pengelolaan tanaman tebu (saccharum officinarum l.) di, pabrik gula tjoekir ptpn x, jombang, jawa...

7/31/2019 PENGELOLAAN TANAMAN TEBU (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) DI, PABRIK GULA TJOEKIR PTPN X, JOMBANG, JAWA TIMUR; STUDI KASUS PENGARUH BONGKAR RATOON TERHAD

1/86

VKJMK@E@NNJ YNJNHNJ YKA[ #Rnbbcnq{h eddgbgjnq{h @*'

IG, VNAQGO M[@N YLEKOGQ VYVJ S, LEHANJM,

LN]N YGH[Q?

RY[IG ONR[R VKJMNQ[C AEJMONQQNYEEJ

YKQCNINV VKJGJMONYNJ VQEI[OYGTGYNR YKA[

]NCW[ NRGC ]GLNWNJYG


2/86

g

NARYQNO

]NCW[ NRGC ]GLNWNJYG* Vkjmkè`nnj Ynjnhnj Yka{ #Rnbbcnq{heddgbgjnq{h @*' ig, Vnaqgo M{`n Ylekogq VYVJ S, Lehanjm, Ln}n Ygh{q? Ry{ig

Onr{r Vkjmnq{c Aejmonq Qnyeej ykqcninv Vkjgjmonynj Vqei{oygtgynr Yka{*

Igaghagjm e`kc V[Q]EJE*

Vkj{q{jnj vqei{org m{`n rklno ikqkm{`nrg gji{ryqg m{`n ync{j >771

#[jinjm([jinjm A{iginwn Ynjnhnj' inj igvkqynlnh rklno >773 #ikhejeve`grnrg

A{èm' vkq`{ igbkmnc ikjmnj hkjgjmonyonj inwn rngjm gji{ryqg m{`n* Vkhkqgjync

akqrnhn gji{ryqg m{`n h{`ng ync{j 1661 hk`nornjnonj vqemqnh nork`kqnrg

vkjgjmonynj vqei{oygtgynr m{`n jnrgejn`*

Vkjgjmonynj vqei{oygtgynr yka{ invny ig`nornjnonj ikjmnj vk`nornjnnj

aejmonq qnyeej, wngy{ hkhaejmonq y{jmm{`(y{jmm{` akonr ynjnhnj okvqnrnj

igmnjyg ikjmnj agagy anq{, inj vkjgjmonynj o{n`gynr agagy ikjmnj vkjmm{jnnj

tnqgkynr {jmm{` anq{, rkcgjmmn invny hkjgjmonyonj qkjikhkj* Vkjgjmonynjvqei{oygtgynr hk`n`{g vkjgjmonynj qkjikhkj hkhv{jwng ok{jmm{`nj ykqykjy{

wngy{ ygino igvkq`{onjjwn vkjgjmonynj onvnrgynr mg`gjm inj ygino igvkq`{onjjwn

vkjgjmonynj agnwn ykanjm njmo{y rkqyn invny hkjm{qnjmg agnwn vqerkrgjm m{`n ygnv

ogèmqnh m{`n*

Vnin vqgjrgvjwn vkjgjmonynj qkjikhkj ig`nornjnonj ikjmnj bnqn

hkjgjmonyonj m{`n wnjm invny igvkqe`kc vnin yka{* Rkbnqn oejtkjrgejn` {jy{o

hkjgjmonyonj m{`n wnjm invny igvkqnc ig`nornjnonj hk`n`{g vkjnynnj tnqgkynr,

vkjwkignnj agagy rkcny inj h{qjg, evyghn`grnrg }noy{ ynjnh, vkjmny{qnj

oka{y{cnj ngq, vkh{v{onj akqghanjm, vkjmkjin`gnj eqmnjgrhk vkjmmnjmm{,

vkjkjy{nj n}n` mg`gjm wnjm ykvny, vkjkjy{nj oka{j yka{ wnjm igykanjm ikjmnj

hkjmm{jnonj njn`grn okhnrnonj, vkjkanjmnj yka{ rkbnqn akqrgc inj

vkjmnjmo{ynj yka{ rkbnqn bkvny* [jy{o hkjm{qnjmg okcg`njmnj m{`n rk`nhn

vqerkr ig vnaqgo hnon igvkq`{onj evyghnrg onvnrgynr mg`gjm inj hkjlnmn

ok`njbnqnj mg`gjm inj hkjm{qnjmg okcg`njmnj m{`n ig rynrg{j mg`gjmnj inj

vkjme`ncnj*

Onyn O{jbg < Aejmonq qnyeej, vkjgjmonynj vqei{oygtgynr, qkjikhkj, tnqgkynr

{jmm{`


3/86

gg

VKJMK@E@NNJ YNJNHNJ YKA[ #Rnbbcnq{h eddgbgjnq{h @*'

IG, VNAQGO M[@N YLEKOGQ VYVJ S, LEHANJM,

LN]N YGH[Q?

RY[IG ONR[R VKJMNQ[C AEJMONQQNYEEJ

YKQCNINV VKJGJMONYNJ VQEI[OYGTGYNR YKA[

]NCW[ NRGC ]GLNWNJYG

Roqgvrg

Rkanmng rn`nc rny{ rwnqny{jy{o hkhvkqe`kc mk`nq

Rnqlnjn Vkqynjgnj vnin

Ikvnqykhkj Nmqejehg inj Ceqygo{`y{qnf


4/86

ggg

L{i{` Roqgvrg < Vkjmk`e`nnj Ynjnhnj Yka{ #Rnbbcnq{h eddgbgjnq{h @*' igVnaqgo M{`n Ylekogq VYVJ S, Lehanjm, Ln}n Ygh{q? Ry{igOnr{r Vkjmnq{c AejmonqQnyeej ykqcninv Vkjgjmonynj

Vqei{oygtgynr Yka{

Jnhn Hncnrgr}n < ]ncw{ Nrgc ]glnwnjyg

JGH < N29>6>649

Hkjwky{l{g,

Ierkj Vkhaghagjm Roqgvrg

Gq* V{q}eje, HR

JGV* >2> 119 6>3

Hkjmkync{g

Ikonj Dno{`ynr Vkqynjgnj


5/86

Ynjmmn` {`{r 732

Jnhn eqnjm y{n

Jnhn Nwnc < R{anqonc

Jnhn Ga{ < [qgrgc

Vkjigigonj RH[

Jnhn Rkoe`nc < RH[ > Vkon`ejmnj

Ync{j hnr{o < >773

Ync{j `{`{r < 166>

Qg}nwny ry{ig ig GVA

Ync{j hnr{o < 166>

Vqemqnh ry{ig < Nmqejehg

Vkjmn`nhnj okqln < (


6/86

t

VQNONYN

V{lg rw{o{q okcnigqny N``nc R]Y wnjm yk`nc hk`ghvnconj onq{jgn(Jwn,

rkcgjmmn vkj{`gr agrn hkjwk`krngonj y{`grnj wnjm akql{i{` < Vkjmk`e`nnj

Ynjnhnj Yka{ #Rnbbcnq{h eddgbgjnq{h @*' ig VYVJ S VM Ylekogq VYVJ

S, Lehanjm, Ln}n Ygh{q ? Ry{ig Onr{r Vkjmnq{c Aejmonq Qnyeej ykqcninvVkjgjmonynj Vqei{oygtgynr Yka{* L{i{` gjg igvg`gc onqkjn akqc{a{jmnj ikjmnj

vqemqnh vkjgjmonynj vqei{oygtgynr yka{ hk`n`{g okmgnynj aejmonq qnyeej wnjm

r{inc igbnjnjmonj rklno ync{j 1661 e`kc Hkjykqg Vkqynjgnj A{jmnqnj Rnqnmgc*Vqemqnh gjg h{`ng ig qkn`grnrgonj vnin ync{j 1662 yk`nc hkj{jl{oonj

vkqokhanjmnj wnjm vergygd*

Vqemqnh gjg cnjwn ig`nornjnonj ig Ln}n Ygh{q, Ln}n Ykjmnc, IG

Wemwnonqyn inj Ln}n Anqny* Rn`nc rny{ vkqoka{jnj yka{ wnjm hkjln`njonj

vqemqnh ykqrka{y nin`nc vkqoka{jnj ig Vnaqgo M{`n #VM' Ylekogq VYVJ S,

Lehanjm, Ln}n Ygh{q*

Hk`n`{g okmgnynj hnmnjm wnjm yk`nc ig`no{onj, iginvnyonj inynvkqokhanjmnj vqemqnh aejmonq qnyeej wnjm ig`nornjnonj ig VM Ylekogq,

ykq{ynhn in`nh cn` vkjgjmonynj vqei{oygtgynr cnrg` inqg agagy anq{ wnjm igynjnh

vnrbn vkhaejmonqnj qnyeej* Hkyeik wnjm ig`no{onj nin`nc ikjmnj

hkjm{hv{`onj inyn vqghkq wnjm ykqinvny vnin `khanmn vkjk`gygnj inj

vkjmkhanjmnj ig vkq{rncnnj akqrnjmo{ynj okh{ignj ignjn`grgr {jy{o rkygnv

tnqgnak` vkjgjmonynjjwn* Inyn ynjnhnj cnrg` aejmonq qnyeej iganjigjmonj

ikjmnj ynjnhnj vkqynhn #V`njy Bnjk' h{qjg inj okvqnrnjjwn*

[bnvnj ykqghnonrgc okvnin Anvno Gq, V{q}eje, HR rk`no{ vkhaghagjmroqgvrg wnjm yk`nc hkhakqgonj anjwno hnr{onj inj anjwno hkhakqgonj

okh{incnj in`nh vkjwk`krngnj roqgvrg gjg* Okh{ignj okvnin Anvno Nik ]nbclnq

inj Ga{ Ckjg V{qjnhn}nyg rk`no{ ierkj vkjm{lg roqgvrg, onhg hkjm{bnvonj

ykqghnonrgc nynr oeqkorg wnjm hkhanjm{j {jy{o vkqangonj roqgvrg gjg*


7/86

tg

INDYNQ GRG

Cn`nhnj

Indynq Ynak` *** tgg

Indynq Mnhanq tggg

Indynq @nhvgqnj * gs

VKJINC[@[NJ * >

@nynq Ak`nonjm *** >

Y{l{nj 1

YGJLN[NJ V[RYNON **** 2

Aeynjg inj Heqde`emg Ynjnhnj Yka{ **************** 2

Koe`emg Ynjnhnj Yka{ ************** 9

Ynjnhnj Okvqnrnj * 9

HKYEIE@EMG 4

]noy{ inj Ykhvny * 4

Hkyeik Vk`nornjnnj *** 4

OEJIGRG [H[H VKQ[RNCNNJ * 7

Rklnqnc Vnaqgo M{`n Ylekogq Lehanjm **************** 7

@eonrg Vnaqgo >6


8/86

A{iginwn @ncnj Rn}nc * >=

Vkqrgnvnj @ncnj * >=

Vkjme`ncnj @ncnj ****** >=

Vkhagagynj * >7

tggVkjnjnhnj * 11

Vkhk`gcnqnnj ** 11

A{iginwn `ncnj Ykmn`nj **************** 13

Vkqrgnvnj @ncnj * 17Vkqrgnvnj Agagy *** 26

Vkjnjnhnj * 26

Vkhk`gcnqnnj * 2>

Vk`gcnqnnj Ynjnhnj Okvqnrnj ** 24

Vkhk`gcnqnnj Ynjnhnj Okvqnrnj ig @ncnj Rn}nc ** 22

Vkhk`gcnqnnj Ynjnhnj Okvqnrnj ig @ncnj Ykmn`nj 29

Ynornrg Hnqky *************** 2;

Njn`grgr Vkjinc{`{nj **************** 24

Ykanjm Njmo{y ** 23

VKJME@NCNJ YKA[ 9>

VK@NORNJNNJ VQEMQNH AEJMONQ QNYEEJ IG VM YLEKOGQ 9;

Oejrkvrg Vk`nornjnnj Aejmonq Qnyeej ***************** 9;

Yncnvnj Vk`nornjnnj ****************** 94

Vkjikonynj ** 94

Oqgykqgn Rnrnqnj *** 9=

Vkjkynvnj Rnrnqnj *** 93

Eqmnjgrnrg vqewko *** 93Vkjmkjin`gnj inj Vkjmn}nrnj ;6

Vkjmk`e`nnj Injn ;>

Hkonjgrhk Vkjwn`{qnj inj Vkjbngqnj Injn ** ;>

Vkjwn`{qnj inj Vkjbngqnj Injn Vkhaejmonqnj Kor Ynjnhnj Yka{ Qnyeej ;1


9/86

Rnqnj 44

Indynq V{rynon* 4=

@nhvgqnj ***************************************************************************************************** 43

tggg

INDYNQ YNAK@

Cn`nhnj

Ynak` > Inyn Vqei{oygtgynr Yka{ Gjiejkrgn 1664 166= *************************** >

Ynak` 1 Ano{ Rn}nc inj Veykjrg ]g`nwnc VM Ylekogq ****************************** >>

Ynak` 2 Inyn Tnqgkynr Yka{ Mg`gjm ig VM Ylekogq *************************************** >1

Ynak` 9 Inyn Vqei{oygtgynr Yka{ Mg`gjm Hnrn Ynjnh 1669 166; *********** >2

Ynak` ; Inyn Ogjkqln Vnaqgo ************************************************************************ >9

Ynak` 4 L{h`nc Onqwn}nj VM Ylekogq ******************************************************** >;

Ynak` = Lni}n` vk`nornjnnj Vkhanjm{jnj Oka{j Agagy **************************** 16

Ynak` 3 L{h`nc V{v{o \N ig Inkqnc wnjm Ykqlnhgj inj O{qnjm Ykqlnhgj

Ngqjwn ********************************************************************************************* 19

Ynak` 7 M{`hn Iehgjnj ig Vkqynjnhnj Yka{ ]g`nwnc Okqln VM Ylekogq

1669 166; ************************************************************************************ 1;

Ynak` >6 Iergr V{v{o [jy{o YQGY Ynjnhnj Vkqynhn ******************************* 2>

Ynak` >> L{h`nc V{v{o {jy{o Ynjnhnj Okvqnrnj Akqinrnqonj Lkjgr

Ynjnc ******************************************************************************************** 29

Ynak` >1 Iergr V{v{o {jy{o Ynjnhnj Okvqnrnj ig @ncnj Ykmn`nj *********** 2;

Ynak` >2 L{h`nc Anynjm vkq L{qgjm vnin Khvny Tnqgkynr Yka{ ****************** ;9

Ynak` >9 Ygjmmg Anynjm vnin Khvny Tnqgkynr Yka{ ************************************ ;;


10/86

Ynak` 16 Ygjmmg Anynjm vnin VB H{qjg #VBH', Aejmonq Qnyeej #AOQ'

inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGR ****************************************** 4>

Ynak` 1> Aeaey Anynjm vkq Hkykq vnin VB H{qjg #VBH', Aejmonq

gsQnyeej #AOQ' inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGR ****************** 41

Ynak` 11 Qnjikhkj vnin VB H{qjg #VBH', Aejmonq Qnyeej #AOQ' inj

Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGR ************************************************** 41

Ynak` 12 L{h`nc Anynjm vkq L{qgjm vnin VB H{qjg #VBH', Aejmonq

Qnyeej #AOQ' inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGY ****************** 42

Ynak` 19 Ygjmmg Anynjm vnin VB H{qjg #VBH', Aejmonq Qnyeej #AOQ'

inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGY ****************************************** 42

Ynak` 1; Aeaey Anynjm vkq Hkykq vnin VB H{qjg #VBH', Aejmonq

Qnyeej #AOQ' inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGY ****************** 49

Ynak` 14 Qnjikhkj vnin VB H{qjg #VBH', Aejmonq Qnyeej #AOQ' inj

Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGY ************************************************* 49

Ynak` 1= Qkonvgy{`nrg Cnrg` Vkjmnhnynj ig @nvnjm ************************************ 4;


11/86

s

INDYNQ MNHANQ

Cn`nhnj

Mnhanq > Vkha{ha{jnj @ncnj Ykmn`nj *** 21

Mnhanq 1 Anmnj Vkjme`ncnj Yka{ * 9>

Mnhanq 2 Ryq{y{q Eqmnjgrnrg Vqewko Vkjmkhanjmnj Yka{ Vqevgjrg

Ln}n Ygh{q * 97

Mnhanq 9 Hkonjgrhk Vkjwn`{qnj inj Vkjbngqnj Injn VH[ Aejmonq

Qnyeej * ;1


12/86

sg

INDYNQ @NHVGQNJ

Cn`nhnj

@nhvgqnj > Ryq{oy{q Eqmnjgrnrg Vnaqgo M{`n Ylekogq * 47

@nhvgqnj 1 Ryq{oy{q Eqmnjgrnrg Anmgnj Ynjnhnj VM Ylekogq *** =6

@nhvgqnj 2 Inyn B{qnc C{lnj Ync{j >776 166> =>

@nhvgqnj 9 Mnhanq Okmgnynj Vkjmk`e`nnj Yka{ ig VM Ylekogq =1

@nhvgqnj ; Anqbcnqy Qkjbnjn Vk`nornjnnj Aejmonq Qnyeej * =2

@nhvgqnj 4 Njmmnqnj Agnwn Vqewko Vkjmkhanjmnj Yka{ Ln}n Ygh{q

1669 ** =9


13/86

>

VKJINC[@[NJ

@nynq Ak`nonjm

M{`n hkq{vnonj oeheigynr wnjm vkjygjm onqkjn rk`ngj hkjlnig ancnj

veoeo wnjm igoejr{hrg `njmr{jm ancnj gy{ l{mn igvkq`{onj e`kc akqanmng

gji{ryqg vnjmnj inj hgj{hnj* Oejr{hrg m{`n ig Gjiejkrgn ykq{r hkjgjmony

hkjmgo{yg vkqynhancnj l{h`nc vkji{i{o vkjgjmonynj ynqnd cgi{v inj

vkqy{ha{cnj l{h`nc gji{qyqg wnjm hkhkq`{onj m{`n rkanmng ancnj ano{jwn*

Jnh{j vkjgjmonynj oejr{hrg m{`n ak`{h invny igghanjmg e`kc vqei{org m{`n

in`nh jkmkqg*

Vqei{org m{`n jnrgejn` ync{j 1664 hkjbnvng 19= l{yn yej jngo 1 + inqg

ync{j 166; #19 l{yn yej' rkinjmonj oka{y{cnj m{`n rkbnqn jnrgejn` nin`nc

rkakrnq 22 l{yn yej rkcgjmmn hnrgc oko{qnjmnj rkakrnq 632 l{yn yej* Rk`ngj gy{

qkjikhkj yka{ y{q{j inqg =31+ vnin 1664 hkjlnig =91+ vnin 166=* Vkj{q{jnj

rkanjwno 61> vegj gjg rkynqn ikjmnj okcg`njmnj m{`n rkigogyjwn =6 qga{ yej*

Okjngonj vqei{org m{`n igrkanaonj e`kc vkq`{nrnj nqkn`* Vnin 1664 nqkn yka{

rkogynq 276 qga{ cn ync{j 166= akqynhanc =>+ hkjlnig 91; qga{ cn*

Vkqynhancnj nqkn gjg invny hkjgjmonyonj vnreonj yka{ inqg 1774 l{yn yej

hkjlnig 21=7 l{yn yej nyn{ akqynhanc 3;+* Ig rgrg `ngj ogjkqln vqei{oygtgynr yno

akqnjlno jngo rkcgjmmn vqei{oygtgynr m{`n 166= `kagc qkjinc >9+ nyn{ akqo{qnjm

inqg ;3> yej%cn #1664' hkjlnig ;=2 yej%cn #166='* Cn` gjg invny ig`gcny vnin

yna`k >*

Ynak` > Inyn Vqei{oygtgynr Yka{ Gjiejkrgn 1664 ( 166=

Ln}n @{nq Ln}n Gjiejkrgn

O 1664 166= 1664 166= 1664 166=


14/86

1

Ykqinvny i{n lkjgr vkjm{rncnnj ynjnhnj yka{ ig Gjiejkrgn wngy{ yka{

rn}nc inj yka{ `ncnj okqgjm* Yka{ `ncnj okqgjm hkh{jmogjonj {jy{o

ig`no{onjjwn vkjmkvqnrnj rkana ygino igvkjmnq{cg e`kc ninjwn qeynrg ynjnhnj*

Ynjnhnj yka{ okvqnrnj nin`nc ynjnhnj yka{ wnjm akqnrn` inqg ynjnhnj vkqynhn

wnjm rkyk`nc ykanjmnj ig`nornjnonj*Y{jmm{`(y{jmm{`jwn igvk`gcnqn okhan`g

rnhvng hkjmcnrg`onj y{jnr(y{jnr anq{ wnjm okh{ignj hkjlnig ynjnhnj anq{*

Rkinjmonj y{jmm{`(y{jmm{` wnjm igvk`gcnqn ykqrka{y igrka{y qnyeej* Jeyelek}eje

#>739' in`nh Hekq}njieje inj Ghnh #>77>' hkjwnynonj anc}n vkjm{rncnnj

yka{ ikjmnj bnqn okvqnrnj nonj hkhakqgonj ok{jy{jmnj ignjynqnjwn nin`nc < #>'

hkjmckhny agnwn {jy{o vkjme`ncnj ynjnc inj vkjwkignnj agagy #1' `kagc

hkjmckhny }noy{ iganjigjmonj yka{ vkqynhnjwn inj #2' `kagc yncnj ykqcninv

okokqgjmnj*

Vkjm{rncnnj yka{ `ncnj okqgjm ikjmnj bnqn okvqnrnj igcninvonj vnin

okjin`n ykqlnigjwn vkj{q{jnj vqei{oygtgynr yka{ vkqckoynq iganjigjmonj ynjnhnj

vkqynhnjwn #Ebcrk ky* n` >74>'* E`kc Onqkjn gy{ vkhaejmonqnj qnyeej {jy{o

hkjmmnjygjwn ikjmnj agagy anq{ wnjm hkhv{jwng vqei{oygtgynr `kagc ygjmmg vkq`{

ig`no{onj*

Y{l{nj

Y{l{nj inqg okmgnynj hnmnjm gjg nin`nc {jy{o * Hkjgjmonyonj inj hkhvkq`{nr vkjmkync{nj hncnrgr}n in`nh hkjmnjn`grgr

hnrn`nc(hnrn`nc wnjm nin ig nvnjmnj

1* Hkjgjmonyonj okhnhv{nj vqedkrgejn` hncnrgr}n in`nh hkhncnhg vqerkr

okqln rkbnqn jwnyn


15/86

2

YGJLN[NJ V[RYNON

Aeynjg inj Heqde`emg Ynjnhnj Yka{

Yka{ #Rnbbcnq{h eddgbgjnq{h @*' ykqhnr{o in`nh dnhg`g Mqnhgjnk

r{adnhg`g Vnjgbegiknk ok`ehveo Njiqevemej inj mkj{r Rnbbcnq{h* Rnbbcnq{h

eddgbgjnq{h hkq{vnonj rvkrgkr vn`gjm vkjygjm in`nh mkj{r Rnbbcnq{h rkana

onji{jmnj r{oqernjwn vn`gjm ygjmmg inj onji{jmnj rkqnyjwn vn`gjm qkjinc*

Ynjnhnj yka{ hkhv{jwng rereo wnjm ygjmmg o{q{r ygino akqbnanjm inj

y{ha{c ykmno* Ynjnhnj wnjm y{ha{c ango ygjmmg anynjmjwn invny hkjbnvng 2

; hkykq nyn{ `kagc* Vnin anynjm ykqinvny `nvgrnj `g`gj wnjm akq}nqjn v{ygc inj

okna{(na{nj* @nvgrnj gjg anjwno ykqinvny rk}noy{ anynjm hnrgc h{in* Q{nr(q{nr

anynjm iganynrg e`kc a{o{(a{o{ wnjm hkq{vnonj ykhvny i{i{o in{j yka{* Ig

okygno in{j ykqinvny rka{nc o{jb{v wnjm agnrn igrka{y hnyn* Akjy{o q{nr

anynjm inj }nqjn anynjm yka{ wnjm akqtnqgnrg hkq{vnonj rn`nc rny{ bgqg in`nh

vkjmkjn`nj tnqgkynr yka{*

In{j yka{ ig {l{jm anynjm inj ykqvgrnc ok nqnc rnhvgjm rkgqgjm ikjmnj

vkqy{ha{cnj anynjm yka{* In{j yka{ ykqigqg nynr i{n anmgnj wngy{ vk`kvnc in{j

#`knd rcknyc' inj ck`ng inj #`knd a`nik' #]g``gnhr >7=7'* Vk`kvnc in{j

hkha{jmo{r%hkhan`{y q{nr anynjm* Vk`kvnc(vk`kvnc gjg rk`ngj hk`gji{jmg

anmgnj anynjm wnjm hnrgc `{jno l{mn hk`gji{jmg hnyn y{jnr* I{i{o in{j anynjm

akqrk`gjm vnin a{o{ q{nr wnjm akq{q{ynj* Ck`ng in{j akqakjy{o vgyn wnjm

vnjlnjmjwn > 1 hkykq inj `kanqjwn 1 = bh* Ykvg in{j akqmkqgmg okbg` inj

anjwno hkjmnji{jm rg`gony*

Nonq wnjm vkqynhn on`g ykqakjy{o inqg agagy ryko nin`nc nonq nitkjygd wnjm


16/86

9

Koe`emg Ynjnhnj Yka{

Rkr{ng ikjmnj inkqnc nrn`jwn rkanmng ynjnhnj yqevgr ynjnhnj yka{

y{ha{c ango ig inkqnc yqevgr ykynvg invny v{`n igy{ha{conj ig inkqnc r{a yqevgr

rnhvng mnqgr greykqh 166B wngy{ vnin on}nrnj wnjm akqnin ig njynqn 27

6@[ inj

2;6@R* R{c{ qnyn(qnyn ync{jnj rkangojwn akqnin ig nynr 16

6B inj ygino o{qnjm inqg

>=6B* Vkqy{ha{cnj wnjm evygh{h igbnvng vnin r{c{ 196 266B* Y{ha{cnj gjg

invny cgi{v vnin akqanmng okygjmmgnj h{`ng inqg vnjyng rnhvng inynqnj ygjmmg

#>966 h ig nynr vkqh{onnj `n{y%iv`'* Jnh{j h{`ng okygjmmgnj >166 h iv`

vkqy{ha{cnj hkjlnig nhany

Ynjnhnj yka{ hkjmckjinog b{qnc c{lnj ync{jnj >666 >1;6 hh

hkjwkanq hkqnyn #Ebcrk ky n` >74>'* Ebcrk ky n` #>74>' hkjnhanconj anc}n

c{lnj cnq{r y{q{j ykqny{q rk`nhn vkqy{ha{cnj tkmkynygd inj hkjlk`njm rnny

vkhnynjmnj ynjnhnj yka{ hkha{y{conj akakqnvn a{`nj okqgjm* Ig inkqnc

akqb{qnc c{lnj ygjmmg ighnjn ygino nin a{`nj okqgjm wnjm jwnyn yka{ nonj

y{ha{c ykq{r cgjmmn onji{jmnj r{oqern vnin anynjm qkjinc*

Ynjnhnj yka{ invny y{ha{c vnin akqanmng hnbnh ynjnc #]g``gnhr

>7=7'* Ynjnhnj yka{ nonj y{ha{c ango vnin ynjnc akqykory{q `khv{jm(akq`gny

`khv{jm(akqvnrgq inj `khv{jm(akqika{ ikjmnj okin`nhnj re`{h wnjm b{o{v

in`nh #6; >6 h' inj iqngjnrk ango* Iqngjnrk wnjm lk`ko invny hkjmnoganyonj

vkqy{ha{cnj wnjm ykqcnhany onqkjn ykqlnigjwn okq{rnonj(okq{rnonj vnin nonq*

Ygjmony vC ynjnc wnjm evygh{h {jy{o yka{ nin`nc 4; =6*

Ynjnhnj Okvqnrnj


17/86


18/86

4

HKYEIE@EMG

]noy{ inj Ykhvny

Okmgnynj hnmnjm gjg ig`nornjnonj rk`nhn khvny a{`nj inqg a{`nj Dkaq{nqg

166; rnhvng L{jg 166;* Hnmnjm akq`eonrg ig Vnaqgo M{`n #VM' Ylekogq Lehanjm

Ln}n Ygh{q*

Hkyeik Vk`nornjnnj

Hkyeik vk`nornjnnj okmgnynj hnmnjm ykqigqg nynr okqln `nvnjm inj

vkjmnhag`nj inyn* Hncnrgr}n akokqln rkbnqn `njmr{jm rkanmng onqwn}nj inj

hk`no{onj okmgnynj wnjm nin ig oka{j rk`nhn rny{ a{`nj* Rk`ngj gy{ hncnrgr}n

l{mn hk`nornjnonj okmgnynj hnjnlkqgn` hk`gv{yg akakqnvn yncnvnj lkjlnjm

hnjnlkqgn` h{`ng inqg vkjinhvgjm hnjieq rk`nhn rny{ a{`nj rnhvng ikjmnj

hkjlnig vkjinhvgjm RO] rk`nhn i{n a{`nj ykqnocgq {jy{o rkygnv lkjgr vkokqlnnj*

Vkjmnhag`nj inyn rko{jikq ig`no{onj hkjmgo{yg okmgnynj inj

vkjmnhag`nj inyn inqg rynrg{j vkqy{ha{cnj #mqe}yc rynygej' vnin Ikvnqykhkj

Vkjk`gygnj inj Vkjmkhanjmnj VYVJ S VM Ylekogq Lehanjm*

Inyn wnjm ignhag` akq{vn gjdeqhnrg hkjmkjng 339 inj ykq{r akqvqei{org rnhvng ikjmnj vkqnjm i{jgn GG*

Vnin ync{j >761 Vnaqgo M{`n Ylekogq vkqjnc hkjmn`nhg qkcnag`gynrg vnaqgo in`nhqnjmon vkjgjmonynj onvnrgynr vqei{org ikjmnj hkjmmnjyg akakqnvn gjryn`nrg

vnaqgo* Vkjwk`kjmmnqnnj vkjnjnhnj yka{ ig VM Ylekogq ig`nornjnonj e`kc Aninj

Vkjwk`kjmmnqn Vkq{rncnnj M{`n Jkmnqn #AVVMJ' rnhvng vkjnjnhnj yka{ ync{j

>793*

Rkyk`nc ykqlnigjwn norg Gqgnj Anqny #YQGOEQN' vnin ync{j >7;3 ykvnyjwnvnin ynjmmn` 3 Ikrkhakq >7;3 VM Ylekogq ignhag` n`gc e`kc vkhkqgjync Gjiejkrgn

ig an}nc r{ny{ aninj akq{vn vkq{rncnnj Vkqoka{jnj Jkmnqn Anq{* [jy{o

hkjmoeeqigjnrg vnaqgo(vnaqgo nyn{ vkqoka{jnj akonr hg`go Ak`njin ig Ln}n

Ygh{q vnin ync{j >7;7 >746 iganmg in`nh vqn {jgy ighnjn VM Ylekogq ykqhnr{o

vqn {jgy 9* Ikjmnj ninjwn Vkqny{qnj Vkhkqgjync #VV' Je* >44 ync{j >74> hnon

akjy{o vqn {jgy ig{anc hkjlnig in`nh akjy{o okrny{nj(okrny{nj ighnjn VM

Ylekogq ykqhnr{o in`nh okrny{nj Ln}n Ygh{q GG okh{ignj igakjy{o Aninj

Vghvgjnj [h{h Vkq{rncnnj Vkqoka{jnj Jkmnqn #AV[VVJ' M{`n inj ygnv(ygnv

vnaqgo m{`n iglnnigonj aninj c{o{h wnjm akqigqg rkjigqg* Hkj{q{y VV Je* > ync{j

>742 ighnjn VM Ylekogq akqnin ig an}nc vkjmn}nrnj AV[VVJ m{`n gjrvkorg

inkqnc TG wnjm akqoki{i{onj ig Ln`nj Lkhanynj Hkqnc 2 ; R{qnanwn*

Ikjmnj igok`{nqonjjwn VV Je* >2 ync{j >743 hnon AV[VVJ

M{`n%Onq{jm Mejg AV[VVJ Njkon Onqky AV[VVJ Njkon Ynjnhnj inj


22/86

>6

akqoki{i{onj ig Ln`nj Lkhanynj Hkqnc Je* 2 ; R{qnanwn* Akqinrnqonj VV Je*

12 ync{j >7=2 ykqcgy{jm h{`ng ynjmmn` > Lnj{nqg >7=9 VJV SSGG igmna{jm ikjmnj

VJV SSG in`nh akjy{o vkqrkqenj ykqanynr wngy{ VY* Vkqoka{jnj SSG SSGG

#Vkqrkqe' wnjm akqoki{i{onj ig Ln`nj Lkhanynj Hkqnc Je* 2 ; R{qnanwn* VM

Ylekogq hkjlnig rn`nc rny{ {jgy vqei{orgjwn inj aninj c{o{h akqnin vnin igqkorg

VYV SSG SSGG #Vkqrkqe'*

Ig ygjmony v{rny ikjmnj RO Hkjykqg Je* >1A%Ovyr%Eqm%GG%>7=2

vkq}nog`nj AO[ VJV }g`nwnc ig{anc hkjlnig Gjrvkorg VJ%VY Vkqoka{jnj* AO[

VJV }g`nwnc G rnhvng ikjmnj GT* VM Ylekogq in`nh cn` gjg ykqhnr{o gjrvkorg

}g`nwnc GT wngy{ VY* Vkoka{jnj SSG SSGG #Vkqrkqe'*

Vnin ync{j >779 akqinrnqonj RO Hkjykqg Ok{njmnj Je* >43%OHO*

6>4%>779 ynjmmn` 1 Hkg >779 hnon VYV SSG SSGG #Vkqrkqe' hkjlnig Mqe{v

VYV Ln}n Ykjmnc akqrnhn ikjmnj VYV ST STG VYV STGG VYV SGS inj VYV

SSTGG* Okh{ignj VV QG Je* >; ync{j >774 ykjynjm vk`ka{qnj Vkq{rncnnj

Vkqrkqenj #Vkqrkqe'* VYV SSG SSGG VYV SSTGG inj VYV SGS hkjlnig

Vkq{rncnnj Vkqrkqenj #Vkqrkqe' VY Vkqoka{jnj J{rnjynqn S*

@eonrg Vnaqgo

Vnaqgo M{`n Ylekogq ykq`kyno ig rkak`nc rk`nynj oeyn Lehanjm og`e hkykq 3

ig ln`nj qnwn Lehanjm Vnqk wnjm akqoki{i{onj ig Ikrn B{ogq Okbnhnynj Ig}ko

Ona{vnykj Lehanjm Vqevgjrg Ln}n Ygh{q ikjmnj okygjmmgnj / 46 h ig nynr

vkqh{onnj `n{y* @eonrg vnaqgo ykq`kyno ig i{n ln`{q `n`{ `gjynr ln`nj qnwn njynqn

oeyn Lehanjm hkj{l{ ok oeyn Vnqk inj ln`nj inqg B{ogq ok Hele}nqje* @kyno

Vnaqgo M{`n Ylekogq gjg hkhkj{cg rwnqny(rwnqny r{ny{ vkq{rncnnj* Vkjmnjmo{ynj


23/86

>>

hkhv{jwng rgrykh iqngjnrk ngq c{lnj ikjmnj onvnrgynr wnjm b{o{v {jy{o

hkjbkmnc anjlgq*

@{nr Nqkn` , Ynyn M{jn @ncnj inj ]g`nwnc Okqln

]g`nwnc okqln VM Ylekogq hk`gv{yg ik`nvnj okbnhnynj wngy{ M{ie Ig}ko

Lemeqeye Helenm{jm Hele}nqje Jmeqe Anqkjm inj ]ejern`nh ikjmnj `{nr

nqkn` wnjm bebeo {jy{o igynjnhg yna{ rk`{nr / >4*>796 cn ykqigqg nynr `ncnj

rn}nc inj ykmn`nj* @{nr `ncnj wnjm igynjnhg yka{ {jy{o h{rgh ynjnh #HY' 1669

166; rk`{nr / 9*4472 cn ikjmnj `{nr `ncnj rn}nc / 2*3724 cn #329+' inj

ykmn`nj ==;= cn#>44 +' ikjmnj oehvergrg yka{ rk}n #YR' rk`{nr / >929 cn

#2>+' inj yka{ qnowny #YQ' rk`{nr / 9*;1;7 cn #747+'* Vkjkjy{nj `ncnj

vkjnjnhnj yka{ akqinrnqonj ano{ rn}nc wnjm nin ig hnrgjm(hnrgjm }g`nwnc*

Ano{ rn}nc }g`nwnc VM Ylekogq invny ig`gcny vnin ynak` 1*

Ynak` 1 Ano{ Rn}nc Inj Veykjrg ]g`nwnc VM Ylekogq

Ano{ n}nc wnjm agrn igynjnhg yka{ #cn' Veykjrg yka{ #o{%cn'

]g`nwncRn}nc Ykmn` Vkonqnjmnj l{h nc Rn}nc Ykmn` L{h`nc

M{ie 117; ( ( 117; >2=; ( >2=;

Ig}ko 17>> 22= ( 2193 >1>9 364 >>66

Lemeqeye >=21 >>> ( >392 >6>3 =66 7=;

Helenm{jm 2=; ( ( 2=; 313 ( 313

Jmeqe 13>6 =94 ( 2;;4 >649 727 794

Anqkjm 224 212 ( 4;7 =44 =1= =;6

]ejern`nh 9> 24; 42 947 ( ;=6 ;=6

L{h`nc >92>1 >331 42 >41;= >666 =;6 7>6


24/86

>1

Mq{here` Ok`na{ oehv`kor Hkigykqnj Beo`ny inj @gyere` rkqyn @gyere` Beo`ny

okna{nj inj @nyere` Beo`ny okhkqncnj* Ikjmnj ikqnlny okhnrnhnj ynjnc #vC'

rkogynq 4 4*;* Vkqoka{jnj yka{ }g`nwnc VM Ylekogq ykhnr{o in`nh ygvk go`gh I

#Rbchgiyc inj Dkqm{rej' ikjmnj l{h`nc cnqg c{lnj qnyn(qnyn 32 cnqg l{h`nc

a{`nj anrnc qnyn(qnyn ; 4 a{`nj #Jetkhakq ( Nvqg`' inj b{qnc c{lnj ync{jnj

qnyn(qnyn 1222 hh*

Okninnj Ynjnhnj inj Vkqokhanjmnj Vqei{org

Ynjnhnj yka{ wnjm iga{iginwnonj ig VM Ylekogq ykqanmg in`nh ygmn wngy{

v`njy bnjk H{qjg #VBH' VB Aejmonq Qnyeej%qkv`njygjm bnjk inj

okvqnrnj%qnyeej bnjk ikjmnj `{nr nqkn` hnrgjm(hnrgjm {jy{o VB H{qjg rk`{nr

=2=1 cn VB Aejmonq Qnyeej rk`{nr >>6= cn inj Okvqnrnj rk`{nr 131;1 cn*

Tnqgkynr wnjm igynjnh vnin h{rgh ynjnh 1669 166; ykqanmg hkjlnig ygmn

onykmeqg wngy{ tnqgkynr hnrno n}n` #{h{q ykanjm >1 a{`nj' hnrno ykjmnc #{h{q

ykanjm >1 >9 a{`nj' inj hnrno nocgq #{h{q ykanjm >9 >4 a{`nj' ikjmnj

oehvergrg hnrgjm(hnrgjm rkanmgnj hkq{vnonj tnqgkynr `nhn inj rkanmgnj

tnqgkynr anq{* Inyn Tnqgkynr yka{ mg`gjm ig VM Ylekogq invny ig`gcny vnin yna`k 2*

Ynak` 2 Inyn Tnqgkynr Yka{ Mg`gjm ig VM Ylekogq

Je* Onykmeqg Tnqgkynr Tnqgkynr @nhn Tnqgkynr Anq{

N* Hnrno N}n` Vr* 36 991 Vr 3;>

YQGYEJ Vr 342Vr* 3> 496 A@

Vr* 36 >919 Vr 341

AH 73 6>

Vr* 37 >7;17

Vr* 73 1;;>2

Vr AH 33 >7=


25/86

>2

Vkqokhanjmnj vqei{org yka{ mg`gjm vnin vkqgeik ync{j 1669 166;

rkakrnq 362 {jy{o qkjikhkj inj =43 {jy{o cna`{q* Cn` gjg invny ig`gcny vnin

yna`k 9*

Ynak` 9 Inyn Vqei{oygtgynr Yka{ Mg`gjm Hnrn Ynjnh 1669 166;

@{nr Vqei{org #yej' vqei{oygtgynr #yej%cn'

Onykmeqg #cn'

Yka{ Cna`{q Yka{ Qkji #+' cna`{q

@ncnj rn}ncYRR G GV@ >=3 11*;>6 >*3>324 >14; 363 >611

YRR GG GV@ 7; >6*2;6 3297; >637 36= 3=7

L{h`nc 1=2 21*346 1*342,2> >16,9 3,6= 7,=1YQR G O 7=; >>;*=1; 7*17=>; >>3= 362 7;9

YQR GG O >*>12 >>9*;91 7*>3;32 >616 361 3>3

L{h`nc 1*673 126*14= >3*931,73 >67,3 3,62 3,3>

YQR G H 37 4*9>6 ;>29> =16 36> ;==YQR GG H ;23 23*>4; 2*6;941 =67 366 ;43

L{h`nc 41= 99*;=; 2*;43,62 =>,> 3,66 ;,47

L{h`nc rn}nc 1773 26=*=61 19*=69,21 >61,4 3,62 3,19

@ncnj ykmn`YQY G O 26= 12*366 >*7676> ==; 361 411

YQY GG O 946 29*34; 1*=71;4 =;3 36> 46=

L{h`nc =4= ;3*44; 9*=6>,;= =4,; 3,6> 4,>2

YQY G H =7 ;*;9; 999;> =61 361 ;42YQY GG H >;4 >6*=4; 341;> 476 36> ;;2

L{h`nc 12; >4,2>6 >*26=,61 47,9 3,6> ;,;4

L{h`nc ykmn` >*661 =9*7=; 4*663,;7 =9,3 3,6> 4,66

Yeyn` 9666 321*4== 26*=>1,7> 7;,= 3,62 =,43

R{hakq < `nv*inyn(ynj%qkjbnjn%vqei**ym*62(6=

Vnaqgo M{`n Ylekogq hkjmcnrgònj vqei{o {ynhn akq{vn m{`n inj vqei{o

rnhvgjmnj akq{vn ykykr #he`nrrkr' aèyejm na{ okyk` inj nhvnr yka{ #anmnrk'*

Ykykr igm{jnonj rkanmng ancnj ano{ anmg gji{ryqg hejereig{h m`{ynhny #HRM'

inj gji{ryqg nòece` aèyejm inj na{ okyk` igm{jnonj rkanmng v{v{o eqmnjgo


26/86

>9

rynrg{j mg`gjmnj rynrg{j v{ykqnj rynrg{j ykjmnc rynrg{j `gryqgo rynrg{j gjryq{hkj

inj `ngj(`ngj* Inyn ogjkqln vnaqgo invny ig`gcny vnin yna`k ;*

Ynak` ; Inyn Ogjkqln Vnaqgo

[qngnj Yeyn`

Onvnrgynr mg`gjm gjo`{rgd #o{' 14*;66

Onvnrgynr mg`gjm koro`{rgd #o{ 17*666

Cnqg mg`gjm #cnqg' >;6

Lnh akqckjyg #+' 72=

CVA yeyn` 3371

VRCO 747=

Kdgrgkjrg mg`gjmnj #+' 3412

]gjykq qkjikhkj 7=;6

Dnoyeq qkjikhkj 644

Kdgrgkjrg vnaqgo #+' 396=;

R{hakq < @nveqnj og`ny >; cnqgnj vkqgeik S VM Ylekogq

Ryq{oy{q Eqmnjgrnrg inj Y{mnr Okvkmn}ngnj

Vnaqgo M{`n Ylekogq hkq{vnonj {jgy vqei{org inqg VY Vkqoka{jnj

J{rnjynqn S #Vkqrkqe' wnjm igvghvgj e`kc rkeqnjm nihgjgryqny{q wnjm

akqoki{i{onj ig `eonrg vnaqgo m{`n* Nihgjgryqny{q akqynjmm{jm ln}na vkj{c

okvnin igqkoy{q {ynhn in`nh vk`nrnjnnj y{mnr inj ok}nlganj wnjm yk`nc

igakqgonj e`kc onjyeq igqkorg* Rkeqnjm nihgjgryqny{q iganjy{ e`kc akakqnvn okvn`n

anmgnj wngy{ okvn`n anmgnj ynjnhnj okvn`n anmgnj gjryn`nrg okvn`n anmgnj

vkjme`ncnj inj okvn`n anmgnj nihgjgryqnrg ok{njmnj inj {h{h #NO['* Ryq{oy{q

eqmnjgrnrg vkq{rncnnj invny ig`gcny vnin `nhvgqnj >*

O ` a g y a y y o a y l a o i


27/86


28/86

>4

R{r{jnj Vkqrejn`gn

Akqinrnqonj ryny{r okvkmn}ngnjjwn onqwn}nj VM Ylekogq igakinonj nynr

onqwn}nj vghvgjnj%rynd inj onqwn}nj vk`nornjn%jejrynd* onqwn}nj vghvgjnj%rynd

ykqigqg nynr nihgjgryqny{q akrkqyn okvn`n anmgnj inj vkhanjy{(vkhanjy{jwn*

Onqwn}nj vk`nornjn%jejrynd iganmg hkjlnig i{n wngy{ onqwn}nj ykynv inj

onqwn}nj h{rghnj wnjm hk`gv{yg hnjieq%VYQG hkonjgo inj evkqnyeq*

Onqwn}nj ykynv akokqln ango in`nh }noy{ mg`gjm hn{v{j ig `{nq }noy{ mg`gjm*

Onqwn}nj h{rghnj akokqln rkr{ng ikjmnj oejyqno inj cejeqkq* Onqwn}nj cnqgnj

wnjm hk`gv{yg onqwn}nj onhvnjwk wnjm akokqln cnjwn vnin }noy{ h{rgh mg`gjm

onqwn}nj oejyqno }noy{ ykqykjy{ #OO]Y'%onqwn}nj `ngj(`ngj akokqln rk}noy{(

}noy{ okygon VM hkha{y{conj ykjnmn ynhancnj inj onqwn}nj aeqejmnj wnjm

akokqln akqinrnqonj rgrykh aeqejmnj {jy{o vkokqlnnj wnjm rgdnyjwn rk`krng in`nh

rny{ }noy{ rkvkqyg a{q{c cnqgnc `kvnr #AC@'* L{h`nc onqwn}nj VM Ylekogq invny

ig`gcny vnin yna`k 4*

Ynak` 4 L{h`nc Onqwn}nj VM Ylekogq 166;

Onqwn}nj L{h`ncOnqwn}nj ykynv

Onqwn}nj Vghvgjnj 21 eqnjm

Onqwn}nj Ykynv 2>> eqnjm

L{h`nc 292 eqnjm

Onqwn}nj ygino ykynv

Onqwn}nj Onhvnjwk 93; eqnjmOnqwn}nj H{rghnj 12 eqnjm

Onqwn}nj Aeqejmnj i`` 191 eqnjm

L{h`nc =;6 eqnjm

L{h`nc > 672 eqnjm


29/86

>=

YKOJGO A[IGINWN

A{iginwn ig @ncnj Rn}nc

A{iginwn yka{ ig `ncnj rn}nc hkhkq`{onj akakqnvn ygjinonj o{`y{q

ykojgr vnin `ncnj rn}nc* Vkha{njmnj ngq vnin rnny(rnny vkqynhn vkjme`ncnj

`ncnj rnjmny igvkq`{onj nmnq ynjnc ygino ykq`n`{ anrnc #iqngjnrk ykqlnmn'*

Vkqrgnvnj @ncnj

@ncnj wnjm igm{jnonj ig }g`nwnc okqln VM Ylekogq igakinonj hkjlnig i{n

wngy{ `ncnj YQGR #yka{ qnowny gjykjrgdgonrg onykmeqg rn}nc' nyn{ YQGY #yka{ qnowny

gjykjrgdgonrg onykmeqg ykmn`nj' wnjm hkq{vnonj ynjnc hg`go vkynjg inj igokè`n

e`kc vkynjg inj `ncnj YR #yka{ rk}n' wnjm hkq{vnonj ynjnc vkynjg wnjm igrk}n

VM {jy{o igokè`n e`kc VM {jy{o YR ig VM Ylekogq rkh{n onykmeqg `ncnjjwn

nin`nc ncnj rn}nc*

In`nh vkjwk}nnj `ncnj vkq`{ ig`no{onj r{qtkg `ncnj wnjm hkhkj{cg

vkqrwnqnynj {jy{o a{iginwn yka{* Rwnqny ykqrka{y njynqn `ngj vkhnr{onj inj

vkha{njmnj ngq `njbnq ykqinvny ln`nj ykanjm inj `{nrjwn hgjghn` rny{ ckoynq*

Vky{mnr VM heèag vkynjg vkhg`go `ncnj inj jkmergnrg cnqmn rk}n rkyk`nc

igrky{l{g inj nin okrkvnonynj inqg oki{n vgcno rk`njl{yjwn hk`gcny vkyn ano{

rn}nc ig ikrn inj hk`no{onj vkjm{o{qnj `njmr{jm ok `ncnj {jy{o okh{ignjigmnhanq e`kc l{q{ mnhanq }g`nwnc VM*

Vkjme`ncnj @ncnj


30/86

>3

Vkqynhn(ynhn wnjm ig`no{onj in`nh rgrykh vkjme`ncnj ynjnc Qkwjere

nin`nc vkha{nynj mey ok`g`gjm wngy{ mey wnjm hkjmk`g`gjmg `ncnj* Mey gjg

hkhv{jwng `kanq 46 bh ikjmnj okin`nhnj 76 bh* Rkyk`nc mey ok`g`gjm rk`krng

iga{ny mey h{l{q wnjm vergrgjwn rklnlnq ikjmnj l{qgjmnj #ikqky ynjnhnj yka{

jnjygjwn'* [o{qnj mey h{l{q nin`nc `kanq 46 bh inj in`nhjwn 36 bh* Lnqno

njynqn mey h{l{q rny{ ikjmnj `ngjjwn nin`nc 41; hkykq* Mey ykqnocgq nin`nc mey

hn`njm wnjm vergrgjwn ykmno `{q{r ikjmnj anon` l{qgjmnj* @kanq mey hn`njm ;6

bh inj okin`nhnj =6 bh rkinjmonj lnqno njynq mey hn`njm nin`nc 3 hkykq* Vnin

vqgjjrgvjwn okin`nhnj okygmn mey ykqrka{y akqakin >6 bh nmnq vkha{njmnj ngq

`njbnq* Rkyk`nc vkha{nynj mey rk`krng ykqanmg`nc `ncnj ykqrka{y hkjlnig oeyno(

oeyno ikjmnj `{nr ;66 h1* Rkcgjmmn in`nh rny{ ckoynq `ncnj ykqinvny 16 oeyno

in`nh rkygnv oeyno iga{ny l{qgjmnj*

L{qgjmnj #`{anjm ynjnh' iga{ny ikjmnj vergrg rklnlnq ikjmnj mey h{l{q inj

inj ykmno `{q{r ikjmnj mey hn`njm* Lnqno VOV #v{rny ok v{rny' {jy{o ynjnhnj

yka{ mg`gjm nin`nc >69 bh 9; bh {jy{o l{qgjm inj ;7 bh {jy{o a`nanmnj #ynjnc

{jy{o hk`kynoonj a{njmnj cnrg` mn`gnj l{qgjmnj wnjm igy{hv{o hkhakjy{o

m{`{inj' ikjmnj okin`nhnj l{qgjmnj 26 bh* In`nh rny{ oeyno ykqinvny ;4

l{qgjmnj rkcgjmmn in`nh rny{ ckoynq nin >>16 l{qgjmnj* L{qgjmnj iga{ny igh{`ng

inqg nqnc vny{rnj nyn{ ikjmnj onyn `ngj inqg inkqnc wnjm `kagc qkjinc ok inkqnc

wnjm `kagc ygjmmg* Cn` gjg akqy{l{nj nmnq ngq wnjm ykqinvny vnin vkyno `ncnj invny

rkmkqn igok`{nqonj {jy{o hkjlnmn iqngjnrk ynjnc* Vnin `ncnj wnjm inynq

vkjkjy{nj nqnc mey h{l{q mey hn`njm inj l{qgjmnj igrkr{ngonj ikjmnj nqnc rgjnqhnyncnqg wngy{ nqnc {ynqn rk`nynj {jy{o nqnc l{qgjmnj* Cn` gjg ighnor{ionj nmnq

vkqrkanqnj rgjnq hnyncnqg wnjm iginvnyonj ynjnhnj agrn hkqnyn* Vnin rgrg

l{qgjmnj wnjm akcninvnj ikjmnj mey hn`njm igakqg vnjlnjm h{on {jy{o


31/86

>7

Vkhagagynj

Agagy wnjm nonj igynjnh {jy{o yka{ mg`gjm ig VM Ylekogq akqnrn` inqg

OAI #oka{j agagy inynq' wnjm igokè`n e`kc VM wnjm agnrn igrka{y OAI(VM nyn{

wnjm igokè`n e`kc vkynjg ikjmnj ykynv ig an}nc vkjmn}nrnj VM wnjm agnrn

igrka{y OAI Lnrn%OAI Okqln Rnhn* Cn` gjg igrkanaonj agagy igvg`gc wnjm

akqh{y{ ango nmnq invny hkjmcnrgònj qkjikhkj wnjm ygjmmg* Agagy wnjm akqh{y{

ango nin`nc hkhv{jwng inwn y{ha{c : 76 + ygjmony okh{qjgnj : 7; + cnagy{r

anynjm jeqhn` rkr{ng tnqgkynrjwn inj akqnrn` inqg OAI wnjm rkcny*

Vkjnjmonqnj agagy* Agagy wnjm igokè`n e`kc VM Ylekogq akqnrn` inqg

V2MG #V{rny Vkjk`gygnj inj Vkjmkhanjmnj M{`n Gjiejkrgn' ig Vnr{q{nj inj

rkanmgnj `nmg akqnrn` inqg V{r`gyanjm #V{rny Vkjk`gygnj inj Vkjmkhanjmnj' VYVJ

S #Vkqrkqe' wnjm akqèonrg ig Lkjmoe` Okigqg* Vqerkr vkhagagynj ykqrka{y hk`n`{g

khvny `njmonc wnjm vkqynhn agagy igynjnh ig OAV #oka{j agagy veoeo' vnin

rkogynq a{`nj Hnqky ikjmnj `{nr 6> + inqg `{nr `ncnj vkqoka{jnj yka{ jnjygjwn*

Cnrg` vkjnjnhnj gjg ignhag` inj igynjnh ig OAJ #oka{j agagy jkjko' vnin

rkogynq a{`nj Eoyeakq ikjmnj `{nr 6; + inqg `{nr `ncnj yka{ jnjygjwn* Agagy inqg

OAJ igynjnh ig OAG #oka{j agagy gji{o' vnin rkogynq a{`nj Nvqg` ync{j

akqgo{yjwn ikjmnj `{nr `ncnj 1;+ inqg `{nr `ncnj yka{ jnjygjwn*Inqg OAG

igcnrgònj agagy {jy{o igynjnh ig OAI #oka{j agagy inynq' vnin rkogynq a{`nj

Jetkhakq ikjmnj `{nr `ncnj >1; + inqg `{nr `ncnj yka{ jnjygjwn*

Vkqrkj `{nr `ncnj ig nynr invny igykqnjmonj rkanmng akqgo{y* Agagy inqg >

cn OAV invny igynjnh ig OAJ rk`{nr ; cn* Agagy inqg > cn OAJ invny igynjnh ig

OAG rk`{nr ; cn* Rny{ ckoynq OAG hkjmcnrgònj agagy wnjm invny igynjnh ig OAI


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16

Ynak` = Lni}n` Vk`nornjnnj Vkhanjm{jnj Oka{j Agagy

Je [qngnj Okmgnynj Ln

Dk

Hn

Nv

Hk

Lj

L`

Nm

Rv

Eo

Je

Ik

G*

GG*

GGG

GT

Vkhanjm{jnj Oka{j

Agagy Veoeo #OAV'

( Vkqrgnvnj @ncnj

( Vkjme`ncnj `ncnj

( Vkjnjnhnj Agagy

( Vkhk`gcnqnnj

( Rk`korg Agagy( Ykanjm%Njmo{y

Vkhanjm{jnj Oka{j

Agagy Jkjko #OAJ'

( Vkqrgnvnj @ncnj

( Vkjme`ncnj `ncnj

( Vkjnjnhnj Agagy

( Vkhk`gcnqnnj

( Rk`korg Agagy

( Ykanjm%Njmo{y

Vkhanjm{jnj Oka{j

Agagy Gji{o #OAG'

( Vkqrgnvnj @ncnj

( Vkjme`ncnj `ncnj

( Vkjnjnhnj Agagy

( Vkhk`gcnqnnj

( Rk`korg Agagy

( Ykanjm%Njmo{yVkhanjm{jnj Oka{j

Agagy Inynq #OAI'

( Vkqrgnvnj @ncnj

( Vkjme`ncnj `ncnj

( Vkjnjnhnj Agagy

( Vkhk`gcnqnnj

( Rk`korg Agagy

( Ykanjm%Njmo{y

Hnbnh agagy* Agagy yka{ wnjm igm{jnonj ig VM Ylekogq nin`nc agagy anmn`

wnjm hkq{vnonj vkqy{ha{cnj inqg hnyn y{jnr wnjm ykqinvny ig rkygnv a{o{


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1>

wnjm rkak`{hjwn yk`nc nin {jy{o hkjmcnrgònj oèj anq{ ikjmnj rgdny

ok{jmm{`nj wnjm igcnqnvonj* Lkjgr yka{ anq{ wnjm ak`{h vkqjnc igokhanjmonj

rkbnqn oehkqrgn` ig{lg in`nh vkqbeannj eqtnq #eqgkjynrg tnqgkynr' ig ygjmony VM

{jy{o hkjmkync{g tnqgkynr wnjm rkr{ng {jy{o }g`nwnc VM ykqrka{y* Ninv{j {q{y(

{q{ynj {jy{o hkjm{lg lkjgr ykqrka{y nin`nc rkyk`nc vkqbeannj eqtnq ig`njl{yonj

vnin vkyno vkqbeannj wnjm `kagc akrnq wngy{ vkqbeannj }nqyka #}nq{jm yka{'

ig`njl{yonj ikjmnj vkqbeannj ikhvèy #ikhe vèy' ikjmnj `{nrnj wnjm `kagc

akrnq `nmg* Inqg vkqbeannj ykqrka{y nonj ykq`gcny tnqgkynr(tnqgkynr wnjm bebeo

{jy{o igokhanjmonj rkbnqn oehkrgn`* Tnqgkynr(tnqgkynr wnjm igjg`ng rkr{ng {jy{o

igokhanjmonj ig }g`nwnc VM ykqrka{y ig`no{onj qnygjm tnqgkynr wnjm ig`no{onj

e`kc vkynjg VM igjnr vkqoka{jnj ygjmony okbnhnynj nyn{ ona{vnykj inj V2MG*

Tnqgkynr(tnqgkynr yka{ ykqrka{y okh{ignj iggikjygdgonrg rgdny aeynjgr inj

nmqejehgrjwn {jy{o okh{ignj igokhanjmonj ig hnrgjm(hnrgjm VM*

Rk`korg agagy* Okmgnynj rk`korg agagy akq{vn hkhaejmonq inj

hkjmk`{nqonj q{hv{j(q{hv{j tnqgkynr `ngj inqg oka{j agagy nmnq okh{qjgnj

tnqgkynr in`nh rny{ oka{j ykqlnmn rkqyn hkjwk`korg rkqnjmnj cnhn inj vkjwnogy*

Rk`korg agagy ig`no{onj ygmn on`gwngy{ vnin }noy{ ynjnhnj akq{h{q i{n a{`nj

khvny a{`nj inj hkjlk`njm vkjkanjmnj agagy anmn` vnin {h{q ynjnhnj rkogynq

;; a{`nj*

Ykojgo a{iginwn yka{ agagy* Oka{j {jy{o agagy ige`nc ikjmnj bnqn rnhn

rkvkqyg vnin vkjme`ncnj `ncnj ig oka{j yka{ mg`gjm #OYM'* Cnjwn rnln VOV #lnqno

veoeo ok veoeo l{qgjmnj' {jy{o `{anjm ynjnh agagy rkakrnq 7; bh* Agagy inqg

ykanjmnj oka{j agagy lkjlnjm rkak`{hjwn wnjm r{inc igo`kjyko igveyejm(veyejm

inj igreqynrg igkbkq vnin ygnv m{`{i {jy{o hkjmny{q l{h`nc agagy wnjm igynjnh


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11

ig`no{onj vnin ynjnhnj agagy wnjm hnyg nyn{ q{rno ikjmnj ancnj wnjm rk{h{q

inj tnqgkynr wnjm rnhn* Vkjw{`nhnj agagy qnw{jmnj ig`no{onj vn`gjm `nhany

rkhgjmm{ rkr{inc ynjnh rkinjmonj vnin agagy anmn` i{n hgjmm{ rkyk`nc ynjnh*

Agagy igykanjm vnin {rgn = 7 a{`nj cn` gjg igrkanaonj e`kc hnyn vnin

anmn` wnjm h{in nonj `kagc bkvny y{ha{c iganjigjmonj ikjmnj wnjm y{n*

Vkjkanjmnj ig`no{onj ynjvn vkjmo`kjykonj nmnq ok`khananj inj oninq ngq in`nh

anmn` ykynv ykqlnmn* In`nh vkjkanjmnjjwn ynjnhnj igrgrnonj 2 9 q{nr {jy{o

igqnw{jm* Vkjmnjmo{ynj agagy ig`no{onj in`nh okninnj hnrgc ykqrk`gh{yg e`kc

ini{o%in{j okqgjm* Okmgnynj rk`njl{yjwn nin`nc vkhaejmonqnj agagy

vkjmo`kjykonj vkheyejmnj inj reqynrg wngy{ igvgrnconj njynqn agagy v{b{o agagy

ykjmnc inj agagy vnjmon` inj hkha{njm hnyn wnjm ygino y{ha{c*

Vkjnjnhnj

Rkak`{h agagy igynjnh {jy{o hkhvkqh{inc vkjnjnhnj l{qgjmnj igngqg

ykq`kagc inc{`{ ikjmnj yghan rkb{o{vjwn* Rkyk`nc gy{ agagy igkbkq nmnq vkhanmgnj

agagy hkqnyn inj l{h`nc agagy ygnv l{qgjmnj l{mn hkqnyn* Rkak`{h agagy igynjnh`{anjm ynjnh igakqg v{v{o RV(24 ykq`kagc inc{`{* Agagy anmn` ig`kynoonj hkjinynq

ikjmnj hnyn y{jnr ykq`kyno ig rnhvgjm* Agagy ig`kynoonj inj igy{y{v ikjmnj ynjnc

nmnq ygino akqmkrkq* Agagy igynjnh `{q{r inj vnin {l{jm l{qgjmnj igakqg r{hvgjmnj

{jy{o r{`nhnj* Oka{y{cnj agagy in`nh rny{ l{qgjm {jy{o agagy anmn` nin`nc 13

anynjm vkq l{qgjm rkinjmonj {jy{o qnw{jmnj rkanjwno 13 anynjm vkq l{qgjm*

Vkhk`gcnqnnj


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12

rkhgjmm{ ag`n hkhnong agagy qnw{jmnj nyn{ vnin {h{q khvny hgjmm{ ag`n

hkjmm{jnonj agagy anmn`* Agagy r{`nhnj iginvny inqg r{hvgjmnj nyn{ agagy

ikikqnj* Vkjw{`nhnj oki{n ig`no{onj khvny hgmm{ rkyk`nc vkjw{`nhnj vkqynhn

nyn{ ag`n in`nh rny{ l{qgjmnj ak`{h y{ha{c 76+ y{jnr* Agagy {jy{o r{`nhnj

oki{n igvkqe`kc inqg rgrn r{hvgjmnj rka`njmnj #hkhkbnc q{hv{j' nyn{ v{ykqnj

#hkhgjinconj q{hv{j'*

Vkhakqgnj Ngq* Ngq anjwno igm{jnonj vnin vkqy{ha{cnj n}n` rnhvng

akq{h{q 9 rnhvng ; a{`nj* Rkhnogj y{n ynjnhnj yka{ rkhnogj rkigogy ngq wnjm

iga{y{conj* Vkhakqgnj ngq vkqynhn igakqgonj hkjlk`njm inj rkr{inc ynjnh*

Rkyk`nc gy{ vkjwgqnhnj ig`no{onj 2 cnqg rkon`g rnhvng {h{q ynjnhnj 1 hgjmm{*

Rnny {h{q ynjnhnj 1 rnhvng 9 hgjmm{ vkjwgqnhnj ig`no{onj 1 on`g rkhgjmm{*

]noy{ ynjnhnj akq{h{q 9 rnhvng 4 hgjmm{ vkjwgqnhnj ig`no{onj rkhgjmm{

rkon`g* Rnny ynjnhnj akq{h{q 4 rnhvng >4 hgjmm{ vkjwgqnhnj rka{`nj rkon`g*

Vkjwgqnhnj wnjm ykqnocgq ig`no{onj rkak`{h m{`{i ykqnocgq* Ag`n rnny vkjwgqnhnj

akqrnhnnj ikjmnj vkh{v{onj hnon wnjm ig`no{onj ykq`kagc inc{`{ nin`nc

vkh{v{onj ig`njl{yonj ikjmnj vkjwgqnhnj*

Vkhk`gcnqnnj Mey* Y{l{nj {ynhn vkhk`gcnqnnj mey nin`nc {jy{o hkjlnmn

nmnq iqngjnrk ykynv ango* Okmgnynjjwn hk`gv{yg vkhakqrgcnj mey vkqangonj

igjigjm mey wnjm q{rno inj vkjin`nhnj mey* Vkjin`nhnj mey wnjm r{inc injmon`

ighnor{ionj nmnq mey ykynv in`nh* Vkjinjmon`nj mey igrkanaonj e`kc lny{cjwnynjnc ok in`nh mey nogany ykqgjlno nyn{ ykqogogr c{lnj*

Vkh{v{onj* Vkh{v{onj ynjnhnj yka{ cnq{r hkhvkqcnygonj lkjgr iergr


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19

v{v{o OB` nyn{ \O* L{h`nc v{v{o wnjm igvnong igrkr{ngonj ikjmnj lnjgr

ynjncjwn* Cn` gjg agrn ig`gcny vnin ynak` 3* [jy{o oka{j yka{ rk}n #YR' VM

Ylekogq rkak`{h vkjnjnhnj ig`no{onj njn`grn bejyec ynjnc ig rkygnv oka{j

{jy{o igokync{g l{h`nc {jr{q cnqn wnjm iga{y{conj {jy{o ynjnhnj yka{*

a* ]noy{ inj Bnqn Vkh{v{onjV{v{o RV 24 igakqgonj rkak`{h vkjnjnhnj* Bnqnjwn v{v{o igrkanq

hkqnyn vnin inrnq l{qgjmnj* V{v{o \N igakqgonj i{n on`g iergrjwn akqmnjy{jm

vnin okykqrkignnj ngq vnin inkqnc gy{*

Ynak` 3 L{h`nc V{v{o \N ig Inkqnc wnjm Ykqlnhgj inj O{qnjm Ykqlnhgj

Ngqjwn

Inkqnc ngq

Ykqlnhgj o{qnjm Ykqlnhgj

\N G >%2 >%1 iergr >%1 1%2 iergr

\N GG >%1 1%2 iergr >%2 >%1 iergr

R{hakq < Igqkoyeqny Agjn Vqei{org>737

Vkhakqgnj \N G akqrnhnnj ikjmnj vkhakqgnj OB`* ]noy{jwn

rkhgjmm{ rkyk`nc ynjnh {jy{o agagy qnw{jmnj nyn{ i{n hgjmm{ rkyk`nc ynjnh

{jy{o agagy anmn`* Vkh{v{onj ig`no{onj ikjmnj hkj{mn` l{qgjmnj rkin`nh >6

bh inj akqlnqno >6 bh inqg agagy* @kyno `{anjm v{v{o \N G ikjmnj OB` rn`gjm

akqrkakqnjmnj* Vkh{v{onj \N GG ig`no{onj khvny hgjmm{ rkyk`nc vkh{v{onj

\N G ikjmnj bnqn wnjm rnhn* Jnh{j ykhvnyjwn akqrkakqnjmnj ikjmnj `{anjm

\N G* Ninv{j iergr \N RV 24 inj OB` nin`nc =


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1;

Ikjmnj ykjnmn hnj{rgn vkhakqrgcnj ig`no{onj khvny on`g ikjmnj rk`njm }noy{

ygmn hgjmm{ rkyk`nc ynjnh* Rnhvng {h{q khvny a{`nj `ncnj cnq{r akanr m{`hn

nmnq ygino ykqlnig vkqrngjmnj vkjwkqnvnj {jr{q cnqn ynjnc*

Ckqagrgin wnjm igm{jnonj nin`nc ckqagrgin vqn y{ha{c #vqk(khkqmkjbk'

ikjmnj oehvergrg 1; 2 `gykq vkq ckoynq ckqagrgin akqancnj noygd nhkyqgj

igynhanc >; `gykq vkq ckoynq ckqagrgin akqancnj noygd 19 I #19 ighkycw`nhgjn'*

Bnhv{qnj gy{ ig`nq{yonj in`nh 966 `gykq ngq* Iergr gjg {jy{o rny{ ckoynq ynjnhnj*

Vkqcgy{jmnj iergr ykqrka{y nin`nc rkanmng akqgo{y 66 + 8 64 +

966 `

>; `

Iergr 19 I 8 S >66 + 8 69 +

966 `

]noy{ vkjwkhvqeynj 6 = cnqg rkyk`nc vkjnjnhnj* Lkjgr m{`hn wnjm

hkjwkqnjm ykqigqg nynr m{`hn akqin{j `kanq akqin{j rkhvgy%q{hv{y inj ykog*

Lkjgr m{`hn ykqrka{y agrn ig`gcny vnin ynak` 7*

Ynak` 7 M{`hn Iehgjnj ig Vkqynjnhnj Yka{ ]g`nwnc Okqln VM Ylekogq 1669

166;

Lkjgr m{`hn Rvkrgkr

Ykog Bwvkq{r behvqkr{r, Bwvkq{r qey{ji{r @*

M{`hn in{j rkhvgy Bwjeiej inbyw`ej, Igmgynqngn nrbkjikjrr

nyn{ q{hv{y Igmgynqgn rnjm{gjn`gr, K`k{rgjk gjigbn @*

Inbyw`ebykjg{h nkmwvy{h, Aqnbcgnqgn hg`gdeqhgr*

M{`hn in{j `kanq Aeqqkqgn n`nyn #N{a`*' I* BHgonjgn hgbqnjycn C

A* OHeheqigbn bcnqnjygn @* B`kehk mgjnjiqn

@*Nhnqnjyc{r rvgjer{r*

R{hakq < @gyanjm* VM Ylekogq

14


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14

akq{h{q ; a{`nj* Rkyk`nc hk`k}nyg {h{q ykqrka{y ygino `nmg ig`no{onj

vkjmkjin`gnj ykynvg ykynv ig`no{onj vkjmn}nrnj* Cn` gjg akqy{l{nj {jy{o

hkjmcgjinqg d`{oy{nrg rkqnjmnj vkjwnogy wnjm ykq`n`{ ygjmmg* Rkqnjmnj vkjwnogy

invny igbkmnc ikjmnj vkq`no{nj ngq vnjnr #cey }nykq yqknyhkjy' nyn{

hkjbk`{vonj vgrn{ vkheyejm agagy in`nh `nq{ynj `wre` 16+ nyn{ n`oece` =6+

inj vkhakqgnj jkhnygrgin }noy{ vkjme`ncnj ynjnc Rk`ngj gy{ vkjnjnhnj

tnqgkynr yka{ yncnj vkjwnogy vkhg`gcnj agagy wnjm rkcny inj vkjlnmnnj

okakqrgcnj oka{j l{mn invny hkjbkmnc rkqnjmnj vkjwnogy* Rk`ngj gy{ @gyanjm

anmgnj ynjnhnj VM Ylekogq hkhagnoonj vnqnrgy Yqgbcemqnhn rv* in`nh

akjy{o vgnr wnjm akqgrg 1*;66 yk`{q vkq vgnr* Vkhnrnjmnj vgnr ig`no{onj ygnv

hgjmm{ rkon`g rk`nhn khvny ak`nr hgjmm{ h{`ng ynjnhnj akq{h{q >; cgjmmn

1 a{`nj rkanjwno i{n vgnr vkq ckoynq*Lkjgr cnhn inj vkjwnogy wnjm anjwno hkjwkqnjm ynjnhnj yka{ ig

}g`nwnc okqln VM Ylekogq akrkqyn mkln`njwn nin`nc rkanmng akqgo{y 6 >

Qkmere`%@gyere`%Onhagre` = 3 6 > > 1

@nyere` = 3 6 1 > 2

Mq{h{re` = 3 > 1 > 2

Hkigykqnj 3 7 6 1 > 1

Veire`go Hkqnc O{jgjm 4 = 1 2 1 9

R{hakq < Igqkoyeqny Agjn Vqei{org >737

Vkh{v{onj ig`no{onj i{n on`g wngy{ vkh{v{on G inj GG* Vkh{v{onj G

ykqigqg nynr J rkvkqygmn iergr V rny{ iergr inj O rkvkqygmn iergr igakqgonj ikjmnj

bnqn igyna{q in`nh n`{q wnjm iga{ny ig ikony ynjnhnj okh{ignj igy{y{v ynjnc*

Vkh{v{onj G ig`no{onj i{n hgjmm{ rkyk`nc okvqnr* Vkh{v{onj GG ig`no{onj

kjnh hgjmm{ rkyk`nc okvqnr ikjmnj oehvergrg J i{n vkqygmn iergr inj O i{n

vkqygmn iergr* Bnqnjwn l{mn igyna{q in`nh n`{q wnjm iga{ny ig ikony ynjnhnj


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okh{ignj ignjn`grgr {jy{o igokync{g jg`ng aqgs #ancnj okqgjm wnjm ykq`nq{y in`nh

jgqn wnjm ykqigqg nynr m{`n inj a{onj m{`n' jgqn ykqrka{y ikjmnj hkjmm{jnonj n`nyaqgs }kmkq* Jgqn okh{ignj ignhag` >66 hg`g`gykq igynhanconj ikjmnj ; hg`g`gykq

`eni nrkyny {jy{o hkjmkjinvonj oeyeqnj inj igynhanc `nmg ikjmnj ngq r{`gjm ;

hg`g`gykq* Jgqn igrnqgjm ikjmnj hkjmm{jnonj okqynr rnqgjm cnrg` rnqgjmnj

ighnr{oonj ok n`ny rnbbcnqghkykq {jy{o hkjmkync{g akrnqjwn h{`ng v{ynqnj

{jy{o hkjkjy{onj jg`ng ve` m{`n #m{`n wnjm ykq`nq{y in`nh jgqn' jgqn ykqrka{y*Q{h{r wnjm agnrn igm{jnonj {jy{o hkjmcgy{jm jg`ng ve` m{`n nin`nc >6

+ ve` 8 s

>66 s AL >66

Vkqanjigjmnj jg`ng ve` m{`n ikjmnj jg`ng aqgs igrka{y cnrg` anmg okh{qjgnj* [jy{o

hkjkjy{onj qkjikhkj bejyec igm{jnonj q{h{r66

Qnn(1

Okykqnjmnj < Qnn 8 Qkjikhkj qnyn(qnyn #rk`{q{c anynjm' vnin njn`grgr vkqgeik

rnny gjg

Qnn(1 8 Qkjikhkj qnyn(qnyn vnin njn`grgr i{n vkqgeik rkak`{hjwn

Ikjmnj okykjy{nj lgon o{ergkj vkjgjmonynj `kagc inqg >66 akqnqyg qkjikhkj

hnrgc agrn hkjgjmony rkcgmmn vkjkanjmnj hnrgc cnq{r igy{jin* Lgon o{ergkj

vkjgjmonynj rnhn ikjmnj >66 hnon qkjikhkj oejrynj nyn{ ykynv akqnqyg oka{j

r{inc rgnv {jy{o igykanjm onqkjn r{inc ygino ykqlnig vkjgjmonynj qkjikhkj `nmg*

Lgon o{ergkj vkjgjmonynj o{qnjm inqg >66 hnon qkjikhkj r{inc hkj{q{j akqnqyg

yka{ cnq{r rkmkqn igykanjm lgon oka{j ygino igykanjm hnon okq{mgnj nogany

vkj{q{jnj qkjikhkj agrn rkhnogj akrnq*

O{ergkj inwn yncnj hkjmmnhanqonj nvnonc yka{ gy{ hnrgc agrn igyncnj

`kagc `nhn nyn{ ygino* O{ergkj inwn yncnj invny igcgy{jm ikjmnj q{h{r 66

Oann(1

Okykqnjmnj < OAnn 8 Cnrg` anmg okh{qjgnj anynjm yka{ anmgnj an}nc vnin

njn`grgr vkqgeik rkonqnjm

Oann(1 8 Cnrg` anmg okh{qjgnj anynjm yka{ anmgnj an}nc vnin

njn`grgr i{n vkqgeik rkak`{hjwn

Ikjmnj okykjy{nj lgon o{ergkj inwn yncnj `kagc inqg >66 akqnqyg yka{ hnrgc o{ny

igyncnj nmnq `kagc hnrno `nmg* Lgon o{ergkj inwn yncnj o{qnjm inqg >66 akqnqyg

m{`n in`nh yka{ anmgnj an}nc r{inc h{`ng ykq{qng hkjlnig |ny a{onj m{`n*

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igykjy{onj vnin h{rgh okhnqn{ onqkjn ngq c{lnj nonj hkj{q{jonj qkjikhkj*

Lnig vkjkanjmnj agnrnjwn ig`no{onj vnin a{`nj Hkg rnhvng Rkvykhakq*Vqerkr ykanjm njmo{y ig VM Ylekogq igynjmnjg e`kc ROO Ykanjm Njmo{y

iganjy{ e`kc Rgjikq ykanjm njmo{y #BY' inj Vnqn Vkjmn}nr Ykanjm njmo{y ig

hnrgjm(hnrgjm }g`nwnc okqln* Rkanmng vkqrgnvnj rka{`nj rkak`{h ykanjm njmo{y

ig`no{onj ign`nonj `nygcnj inj o{jl{jmnj e`kc VM Ylekogq okvnin vnqn vkynjg

yka{ {jy{o hkhakqgonj vkjlk`nrnj ykjynjm yka{ `nwno ykanjm {jy{o hkjl{q{r okyka{ `nwno mg`gjm nmnq yka{ wnjm hnr{o vnaqgo aky{`(aky{` yka{ wnjm hkhkj{cg

vkqrwnqnynj wngy{ hnjgr akqrgc inj rkmnq #HAR'* Rk`ngj gy{ rkygnv vkqgeik `ghn

ak`nr cnqg rkon`g ig`nornjnonj deq{h ykh{ okhgyqnnj #DYO' {jy{o hkhancnr inj

hkjrergn`grnrgonj lni}n` ykanjm yka{ okvnin vnqn vkynjg yka{ ig rkygnv }g`nwnc

okqln*

Y{mnr inqg anmgnj ykanjm njmo{y nin`nc hkqnjmo{h lni}n` ykanjm inqg

hnrgjm(hnrgjm }g`nwnc okqln {jy{o hkjky{onj oka{j(oka{j wnjm igykanjm rnny

vk`nornjnnj ykanjm inj hkjkjy{onj l{h`nc lnync ykanjm hnrgjm(hnrgjm }g`nwnc

wnjm igrkr{ngonj ikjmnj onvnrgynr mg`gjm cnqgnj vnaqgo ikjmnj hkjkqagyonj r{qny

vkqgjync ykanjm njmo{y #RVYN'* L{h`nc RVYN wnjm iganmg igrkr{ngonj ikjmnj

ynornrg inqg hnrgjm(hnrgjm }g`nwnc* [jy{o vkhanmgnj RVYN ig`no{onj ig onjyeq

ykanjm njmo{y rkygnv cnqg in`nh qnvny ykanjm njmo{y wnjm igcnigqg e`kc }nog`(

}nog` vkynjg O2YN #Oky{n Okèhveo Okqln Ykanjm inj Njmo{y' RO] inj

Vkjmn}nr Ykanjm njmo{y wnjm igvghvgj e`kc ROO YN inj BY*

Vk`nornjn `nvnjmnj ykanjm njmo{y ig VM Ylekogq igynjmnjg e`kc O2YN

wnjm hkq{vnonj okèhveo ykanjm njmo{y wnjm igoeeqigjnrg e`kc rkeqnjm oky{n

okèhveo inj hkjinvnyonj vgjlnhnj vkhagnwnnj hk`n`{g qkjbnjn njmmnqnj

agnwn ykanjm njmo{y #QKVYN' wnjm akqoeeqigjnrg ikjmnj anmgnj ykanjm njmo{y

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vnjmonànynjm%anynjm an}nc* Anynjm wnjm yk`nc igykanjm igo{hv{ònj Ygnv 16

rnhvng 27 anynjm iggony hkjlnig rny{ {jy{o hkh{inconj vkjmnjmo{ynj*Anynjm yka{ cnrg` ykanjmnj ignjmo{y ok vnaqgo ikjmnj hkjmm{jnonj yq{o*

Vkjmnjmo{ynj yka{ v{j cnq{r ig`no{onj rkbnqn cnyg(cnyg nmnq yka{ `nwno mg`gjm

igykqghn ig vnaqgo m{`n* Wnjm ighnor{i yka{ `nwno mg`gjm nin`nc yka{ wnjm

igykanjm vnin ygjmony okhnrnonj evyghn` oninq oeyeqnj #yka{ hnyg v{b{o in{j

vk`kvnc ynjnc nonq reme`nj wnjm vnjlnjmjwn o{qnjm inqg i{n hkykq inj `ngj(`ngj' hnorghn` 1+ inj lnjmon }noy{ rklno ykanjm rnhvng mg`gjm ygino `kagc inqg

24 lnh onqkjn nonj ykqakjy{o rkjwn}n iksyqnj inqg r{oqern e`kc ninjwn noygtgynr

anoykqg @k{bejeryeb hkrkjykqegikr inj @k{bejeryeb iksyqnjgb{h rkcgjmmn m{`n

wnjm iginvny invny akqo{qnjm* Vkj{jinnj vkjmmg`gjmnj l{mn hkjwkanaonj

tgroergynr jgqn hkjgjmony rkcgjmmn hkhvkqr{`gy vkjme`ncnj*

Rkak`{h rnhvng ig ykhvny vkjnhv{jmnj nyn{ khv`nrkhkjy vnaqgo m{`n

yq{o wnjm hkjmnjmo{y cnrg` ykanjmnj cnq{r hk`n`{g i{n ver vkjmn}nrnj* Ver G

akqd{jmrg {jy{o hkjmn}nrg okakjnqnj RVYN inj o{vej rkr{ng ikjmnj ynjmmn`

r{qny* Ver GG hkjmn}nrg RVYN inj o{vej wnjm igrkr{ngonj ikjmnj lnync oka{j

rkqyn hkjmninonj vkhkqgornnj h{y{ ykanjmnj* Nvnag`n ykqjwnyn cnrg` ykanjmnj

in`nh oejigrg wnjm oeyeq hnon ykanjmnj ykqrka{y igokhan`gonj* Rkyk`nc rkh{n

vkq`kjmonvnj igvkj{cg yq{o igvkqae`kconj hnr{o {jy{o igaejmonq inj

igyghanjm* Vkhaejmonqnj inj Vkjghanjmnj ig VM Ylekogq hkjmm{jnonj n`ny

wnjm igrka{y igmgyn` bqnjk rbn`k okh{ignj igvgjinconj ok èqg inj igan}n ok

hkln yka{*

Vnqnhkykq okakqcnrg`nj vk`nornjnnj ykanjm njmo{y nin`nc nvnag`n cnjwn

ykqinvny rgrn yka{ vnmg rkakrnq o{qnjm inqg 16+ inqg onvnrgynr mg`gjm invny

hkjwkignonj yka{ `nwno mg`gjm wngy{ wnjm hkhkj{cg vkqrwnqnynj HAR invny

9>


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VKJME@NCNJ YKA[

Vkjme`ncnj yka{ hkjlnig m{`n v{ygc ig VM Ylekogq hkjmm{jnonj

vkqn`nynj wnjm rkanmgnj akrnq akokqln rkbnqn eyehnygr* Yncnvnj vkjme`ncnj yka{

ykqigqg nynr yncnv vkqrgnvnj yncnv vkhkqncnj nyn{ koryqnorg jgqn yncnv vkh{qjgnj

nyn{ vkjlkqjgcnj yncnv vkjm{nvnj yncnv vkjmoqgryn`nj yncnv vkhgrncnj oqgryn`

nyn{ rkjyqgd{mnrg yncnv vkjmkqgjmnj yncnv vkjmkhnrnj inj yncnv vkjwghvnjnj*

Vqerkr vkjme`ncnj ig VM Ylekogq hkjmm{jnonj vqerkr r{`dgynrg* Anmnj

vkjme`ncnj yka{ invny ig`gcny vnin mnhanq 1*

>2= ancnj rna{y

>94 m{`n >7,1 ngq >27 m{`n ; ngq >23 m{`n

12 a{onj m{`n ghagagrg 1> a{onj m{`n in`nh >3 a{onj m{`n

479 ngq =73 ngq r{r{ onv{q ==3 ngq =>,9 ngq>666 yka{ 7;3 jgqn hkjync 729 jgqn kjbkq

Ancnj ano{ rynrg{j Jgqn hkjync Rynrg{j jgqn kjbkq rynrg{j

Yka{ hkjync vkhkqncnj vkh{qjgnj vkjm{nvnj

jgqn

Cnrg` rgrn 2= ancnj rna{y 6> m{`n

6= m{`n 62 a{onj m{`n

61 a{onj m{`n >3 ngq>16 ngq 62 kjinvnj onqkjn onv{q

144 nhvnr ;; a`eyejm

>23 m{`n

>3 a{onj m{`n>1= m{`n >4,6 ngq 39 ngq

196 jgqn okjyn`

Vqei{o nocgq rynrg{j hnrnonj rynrg{j Jgqn okjyn`

M{`n oqgryn` v{ynqnj oqgryn`grnrg

63 m{`n

Okcg`njmnj in`nh vkjme`ncnj >3 a{onj m{`n 3 < ngq vkjmkjbkq

62 m{`n 69 ngq ngq vkjb{bg

26 ykykr ngq vkhag`nr

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inqg ygmn a{nc rg`gjikq vkjmmg`gjmnj* Vnin mg`gjmnj ok khvny igakqgonj ngq ghagagrg

nyn{ vkhag`nrnj* Vqerkr ghagagrg ykqrka{y akqln`nj rkanmng akqgo{y nhvnr yka{inqg mg`gjmnj vkqynhn vnin rnny akqnin ig bnqqgkqigrgqnh ikjmnj ngq vkqnrnj inqg

mg`gjmnj ok ygmn inj nhvnr wnjm ok`{nq inqg mg`gjmnj oki{n igrgqnh ikjmnj ngq

vkqnrnj inqg mg`gjmnj ok khvny* Nhvnr inqg mg`gjmnj ok ygmn igkjbkqonj ikjmnj ngq

agnrn inj igvkqnc in`nh mg?`gjmnj ok khvny rkcgjmmn rgrn m{`n in`nh wnjm go{y

in`nh nhvnr invny igykonj rkqkjinc h{jmogj*Jgqn cnrg` vkqncnj vkqynhn #JVV' ignjn`grgr {jy{o hkjmkync{g jg`ng

qkjikhkj rkhkjynqn rkvkqyg vkqcgy{jmnj qkjikhnj bejyec ig njn`grgr

vkjinc{`{nj* Okh{ignj jgqn cnrg` mg`gjmnj igynhanconj r{r{ onv{q #BnRE2'

rkb{o{vjwn inj Derdny #V1E;' ikjmnj iergr 3 om%lnh {jy{o hkhanjy{

vkjmkjinvnj* Jgqn cnrg` vkhkqncnj wnjm hnrgc akq{vn jgqn hkjync ig`k}nyonj ok

n`ny vkjwnqgjm oeyeqnj nhvnr cn`{r nhvnr rgrn rnqgjmnj okh{ignj igokhan`gonj

ok mg`gjmnj oki{n rkinjmonj jgqn cnrg` rnqgjmnj igykq{ronj ok yghanjmnj jgqn

hkjync%yghanjmnj ae{`mjk #d`e} hkykq' {jy{o hkjmkync{g akqny jgqn wnjm akqnrn`

inqg rynrg{j mg`gjmnj* Okh{ignj jgqn igogqgh ok l{gbk cknykq okh{ignj ok vnj

vkhnjnr vkjinc{`{nj vkqynhn #VV G' ikjmnj r{c{ =;6

okh{ignj ok ikdkonyeq

okrny{ ikjmnj vC =1 inj igykq{ronj ok ikdkonyeq oki{n ikjmnj vC 3; nmnq

ykqlnig qknorg vkjmgonynj oeyeqnj rkanjwno h{jmogj e`kc Bn inqg r{r{ onv{q

okh{ignj ok ikdkonyeq okygmn wnjm cnjwn akqd{jmrg {jy{o hkjnhv{jm rnln*

Rk`njl{yjwn jgqn ign`gqonj ok yna{jm r{`dgynrg {jy{o igakqg r{dgy #RE1' {jy{o

a`knbcgjm%vkh{bnynj }nqjn ikjmnj vC =1 okh{ignj igvnjnronj `nmg ig VV GG

ikjmnj r{c{ >6;6B okh{ignj igvehvnonj ok d`nrc ynjo {jy{o hkjmk`{nqonj

{inqn in`nh jgqn okh{ignj ok rje} an``gjm ynjo {jy{o hkjmkjinvonj oeyeqnj

okh{ignj ign`gqonj ok ieeq b`nqgdgkqwnjm rkak`{hjwn igakqgonj d`eo{`nj rkanmng


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56/86

in`nh onq{jm v`nrygo akq{o{qnj ;6 om rkon`gm{r igyghanjm inj iglncgy wnjm

ig`no{onj rkbnqn eyehnygr* [jy{o hkjlnmn m{`n ykynv akqnin vnin oninq ngq njynqn>6 >; + hnon vkj{hv{onj onq{jm rkqnvny h{jmogj nmnq cnjwn rkigogy {inqn

ig njynqn onq{jm*


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9=


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vkjw{`{cnj in`nh qnjmon rergn`grnrg ykjynjm vkhnjdnnynj okmgnynj aejmonq

qnyeej inj okmgnynj vkj{jlnjm ngjjwn*

Vkjlk`nrnj inj vkhancnrnj vk`nornjnnj vkjwkignnj `ncnj inj bnèj

vkynjg%oevkqnrg* Hkq{h{ronj okrkvnonynj bnèj vkynjg%oevkqnrg inj bnèj èonrg

{jy{o igykynvonj hkjlnig rnrnqnj vqewko ig }g`nwnc ona{vnykj rkykhvny*

Hkjw{r{j qnjbnjmnj vkjwkignnj `ncnj ig nynr vkyn evkqnrgejn`* Hkjm{rncnonj

okrkvnonynj ikjmnj vkynjg%oevkqnrg in`nh cn` okrkignnj hk`nornjnonj okmgnynj*

Hk`nornjnonj oejdgqhnrg qnjbnjmnj èonrg%`ncnj inj oevkqnrg Ona{vnykj%Oeyn

ikjmnj Vnaqgo M{`n Igqkorg VYVJ%VY* M{`n inj Igjnr Vkqoka{jnj*

Vkjgjln{nj%vkjmkbkonj nvnjmnj {jy{o hkjmkync{g okninnj rkakjnqjwn*

Oqgykqgn Rnrnqnj

Rnrnqnj vkjkqghn oqkigy aejmonq qnyeej nin`nc Oevkqnrg vkynjg inj

èonrg%`ncnj* Oqgykqgn hnrgjm hnrgjm rnrnqnj nin`nc rkanmng akqgo{y ' Okèhveo Rnrnqnj Oevkqnrg*

Oevkqnrg akqnin vnin hnrgjm(hnrgjm }g`nwnc {jgy vqei{org Vnaqgo

M{`n ikjmnj agjnnj RO] rkykhvny inj hkhv{jwng noygtgynr okmgnynj wnjm

akqanrgr yka{* Oevkqnrg ygino rkinjm akqhnrn`nc ikjmnj Oqkigy Okyncnjnj

Vnjmnj inj `khanmn ok{njmnj `ngjjwn rkqyn ygino rkinjm hkjinvny dnrg`gynr

inqg vqewko `ngj vnin rnny akqrnhnnj*

1' Vkynjg nyn{ Njmmeyn Oevkqnrg

Oqgykqgn {jy{o vkynjg nyn{ njmmeyn oevkqnrg nin`nc vnqn vkynjg yka{ wnjm

yk`nc rkvnony hkjmeqmnjgrnrg inj hkhakjy{o }ninc oevkqnrg ikjmnj y{l{nj

hkjm{rncnonj rkqyn hkjmkhanjmonj {rncn ynjg yka{ rkbnqn vqedkrgejn`*


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97

[ o o ` i o ` o o ig Yg o


61/86

[jy{o ok`njbnqnj inj okykvnynj vk`nornjnnj vqewko ig Ygjmony

Ona{vnykj%Oeyn igakjy{o Ygh Ykojgr Ona{vnykj%Oeyn ikjmnj R{qny Okv{y{rnj

Vkhghvgj Vqewko rkyk`nc igoeeqigjnrgonj ikjmnj igjnr aginjm vkqoka{jnj ig

Ona{vnykj%Oeyn ikjmnj ryq{oy{q hk`gv{yg Oky{n Ygh Ykojgr igvkmnjm e`kc

Okvn`n R{aigjnr wnjm hkhaginjm Vkqoka{jnj ig Ona{vnykj%Oeyn inj njmmeyn

Ygh Ykojgr ykqigqg inqg Vnaqgo M{`n Igjnr wnjm hkhaginjmg Vkqoka{jnj ig

Ona{vnykj%Oeyn* Inj vk`nornjn Vqewko ig Ona{vnykj%Oeyn*

Ygh Ykojgr Ona{vnykj akqy{mnr {jy{o hkhdnrg`gynrg ok`njbnqnj

vk`nornjnnj okmgnnj hk`nornjnonj vkhagjnnj igaginjm ykojgo vqei{org

hk`nornjnonj vkhagjnnj evkqnrgejn` vqewko* hk`nornjnonj vkhagjnnj

hnjnlkhkj {rncn ynjg yka{ hk`nornjnonj vkhagjnnj vkjmkhanjmnj

ok`khanmnnj {rncn Oevkqnrg inj rk`no{ Oky{n Ygh Ykojgr Ona{vnykj%Oeyn

Okvn`n R{aigjnr Vkqoka{jnj Ona{vnykj%Oeyn hkjkynvonj oevkqnrg rnrnqnj

vkjkqghn VH[ ikjmnj R{qny Vkjkynvnj Ok`ehveo Rnrnqnj*

M[AKQJ[Q

LN]N YGH[Q

ONIGRA[J VQEVGJRG

#Nynrnj @njmr{jm' YGH YKOJGR

VQEVGJRG

YGH YKOJGR VKHGHVGJ VQEWKO

ONA%OEYN VKJMKHANJMNJ YKA[

LN]N YGH[Q

AKJINCNQN

VKHA* VGHVQE VKHA* VGHVQE AGI* VKHA* VGHVQE AGI*

AGI* YKOJGR NIHGJGRYQNRG KTN@ $ VK@NVEQNJ

VK@VQE VQEV* VK@VQE VQEV* VK@VQE VQEV*

;6

Y i y l a y o O ` Ig V o a V g g


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Y{mnr inj ynjmm{jm ln}na {jy{o Okvn`n Igjnr Vkqoka{jnj Vqevgjrg

Ln}n Ygh{q rk`no{ Vkhagjn ig Vqevgjrg hk`no{onj vkhagjnnj inj vkjmn}nrnj

{h{h ykqcninv vk`nornjnnj vqewko* Inj Vkhghvgh Vqewko Vkjmkhanjmnj Yka{

Ln}n Ygh{q hkhv{jwng y{mnr hkjkynvonj vk`nornjn%vkjwk`kjmmnqn oka{j agagy

yka{ rkbnqn akqlkjlnjm hkjw{r{j inj hkjkynvonj Qkjbnjn Evkqnrgejn` Vqewko

#QEV' wnjm igrnconj e`kc Okvn`n Igjnr Vkqoka{jnj Vqevgjrg hk`nornjnonj

oeeqigjnrg hkjmnqnconj rk`{q{c okmgnynj rkr{ng ikjmnj rnrnqnj wnjm igykynvonj

hkjwkignonj dnrg`gynr vqewko rkr{ng ikjmnj njmmnqnj wnjm ykqrkign inj

akqynjmm{jm ln}na nynr vk`nornjnnjjwn hkj{jl{o inj hkjkynvonj vk`nornjn

vqewko ig Ona{vnykj%Oeyn rkyk`nc igoeeqigjnrgonj ikjmnj Okvn`n Igjnr wnjm

hkhaginjmg Vkqoka{jnj ig Ona{vnykj%Oeyn hkjkynvonj Ygh Ykojgr

Ona{vnykj%Oeyn wnjm yk`nc igoeeqigjnrgonj ikjmnj Okvn`n Igjnr wnjm

hkhaginjmg vkqoka{jnj ig Ona{vnykj%Oeyn* Vk`nornjn Vqewko Vqevgjrg rkanmng

{jr{q vk`nornjn ig Vqevgjrg nin`nc vkhanjy{ Vkhghvgj Vqewko wnjm

hk`nornjnonj y{mnr rkr{ngikjmnj aginjmjwn wngy{ nihgjgryqnrg ok{njmnj

evkqnrgejn` hejgyeqgjm inj ktn`{nrg vk`nornjnnj vqewko*

Vk`nornjn Vqewko Ona{vnykjhkhv{jwng y{mnr hk`nornjnonj

vkhagjnnj hejgyeqgjm vk`nornjnnj `nvnjmnj hk`nveqonj okhnl{nj okmgnynj ig

`nvnjmnj okvnin Vkhghvgj Vqewko hkhanjy{ vkynjg%Oevkqnrg hkjw{r{j

Qkjbnjn [rncn Okmgnynj #Q[O' hkjmn}n` inj hkjmnhnjonj vk`nornjnnj

okmgnynj vqewko ig `nvnjmnj k`nornjnonj aghagjmnj inj hkhakqg heygtnrg rkqyn

vkhagjnnj `njmr{jm okvnin vkynjg%Oevkqnrg inj hkhanjy{ vkjwgnvnj bnèj

vkynjg inj bnèj ncnj #BV%B@' bnèj Oevkqnrg vkhagjnnj%vkjnynnj Oevkqnrg*

Vkjmkjin`gnj inj Vkjmn}nrnj

;>

Vk`nornjnnj vkjmn}nrnj ig`no{onj ykqcninv vk`nornjnnj rergn`grnrg inj


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Vk`nornjnnj vkjmn}nrnj ig`no{onj ykqcninv vk`nornjnnj rergn`grnrg inj

nrgrykjrg yncnv vkqrgnvnj evkqnrgejn` inj okykvnynj rk`korg bnèj

rnrnqnj%vkynjg%OVYQ inj bnèj `ncnj #BV%B@' vkjwn`{qnj injn vkjm{nynj

hein` vkjbngqnj injn vkjm{nynj hein` okakjnqnj rkqyn okykvnynj vkhnjdnnynj

injn vkjm{nynj hein` inj vkh{v{onj hein` inj vkjmkhan`gnj vkqm{`gqnj*

Vkjmkè`nnj Injn

Injn VH[O ikjmnj ve`n `njmr{jm #@R' akqm{`gq wnjm igrkignonj {jy{o

Anjy{nj [rncn Koejehg Vqei{oygd hk`n`{g Anjy{nj @njmr{jm Hnrwnqnony {jy{o

vkhaejmonqnj kor ynjnhnj yka{ qnyeej #OYM' inj Vkhanjm{jnj Oka{j Agagy

Yka{ hkq{vnonj injn vkjm{nynj hein` {jy{o vkynjg%Oevkqnrg wnjm igrn`{qonj

`njmr{jm ok qkokjgjm Oevkqnrg* Injn VH[ wnjm igrkignonj hkq{vnonj vgjlnhnj

wnjm }nlga igokhan`gonj nyn{ igm{`gqonj inj ygino akqrgdny b{hn(b{hn ikjmnj

ve`n vkjmkhan`gnj wnjm iginrnqonj okvnin vqgjrgv vkhakqinwnnj vkynjg yka{*

Ykqcninv vkjmkhan`gnj%vkqm{`gqnj anjy{nj gjg nonj igny{q inj igykynvonj

akqinrnqonj okrkvnonynj oevkqnrg wnjm rk`njl{yjwn cnq{r igokhanjmonj ykq{r

rkcgjmmn hkjlnig vkjm{ny hein` {rncn vkynjg in`nh }ninc Oevkqnrg wnjm

akqok`njl{ynj* [jy{o njmmnqnj agnwn vqewko aejmonq qnyeej rkakrnq Qv*

>*7;6*666 vkq ckoynq* Njmmnqnj vqewko rkbnqn `kjmonv ykqinvny vnin `nhvgqnj 4*

Hkonjgrhk Vkjwn`{qnj inj Vkjbngqnj Injn

Vkjwn`{qnj injn okvnin oevkqnrg ikjmnj hkonjgrhk @R vnin okmgnynj


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;2

Vkjmkhanjmnj Yka{ Ln}n Ygh{q ikjmnj Oevkqnrg inj Qkonvgy{`nrg Q[O ikjmnj


65/86

Vkjmkhanjmnj Yka{ Ln}n Ygh{q ikjmnj Oevkqnrg inj Qkonvgy{`nrg Q[O ikjmnj

hkjbnjy{honj jnhn Oevkqnrg n`nhny Oevkqnrg jnhn Oky{n Oevkqnrg jeheq

qkokjgjm #n*j* Oky{n Oevkqnrg' jnhn Onjyeq Bnanjm Anjo%[jgy AQG nyn{ anjo

`ngj wnjm ykqikony jeheq RO Vkqlnjlgnj #HE[' RO Vkjkynvnj Oevkqnrg rkqyn

l{h`nc Injn inj Okmgnynj* O{gynjrg cnq{r igynjinynjmnjg e`kc Oky{n Oevkqnrg

inj igokync{g Oky{n Ygh Ykojgr Ona{vnykj* Nynr inrnq RVV(@R inqg vqewko

OVOJ hkjkqagyonj RVH(@R {jy{o vkhgjinca{o{nj injn ok qkokjgjm hnrgjm(

hnrgjm oky{n Oevkqnrg vnin Onjyeq Bnanjm%AQG {jgy nyn{ anjo `ngjjwn*

Rkyk`nc ynyn bnqn vkjbngqnj ykqrka{y ig nynr igvkj{cg hnon vkjbngqnj injn

vnin onjyeq bnanjm anjo wnjm igokckjinog ig`no{onj ikjmnj Oky{n Oevkqnrg

hkjmnl{onj vkhgjynnj vkjnqgonj injn okvnin anjo wnjm igrky{l{g e`kc oky{n

Ygh Ykojgr Ona{vnykj inj Vnaqgo M{`n* Okh{ignj l{h`nc injn wnjm ignqgo

rkr{ng ikjmnj oka{y{cnj inj lni}n` vkjmm{jnnjjwn* Rk`njl{yjwn Oky{n Ygh

Ykojgr ona{vnykj inj Vnaqgo M{`n akynjmm{jm ln}na nynr vkjbngqnj injn inqg

anjo inj vkq{jy{onjjwn*

Vk`nornjnnj Vkhaejmonqnj Kor Ynjnhnj Yka{Qnyeej

Vnin inrnqjwn vk`nornjnnj okmgnynj nin`nc hkhaejmonq kor ynjnhnj

yka{ mg`gjm #qnyeej' wjm iggo{yg ikjmnj vkqangonj gqgmnrg #rn`{qnj ngq mey' {jy{o

hkjlnhgj okykqrkignnj ngq inj vkha{njmnj ngq inj anjy{nj rnqnjn vqei{org

in`nh qnjmon hkjgjmonyonj vqei{oygtgynr yka{ mg`gjm rkon`gm{r hkjgjmonyonj

vqei{org m{`n*

Oejrkvrg Vkjmmnjygnj Tnqgkynr

;9

vkjmk`e`nnj rgo`{r ynjnhnj wnjm igcnqnvonj ykqrka{y ygino nonj ykqbnvng hnon


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v m w m v v

vkhaejmonqnj {`njm invny hkjwkanaonj okq{mgnj }noy{ inj agnwn*

Oejrkv in`nh vkhg`gcnj tnqgkynr cnq{r ig`njinronj vnin vkqyghanjmnj

ykqcninv vkjmm{jnnj tnqgkynr {jmm{` anq{ wnjm yk`nc akqninvynrg ikjmnj

`gjmo{jmnj rkbnqn ango inj vkqyghanjmnj onynmeqg ynjnhnj ykqcninv rgdny

okhnrnonj hnrn ynjnh inj vkqkjbnjnnj ykanjm rkbnqn evyghn`*

Vkhancnrnj Vkjmm{jnnj Tnqgkynr Anq{

Cnrg` vkjmnhnynj ig `nvnjmnj ykqcninv vkjmm{jnnj agagy tnqgkynr anq{

wngy{ VR 3;> VR 349 inj A@ rkqyn tnqgkynr `nhn wngy{ VR ;3 vnin l{h`nc anynjm

akqinrnqonj cnrg` ynornrg hnqky ig oka{j YQGR ig ]g`nwnc Ig}ko hkj{jl{oonj

anc}n l{h`nc anynjm vnin tnqgkynr anq{ `kagc ygjmmg iganjigjmonj tnqgkynr `nhn*

Hkrogv{j cnrg` {lg hkj{jl{oonj ygino akqakin jwnyn vnin ynqnd >6 +*

Ynak` >2 L{h`nc anynjm vkq l{qgjm vnin Khvny Tnqgkynr Yka{*

Tnqgkynr L{h`nc Anynjm

Tnq* anq{ < VR 3;> 44>9

VR 349 4;92

A@ 4966

Tnq* `nhn < VR ;3 4>66

Okykqnjmnj < Njmon(njmon vnin oe`eh wnjm rnhn ygino akqakin jwnyn vnin {lg y

Vkjm{lgnj {jy{o vk{anc ygjmmg anynjm aeaey anynjm vkq hkykq inj

qkjikhkj ig`no{onj in`nh ygmn vkqgeik vkjmnhnynj h{`ng ynjnhnj akq{h{q / >6

ARY vnin `ncnj YQGR rny{ vkqgeik rk`nhn >; cnqg* Cnrg` vkjm{lgnj ykqcninv


67/86


68/86

;=

rk`njl{yjwn m{`{inj igqnynonj ikjmnj vkqh{onnj ynjnc }nqnr* Mey wnjm nin


69/86

igvk`gcnqn rkr{ng oejigrgjwn* Nvnag`n mey `nhn kor qnyeej r{inc in`nh akjy{o

okq{b{y hnon mey ykqrka{y vkq`{ igy{y{v inj iga{nyonj mey wnjm anq{ inqg ynjnc

}nqnr ig rkak`nc mey wnjm akqrnjmo{ynj* Okh{ignj iga{ny l{qgjmnj ikjmnj

{o{qnj rynjinq ano{ a{iginwn VB*

a* Hkonjgr ig @ncnj CM[%@ncnj Hg`go VM

Okmgnynj igh{`ng inqg yqnrc inj ancnj eqmnjgo `ngjjwn iganonq oqh{ignj

igok`{nqonj inqg oka{j ikjmnj yqnrc qnogjm* @ncnj iganlno vgqgjm @1 @2

rkanjwno i{n on`g {jy{o ynjnc akqny inj rny{ on`g {jy{o ynjnc qgjmnj rkcgjmmn

iejmok`nj ykqan`go* Rk`njl{yjwn ig`no{onj mnq{ akqny #ckntw cnqqe}' ikjmnj

nqnc hk`gjynjm 26 ikqnlny inqg nqnc anlnonj* Okh{ignj iga{ny n`{q

hkjmm{jnonjd{qqe}kq* Ag`n igvkq`{onj vnin ynjnc akqny inj re`{h injmon`

ig`no{onj ikjnmj r{areg`kq(d{qqe}kq*

b* Bnqn Hkonjgr ig @ncnj Yka{ Qnowny

Nvnag`n ygino ykqinvny yqnrc qnogjm, yqnrc igakqrgconj rkbnqn hnj{n`*

Ikjmnj hkjmm{jnonj anlno vgqgjm 21 gjbc ig`no{onj anlno vkqynhn ikjmnj

okbkvnynj @1 rk`njl{yjwn ikjmnj n`ny wnjm rnhn iggo{yg anlno ok i{n ikjmnj

okbkvnynj @2* Vkhanlnonj ig`no{onj rknqnc n`{q ynjnhnj qnyeej* Iejmok`nj

wnjm ykqinvny ig vkqh{onnj ynjnc igakqrgconj inj igok`{nqonj inqg vkno

oka{j* Iga{ny n`{q hkjmm{jnonj d{qqe}kq* Ag`n igvkq`{onj vnin ynjnc akqny

inj re`{h injmon` ig`no{onj ikjmnj r{areg`kq(d{qqe}kq*

Vkqangonj Rn`{qnj Ngq%Mey* Ign}n`g ikjmnj vkha{nynj mey ok`g`gjm ig

rkok`g`gjm aginjm `ncnj ikjmnj in`nh 36 bh `kanq >66 bh* Iggo{yg ikjmnj mey

h{l{q wnjm hk`gjynjm ykmno `{q{r ikjmnj nqnc hgqgjm `ncnj lnqno njynqn mey

;3

Vkjnjnhnj Okhan`g* Vkjnjnhnj okhan`g kor yka{ mg`gjm wnjm yk`nc


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igaejmonq ikjmnj agagy inqg vkhagagynj #OAI' inj tnqgkynr njl{qnj wnjm {jmm{`

inj akqh{y{*

Ynak` >= Oehvergrg hkj{q{y }noy{ vkjnjnhnj okhan`g wnjm

ignjl{qonj*

Je* Lkjgr `ncnj ]noy{ Ynjnh Okhnrnonj Agagy

>* @ncnj Rn}nc Hkg #26+' Nocgq

L{jg #96+' Ykjmnc

L{`g #26+' N}n`

1* @ncnj Okqgjm Hnqky #;6+' Nocgq

#nocgq h{rgh c{lnj' Nvqg` #;6+' Nocgq

@ncnj Okqgjm Eoyeakq #;6+' N}n`

#n}n` h{rgh c{lnj' Jetkhakq #;6+' N}n`

R{hakq < L{ojgr Vk`no VVYLY%1669

Vkhk`gcnqnnj* Okmgnynj vkhk`gcnqnnj {jy{o ynjnhnj kor qnyeej hk`gv{yg

vkh{v{onj vkjmny{qnj oka{y{cnj ngq vkjmkjin`gnj m{`hn inj vkq`gji{jmnj

ynjnhnj*

n* Vkh{v{onjVkh{v{onj ignqnconj vnin vkh{v{onj `kjmonv inj akqghanjm* Lkjgr

v{v{o wnjm igm{jnonj nin`nc \N RV 24 OB` nyn{ \O vnin inkqnc

ykhanon{* Vkjmm{jnnj lkjgr v{v{o `ngj ykqhnr{o v{v{o eqmnjgo nyn{v{j

v{v{o vk`kjmonv bngq cnq{r akqinrnqonj rnqnj inqg V2MG inj qkoehkjinrg inqg

Igjnr Vkqoka{jnj

;7

Ynak` >3 Iergr Vkh{v{onj vnin Vkjnjnhnj Yka{


71/86

Iergr Vkh{v{onj #O{%Cn'Je* Lkjgr Ynjnc

\N RV(24 OB`

G* @ncnj Rn}ncN`{tgn` ; 4 6 1 6 >

* Qkmere` 4 = > 1 > 1

Hkigykqnj = 3 > 2 > 2

@nyere` 4 = > 2 > 2

Mq{h{re` = 3 1 2 > 2GG* @ncnj OkqgjmN`{tgn` ; = 6 1 6 >

Qkmere` 4 3 > 1 > 1

@nyere` 4 3 > 2 > 2

Mq{h{re` = 7 1 2 > 2

Hkigykqnj = 7 > 2 > 1

Veire`go Hkqnc o{jgjm ; = 9 4 1 9

R{hakq < L{ojgr VVYLY%1669

]noy{ vkh{v{onj {jy{o hnrgjm(hnrgjm lkjgr v{v{o rkr{ng ikjmnj

ano{ ykojgr vkh{v{onj nin`nc {jy{o RV 24 rkanmng v{v{o inrnq igakqgonj

rny{ cnqg rkak`{h ynjnh ikjmnj iergr vkj{c* Vkh{v{onj \N ig`no{onj i{n

on`g {jy{o vkh{v{onj \N vkqynhn igakqgonj rnny ynjnhnj akq{h{q vn`gjm

`nhany > = cnqg* Vkh{v{onj \N oki{n igakqgonj rnny ynjnhnj akq{h{q 26

96 cnqg nyn{ rka{`nj rkyk`nc vkh{v{onj \N vkqynhn* Rkinjmonj v{v{o OB`

nyn{ \O igakqgonj akqrnhnnj ikjmnj }noy{ vkh{v{onj \N vkqynhn*

V{v{o igakqgonj ikjmnj bnqn hkjmm{jnonj n`ny ynonq wnjm ykvny rkr{ng

iergr* V{v{o RV( 24 igrkanqonj hkqnyn ig inrnq l{qgjmnj rkinjmonj v{v{o

`ngjjwn igy{mn`* V{v{o OB` nyn{ \O igakqgonj akqrnhn ikjmnj v{v{o \N

vkqynhn ikjmnj `{anjm v{v{o wnjm `kynojwn akqrkakqnjmnj* Vnin vkh{v{onj

oki{n \N igakqgonj in`nh rny{ `{anjm wnjm `kynojwn akqrkakqnjmnj ikjmnj

46

ykqrka{y inqg vkyno oka{j* Hkhagnqonj hkhnr{oonj inj hkhk`gcnqn yka{


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lninc akqnin in`nh l{qgjmnj nonj hkjm{qnjmg hnjdnny inj krkjrg

vkhaejmonqnj qnyeej*

i* Vkjmkjin`gnj M{`hn

Rklno vkjnjnhnj rnhvng ynjnhnj akq{h{q khvny a{`nj ckjinojwn

oka{j akanr m{`hn* Vkjmkjin`gnj m{`hn rkbnqn hnj{n` ikjmnj hkjwgnjm

ig`no{onj ygmn rnhvng khvny on`g ikjmnj gjyktn` }noy{ ygmn hjmm{*

Vkjmkjin`gnj m{`hn rkbnqn oghgn}g ikjmnj hkhvkqmjnonj ckqagrgin cnq{r

hkjinvny qkoehkjinrg inqg V2MG*

Lni}n` Okmgnynj AejmonqQnyeej* Ok`njbnqnj inj okykqyganj

evkqnrgejn` okmgnynj vqewko nonj rnjmny igvkjmnq{cg e`kc ykqyga lni}n`

vk`nornjnnj* [jy{o gy{ in`nh vk`nornjnnj okmgnynj vqewko vkq`{ hkjinvny

vkqcnygnj {jy{o hkjwkr{ngonj ikjmnj vkiehnj%lni}n` vk`nornjnnj okmgnynj*

Rkanmng vkiehnj ckjinojwn hkhvkqcnygonj lni}n` vk`nornjnnj okmgnnj aejmonq

qnyeej #anqbcnqy'*

Vqei{oygtgynr Yka{ vnin VB H{qjg, Aejmonq Qnyeej inj Okvqnrnj ig

Oka{j YQGR

L{h`nc Anynjm vkq L{qgjm* Cnrg` vkjm{lgnj ykqcninv vk{anc l{h`nc

anynjm vkq l{qgjm hkj{jl{oonj akqakin jwnyn njynqn VB h{qjg ikjmnj ynjnhnj

okvqnrnj* Vnin ynak` >2 invny ig`gcny anc}n ynjnhnj VB h{qjg hkhg`gog l{h`nc

anynjm ykqygjmmg* Hkrogv{j VB aejmonq qnyeej l{mn `kagc ygjmmg inqg vnin ynjnhnj

okvqnrnjykynvg cnrg` {lg vnin ynqnd >6+ hkj{jl{oonj VB aejmonq qnyeej ygino

4>

Ynak` >7 L{h`nc Anynjm Vkq L{qgjm vnin VB H{qjg #VBH' Aejmonq Qnyeej

#AOQ' inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGR


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#AOQ' inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGR*

Onykmeqg Oka{j L{h`nc Anynjm

VBH 41*66 a

AOQ 4>*;= n

OVQR ;7*=> n

Okykqnjmnj < Njmon wnjm iggo{yg c{q{d wnjm rnhn vnin oeèh wnjm rnhn ygino akqakin jwnyn

vnin {lg y

Ygjmmg Anynjm* Rkbnqn mnqgr akrnq qnyn(qnyn ygjmmg anynjm ykqygjmmg

igcnrgònj e`kc ynjnhnj VB h{qjg iggo{yg VB aejmonq qnyeej inj ygjmmg anynjm

ykqkjinc vnin ynjnhnj okvqnrnj* Cn` gjg l{mn agrn ig`gcny anc}n cnrg` {lg

hkj{jl{oonj akqakin jwnyn njynqn ygjmmg anynjm ynjnhnj VB h{qjg inj aejmonq

qnyeej ykqcninv ynjnhnj okvqnrnj vnin vkqgeik vkqynhn inj okygmn*

Ynak` 16 Ygjmmg Anynjm vnin VB H{qjg #VBH' Aejmonq Qnyeej #AOQ' inj

Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGR*

Vkqgeik Vkjmnhnynj

Onykmeqg Oka{j

G GG GGG

VBH 1*61 a 1*;; n 1*47 a

AOQ 1*69 a 1*93 a 1*4; a

OVQR >*37 n 1*;4 n 1*;; n

Okykqnjmnj < Njmon wnjm iggo{yg c{q{d wnjm rnhn vnin oeèh wnjm rnhn

ygino akqakin jwnyn vnin {lg y

Aeaey Anynjm vkq Hkykq* Cnrg` vkjmnhnynj ykqcninv aeaey anynjm vkq

y y l oo a c a a y y o y yg g

41

Ynak` 1> Aeaey Anynjm Vkq hkykq vnin VB H{qjg #VBH' Aejmonq Qnyeej

#AOQ' inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGR


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#AOQ' inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGR*

Vkqgeik Vkjmnhnynj

Onykmeqg Oka{j

G GG GGG

VBH 6*27 6*91 6*99

AOQ 6*27 6*91 6*99

OVQR 6*27 6*91 6*9;

Okykqnjmnj < Njmon(njmon vnin oeèh wnjm rnhn ygino akqakin jwnyn vnin {lg y

Qkjikhkj* Rn`nc rny{ dnoyeq wnjm hkhvkamnq{cg vqei{oygtgynr ynjnhnj

nin`nc qkjikhkj wngy{ jg`ng ve` m{`n vkq ogèmqnh yka{* Inqg cnrg` vkjmnhnynj

iginvnyonj anc}n ynjnhnj VB h{qjg akqakin jwnyn ykqcninv ynjnhnj okvqnrnj

hkrogv{j cnrg` {lg ygino hkj{jl{oonj akin jwnyn njynqn VB aejmonq qnyeej inj

okvqnrnj ynvg qkjikhkj VB aejmonq qnyeej qnyn(qnyn `kagc ygjmmg inqg vnin

okvqnrnj*Qkjikhkj ykqygjmmg igcnrgònj e`kc ynjnhnj VB h{qjg* Cn` gjg

igrkanaonj e`kc dnoyeq j{yqgrg wnjm iginvnyonj ynjnhnj VB h{qjg `kagc ygjmmg

onqkjn okrkignnj {jr{q cnqnjwn l{mn `kagc ygjmmg* Akqakin ikjmnj VB aejmonq

qnyeej wjm hkjmm{jnonj `ncnj akonr ynjnhnj yka{ rkcgjmmn {jr{q cnqn krkjrgn`

wnjm ykqrkign in`nh ynjnc r{inc ykqo{qnr e`kc ynjnhnj yka{ rkak`{hjwn*

Ynak` 11 Qkjikhkj vnin VB H{qjg #VBH' Aejmonq Qnyeej #AOQ' inj

Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGR*

Vkqgeik Vkjmnhnynj

Onykmeqg Oka{j

G GG GGG

VBH 9*23 a ;*23 a ;*43 a

AOQ 9*1> n 9*73 n ;*93 n

OVQR 9*>1 n ;*66 n ;*2> n

42

igm{jnonj nin`nc `ncnj wnjm akqnin vnin okygjmmgnj >166 h iv` rkcgjmmn

i oyg gy R ` g gy i ` c c og o o y a `


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vqei{oygtgynrjwn hkj{q{j* Rk`ngj gy{ vnin `ncnj rn}nc hkh{jmogjonj okykan`nj

re`{h wnjm `kagc ygjmmg rkcgjmmn okin`nhnj nonqv{j `kagc in`nh* Dnoyeq `ngj

wnjm hkjwkanaonj vkqakinnj ykqrka{y nin`nc rgrykh vkjme`ncnj `ncnj* Vnin

`ncnj ykmn`nj {h{hjwn hkjmm{jnonj yqnoyeq rkcgjmmn VOV(jwn `kagc okbg` inj

okin`nhnj njynq l{qgjm l{mn okbg` hkh{jmogjonj vkqy{ha{cnj nonq wnjm

ykqanynr*

Cnrg` vkjmnhnynj l{h`nc anynjm vkql{qgjm hkj{jl{oonj anc}n ynjnhnj

VB aejmonq qnyeej akqakin jwnyn ykqcninv okvqnrnj* Akmgy{ l{mn ikjmnj VB

h{qjg akqakin jwnyn ikjmnj okvqnrnj* Rkinjmonj qnyn(qnyn l{h`nc anynjm VB

aejmonq qnyeej `kagc vniny iganjigjmonj VB h{qjg inj okvqnrnj* Cn` gjg agrn

ykqlnig onqkjn dnoyeq vkqn}nynj wnjm ig`no{onj vkynjg*

Ynak` 12 L{h`nc Anynjm Vkq L{qgjm vnin VB H{qjg #VBH' Aejmonq Qnyeej

#AOQ' inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGY*

Onykmeqg Oka{j L{h`nc Anynjm

VBH ;=*22 a

AOQ ;3*66 a

OVQR ;9*4= n

Okykqnjmnj < Njmon wnjm iggo{yg c{q{d wnjm rnhn vnin oe`eh wnjm rnhn ygino akqakin

jwnyn vnin {lg y

Ygjmmg Anynjm* Rkbnqn mnqgr akrnq qnyn(qnyn ygjmmg anynjm ykqygjmmg

igcnrg`onj e`kc ynjnhnj VB h{qjg iggo{yg ynjnhnj okvqnrnj inj ygjmmg anynjm

ykqkjinc vnin ynjnhnj VB aejmonq qnyeej* Rkinjmonj akqinrnqonj cnrg` {lg vnin

ynqnd >6+ VB h{qjg hkj{jl{oonj cnrg` wnjm akqakin jwnyn vnin vkqgeik vkqynhn

inj ygino akqakin jwnyn vnin vkqgeik okygmn

49

Aeaey Anynjm vkq Hkykq* Cnrg` vkjmnhnynj ykqcninv aeaey anynjm vkq

hkykq ynjnhnj hkj{jl{oonj anc}n aeaey ynjnhnj vnin hnrgjm hnrgjm onykmeqg


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hkykq ynjnhnj hkj{jl{oonj anc}n aeaey ynjnhnj vnin hnrgjm(hnrgjm onykmeqg

oka{j vnin vkqgeik okygmn hkhg`gog qnynnj wnjm rnhn* Nonj ykynvg ykq`gcny anc}n

vkqokhanjmnj wnjm vkrny ign`nhg e`kc ynjnhnj VB aejmonq qnyeej hkrogv{j

cnrg` {lg hkj{jl{oonj ygino akqakin jwnyn* L{h`nc inj vkqokhanjmnj wnjm

cnhvgq rnhn ykqrka{y igrkanaonj e`kc onji{jmnj rkqny wnjm ygjmmg vnin anynjm

ynjnhnj okvqnrnj }n`n{v{j vnin {h{jwn ignhkykq anynjmjwn vn`gjm okbg`*

Ygjmmgjwn rkqny ykqrka{y igrkanaonj vkjmnq{c vkqy{hacnj y{jmm{` wnjm

bkjikq{jm ig nynr vkqh{onnj ynjnc rkcgjmmn r{o{`kjrgjwn okbg`*

Ynak` 1; Aeaey Anynjm Vkq hkykq vnin VB H{qjg #VBH' Aejmonq Qnyeej #AOQ'

inj Okvqnrnj #OVQR' ig @ncnj YQGY*

Vkqgeik Vkjmnhnynj

Onykmeqg Oka{jG GG GGG

VBH 6*96 6*91 6*9;

AOQ 6*27 6*92 6*9;

OVQR 6*96 6*91 6*9;

Okykqnjmnj < Njmonnjmon vnin oe`eh wnjm rnhn ygino akqakin jwnyn vnin {lg y

Qkjikhkj* Inqg cnrg` vkjmnhnynj iginvnyonj anc}n qkjikhkj ykqygjmmg

igcnrg`onj e`kc ynjnhnj VB h{qjg okh{ignj VB aejmonq qnyeej inj ykqkjinc

vnin ynjnhnj okvqnrnj* Cn` gjg igrkanaonj e`kc dnoyeq j{yqgrg wnjm iginvnyonj

ynjnhnj VB h{qjg `kagc ygjmmg onqkjn okrkignnj {jr{q cnqnjwn l{mn `kagc ygjmmg*

Akqakin ikjmnj VB aejmonq qnyeej wjm hkjmm{jnonj `ncnj akonr ynjnhnj yka{

rkcgjmmn {jr{q cnqn krkjrgn` wnjm ykqrkign in`nh ynjnc r{inc ykqo{qnr e`kc

ynjnhnj yka{ rkak`{hjwn*

Ynak` 14 Qkjikhkj vnin VB H{qjg #VBH' Aejmonq Qnyeej #AOQ' inj

4;

Rkbnqn mnqgr akrnq vkjmnq{c vkjmmnjygnj tnqgkynr vqei{oygtgynr YQGR inj

vqei{oygtgynr YQGY invny ig`gcny vnin ynak` qkonvgy{`nrg akqgo{y


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vqei{oygtgynr YQGY invny ig`gcny vnin ynak` qkonvgy{`nrg akqgo{y*

Ynak` 1= Qkonvgy{`nrg Cnrg` Vkjmnhnynj ig `nvnjm*

Onykmeqg L{h`nc Anynjm Ygjmmg Anynjm Aeaey Anynjm%Hkykq Qkjikhkj

YH G GG GGG G GG GGG G GG GGG

Tnqgkynr Vr 3;> yj , , yj yj yj yj , , ,

Vr 349 yj , yj yj yj yj yj , , ,A@ yj yj yj yj yj yj yj , , ,

Vr ;3 yj yj yj yj yj yj yj yj yj yj

YQGR VBH , , , , yj yj yj , , ,

AOQ yj , yj , yj yj yj yj yj yj

OVQR yj yj , yj yj yj yj yj yj yj

YQGY VBH , , yj yj yj yj yj , , ,

AOQ , yj , yj yj yj yj , yj yjOVQR yj yj yj yj yj yj yj yj yj yj

Okykqnjmnj < YH < ynornrg Hnqky VBH < VB H{qjg AOQ < aejmonq qnyeej OVQR Vr 349

inj A@ hkj{jl{oonj cnrg` vqei{org `kagc ygjmmg inqgvnin tnqgkynr `nhn in`nh cn`

gjg Vr ;3 wnjm vnin hnrn oklnwnnjjwn inc{`{ vkqjnc hkjmcnrg`onj vqei{org wnjm

ygjmmg v{`n* Tnqgkynr `nhn hkjmn`nhg vkj{q{jnj onqkjn rn`nc rny{jwn ykqlnig

vkq{ancnj mkjkygo vnin rnny vqerkr i{v`gonrg rk` nogany vkjwkykonj anynjm rkbnqn

ykq{r(hkjkq{r*

Vk`nornjnnj aejmonq qnyeej ak`{h ynhvno vkjmnq{cjwn ykqcninv cnrg`

onqkjn lgon iganjigjmonj ikjmnj vqei{org ynjnhnj okvqnrnj vkjgjmonynjjwn

ygino ykq`n`{ ygjmmg cn` gjg igrkanaonj e`kc `ncnj wnjm igm{jnonj nin`nc kor

ynjnhnj yka{ l{mn rkcgjmmn {jr{q cnqn wnjm iga{y{conj yka{ r{inc anjwno

ykqrkqnv e`kc ynjnhnj yka{ rkak`{hjwn wnjm bkjikq{jm r{inc igokvqnr akq{`njm

on`g* Akqakin ikjmnj ynjnhnj VB h{qjg wnjm `ncnjjwn akonr rn}nc nyn{

vn`n}gln rkcgjmmn okninnj ynjncjwn hnrgc ango*

4=

INDYNQ V[RYNON


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Nikrk}ele Q* Reie* >737* Akqbebeo Ynjnh Yka{ #Rnbbnq{h eddgbgjnq{h @*'*

VY* An`k Anji{jm* Anji{jm* >66 cn`*

Intgkr J* >776* R{mnqbnjk v* 4; =>* Gj Rvkki`w Njiqk} #Kir'* Iktk`evgjm

]eq`i Nmqgb{`y{qk* Mqertkjeq Vqkrr Gjykqjnygejn`* @ejiej*

H{q}njieje inj G* R{anmwe* >77>* [rncn Hkjngoonj Vqei{org Yka{ Okvqnrnj

ig @ncnj Okqgjm Bn}hgjm i

pengelolaan tanaman tebu (saccharum officinarum l.) di, pabrik gula tjoekir ptpn x, jombang, jawa...

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