubA radaK nacnuD ijU ek 24

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 00.7 2 8672.58 a

00.8 2 5756.58 a

00.6 2 7877.58 a

00.4 2 4398.58 a

00.5 2 5399.58 a

00.1 2 1851.68 a

00.3 2 6132.68 a

00.2 2 1852.68 a

giS . 752. teK ( amas gnay licek furuh : a atayn adeb kadit nakkujnunem nakkujnunem )

( α ,0 = )50

401

41 naripmaL kinagrO nahaB radaK avonA ijU .

A ijU iraH kinagrO nahaB radaK avon ek 0

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

tnaiD kopmolek ara 356.11 7 566.1 068.1 202. kopmolek naigaB 851.7 8 598.

latoT 118.81 51

adak ialin kutnU ek irah kinagrO nahaB r 0

H0 : ataR - tapme adap kinagro nahab radak ialin atar sinej aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit naukalrep

H1 : ataR - tapme adap kinagro nahab radak ialin atar sinej aud namanat

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem naukalrep

mat lebat adaP ibaborp ialin kap akam ,50,0 > 202,0 )gis( satil H0 amiretid

atar uata - namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid kinagro radak radak atar d naukalrep au

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit )ayntujnales iju( .

nacnuD

kinagrO nahaB radaK nacnuD ijU ek iraH 0

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 00.5 2 6021.62 a 00.7 2 5434.62 a 5434.62 b

00.3 2 9442.72 a 9442.72 b

00.8 2 9974.72 a 9974.72 b

00.1 2 6.72 387 a 3876.72 b

00.6 2 9809.72 a 9809.72 b

00.2 2 4655.82 b

00.4 2 2786.82 b

.giS 911. 160. :teK ( amas gnay licek furuH b nad a unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn )50

501

ek iraH kinagrO nahaB radaK avonA ijU 24

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKnat hag F isakifingiS

kopmolek aratnaiD 055.1 7 122. 093. 488. kopmolek naigaB 145.4 8 865.

latoT 290.6 51

kutnU ek irah kinagrO nahaB radak ialin 24

H0 : ataR - tapme adap kinagro nahab radak ialin atar sinej aud namanat

ep nakkujnunem kadit naukalrep atayn gnay naadebr

H1 : ataR - tapme adap kinagro nahab radak ialin atar sinej aud namanat

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem naukalrep

,0 > 488,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin kapmat lebat adaP H akam ,50 0 amiretid

atar uata - k aratnaid kinagro radak radak atar namanat sinej tapmee naukalrep aud

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit )ayntujnales iju( .

nacnuD

iraH kinagrO nahaB radaK nacnuD ijU ek 24

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 00.2 2 9147.31 a

00.3 2 5867.31 a

00.1 2 0248.31 a

00.5 2 6600.41 a

00.4 2 6601.41 a

.6 00 2 4122.41 a

00.8 2 6243.41 a

00.7 2 3327.41 a

.giS 752. :teK ( amas gnay licek furuH a unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn )50

601

naripmaL 51 . avonA ijU tnuoC etalP latoT ( CPT )

ek iraH CPT avonA ijU 0

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

kopmolek aratnaiD 872.1 7 381. 688.5 210. kopmolek naigaB 842. 8 130.

latoT 625.1 51

ek irah CPT ialin kutnU 0

H0 : ataR - tapme adap irah CPT ialin atar sinej kadit naukalrep aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

H1 : ataR -r tapme adap CPT ialin ata naukalrep aud namanat sinej

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin kapmat lebat adaP 210 akam ,50,0 < H0 kalotid

atar uata - namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid irah CPT atar naukalrep aud

gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem .)ayntujnales iju( atayn

nacnuD

ek iraH CPT nacnuD ijU 0

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 00.3 2 6233.8 a 00.5 2 3433.8 a 00.7 2 3433.8 a 00.1 2 8433.8 a 00.4 2 7898.8 b 00.2 2 0998.8 b 00.6 2 1998.8 b 00.8 2 9998.8 b .giS 199. 599.

:teK licek furuH ( amas gnay b nad a unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn 50 )

701

ek iraH CPT avonA ijU 24

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

kopmolek aratnaiD 863.1 7 591. 480.71 000. kopmolek naigaB 190. 8 110.

latoT 954.1 51

ialin kutnU ek irah CPT 24

H0 : ataR - tapme adap irah CPT ialin atar sinej kadit naukalrep aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

H1 : ataR - tapme adap CPT ialin atar naukalrep aud namanat sinej

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

at lebat adaP libaborp ialin kapm akam ,50,0 < 000,0 )gis( sati H0 kalotid

atar uata - namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid irah CPT atar naukalrep aud

.)ayntujnales iju( atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

nacnuD

iraH CPT nacnuD ijU ek 24

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 3 4 00.3 2 9090.8 a 00.7 2 3302.8 a 00.5 2 0554.8 b 00.1 2 2836.8 b 2836.8 c 00.4 2 3117.8 b 3117.8 c 3117.8 d

00.6 2 3577.8 c 3577.8 d

00.2 2 2888.8 c 2888.8 d

00.8 2 0649.8 d

.giS 423. 150. 060. 370. :teK gnay licek furuH ( amas a c ,b , nad d unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn )50

801

naripmaL 61 namanaT iggniT avonA ijU .

ek iraH namanaT iggniT avonA ijU 0

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

aratnaiDkopmolek 969.83971 7 017.2652 345.501 000.

B kopmolek naiga 057.285 42 182.42 latoT 917.12581 13

lin kutnU ek irah namanat iggnit ia 0

H0 : ataR - naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapme adap namanat iggnit ialin atar

adebrep nakkujnunem kadit .atayn gnay na

H1 ataR : - pme adap namanat iggnit ialin atar naukalrep aud namanat sinej ta

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

t adaP mat leba baborp ialin kap akam ,50,0 < 000,0 )gis( satili H0 kalotid

atar uata - namanat iggnit atar aratnaid namanat sinej tapmeek naukalrep aud

ales iju( atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem .)ayntujn

nacnuD

ek irah namanaT iggniT nacnuB ijU 0

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 3 4 5 00.3 4 0005.71 a 00.4 4 0000.12 a 00.1 4 0005.24 b 00.2 4 0052.44 b 00.5 4 0000.95 c 00.6 4 0052.06 c 00.7 4 0000.57 d 00.8 4 0052.19 e

.giS 523. 026. 327. 000.1 000.1 :teK ( amas gnay licek furuH e nad d ,c ,b ,a unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn 50 )

ek iraH namanaT iggniT avonA ijU 24

901

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

aratnaiDkopmolek 573.88114 7 450.4885 376.95 000.

kopmolek naigaB 005.6632 42 406.89 latoT 578.45534 13

ialin kutnU irah namanat iggnit ek 24

H0 : ataR - tapme adap namanat iggnit ialin atar sinej naukalrep aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit

H1 ataR : - iggnit ialin atar tapme adap namanat naukalrep aud namanat sinej

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

akam ,50,0 < 000,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin kapmat lebat adaP H0 kalotid

atar uata - namanat iggnit atar aratnaid namanat sinej tapmeek naukalrep aud

gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem atayn )ayntujnales iju( .

nacnuD

ek iraH namanaT iggniT nacnuB ijU 24

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 3 00.3 4 0000.53 a 00.4 4 0005.53 a 00.5 4 0000.69 b 00.6 4 0000.79 b 00.2 4 0057.511 c

00.1 4 0005.221 c 00.8 4 0052.621 c

00.7 4 0005.621 c

.giS 449. 888. 471. :teK ( amas gnay licek furuH a b , nad c unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn )50

naripmaL 71 nuaD halmuJ avonA ijU .

011

A ijU ek irah nuaD halmuJ avon 0

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

aratnaiDkopmolek 217 912. 7 647.101 398.91 000.

kopmolek naigaB 057.221 42 511.5 latoT 969.438 13

uaD halmuJ ialin kutnU ek irah n 0

H0 : ataR - tapme adap nuad halmuj ialin atar sinej naukalrep aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit

H1 : ataR - muj alin atar adap nuad hal tapme naukalrep aud namanat sinej

.atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

mat lebat adaP p ialin kap akam ,50,0 < 000,0 )gis( satilibabor H0 kalotid

atar uata - nuad halmuj atar aratnaid namanat sinej tapmeek naukalrep aud

yn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem ata )ayntujnales iju( .

nacnuD

nacnuD ijU ek irah nuaD halmuJ 0

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 3 00.3 4 0057.4 a 00.4 4 0052.5 a 00.2 4 0005.9 b 00.1 4 0057.9 b 00.6 4 0052.11 b 00.5 4 0005.11 b 00.7 4 0057.71 c

00.8 4 0005.81 c

.giS 757. 2. 46 346. :teK ( amas gnay licek furuH a b, nad c unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn 50 )

ek irah nuaD halmuJ avonA ijU 24

111

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

aratnaiDkopmolek 578.2961 7 938.142 537.63 000.

kopmolek naigaB 000.851 42 385.6 latoT 578.0581 13

ek irah nuaD halmuJ ialin kutnU 24

H0 : ataR - tapme adap nuad halmuj ialin atar sinej naukalrep aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit

H1 : ataR - tapme adap nuad halmuj alin atar naukalrep aud namanat sinej

em .atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnun

akam ,50,0 < 000,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin kapmat lebat adaP H0 kalotid

atar uata - nuad halmuj atar aratnaid namanat sinej tapmeek naukalrep aud

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem )ayntujnales iju( .

nacnuD

aD halmuJ nacnuD ijU ek irah nu 24

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 3 00.5 4 0057.5 a 00.6 4 0000.01 b 00.2 4 0052.01 b 00.3 4 0000.11 b 00.4 4 0005.11 b 00.7 4 0057.32 c

00.1 4 0052.42 c

00.8 4 0000.52 c

.giS 000.1 954. 325. :teK ( amas gnay licek furuH a b , nad c unem ) ,0 = α( atayn adeb kadit nakkujn 50 )

211

1 naripmaL 8. bP magoL avonA ijU lisaH

avonA ijU rakA malad bP magoL

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

kopmolek aratnaiD 558.707 7 221.101 235.59 000. kopmolek naigaB 864.8 8 50.1 9

latoT 323.617 51

ialin kutnU rakA malad bP magoL

H0 : ataR - ialin atar raka malad bP magol tapme adap sinej aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit naukalrep

H1 : ataR - ialin atar raka malad bP magol tapme adap sinej aud namanat

kalrep .atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem nau

apnat lebat adaP akam ,50,0 < 000,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin k H0 kalotid

atar uata - atar raka malad bP magol naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid

.)ayntujnales iju( atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

nacnuD

ijU nacnuD raka malad bP magoL

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 3 4 00.1 2 0000. a 00.6 2 0033.3 b 00.5 2 0535.3 b 00.7 2 0529.3 b 00.3 2 0059.7 c 00.8 2 0079.7 c 00.2 2 0088.9 c 00.4 2 0571.32 d

.giS 000.1 495. 011. 000.1 :teK cek furuH ( amas gnay li a c ,b , nad d eb kadit nakkujnunem ) ,0 = α( atayn ad )50

311

avonA ijU kujaT malad bP magoL

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

kopmolek aratnaiD 000. 7 000. . . kopmolek naigaB 000. 8 000.

latoT 000. 51

n kutnU iali kujaT malad bP magoL

H0 : ataR - ialin atar kujat malad bP magol tapme adap sinej aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit naukalrep

H1 : ataR - ialin atar kujat malad bP magol tapme adap aud namanat sinej

naukalrep gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem .atayn

apnat lebat adaP akam ,50,0 < 000,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin k H0 kalotid

atar uata - atar raka malad bP magol naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

411

1 naripmaL 9. dC magoL avonA ijU lisaH

jU avonA i rakA malad dC magoL

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

aratnaiDkopmolek 996.6165 7 683.208 460.81 000.

kopmolek naigaB 163.553 8 024.44 latoT 060.2795 51

ialin kutnU rakA malad dC magoL

H0 : ataR - ialin atar gol raka malad CP ma tapme adap sinej aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit naukalrep

H1 : ataR - ialin atar raka malad dC magol tapme adap aud namanat sinej

naukalrep .atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

apnat lebat adaP 00,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin k ,0 < 0 H akam ,50 0 kalotid

atar uata - atar raka malad dC magol naukalrep aud namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid

.)ayntujnales iju( atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem

nacnuD

nacnuD ijU raka malad dC magoL

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 3 4 5 00.5 2 0544.2 a

.4 00 2 0067.21 a 0067.21 b 00.6 2 0546.51 a 0546.51 b 0546.51 c 00.7 2 0062.91 b 0062.91 c 0062.91 d 00.8 2 0539.92 c 0539.92 d 00.2 2 0041.03 c 0041.03 d 00.1 2 0501.33 d 00.3 2 0059.86 e

.giS 490. 773. 570. 780. 000.1 teK : gnay licek furuH ( amas a d ,c ,b , nad e atayn adeb kadit nakkujnunem ) ,0 = α( )50

kujaT malad dC magoL avonA ijU

511

halmuJtardauk

tajareDsabeb

tardauKhagnat F isakifingiS

aratnaiDkopmolek 568.26121 7 255.7371 359.5995 000.

kopmolek naigaB 813.2 8 092. latoT 1.56121 38 51

ialin kutnU kujaT malad dC magoL

H0 : ataR - ialin atar kujaT malad CP magol tapme adap sinej aud namanat

atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem kadit naukalrep

H1 : ataR - ialin atar kujaT malad dC magol tapme adap sinej aud namanat

kkujnunem naukalrep .atayn gnay naadebrep na

apnat lebat adaP akam ,50,0 < 000,0 )gis( satilibaborp ialin k H0 kalotid

atar uata - atar kujaT malad dC magol aud namanat sinej tapmeek aratnaid

.)ayntujnales iju( atayn gnay naadebrep nakkujnunem naukalrep

nacnuD

nacnuD ijU magoL kujaT malad dC

naukalreP N 50.0 = α

1 2 3 4 5 6 00.7 2 0006.2 a 00.6 2 0082.3 a 0082.3 b 00.5 2 0094.3 a 0094.3 b 00.8 2 0539.3 b 00.2 2 0597.61 c 00.1 2 0087.92 d 00.3 2 0002.85 e 00.4 2 0068.97 f

.giS 151. 772. 1 000. 000.1 000.1 000.1 :teK ( amas gnay licek furuH a e ,d ,c ,b , nad f unem ) atayn adeb kadit nakkujn

,0 = α( )50

611

02 naripmaL nagnutihreP ataD hotnoC .

.A riA radaK

:nagnareteK

W0 )g( gnosoK nawaC tareB = W1 )g( leppmas + nawac tareB = W2 )g( nevo id haletes lepmas + nawac tareB =

:A lepmaS lasiM :tekiD

g 8104.23 = 0W g 5752.73 = 1W g 5148.63 = 2W

:akaM

= %3765.8

.B ubA radaK

:nagnareteK

0W )g( gnosoK nawaC tareB = 2W )g( nevoid haletes lepmaS + nawaC tareB = 3W )g( runatid haletes + nawaC tareB =

:B lepmaS lasiM

0W g 8104.23 = 2W g 5148.63 = 3W g 0485.53 =

: akaM

%0676.17 =

711

.C aB radaK kinagrO nah

:akaM

%0423.82 =

.D nagnutihreP tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT(

:lasiM MB CPT 1 )1( 42 = = 000000001 x 90+E04,2 MB CPT 1 )2( = 000000001 x 45 = 90+E04,5 lepmaS AK 2171,01 = lepmaS BB 7640,5 =

= 4335,4

1MB lepmaS )1(

= 80+E92,5

1MB lepmaS )2(

= 90+E91,1

= 80+E06,8

MB lepmaS 1 )1(

811

= 8327,8 MB lepmaS 1 )2(

= 0670,9

= 9998,8

.E L mago dC nad bP

bP magol isakolsnarT rotkaF

: lepmas lasiM

: A lepmas lasiM kujat malad bP magol tareB gk/gm 00.0 = raka malad bP magol tareB gk/gm 88.9 =

: akaM

bP magol isakolsnarT rotkaF : lepmas lasiM

: A lepmas lasiM C magol tareB kujat malad d gk/gm 68.97 =

raka malad dC magol tareB gk/gm 67.21 = : akaM

11 9

12 naripmaL . lisaH ijU tnuoC etalP latoT )CPT(

52 rabmaG apnat hanat CPT ijU . nahabmanep K MI

h 0 ek ira

rabmaG 62 . hanat CPT ijU nagned nahabmanep IK M

ek irah 0

rabmaG 82 . hanat CPT ijUat nahabmanep apn

K MI irah - 24

rabmaG 72 . apnat hanat CPT ijU nahabmanep K MI

irah - 24