Menjelaskan Dasar Ontologi, Epistemologi, Aksiologi Ilmu (Studi) Kewarganegaraan

WijiantoRaharjo

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1. ONTOLOGI

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“!"#$%$ &"'"%($)$* +),+-+./ '$0$, '/0$($1/&"2$.$/ ($3/3$, $0$ 4$). '/3$5/6 7),+-+./1"12$($& ,"),$). $0$ 4$). /)./) '/3",$(8/*&"2"%$0$ 5$8( /)./) ,$(8* $,$8* '").$)0"%3$,$$) -$/)* &8$,8 0").3$5/$) 1").")$/,"+%/ ,"),$). 9$'$: ;!8%/$&81$),%/<==>?6 7),+-+./ 1"%80$3$) 2$($&$) 1").")$/+25"3 4$). /)./) '/,"-$$(6

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Aspek Ontologi Ilmu (Studi) Kewarganegaraan

interaksi kekuasaan dan nilai/norma yang

diberlakukan dalam konteks

hak

aktor/institusi penyelenggara kekuasaan

kewajiban dan tanggungjawab.

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Yaitu kajian dari sisi aktor yang terlibat, interaksi atau relasi antar aktor, dan nilai di balik institusionalisasi aktor.

Tiga starting point tersebut yaitu:

J

NONAMA DISIPLIN

ILMU PENGETAHUAN

OBJEK MATERIA OBJEK FORMA

1

2.

3.

4.

5.

Ilmu Pemerintahan

Ilmu politik

Ilmu administrasinegara

Ilmu negara

Ilmu (studi) Kewarganegaraan

Negara

Negara

Negara

Negara

Negara

Hubungan-hubungan pemerintahan, gejaladan peristiwa pemerintahan

Kekuasaan, kepentingan rakyat, gruppenekan

Pelayanan, organisasi, manajemen, birokrasi

Peraturan perundang-undangan

Hak, kewajiban, tanggung jawab.

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2. EPISTEMOLOGI

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Merunut Aspek Epistemologi Ilmu / Studi Kewarganegaraan dari Ilmu Politik

Menurut Gerry Stokerdalam Theory and Methods in Political Science mengemukakan tiga pendekatan utama dalam ilmu politik, yaitu

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Penjelasan bagaimana cara pandang dalam menganalisa realitas kewarganegaraan.

Perkembangan citizenship education dan civic education, dalamkenyataannya secara historis-epistemologis tidak bisa dipisahkandari perkembangan pemikiran tentang social studies/social studieseducation, seperti dapat dilihat di USA. Mengenai saling keterkaitanantara citizenship education dan civic education dan social studie, padadasarnya ada dua pandangan utama. Pandangan pertama melihat citizenshipeducation dan civic education sebagai bagian dari social studies, danpandangan kedua melihat citizenship education dan civic education sebagaiesensi atau inti dari social studies. Sementara itu secara epistemologis,sesungguhnya “Social studies” juga memiliki hubungan erat dengan “socialsciences”, karena itu kedudukannya dan keterkaitannya juga harus dipahamidengan jelas.

4 Dasar Teori Kewarganegaraan

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1. Teori Liberal: John Locke, Adam Smith, T.H. Marshall, pemikiran awal R. Dahl, J.Rawls.a. Tradisional liberalismeb. liberalisme modern/pluralisme

2. Orde Konsensual: Aristoteles, J.J. Rousseau, A.Etzioni, W.Galston, A.Oldfield, P. Pettita. Komunitarianismeb. Republikanisme sipil

3. Republikanisme Partisipatoris:J. Habermas, J. Bohman, H. Van Gunsteren, Benjamin Barber, M.Warren.a. Republikanismeb. Demokrasi ekspansif.

4. Pluralisme Pascamodern: E.Laclau, C. Mouffe, E.Isin, J.Torfing, W.Kymlickaa. Pluralisme radikal.b. Multikulturalisme

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Menghubungkan Ontologi, Epistemologi, dan Metologi -Hay within (Paul Furlong and David Marsh)

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Ontology

Epistemology

Methodology

Fuoundationalism

Positivism Realism

Quantitative Privileged

Quantitative and Qualitative

Anti-Foundationalism

Interpretivism

Qualitative Privileged

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3. AKSIOLOGI

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CitizenshipCitizenship was long a neglected subject in the social sciences, but in a dramatic reversal it has more recently become a focal point for wide-ranging and varied discussions concerning the democratic prospect in an increasingly global society. Indeed, it is fair to say that we are currently witnessing an effl orescence of interest in the future of citizenship, or what David Scobey (2001: 20) has referred to as the “‘return of the citizen’ in public and policy discourse.”

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