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Draft 219 Juni 2007

Hydrogeological Analysis in Regional Planning of Tigaraksa City,Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia

Deny Juanda PuradimajaResearch Group on Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Mineral Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,

Jl. Ganesha No. 10, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia (e-mail:[email protected])

B. KombaitanResearch Group on Regional Planning, School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung,


D. Erwin IrawanResearch Group on Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Mineral Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,


Keywords: groundwater basin, groundwater recharge area, regional planning

Abstract

Since 1980s large scale housing has been developed at suburban areas of Jakarta torespond the needs. Tigaraksa is one of the areas, with 1.110 km2 area, 3.185.944 of population.The area then was selected as the capital of Tangerang Regency. The goal of this paper is toreconfirm the hydrogeological condition of Tangerang Regency, especially Tigaraksa area basedon new data as materials to evaluate the hydrogeological role of the area. To achieve the goal,the methodology must cover surface and sub surface condition. Surface observation andgeoelectrical mapping has been done to expose the hydrogeological setting as working basis forplanners. It can be concluded that Tigaraksa area lies on the recharge area of TangerangRegency. Based on hydrogeological mapping, it can be found that there are layers of porousformation exposed in the area then dipped northward. This condition shows the importance ofhydrogeological considerations to spatial planning. It is essential for future regional planning toconverts the area as groundwater conservation area with artificial recharge methods, without

reducing its current function as capital city.


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1. BACKGROUND

Since 1980s large scale housing has been developed at suburban areas of Jakarta to respondthe needs (Winarso dan Kombaitan, 1997). One of them is Tigaraksa which then be used as thecapital of Tangerang Regency (Figure 1 and Table 1). The statistics of the area are 1.110 km2,

3.185.944 of population, 2869 of density.

Sustainability concept makes a bridge between today and future. Usage of natural resourceswithout exhausting them. The balance between utilization and conservation of the naturalresources.

Figure 1. Map of town distribution in Jabodetabek area (in hectares, Ha)


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5.400Cikarang Baru

2.000Kota Legenda

2.000Lippo CikarangBekasi RegencyIV

2.000Royal Sentul

550RancamayaBogor RegencyIII

770Permuahan ModernTangerang CityII

700Alam Sutra

1.500Lippo Kawaraci

800Pantai Indah Kapuk

1.000Gading Serpong

1.700Bintaro Jaya

2.500Citra Raya

2.000Tigaraksa

6.000Bumi SerpongDamai

TangerangRegency

I

Areas(Ha)

Name of TownRegency/CityNo.

5.400Cikarang Baru

2.000Kota Legenda

2.000Lippo CikarangBekasi RegencyIV

2.000Royal Sentul

550RancamayaBogor RegencyIII

770Permuahan ModernTangerang CityII

700Alam Sutra

1.500Lippo Kawaraci

800Pantai Indah Kapuk

1.000Gading Serpong

1.700Bintaro Jaya

2.500Citra Raya

2.000Tigaraksa

6.000Bumi SerpongDamai

TangerangRegency

I

Areas(Ha)

Name of TownRegency/CityNo.

Table 1. List of town distribution in Jabodetabek area (in hectares, Ha)

2. OBJECTIVES

The hydrogeological and spatial planning study is objected to reconfirm the hydrogeological

condition of Tangerang Regency, especially Tigaraksa area based on new data. The study willbe used as materials to evaluate the appropriate step to conserve water recharge in the area.

3. METHODOLOGY

Hydrogeological condition is a combination of two main aspects: the solid and the fluid. The solidaspect comprises the material and the geometry of an aquifer and the hydraulic properties of theaquifer; while the fluid aspect involves the hydraulic behaviour of the groundwater. Therefore,two complementary methods have been carried out in this study (Figure 2):

(1). Surface mapping of volcanic aquifer system with 1 : 25.000 scale, to identify the geometry of

the aquifer and the hydraulic properties of soil (unconfined aquifer). The data were obtainedfrom observation of nearly 100 wells and 20 geoelectrical shot points.

(2). Flow net analysis, to identify the groundwater flow system. The main data is groundwaterlevel position.


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Figure 2. Flowchart of the research

4. BACKGROUND THEORIES

4.1 Sustainable Regional Planning

Planning is a decision-making process regarding the future. On each scale of planningprocess, spatial rules of the social life have been formed. In planning process preparingscenarios on community scale, firstly spatial analyses should be carried out. Several regionalplanning issues of new town / large-scale housing development: Peri-urbanization processes:kotadesasi; Productive agricultural land conversion to urban use Job-housing mismatch:toward a self-contained new town development; Sustainable principles: Macro level: physicalsuitability of such development; Micro level: land use based on land suitability analyses.

Throughout the world, spatial planning strategies focusing on the sustainable development haveecological approach. Both regional and urban planning processes have been based uponecological issues. Each land is not suitable for every kind of land uses or is suitable for only oneland use from the natural resource point of view. Two important analyses in urban planningprocesses: a) Supply side: development capacity analyses; b) Demand side: developmentneeds analyses; c) Sustainable approach: balancing the demand to supply side. Developmentcapacity analyses: a) Macro level: physical suitability of such development; b) Micro level: ->location suitability mapping: Spatial pattern of factors is sensitive to local principles -> Relativesuitability of locations for specific land use categories (Figure 3).

Land-Use Map

TopographicalMap

Geological Map

HydrogeologicalMap

GeoelectricSurvey

Groundwater tableSurvey

Borehole datainventory

Resistivity Map IsopotentiometricMap & Flow net

analysis

Geologicalsections

Hydrogeological Map


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4.2 Hydrogeological Considerations in Regional Planning

Large scale housing requires continuous supplies of water. This has been the major issue forcities and regions in Indonesia. Regional planning theories recognizes six physical parameters

biotic and non biotic: slope, rock / soil, water, vegetation, earth resources, and geologicalhazards. Therefore, it can be noticed that planning needs to identify natural resources andpotentials. The position of water in third rank suggests the critical role of water as controllingfactor in regional planning. Moreover, hydrogeological condition plays important role to regionalplanning design, which is composed of three parts (Figure 4): hydrometeorology, hydrology orwatershed, and hydrogeological basin. The technical procedures must be convergence betweenmapping stages as drawn on Table 2.

Figure 3. The five tasks for land classification and urban land use design (Kaiser et al., 1995)


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Figure 4. The three integrated system of water (G. Castany, 1982)


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Table 2. The convergence of groundwater potential evaluation in planning stages(Deny Juanda P., 2006).


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Consecutively groundwater as part of water resources needs to manage based onhydrogeological basin. Therefore groundwater management must consist of: hydrogeologicalmapping in various scale (regional and technical), understanding of hydrogeological character ofINPUT (recharge area) PROCESSES (flowing area) and OUTPUT (discharge area), controlon groundwater contamination (natural and man-made contamination) through optimization and

groundwater conservation, and control on aquifer capacity to supply sustainable water needs(Figure 5).

Recharge area is where rain or surface water infiltrates to the aquifer. Discharge area is wheremany groundwater springs emerge to surface. Flowing area is where the groundwater flows fromrecharge to discharge area. The 3 areas are controlled by geological condition. As a result,groundwater flow differs from surface water flow. To sharpen the analysis, surface andsubsurface mapping is very important (Figure 6).

Noting descriptions above, hydrogeological basin identification is strongly correlated withregional planning, recalling that hydrogeological boundaries rarely coincide with administrativeboundaries (Figure 7).


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Figure 5. An illustration hydrogeological basins and groundwater behaviour.

KawasanImbuhan

Airtanahakifer2

Ka

wasanPengambilan

Airtanah(+

)

(-)

DenyJP2003,Jat

im

RechargeArea:

1.Generally

locatedon

highlands.

2.Deepgroundwater

table

3.Poroussu

rficial

soil

DischargeAre

a:

1.Generally

located

onlowlandsorfoot

slope

2.Shallowgro

undwater

table

3.Manywater

springs.

Springsfrom

Aquifer1

Springsfrom

Aquifer2

GROUNDWATERFLOWA

REA&

RECHARGEAREAFORAQUIFER1

GRO

UNDWATERRECHARGE

AREAFORAQUIFER2

Equipote

ntialline


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2DGeologicalsetting

3DGeologicalse

tting

3DRegionalP

lan

Projectingsub

surfaceconditions

tospatialregio

nal

planningmap

Groundwaterflow

Plannin

g

considerations

L

anduse1

Landuse2

Landuse3

Landuse4

Figure 6. An illustration of the importance of hydrogeological schematization by means ofsurface and subsurface mapping.


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Figure 7. Groundwater basin setting: hydrogeological boundaries and administrativeboundaries. Aquifer 1 has local recharge-discharge system, aquifer 2 has intermediate system,and aquifer 3 has regional system (Deny Juanda P., 2006).


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5. Hydrogeological System of Tigaraksa Area

Hydrogeological study has been done at Tigaraksa, the administration centre of TangerangRegency. Based on subsurface analysis, the groundwater basin of Tangerang Regency is

composed of three productive aquifers with common dip to the north (Figure 8). The aquifersconsist of: the volcanic deposits of Genteng Formation, Banten Tuff Formation, and alluviumaquifer. The aquifers are located at 0 40 m up to more than 100 m (Table 3). In the aquifersystems, there are layers of interstitial clay deposits with thickness of 1 5 m, as impermeablelenses.

Table 3. Aquifer stratification.

Aquifergroup

Depth (m) Thickness Material

I 0-40 3-7 m Clay, sand, conglomerate

II 40-100 2-76 m Breccia, sand, clayish sand, tufaceous sandIII > 100 8-22 m sand, tufaceous sand with clay intercalation

The basal boundary is The Bojongmanik Formation with impermeable properties. River playsrole as the west boundary, sea water as north boundary, and normal fault as east boundary.Based on potentiometric map, groundwater comes from the southern area of the regency, asrecharge area then flows northward through Alluvium, Banten Tuff, and Genteng Formation.

From the hydrogeological boundary, it can be concluded that Tigaraksa area lies on therecharge area. Since the development of the area has not considered the hydrogeologicalsetting, it is essential for future regional planning to converts the area as groundwaterconservation area with artificial recharge methods, without reducing its current function.

There are three productive aquifers (dip to the north): he volcanic deposits of GentengFormation, Banten Tuff Formation, and alluvium aquifer. The aquifers are located at 0 40 mup to more than 100 m. Layers of interstitial clay deposits with thickness of 1 5 m, asimpermeable lenses. Based on potentiometric map, groundwater comes from the southern areaof the regency. Groundwater flows northward through Alluvium, Banten Tuff, and GentengFormation.


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Figure 8. The hydrogeological setting of Tangerang Regency


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6. CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that Tigaraksa area lies on the recharge area of Tangerang Regency. Basedon hydrogeological mapping, it can be found that there are layers of porous formation exposedin the area then dipped northward. This condition shows the importance of hydrogeological

considerations to spatial planning. It is essential for future regional planning to converts the areaas groundwater conservation area with artificial recharge methods, without reducing its currentfunction as capital city.

REFERENCES

1. Baja, Chapman, and Dragovich, 2002, Using GIS-based Continuous Methods forAssessing Agricultural Land Use Potential in Sloping Areas, Journal of Environment andPlanning, 29:3-20.

2. Castany G. (1982) Principles et mthodes de l'hydrogologie Ed. Dunod Universit Bordas, Paris..

3. Deny Juanda Puradimaja, 2006, Hidrogeologi Kawasan Gunungapi dan Karst diIndonesia, Pidato Guru Besar ITB, Desember 2006.

4. Edward J. Kaiser, David R. Godschalk and F. Stuart Chapin, Jr, 1995, Urban Land UsePlanning, 4th Edition. Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press.

5. Fabos, J. Gy, 1985, Land-Use Planning. From Global to Local Challenge. A Downdenand Culver book.Environmental Resource Management Series. Chapman and Hall. NewYork.

6. McHarg, 1969, Design with Nature, John Wiley & Sons

7. Winarso, Haryo, Boy Kombaitan, 1997, The Jabotabek Area: Space Restructuring AndThe Emergence of Formal Private Residential Developer. Makalah yang dipresentasikan

dalam the 4th APSA International Congress on Urban Restructuring in the Fast GrowingAsia. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia 2-4 September, 1997.

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