latar belakang (coret).docx
TRANSCRIPT
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A. Latar Belakang
Tumbuhan tropis dunia diperkirakan lebih dari 250.000 spesies dan 1500 spesies
diantaranya merupakan family Sterculiaceae yang terdapat dalam 70 genus (ressler!
dkk! 2007". #asil penelusuran pustaka (#akim 200$% &ohman 2005% Amrun dan 'miyah!
2005% rapti)i 200*" diperoleh berbagai +enis tumbuhan sebagai sumber antioksidan
alami! satu di antaranya adalah dari suku Sterculiaceae.
,alah satu tumbuhan family Sterculiaceae yang tersebar di seluruh kepulauan
-ndonesia dan sangat potensial untuk diteliti adalah Kleinhovia hospital Linn sebagai
tumbuhan yang berkhasiat (-mran!dkk! 2007". ,eara tradisional! daun tumbuhan K.
hospita telah dimanfaatkan sebagai obat oleh masyarakat luas! khususnya di ,ula)esi
Tenggara dan ,elatan! diperaya berkhasiat sebagai obat yang mampu mengobati
penyakit li/er (&afliar!200*".
Tumbuhan paliasa diyakini dapat menghasilkan senya)asenya)a metabolit
sekunder yang memiliki bioakti/itas menarik dan efek terapetik yang ampuh. ,eara
tradisional daun tumbuhan paliasa sudah dimanfaatkan sebagai obat tradisional seara
luas oleh masyarakat khususnya di ,ula)esi ,elatan dan diperaya berkhasiat sebagai
obat yang mampu mengobati penyakit li/er! hipertensi! dan diabetes (ini dan arminto!
2012". i daerah 3alimantan ,elatan! seara empirik daun paliasa dimanfaatkan oleh
masyarakat setempat untuk menegah pertumbuhan uban (pemutihan )arna" pada rambut
kepala dengan ara keramas. Akan tetapi! untuk pemanfaatan daun tersebut belum ada
ka+ian yang membuktikannya seara ilmiah.
Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan bah)a kandungan kimia yang terdapat dalam
daun paliasa salah satunya adalah antioksidan. ,aefudin dkk. (2014" telah melakukan
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penelitian bah)a pada tumbuhan! K. hospitabaik kulit batang maupun daunnya banyak
mengandung senya)a fla/onoid. la/onoid merupakan antioksidan yang kuat dan dapat
meredam radikal bebas! termasuk 62! #262! 6#! dan singlet oksigen (62" (,akihama !
2002". ,elain itu! 3ementrian &iset dan tekhnologi (2012" men+elaskan bah)a paliasa
diketahui mengandung senya)a aktif leutherol dan 3aempferol 4glukosida yang
berfungsi sebagai at antioksidan.
Antioksidan adalah senya)a yang berguna dalam membantu mengatasi kerusakan
oksidatif akibat radikal bebas atau senya)a oksigen reaktif. Antioksidan dapat beker+a
dengan ara mengatasi efekefek kerusakan pada kulit manusia yang diakibatkan oleh
radikal bebas yang merupakan faktor utama pada proses penuaan (aging" dan kerusakan
+aringan kulit. enuaan dini adalah proses penuaan kulit yang dapat ter+adi akibat dari
paparan sinar matahari yang berlebihan. ,ehingga! untuk memperlambat proses penuaan
kulit tersebut! kerusakan kulit perlu diegah atau diperbaiki dengan menggunakan produk
kosmetik yang mengandung kolagen! /itamin! dan sebagainya. ,alah satu bentuk sediaan
kosmetik yang sering digunakan yaitu sediaan krim (Amiruddin! 2004 % ir+en 68!
2005".
3rim adalah bentuk sediaan setengah padat berupa emulsi kental mengandung
tidak kurang dari *09 air! dimaksudkan untuk pemakaian luar. Tipe krim ini ada yang
bertipe air dalam minyak (A:8" dan minyak dalam air (8:A" (Anief! 1;;;".
Berdasarkan uraian diatas! telah dikatakan bah)a daun paliasa banyak
mengandung senya)a fla/onoid. 6leh karena itu daun paliasa berpotensi untuk
dikembangkan men+adi sediaan krim antioksidan. ormulasi sediaan krim antioksidan
dari ekstrak etanol daun paliasa setelah diformulasikan kemudian diu+i akti/itas
antioksidannya dengan menggunakan metode #! serta pengu+ian stabilitas fisik
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sediaan yang meliputi pengamatan organoleptik krim! u+i p#! u+i /iskositas! dan
homogenitas serta u+i stabilitas dengan metode sentrifugasi.B. &umusan 8asalah
Berdasarkan latar belakang diatas! permasalahan yang dapat dika+i dalam penelitian
ini adalah . Tu+uan enelitian
Tu+uan dari penelitian ini adalah %
1. 8endapatkan formulasi sediaan krim dari ekstrak daun paliasa2. 8engetahui stabilitas fisik formula sediaan krim ekstrak daun paliasa
4. 8engetahui akti/itas antioksidan formulasi sediaan krim ekstrak daun paliasa
. 8anfaat enelitian
8anfaat yang ingin diapai dari penelitian ini adalah
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-ndonesia merupakan @egara yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati tumbuhan
tropis yang sangat potensial.
,ebagaimana diketahui! sekitar 1.2*0 +enis tumbuhan obat berasal dari hutan tropika -ndonesia
(uhud .! 1;;?". ari +umlah tersebut! beberapa di antaranya adalah tumbuhan endemik (alu+o!
200$". #asil penelusuran pustaka (#akim 200$% &ohman 2005% Amrun dan 'miyah! 2005%
rapti)i 200*" diperoleh berbagai +enis tumbuhan sebagai sumber antioksidan alami! satu di
antaranya adalah dari suku ,teruliaeae.
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Daun Ndokulo (Kleinhovia hospita L)
aatkan oleh masyarakat luas sebagai bahan obat tradisional, khususnya penyakit liver, termap, asam prusid dan triterpenoid ('adan *, "##+)% aliasa diketahui mengandung senya
&ntioksidan
1ormulasi sediaan Krim antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun paliasa (Kleinhovia hospita Linn)
k lengket dan mudah dicuci dengan air% dibandingkan dengan sediaan salep, gel maupun pa
sediaan Krim antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun paliasa (
valuasi kestabilan krim meliputi5
organoleptis viskositas, p6, dan homogenitas72i aktivitas antioksidan
Kerangka Konsep
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tumbuh di kecamatan asera, kabupaten konawe utara
Daun anaman paliasa
kstraksi
kstrak etanol daun paliasa
1ormulasi krim
$ 8
72i stabilitas 72i aktivitas antioksidan
rganoleptis
9iskositas
!nversi fase
etes dispersi
p6
9olume kriming
" 8 - 8
3eterangan etyl alohol! used in pharmaeutial
preparations! is a miDture of solid aliphati alohols omprising mainly 1
heDadeanol (>1*#4?6". The ',42G@27 speifies not less than ;0.09 of
etyl alohol! the remainder onsisting hiefly of related alohols. >ommerially!
many grades of etyl alohol are a/ailable as miDtures of etyl alohol (*0G709"
and stearyl alohol (20G409"! the remainder being related alohols.Functional ategor!
>oating agent% emulsifying agent% stiffening agent.
Applications in "harmaceutical Formulation or #echnolog!
>etyl alohol is )idely used in osmetis and pharmaeutial formulations suh
as suppositories! modifiedrelease solid dosage forms! emulsions! lotions! reams!
and ointments. -n suppositories etyl alohol is used to raise the melting point of
the base! and in modifiedrelease dosage forms it may be used to form a
permeable barrier oating. -n lotions! reams! and ointments etyl alohol is used
beause of its emollient! )aterabsorpti/e! and emulsifying properties. -t enhanes
stability! impro/es teDture! and inreases onsisteny. The emollient properties are
due to absorption and retention of etyl alohol in the epidermis! )here it
lubriates and softens the skin )hile imparting a harateristi H/el/etyI teDture.
>etyl alohol is also used for its )ater absorption properties in )aterinoil
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emulsions. or eDample! a miDture of petrolatum and etyl alohol (1; < 1" )ill
absorb ?0G509 of its )eight of )ater. >etyl alohol ats as a )eak emulsifier of
the )aterinoil type! thus allo)ing a redution of the Juantity of other
emulsifying agents used in a formulation. >etyl alohol has also been reported to
inrease the onsisteny of )aterinoil emulsions.
-n oilin)ater emulsions! etyl alohol is reported to impro/e stability by
ombining )ith the )atersoluble emulsifying agent. The ombined miDed
emulsifier produes a lose paked! monomoleular barrier at the oilG)ater
interfae )hih forms a mehanial barrier against droplet oalesene.-n semisolid emulsions! eDess etyl alohol ombines )ith the aJueous
emulsifier solution to form a /isoelasti ontinuous phase that imparts semisolid
properties to the emulsion and also pre/ents droplet oalesene. Therefore! etyl
alohol is sometimes referred to as a Honsisteny impro/erI or a Hbodying agentI!
although it may be neessary to miD etyl alohol )ith a hydrophili emulsifier toimpart this property.
-t should be noted that pure or pharmaopeial grades of etyl alohol may
not form stable semisolid emulsions and may not sho) the same physial
properties as grades of etyl alohol that ontain signifiant amounts of other
similar alohols.
Table -< 'ses of etyl alohol.
'se >onentration (9"
mollient 2G5
mulsifying agent 2G5
,tiffening agent 2G10
ater absorption 5
$escription
>etyl alohol ours as )aDy! )hite flakes! granules! ubes! or astings. -t has a
faint harateristi odor and bland taste.
Stabilit! and Storage onditions
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>etyl alohol is stable in the presene of aids! alkalis! light! and air% it does not
beome ranid. -t should be stored in a )elllosed ontainer in a ool! dry plae.
ncompatibilities
-nompatible )ith strong oDidiing agents. >etyl alohol is responsible for
lo)ering the melting point of ibuprofen! )hih results in stiking tendenies
during the proess of film oatingibuprofen rystals.
Method o& Manu&acture
>etyl alohol may be manufatured by a number of methods suh as esterifiation
and hydrogenolysis of fatty aids or by atalyti hydrogenation of the
triglyerides obtained from oonut oil or tallo). >etyl alohol may be purified
by rystalliation and distillation.
Sa&et!
>etyl alohol is mainly used in topial formulations! although it has also been
used in oral and retal preparations. >etyl alohol has been assoiated )ith
allergi delayedtype hypersensiti/ity reations in patients )ith stasis dermatitis.
(2" >rosssensitiation )ith etostearyl alohol! lanolin! and stearyl alohol has
also been reported.(4!?" -t has been suggested that hypersensiti/ity may be aused
by impurities in ommerial grades of etyl alohol sine highly refined etyl
alohol (;;.59" has not been assoiated )ith hypersensiti/ity reations.(5"
'. gliserin 1( % b/)
S!non!ms
>roderol% ?22% glierol% glyerine% glyerolum% lyon 100% 3emstrene%
6ptim% rierine% 1!2!4propanetriol% trihydroDypropane glyerol.
hemical *ame and AS +egistr! *umber
ropane1!2!4triol K5*$15 ? mpirial ormula and 8oleular eight
>4#$64 ;2.0;
Structural Formula
Functional ategor!
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Antimirobial preser/ati/e% osol/ent% emollient% humetant% plastiier% sol/ent%
s)eetening agent% toniity agent.
Applications in "harmaceutical Formulation or #echnolog!
lyerin is used in a )ide /ariety of pharmaeutial formulations
inluding oral! oti! ophthalmi! topial! and parenteral preparations% see Table -.-n topial pharmaeutial formulations and osmetis! glyerin is used
primarily for its humetant and emollient properties. lyerin is used as a sol/ent
or osol/ent in reams and emulsions.(1G4" lyerin is additionally used in
aJueous and nonaJueous gels and also as an additi/e in path appliations.(?G*"
-n parenteral formulations! glyerin is used mainly as a sol/ent and osol/ent.(7G
10"
-n oral solutions! glyerin is used as a sol/ent!(10" s)eetening agent!
antimirobial preser/ati/e! and /isosityinreasing agent. -t is also used as aplastiier and in film oatings.(11G1?"
lyerin is used as a plastiier of gelatin in the prodution of softgelatin
apsules and gelatin suppositories.
lyerin is employed as a therapeuti agent in a /ariety of linial
appliations!(15" and is also used as a food additi/e.
$escription
lyerin is a lear!
olorless! odorless! /isous! hygrosopi liJuid% it has a s)eet taste!
approDimately 0.* times as s)eet as surose.
Stabilit! and Storage onditions
lyerin is hygrosopi. ure glyerin is not prone to oDidation by the
atmosphere under ordinary storage onditions! but it deomposes on heating )ith
the e/olution of toDi arolein. 8iDtures ofglyerin )ith )ater! ethanol (;59"!
and propylene glyol arehemially stable.
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ncompatibilities
lyerin may eDplode if miDed )ith strong oDidiing agents suh as
hromium trioDide! potassium hlorate! or potassium permanganate. -n dilute
solution! the reation proeeds at a slo)er rate )ith se/eral oDidation produts
being formed. Blak disoloration of glyerin ours in the presene of light! or
on ontat )ith in oDide or basi bismuth nitrate.
An iron ontaminant in glyerin is responsible for the darkening in olor
of miDtures ontaining phenols! saliylates! and tannin.
lyerin forms a bori aid ompleD! glyerobori aid! that is a stronger
aid than bori aid.
,. #EA % b/) -',4
S!non!ms
TA% Tealan% triethylolamine% trihydroDytriethylamine% tris (hydroDyethyl"amine%
trolaminum.
hemical *ames and AS +egistr! *umber
2!20!200@itrilotriethanol K10271*
Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight
>*#15@64 1?;.1;
Structural Formula
Functional ategor!
Alkaliing agent% emulsifying agent.
Applications in "harmaceutical Formulation or #echnolog!
Triethanolamine is )idely used in topial pharmaeutial formulations!
primarily in the formation of emulsions.
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hen miDed in eJuimolar proportions )ith a fatty aid! suh as steari
aid or olei aid! triethanolamine forms an anioni soap )ith a p# of about $!
)hih may be used as an emulsifying agent to produe finegrained! stable oilin
)ater emulsions. >onentrations that are typially used for emulsifiation are 2G
?9 /:/ of triethanolamine and 2G5 times that of fatty aids. -n the ase of mineral
oils! 59 /:/ of triethanolamine )ill be needed! )ith an appropriate inrease in the
amount of fatty aid used. reparations that ontain triethanolamine soaps tend to
darken on storage. #o)e/er! disoloration may be redued by a/oiding eDposure
to light and ontat )ith metals and metal ions.Triethanolamine is also used in salt formation for in+etable solutions and
in topial analgesi preparations. -t is also used in sun sreen preparations.(1"Triethanolamine is used as an intermediate in the manufaturing of
surfatants! teDtile speialties! )aDes! polishes! herbiides! petroleum
demulsifiers! toilet goods! ement additi/es! and utting oils. Triethanolamine is
also laimed to be used for the prodution of lubriants for the rubber glo/es and
teDtile industries. 6ther general uses are as buffers! sol/ents! and polymer
plastiiers! and as a humetant.
$escription
Triethanolamine is a lear! olorless to pale yello)olored /isous liJuid
ha/ing a slight ammoniaal odor. -t is a miDture of bases! mainly 2!20!200
nitrilotriethanol! although it also ontains 2!20 iminobisethanol (diethanolamine"
and smaller amounts of 2 aminoethanol (monoethanolamine".
Stabilit! and Storage onditions
Triethanolamine may turn bro)n on eDposure to air and light.
The $59 grade of triethanolamine tends to stratify belo) 15$>%
homegeneity an be restored by )arming and miDing before use.
Triethanolamine should be stored in an airtight ontainer
proteted from light! in a ool! dry plae.
ncompatibilities
Triethanolamine is a tertiary amine that ontains hydroDy groups% it is
apable of undergoing reations typial of tertiary amines and alohols.
Triethanolamine )ill reat )ith mineral aids to formrystalline salts and esters.
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ith the higher fatty aids! triethanolamineforms salts that are soluble in )ater
and ha/e harateristisof soaps. Triethanolamine )ill also reat )ith opper to
formompleD salts. isoloration and preipitation an take plae in the presene
of hea/y metal salts.
Triethanolamine an reat )ith reagents suh as thionyl hlorideto replae
the hydroDy groups )ith halogens. The produts of these reations are /ery toDi!
resembling other nitrogen mustards.
4. asam stearat % b/b -01'1
S!non!ms
Aidum stearium% etylaeti aid% >rodaid% >ristal % >ristal ,% er/aid%
570% denor% mersol% Dtra A,% Dtra % Dtra ,% Dtra ,T% 1
heptadeanearboDyli aid% #ystrene% -ndustrene% 3ortaid 1$;5% earl ,teri%
risterene% stereophani aid% Tegosteari.
hemical *ame and AS +egistr! *umber
6tadeanoi aid K5711?
Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight
>1$#4*62 2$?.?7 (for pure material" The ',42G@27 desribes steari aid as
a miDture of steari aid (>1$#4*62" and palmiti aid (>1*#4262". -n the
',42G @27! the ontent of steari aid is not less than ?0.09 and the sum of
the t)o aids is not less than ;0.09. The ',42G@27 also ontains a
monograph for purified steari aid% see ,etion 17. The hur *.5 ontains a
single monograph for steari aid but defines steari aid 50! steari aid 70! and
steari aid ;5 as ontaining speifi amounts of steari aid (>1$#4*62"% see
,etion ;.
Structural Formula
Functional ategor!
mulsifying agent% solubiliing agent% tablet and apsule lubriant.
Applications in "harmaceutical Formulation or #echnolog!
,teari aid is )idely used in oral and topial pharmaeutial
formulations. -t is mainly used in oral formulations as a tablet and apsule
lubriant%(1G4" see Table -! although it may also be used as a binder(?" or in
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ombination )ith shella as a tablet oating. -t has also been suggested that steari
aid may be used in enteri tablet oatings and as a sustainedrelease drug arrier.
(5"
-n topial formulations! steari aid is used as an emulsifying and
solubiliing agent. hen partially neutralied )ith alkalis or triethanolamine!
steari aid is used in the preparation of reams.(*!7" The partially neutralied
steari aid forms a reamy base )hen miDed )ith 5G15 times its o)n )eight of
aJueous liJuid! the appearane and plastiity of the ream being determined by
the proportion of alkali used.,teari aid is used as the hardening agent in glyerin suppositories.
,teari aid is also )idely used in osmetis and food produts.
$escription
,teari aid is a hard! )hite or faintly yello)olored! some)hat glossy!
rystalline solid or a )hite or yello)ish )hite po)der. -t hasa slight odor ()ith an
odor threshold of 20 ppm" and tastesuggesting tallo).
Stabilit! and Storage onditions
,teari aid is a stable material% an antioDidant may also be added to it.
The bulk material should be stored in a )elllosedontainer in a ool! dry plae.
ncompatibilities
,teari aid is inompatible )ith most metal hydroDides and may be
inompatible )ith bases! reduing agents! and oDidiing agents.
6intment bases made )ith steari aid may sho) e/idene of drying out
or lumpiness due to suh a reation )hen ompounded )ith in or alium salts.
A number of differential sanning alorimetry studies ha/e in/estigated
the ompatibility of steari aid )ith drugs. Although suh laboratory studies ha/e
suggested inompatibilities! e.g. )ith naproDen!(;" they may not neessarily be
appliable to formulated produts.
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,teari aid has been reported to ause pitting in the film oating of tablets
applied using an aJueous filmoating tehniJue% the pitting )as found to be a
funtion of the melting point of the steari aid.(10"
(. metil paraben % b/b -2'
S!non!ms
Aseptoform 8% >o,ept 8% 21$% ?hydroDybenoi aid methyl ester% metagin%
8ethyl >hemosept% methylis parahydroDybenoas% methyl phydroDybenoate%
8ethyl arasept% @ipagin 8% ,olbrol 8% Tegosept 8% 'niphen 24.
hemical *ame and AS +egistr! *umber
8ethyl?hydroDybenoate K;;7*4
Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight
>$#$64 152.15
Structural Formula
Functional ategor!
Antimirobial preser/ati/e.
Applications in "harmaceutical Formulation or #echnolog!
8ethyl paraben is )idely used as an antimirobial preser/ati/e in
osmetis! food produts! and pharmaeutial formulations% see Table -. -t may be
used either alone or in ombination )ith other parabens or )ith other
antimirobial agents. -n osmetis! methylparaben is the most freJuently used
antimirobial preser/ati/e.(1"
The parabens are effeti/e o/er a )ide p# range and ha/e a broad
spetrum of antimirobial ati/ity! although they are most effeti/e against yeasts
and molds. Antimirobial ati/ity inreases as the hain length of the alkyl moiety
is inreased! but aJueous solubility dereases% therefore a miDture of parabens is
freJuently used to pro/ide effeti/e preser/ation. reser/ati/e effiay is also
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impro/ed by the addition of propylene glyol (2G59"! or by using parabens in
ombination )ith other antimirobial agents suh as imidurea% see ,etion 10.6)ing to the poor solubility of the parabens! paraben salts (partiularly
the sodium salt" are more freJuently used in formulations. #o)e/er! this raises
the p# of poorly buffered formulations.8ethylparaben (0.1$9" together )ith propylparaben (0.029" has been
used for the preser/ation of /arious parenteral pharmaeutial formulations% see
,etion 1?.
$escription
8ethylparaben ours as olorless rystals or a )hite rystalline po)der.
-t is odorless or almost odorless and has a slight burning taste.
Stabilit! and Storage onditions
AJueous solutions of methylparaben at p# 4G* may be sterilied byautola/ing at 120$> for 20 minutes! )ithout deomposition.($" AJueous
solutions at p# 4G* are stable (less than 109deomposition" for up to about ?
years at room temperature! )hileaJueous solutions at p# $ or abo/e are sub+et
to rapid hydrolysis (109 or more after about *0 days storage at room
temperature".
8ethylparaben should be stored in a )elllosed ontainer in a ool! dry
plae.
ncompatibilities
The antimirobial ati/ity of methylparaben and other parabens is
onsiderably redued in the presene of nonioni surfatants! suh as polysorbate
$0! as a result of mielliation.(10!11" #o)e/er!propylene glyol (109" has been
sho)n to potentiate theantimirobial ati/ity of the parabens in the presene of
nonioni surfatants and pre/ents the interation bet)een methylparaben and
polysorbate $0.(12"
-nompatibilities )ith other substanes! suh as bentonite!(14"magnesium
trisiliate!(1?" tal! tragaanth!(15" sodium alginate!(1*" essential oils!(17"
sorbitol!(1$" and atropine!(1;" ha/e been reported. -t also reats )ith /arious
sugars and related sugar alohols.(20"
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Absorption of methylparaben by plastis has also been reported% the
amount absorbed is dependent upon the type of plasti and the /ehile. -t has been
laimed that lo)density and highdensitypolyethylene bottles do not absorb
methylparaben.(21"
8ethylparaben is disolored in the presene of iron and is sub+et to
hydrolysis by )eak alkalis and strong aids.
0. propil paraben % b/b -22'
S!non!ms
Aseptoform % >o,ept % 21*% ?hydroDybenoi aid propyl ester% @ipagin %
@ipasol 8% propagin% ropyl Aseptoform% propyl buteD% ropyl >hemosept%
propylis parahydroDybenoas% propyl phydroDybenoate% ropyl arasept% ,olbrol
% Tegosept % 'niphen 24.
hemical *ame and AS +egistr! *umber
ropyl ?hydroDybenoate K;?144
Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight
>10#1264 1$0.20
Structural Formula
Applications in "harmaceutical Formulation or #echnolog!
ropylparaben is )idely used as an antimirobial preser/ati/e in
osmetis! food produts! and pharmaeutial formulations% see Table -.-t may be used alone! in ombination )ith other paraben esters! or )ith
other antimirobial agents. -t is one of the most freJuently used preser/ati/es in
osmetis.(1"
The parabens are effeti/e o/er a )ide p# range and ha/e a broad
spetrum of antimirobial ati/ity! although they are most effeti/e against yeastsand molds% see ,etion 10.
6)ing to the poor solubility of the parabens! the paraben salts! partiularly
the sodium salt! are freJuently used in formulations. This may ause the p# of
poorly buffered formulations to beome more alkaline.ropylparaben (0.029 ):/" together )ith methylparaben (0.1$9 ):/" has
been used for the preser/ation of /arious parenteral pharmaeutial formulations%
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,ee 8ethylparaben for further information.$escription
ropylparaben ours as a )hite! rystalline! odorless! and tasteless
po)der.
Stabilit! and Storage onditions
AJueous propylparaben solutions at p# 4G* an be sterilied by
autola/ing! )ithout deomposition.(?" At p# 4G*! aJueous solutions are stable
(less than 109 deomposition" for up to about? years at room temperature! )hile
solutions at p# $ or abo/e are sub+et to rapid hydrolysis (109 or more after
about *0 days atroom temperature".(5"
ncompatibilities
The antimirobial ati/ity of propylparaben is redued onsiderably in the
presene of nonioni surfatants as a result of mielliation.(*" Absorption ofpropylparaben by plastis has been reported! )ith the amount absorbed dependent
upon the type of plasti and the /ehile.(7" 8agnesium aluminum siliate!
magnesium trisiliate! yello) iron oDide! and ultramarine blue ha/e also been
reported to absorb propylparaben! thereby reduing preser/ati/e effiay.($!;"
ropylparaben is disolored in the presene of iron and is sub+et to
hydrolysis by )eak alkalis and strong aids. ,ee also 8ethylparaben.
3. pengaroma -' tetes
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'. E)aluasi Krim -' ,' ,,
a. "engamatan rganoleptis
iamati perubahan )arna! bau (ketengikan"! dan ter+adinya pemisahan fase.
b. "engamatan 5omogenitas
8engamati ukuran partikelpartikel pada kaa ob+ek! untuk mengetahui terbentuk partikel
partikel kasar.
c. "emeriksaan p5
engukuran p# dilakukan dengan menggunakan p# meter yang telah dikalibrasi dengan
menggunakan larutan dapar standar p# ? dan 7. engukuran pada sediaan krim dilakukan
pada suhu kamar.
d. "engamatan diameter globul rata6rata
engukuran globul ratarata dilakukan dengan menggunakan mikroskop optik! krim
diletakkan di atas kaa ob+ek dan ditutup dengan gelas penutup kemudian dengan
menggunakan haemasitometer dan mikroskop pada perbesaran tertentu. 3emudian foto
gambar yang diamati dengan menggunakan kamera digital dan ukur diameter partikelnya
dan distribusi partikelnya.
Metode Cycling test
,ampel krim disimpan pada suhu ?o> selama 2? +am lalu pindahkan ke dalam o/en yang
bersuhu ?0M2o> selama 2? +am (satu siklus"! kemudian u+i dilakukan sebanyak * siklus
kemudian diamati ter+adi adanya pemisahan fase.
78i Mekanik -Sentri&ugasi
,ampel krim dimasukkan ke dalam alat sentrifugasi kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam alat
sentrifugator pada keepatan 4750 rpm selama 5 +am atau 500010.000 rpm selama 40 menit.
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erlakuan tersebut sama dengan perlakuan adanya gaya gra/itasi selama setahun. 3emudian
diamati apakah ter+adi pemisahan atau tidak.