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06/09/2011 Kuliah III, Pengantar Ilmu Pertanian 1

KULIAH 3:SEJARAH PERTANIAN

TIK :

Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini, Anda

akan dapat menjelaskan sejarahpertanian.


History of Agriculture

Hunter-Gatherers

Neolithic Revolution Domestication of Plants and Animals

Diffusion of Agriculture

Agricultural Industrialization

The “Green Revolution”

Modern Agribusiness

Asal Mula Pertanian

Pertanian berawal dari kegiatan bercocok tanambiji

Peternakan berawal dari memelihara hewanburuan

Pertanian berpindah muncul pd zaman KaisarChen Ning di Lembah Sungai Kuningmengolah tanah dg bajak kayu dan menanamjawawut

Pertanian menetap: zaman Batu Baru (Neolitikum )

06/09/2011 Kuliah III, Pengantar Ilmu Pertanian 3 06/09/2011 Kuliah III, Pengantar Ilmu Pertanian 4

Pemburu dan Pengumpul

Hingga 11,000 SM,

disemua benuasebagai pemburu danpengumpul

11,000 SM -1500 ADperbedaan

perkembangan antar

benuaThe spread of humans around the world.

How do we know? Archaeology


Hunter-Gatherers

Humanity’s only “economic” activity for atleast 90% of our existence.

Low population densities.

Wide variety of natural foodstuffs eaten.

Pertanian dapat dianggap sebagai suatu usaha

untuk mengadakan suatu ekosistem buatan yang

bertugas menyediakan bahan makanan bagi manusia.

Pertanian Ladang

Pertanian Menetap

Usaha Tani (Gurem)



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06/09/2011 Kuliah IV, Pengantar Ilmu Pertanian 7

Peladangan Berpindah(Shifting Cultivation)

Vegetation “slashed” and then burned. Soilremains fertile for 2-3 years. Then people

move on.

where: tropical rainforests. Amazon,Central and West Africa, Southeast Asia

Crops: upland rice (S.E. Asia), maizeand manioc (S. America), millet andsorghum (Africa)

Declining at hands of ranching and logging.


Wajah Lahan


Penggembalaan Berpindah(Pastoral Nomadism)

The breeding and herdingof domesticated animalsfor subsistence.where: arid and semi-arid areas

of N. Africa, Middle East, CentralAsia

animals: Camel, Goats, Sheep,Cattle

transhumance: seasonalmigrations from highlands tolowlands

Most nomads are being pressuredinto sedentary life as land isused for agriculture or mining.

Bedouin Shepherd

Somali Nomad and Tent


Asal muasal Pangan

A question mark indicates

this may be an origin orinfluenced by the spread of

food production.

Area

Date

Domesticated

Plants

Domesticated

Animals

S.W. Asia

8,500 B.C.

Wheat, Pea,

Olive

Sheep, Goat

China

7,500 B.C.

R ice, Mil le t Pig, S il kworm

Mesoamerica

3500 B.C.

Corn,Beans

Squash

Turkey

Andes,

Amazonia3500 B.C.

Potato

Manioc

Llama

Guinea pig

Eastern

United States

2500 B.C.

Sunflower,

Goosefoot

None


Dibudidayakan

Liar sudah berkurang

Perkembangan teknologipengumpulan,pengolahan danpenyimpanan

Pertambahan pendudukdan produksi pangan


Tumbuhan utama zaman Purba

Area Cerea ls & Grasses Pulses Fiber Root s & Tubers Melons

Fertile

Crescent

emmer and einkornwheat, barley

pea, lentil,chickpea

flax ------ muskmelon

C hina Fo xt ai l mi ll et , b roomcorn millet, rice

soybean, adzukibean, mung bean

hemp ------ ------

Meso-america

corn pole bean, scarletrunner bean

cotton,yucca

jicama squashes

Andes

Amazonia

quinoa lima bean, polebean

cotton manioc, sweet potato,potato, oca

squashes

West Africa Sorghum, millet,

African rice

cowpea, ground

nut

cotton African yams watermelon,

bottle gourd

India ------ Hyacinth bean,gram bean

cotton,flax

------ cucumber

Ethiopia finger millet ------ (coffee) ------ ------ ------

E. UnitedStates

maygrass, barley,knotweed, goosefoot

------ ------ Jerusalem artichoke squash

New

Guinea

sugar cane ------ ------ yams, taro ------



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Fertile Crescent

Civilization; cities,writing, empires, and

agriculture. Mediterranean climate.

Easily domesticated

plants.

Most of the plants

pollinate themselves.


Mediterranean Climate


Mediterranean Agriculture

Where: areas surrounding the Mediterranean,California, Oregon, Chile, South Africa,Australia

Climate has summer dry season. Landscape ismountainous.

crops: olives, grapes, nuts, fruits andvegetables; winter wheat

California: high quality land is being lost tosuburbanization; initially offset by irrigation


Potato, native of Peru

Native to the Andes of Peru,the potato plant is nowcultivated throughout thetemperate regions of theworld. It is grown for humanconsumption and for its starch.

Other uses or connections

manufacture alcohol

Adhesives

Underground, safe food forwarring factions


Sugarcane, native to Polynesia

The common sugarcane isextensively cultivated intropical and subtropicalcountries throughout theworld for the sugarcontained within its many- jointed stems. Sugarcanegrows to about 8 to 20 feethigh and has stems 1 to 2inches thick.


rum

slavery

food additive


Cotton, native to Asia

Cotton, natural vegetable fiberof great economic importanceas a raw material for cloth. Itswidespread use is largely dueto the ease with which itsfibers are spun into yarns andit comfort.


textile

seed oil

papermaking

slavery



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Tea, native to East Asia

Tea, is brewed from the driedleaves of this plant and has

been drunk in China forcenturies. It was first brought toEurope by the Dutch in theearly 17th century AD. Englandbecame the only Europeancountry of tea drinkers ratherthan coffee drinkers.


Creation of cups withhandles

China, Hong Kong, andIndia become part of theBritish empire

PERKEMBANGAN PERTANIANDI INDONESIA



Ladang menuju Lalang

Ekosistem seimbang

Usaha tani, membuka hutan yangsudah setimbang

Hasil pertama baik, setelah itu turun

Ditinggal, alam memperbaiki

Makin lama makin cepat

Akhirnya alang-alang

EKOSISTEMSusunan makhluk hidupsaling ketergantungan danberimbang

Usaha pertanian memerlukan ekosistem yg seimbang

Pertanian bergeser:

Buka hutan bercocok tanam tandus pindah

Hutan sekunder: hutan tandus tumbuh jadi hutan baru

Pertanian bergeser mengakibatkan munculnyaekosistem padang lalang

Mengadakan ekosistem buatan yang bertugasmenyediakan bahan makanan (Contoh Kampung Baduy)

Lahan yang ditinggal pada praktek Ladang Berpindah

Ladang permanen pada area pinggiran sungai di kalimantan



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Kegiatan kaum wanita membuat kerajinan tangan selamamenunggu masa panen tiba pada masyarakat dayak di

Kapuas Hulu Kalimantan Barat

Pertanian Menetap

Pertanian menetap :

Bercocok tanam di suatu lahan yg mantap, melakukanpemulihan ekosistem yg rusak akibat penanaman

Di Indonesia : pertanian menetap = sawah

Penggunaanpupuk teknologi pemulihan lahan

2 Usaha lahan pertanian : bercocok tanam & peternakan

Pertanian campuran (mixed farming) :

Gabungan bercocok tanam & peternakan

Pakan = hasil pertanian yg digunakan utk makanan ternak

Padang penggembalaan di Semangkok, TanjungKarang, Nanga Sambus Kapuas Hulu - Kalbar

Pertanian menetap salah satunya dikarenakan adanyasumber air untuk irigasi

Pekarangan (Home Gardens), Tembawang (Mixed

Gardens) and Kebun Tanaman (Forest Gardens)

Selamat Belajar….

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06/09/2011 Kuliah II, Pengantar Ilmu Pertanian 30

pip kuliah 3

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