drnico-pcc- wskp jan 2015.pdf

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Workshop Keselamatan Pasien & Manajemen Risiko Klinis Dr. Nico A. Lumenta, K.Nefro, MM, MHKes Ketua Institut Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit PERSI Konsep Filosofis Asuhan Pasien Pelayanan Fokus Pasien / Patient Centered Care Interprofessionality Proses Asuhan Pasien, Asuhan Terintegrasi Case Manager BPIS

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Workshop Keselamatan Pasien &

Manajemen Risiko Klinis

Dr. Nico A. Lumenta, K.Nefro, MM, MHKes

Ketua Institut Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit

PERSI

• Konsep Filosofis Asuhan Pasien

• Pelayanan Fokus Pasien / Patient Centered Care

• Interprofessionality

• Proses Asuhan Pasien, Asuhan Terintegrasi

• Case Manager

• BPIS

CURRICULUM VITAE

Nama : Dr. Nico A. Lumenta, K.Nefro, MM, MHKes

Lahir : Magelang, 5 Nov 1943

Status : Menikah, 1 anak

Alamat : Jl. Kayu Mas I/4, Pulo Mas,Jkt Timur

Pendidikan : Dokter, 1970, FK.UKI, Jakarta

• Konsultan Nefrologi (Ginjal-Hipertensi) 1982, Pernefri (Perhimpunan Nefrologi Indonesia)

• Magister Manajemen, 1994, Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen PPM, Jkt.

• Magister Hukum Kesehatan, 2013, Unika Soegijapranata, Semarang

Jabatan RS : RS Mediros : Ketua Komite Medis, Koordinator KSM PD.Ginjal-Hipertensi

Organisasi:

• KARS Kepala Bidang Publikasi & Pemasaran 2014 - 2018

• KARS (Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit) Dep Kes RI : Ketua Bidang Akreditasi 2011-2014, Surveior / Pembimbing Akreditasi sejak 1995

• Member Advisory Council Asia Pacific, Joint Commission International, sejak 2009

• Ketua KKP-RS (Komite Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit)-PERSI 2005-2012

• Wakil Ketua Komite (Nasional) Keselamatan Pasien RS 2012-2015

• Ketua IKPRS (Institut Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit) - PERSI 2012-2015

• Pengurus PERSI Pusat, Ketua Kompartemen Akreditasi Nasional, 2012-2015

• PJ SubPokja Model Akreditasi Baru, Pokja Penyempurnaan Akreditasi RS, DitJen Bina Yan Med, 2010-2011

Penghargaan: Kadarman Award 2007 (untuk Patient Safety), Sekolah Tinggi

Manajemen PPM

Lain-lain :

• Sekretaris Jendral PERSI Pusat 1988–1990, 1990–1993, 1993–1996

• Direktur Ketua RS.PGI.Cikini, Jakarta, 1983 – 1993

• Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran UKI, 1988 – 1991

• Kepala Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FK-UKI, Jakarta, 1992 - 1995

• Kepala Renal Unit (Unit Ginjal) RS.PGI Cikini, 1973 – 1981

KARS

PELAYANAN PASIEN KOMPLEKS

KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta

Asuhan Pasien

Masalah Kesehatan

Pasien Keluarga

Nakes Profesional Pemberi Asuhan

• IAR P.Yan • PPK, CP, + • Disclaimer • Masalah : Komplikasi, “Difficult to treat”

• Masalah Akut – Kronis • Emosi : Takut, Bingung,

Cemas, Depresi, Marah “manusia”

• Keinginan tahu • Beban keluarga

• Sembuh

• Sembuh dgn

Cacat

• End of Life

Patient- and family-centered care is a change in thinking

• from serving patients and families

• to partnering with patients and families.

• And that’s a very big difference !! Senior Vice President, Patient and Family Centered Care,

MCG Health System

KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta

(Strategies for Leadership, Advancing The Practice of Patient- and Family-Centered Care, A

Resource Guide for Hospital Senior Leaders, Medical Staff and Governing Boards. American

Hospital Association and Institute for Family Centered Care, 2004)

Tujuan utama pelayanan kesehatan Rumah Sakit adalah Pelayanan/Asuhan pasien.

“Core Business RS = Patient Care” (Standar Pelayanan Pasien -PP/COP)

Asuhan Pasien

(Patient Care)

Cure Care CARE = “Commitment – Attention – Respons – Empathy “

KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta

Pasien,

Keluarga

Perawat Apoteker

Ahli Gizi

Radiogrfr

Analis

Psikologi

Klinis

DPJP

Lainnya

KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta

Nakes Profesional

Pemberi Asuhan

Fisio

terapis

Sistem

Manajemen

Sistem Pelayanan

Klinis

Asuhan Pasien / Patient Care

Quality & Safety

PASIEN

Standar

Manajemen

PMKP, PPI,

TKP, MFK,

KPS, MKI

Sasaran KP

Sasaran

MDG‟s

Std Yan

Fokus Pasien

APK, HPK,

AP, PP,

PAB, MPO

PPK

Regulasi :

• Kebijakan

• Pedoman,

• Panduan

• SPO

• Program

Indikator :

• Ind. Area

Klinis

• Ind Klinis

• Ind SKP

• Ind Upaya

Manajemen

Dokumen

Implementasi

TataKelola RS & TataKelola Klinis dlm perspektif Std Akred 2012

UU 44/2009 ttg

RS, Peraturan

Per UU an

lainnya

PC

C

4 Fondasi Asuhan pasien

Pelayanan

Fokus Pasien

(Patient Centered

Care)

Manajemen

Risiko RS

Risiko Klinis

• Asuhan Medis • Asuhan Keperawatan • Asuhan Gizi • Asuhan Obat • Evidence Based Medicine

• Value Based Medicine

(Nico A Lumenta & Adib A Yahya, 2012)

EBM VBM

Etik

Kebutuhan Pasien

•Mutu •Patient Safety

“Safety is a

fundamental principle

of patient care and a

critical component of

Quality Management.”

(World Alliance for Patient

Safety, Forward Programme,

WHO, 2004)

Konsep Filosofis Asuhan Pasien (Patient care)

PATIENT CENTERED CARE

• Harvey Picker ( 1915 – 2008)

• He was the founder of the Boston-based Picker Institute,

whose goal is to promote patient-centered healthcare.

• The term patient-centered care was coined by Harvey

Picker, 1988

• He believed that the American health care system was

technologically and scientifically outstanding, but overall

was not sensitive to patients' concerns and their comfort

• In The Year 1986, they founded the Picker Institute,

dedicated to developing a patient-centered approach to

healthcare

15

Standar Akreditasi baru

Fokus Pasien

Quality & Safety of Patient Care

ISQua Patient

Centered Care

Kapan PCC berkembang ? th 2000 Patient Safety

16

Six aims for improvement health care system Institute of Medicine : Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, 2001

1. Safe.

2. Effective.

3. Patient-centered.

4. Timely.

5. Efficient.

6. Equitable.

1. Safe. Avoiding injuries to patients from the care that is

intended to help them.

2. Effective. Providing services based on scientific

knowledge to all who could benefit and refraining from

providing services to those not likely to benefit

(avoiding underuse and overuse, respectively).

3. Patient-centered. Providing care that is respectful of

and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs,

and values and ensuring that patient values guide all

clinical decisions.

4. Timely. Reducing waits and sometimes harmful delays

for both those who receive and those who give care.

5. Efficient. Avoiding waste, including waste of equipment,

supplies, ideas, and energy.

6. Equitable. Providing care that does not vary in quality

because of personal characteristics such as gender,

ethnicity, geographic location, & socioeconomic status.

• Enam elemen ini dilahirkan oleh IHI Institute for Helathcare Improvement

• Publikasi pertama PCC oleh IOM

• WHO menjadikan 6 elemen ini sbg definisi mutu pelayanan kesehatan

MANAJEMEN RISIKO

RUMAH SAKIT

Roberta Caroll, editor : Risk Management

Handbook for Health Care Organizations, 4th

edition, Jossey Bass, 2004

Hospital

Risk

Management

Patient Risks •Clinical Risk Mgt •Patient Safety

Property Risks

Hospital Risk Management

Categories of Risk

Kategori Risiko di Rumah Sakit

( Categories of Risk )

1. Patient care-related risks

2. Medical staff-related risks

3. Employee-related risks

4. Property-related risks

5. Financial risks

6. Other risks

Roberta Caroll, editor : Risk Management

Handbook for Health Care Organizations,

4th edition, Jossey Bass, 2004

Hospital

Safety

of

The

Patient of

The

Health Care

Worker

of

The

Facilities

of

The

Environment

of

The

Business

Scope of Hospital Risk Management (revised) :

PATIENT-CENTRED

CARE

(PELAYANAN FOKUS

PASIEN)

“BPIS”

22

Patient-Centered Care

IOM – Institute of Medicine

Patient-centered care as “care that is respectful of and

responsive to individual patient preferences, needs and values,

and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions.”

„Patient-centered care‟ sebagai “asuhan yang menghormati dan

responsif terhadap pilihan, kebutuhan dan nilai-nilai pribadi

pasien. Serta memastikan bahwa nilai-nilai pasien menjadi

panduan bagi semua keputusan klinis”

23

Picker Institute :

1.Respect for patients„ values, preferences and expressed

needs

2.Coordination and integration of care

3. Information communication and education

4.Physical comfort

5.Emotional support and alleviation of fear and anxiety

6. Involvement of family and friends

7.Continuity of care and smooth transition

8.Access to Care

1. Hormati nilai2, pilihan dan kebutuhan yg diutarakan oleh pasien

2. Koordinasi dan integrasi asuhan

3. Informasi, komunikasi dan edukasi

4. Kenyamanan fisik

5. Dukungan emosional dan penurunan rasa takut & kecemasan

6. Keterlibatan keluarga & teman2

7. Asuhan yg berkelanjutan dan transisi yg lancar

8. Akses thd pelayanan.

1. Dignity and Respect. Health care practitioners listen to and

honor patient and family perspectives and choices. Patient and

family knowledge, values, beliefs and cultural backgrounds are

incorporated into the planning and delivery of care.

2. Information Sharing. Health care practitioners communicate and

share complete and unbiased information with patients and

families in ways that are affirming and useful. Patients and

families receive timely, complete, and accurate information in

order to effectively participate in care and decision-making.

3. Participation. Patients and families are encouraged and

supported in participating in care and decision-making at the

level they choose.

4. Collaboration. Patients and families are also included on an

institution-wide basis. Health care leaders collaborate with

patients and families in policy and program development,

implementation, and evaluation; in health care facility design;

and in professional education, as well as in the delivery of care.

24

What are the Core Concepts of Patient Centered Care?

Partnering with Patients and Families to Design a Patient and Family-Centered Health Care System.

Johnson, B et al. Institute for Family-Centered Care 2008

25

1. Martabat dan Respek.

• Pemberi pelayanan kesehatan mendengarkan, menghormati &

menghargai pandangan serta pilihan pasien & keluarga.

• Pengetahuan, nilai-nilai, kepercayaan, latar belakang kultural

pasien & keluarga dimasukkan dlm perencanaan pelayanan

dan pemberian pelayanan kesehatan

2. Berbagi informasi.

• Pemberi pelayanan kesehatan mengkomunikasikan dan

berbagi informasi secara lengkap pasien & keluarga.

• Pasien & keluarga menerima informasi tepat waktu, lengkap,

dan akurat

• Asesmen : metode, substansi / kebutuhan edukasi, konfirmasi

3. Partisipasi.

• Pasien & keluarga didorong dan didukung utk berpartisipasi

dlm asuhan dan pengambilan keputusan / pilihan mereka

4. Kolaborasi / kerjasama.

• Pimpinan pelayanan kesehatan bekerjasama dgn pasien &

keluarga dalam pengembangan, implementasi dan evaluasi

kebijakan dan program; Partnering with Patients and Families to Design a Patient and Family-Centered Health Care System.

Johnson, B et al. Institute for Family-Centered Care 2008

What are the Core Concepts of Patient Centered Care?

26

Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) When multiple health workers from different

professional backgrounds work together with

patients, families, carers, and communities to

deliver the highest quality of care

Interprofessionality

Interprofessional Education (IPE)

When students from two or more professions

learn about, from and with each other to enable

effective collaboration and improve health

outcomes

(Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice, WHO, 2010)

Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel. Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice:

Report of an expert panel. Washington, D.C.: Interprofessional Education Collaborative, (2011)

Asuhan Pasien

Model Traditional

Asuhan Pasien

Model

Patient Centered

Care

Dokter

Perawat

Apoteker

Fisio

terapis

Ahli

Gizi

Lainnya

Radio

grafer Pasien

Dokter merupakan PUSAT / UNIT SENTRAL dalam

Model Tradisional asuhan pasien, tetapi…..

Patient safety tidak terjamin !!

“Dokter = Captain of the ship”

Model Tradisional Asuhan Pasien

Analis Barrier

“Disease

centered

care”

KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta

(“Medical paternalism”)

(Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To err is human: building

a safer health system. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000.)

Laporan

Institute of Medicine – IOM

TO ERR IS HUMAN

Building a Safer Health

System

“Wake-up Call”

…….bagi dunia pelayanan kesehatan…….

(Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To err is human: building

a safer health system. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000.)

RS - RS AE (>50% krn

ME)

Mati Pasien

RS di US

: Admisi

/year

Pasien

tsb

:Mati sb

AE (Extrapolasi)

Mati sb

lain

Di

Colorado

&

Utah(1992)

2.9 % 6.6 %

33.6 juta

44,000

-

98,000

!!!

Estimasi

biaya: $17 -

$50 milyar

- KLL :

43,458

-Cancer :

42,297

-AIDS :

16,516

Di New

York(1984)

3.7 % 13.6 %

TO ERR IS HUMAN

Building a Safer Health System

Laporan

Institute of Medicine - IOM

(98.000 pasien mati / tahun)

“JUMBO JET UNITS”

D A L A M 1 TAHUN

S E T I A P H A R I

1 PESAWAT JUMBO JET

BERPENUMPANG 268 ORANG

J A T U H !!!

(.....and die .....!!)

(Pasien !!)

!

33

The risk of being killed in a

hospital due to medical error is

around one in 300

Hospitals 'more dangerous'

than air travel

If you feel safer in hospital than on a airplane, think

again.

in a developed country

the risk of dying in an air

accident is one in 10 million,

New York Times, July 04

IRELAND:

Failure to detect

an excessively

high blood

calcium level

USA:

Failure to communicate

diagnosis of spinal

cancer leading to

delay treatment

MEXICO:

Fetal distress & untreated

neonatal jaundice causing

brain damage

UK:

A chemotherapy drug

(Vincristine) incorrectly

administered into

his spine instead of vein

UK:

Leg operation

MRSA.4 years

remain ill amputation

thru knee

Pasien,

Keluarga

Perawat/

Bidan Apoteker

Ahli

Gizi

DPJP

Model Patient Centered Care

(Interdisciplinary Team Model – Interprofessional Collaboration)

Lainnya

1. Pasien adalah pusat pelayanan, Pasien adalah bagian dari Tim

2. Nakes PPA (Profesional Pemberi Asuhan), merupakan Tim Interdisiplin,

diposisikan di sekitar pasien, tugas mandiri, delegatif, kolaboratif,

kompetensi memadai, sama penting / setara pd kontribusi profesinya

3. DPJP : sebagai Clinical Leader, melakukan Koordinasi, Kolaborasi,

Review, Sintesis, Interpretasi, Integrasi asuhan komprehensif

Clinical/Team Leader

•Koordinasi

•Kolaborasi

•Review

•Sintesis

• Interpretasi

• Integrasi asuhan

komprehensif

Fisio

terapis

Psikologi

Klinis

Penata

Anestesi

36

Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC)

When multiple health workers from different professional

backgrounds work together with patients, families, carers, and

communities to deliver the highest quality of care

Interprofessionality

Interprofessional Education (IPE)

When students from two or more professions learn about, from and

with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health

outcomes

• The World Health Organization recognizes

interprofessional collaboration in education and

practice as an innovative strategy that will play an

important role in mitigating the global health crisis.

• We know that interprofessional collaboration is key to

providing the best in patient care.

(Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice, WHO, 2010)

37

C. Penjabaran Kompetensi

1. Profesionalitas yang Luhur Area Kompetensi

1.1. Kompetensi Inti… 1.2. Lulusan Dokter Mampu :

1. Berke-Tuhan-an (Yang Maha Esa/ Yang Maha Kuasa) 2. Bermoral, beretika, clan berdisiplin 3. Sadar dan taat hukum 4. Berwawasan sosial budaya 5. Berperilaku profesional

• Menunjukkan karakter sebagai dokter yang profesional • Bersikap dan berbudaya menolong • Mengutamakan keselamatan pasien • Mampu bekerja sama intra- dan inter- profesional dalam tim

pelayanan kesehatan demi keselamatan pasien • Melaksanakan upaya pelayanan kesehatan dalam kerangka

system kesehatan nasional dan global.

STANDAR KOMPETENSI DOKTER INDONESIA, Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia 2012

STANDAR KOMPETENSI DOKTER INDONESIA

Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia 2012

(Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice, WHO, 2010)

(Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice, WHO, 2010)

41

Ringkasan Ciri Pokok PCC

1. Setiap individu Pasien (Ps) adalah pusat dalam proses asuhan pasien (patient care),

dgn 4 konsep inti PCC : Martabat & Respek, Informasi, Partisipasi, Kolaborasi

2. Profesional Pemberi Asuhan (PPA) dgn pola tim interdisiplin, diposisikan

mengelilingi Ps, masing2 dgn kompetensi yg memadai termasuk Interproffesional

Competency, memberikan kontribusi profesinya yg setara, dgn Kolaborasi

Interprofesional (Interproffesional Collaboration), melaksanakan asuhan dalam

tugas mandiri, delegatif dan kolaboratif, serta DPJP adalah sbg Team Leader.

3. Ps & keluarga adalah Mitra PPA, bagian dari tim : mereka ikut memilih alternatif

ikut memiliki keputusan ikut bertanggungjawab

4. PPA menghormati dan responsif terhadap pilihan, kebutuhan & nilai-nilai pribadi Ps

5. Keputusan klinis diproses berdasarkan nilai-nilai pasien Personalized Care

6. PPA mengkomunikasikan dan berbagi informasi secara lengkap dan adekuat kpd Ps

& keluarga, sehingga mereka paham secara komprehensif & adekuat

7. DPJP sbg Team Leader melakukan koordinasi, integrasi & review asuhan pasien

dalam tim PPA

8. Dalam konteks PCC difungsikan Manajer Pelayanan Pasien / Case Manager

(berbasis klien) menjaga kontinuitas pelayanan serta kendali mutu – biaya utk

memenuhi kebutuhan Ps dan keluarga

42

Elements of collaborative practice

1. Responsibility

2. Accountability

3. Coordination

4. Communication

5. Cooperation

6. Assertiveness

7. Autonomy

8. Mutual trust and respect

(Kasperski M. Implementation strategies: ‘Collaboration in primary care - family doctors and nurse practitioners delivering

shared care.’ Toronto, ON: Ontario College of Family Physicians, 2000)

43

Interprofessional Collaborative Practice Competency

Domains

Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel.. Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice:

Report of an expert panel. Washington, D.C.: Interprofessional Education Collaborative, (2011)

44

Principles of the interprofessional competencies

• Patient/family centered (hereafter termed “patient centered”)

• Community/population oriented

• Relationship focused

• Process oriented

• Linked to learning activities, educational strategies, and behavioral

assessments that are developmentally appropriate for the learner

• Able to be integrated across the learning continuum

• Sensitive to the systems context/applicable across practice

settings

• Applicable across professions

• Stated in language common and meaningful across the professions

• Outcome driven

Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel. Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice:

Report of an expert panel. Washington, D.C.: Interprofessional Education Collaborative, (2011)

45

Professional Competency

Interprofessional Competency

Behavioral demonstrations of an integrated set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that define the domains of work of a specific health profession applied in specific care contexts

Behavioral demonstrations of

• an integrated set of knowledge, skills and attitudes for

• working together across the professions, with other

health care workers,

• and with patients/families / communities / populations

• to improve health outcomes in specific care contexts

46

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT MECHANISMS

WORKING CULTURE

MECHANISMS ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISMS

Figure 8. Examples of mechanisms that shape collaboration at the practice level

47

Collaborative practice can decrease:

o total patient complications

o length of hospital stay

o tension and conflict among

caregivers

o staff turnover

o hospital admissions

o clinical error rates

o mortality rates

(Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice, WHO, 2010)

Na

ke

s P

em

be

ri

Asu

ha

n P

asie

n

Asesmen Pasien

(Skrining, “Periksa Pasien”)

1.Informasi dikumpulkan : Anamnesa,

pemeriksaan, pemeriksaan lain /

penunjang, dsb

2.Analisis informasi : dihasilkan

Diagnosis / PRoblem / Kondisi,

identifikasi Kebutuhan Yan Pasien

3.Rencana Pelayanan / Care Plan : untuk memenuhi Kebutuhan Yan

Pasien

Proses Asuhan Pasien

Patient Care

*Pemberian Pelayanan/

*Implementasi Rencana/

*Monitoring

Ase

sm

en U

la

ng

48

S

O

A

P

I

A

R

Catatan Perkembangan Pasien Terintegrasi

Nama pasien

Tanggal Jam

(Tepi utk)

Dokter (Tepi utk)

Staf Klinis lainnya

10/5/13 7.30 8.15 9.10

S O A P

S aaaa bbbbb ccccc hhhhhh vvvvvvv nbnnnnnn bbbbbbbbbb nn…….. O ddd eeee ….. A ggggg hhhhh kkkkk P nnnn pppppp qqqqq

ttd, nama Perawat S O A P

Ttttt fffff ppppp kkkkkk yyyyyy Eee ddddd xxxxx Aaaaa mmmmm dddd uuuuuuu aaaaaaaa mmmmmm ddddddddddd Rrrrr llll hhhh wwww

ttd, nama Dokter

Ttttt fffff ppppp kkkkkk yyyyyy Eee ddddd xxxxx Aaaaa mmmmm dddd uuuuuuu aaaaaaaa ddddddddddd rrrr ccc. Rrrrr llll hhhh wwww

ttd, nama Ahli Gizi

50

Pasien,

Keluarga

Fisio

terapis

Perawat Apoteker

Ahli

Gizi

Analis Radio

grafer

DPJP

Manajer Pelayanan Pasien

Case Manager

• Clinical/Team

Leader

• Review Asuhan

• Secara kolaboratif

melakukan sintesa

& integrasi asuhan

pasien Lainnya

KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta

MPP Case

Manager Dokter

Keluarga Yan

Keuangan/

Billing

Asuransi

Perusahaan/

Employer BPJS

Yan Kes

/ RS Lain

52

Manajer Pelayanan Pasien

Hospital Case Manager • Pengertian :

oManajemen Pelayanan Pasien :

Suatu proses kolaboratif mengenai asesmen, perencanaan, fasilitasi, koordinasi

asuhan, evaluasi dan advokasi untuk opsi dan pelayanan bagi pemenuhan

kebutuhan pasien dan keluarganya yang komprehensif, melalui komunikasi dan

sumber daya yang tersedia sehingga memberi hasil (outcome) yang bermutu

dengan biaya-efektif. (Sumber : CSMA – Case Management Society of America, 2010)

oSuatu model klinis untuk manajemen stratejik mutu dan biaya pelayanan, dibuat

untuk memfasilitasi hasil pasien yang diharapkan dalam lama perawatan yang layak

/ patut dan dengan manajemen sumber daya yang sesuai. (Cesta, 2009)

oManajer Pelayanan Pasien – MPP (Case Manager) adalah professional di RS yang

melaksanakan manajemen pelayanan pasien

oAsesmen utilitas : kegiatan mengevaluasi utilisasi / pemanfaatan sumber daya

oCase Manager selain di RS, juga dapat di Perusahaan Asuransi, di Perusahaan

(besar)

• Ciri : Manajemen, wawasan mutu & safety, wawasan pelayanan klinis & sistem

keuangan, komunikator, membantu pasien memenuhi kebutuhan & kontinuitas yan. (Panduan Pelaksanaan Manajer Pelayanan Pasien Rumah Sakit, KARS, 2013)

53

• Fungsi : Asesmen utilitas, Perencanaan, Fasilitasi, Advokasi

• Melibatkan pasien (Ps) dlm asuhan yang dialaminya. Bila pasien merasa menjadi

bagian dlm keputusan pengobatan dan rencana asuhan, maka Ps dapat

memahami kepentingan & manfaat pelayanannya. Keluarga (K) akan lebih banyak

fokus terhadap kesehatan pasien.

• MPP harus memiliki relasi dengan Ps dan K, memelihara rasa saling percaya yg

menunjukkan kpd Ps bhw mereka terlibat untuk manfaat dan kepentingan Ps

• Untuk itu MPP perlu memperhatikan secara aktif kebutuhan dan keinginan Ps

• MPP harus mempunyai hubungan kerja profesional dgn DPJP dan staf klinis

lainnya.

• MPP juga harus terbiasa dgn pelayanan penagihan (billing), pelayanan bantuan

finansial, bantuan/dukungan dari komunitas serta pelayanan kerohanian.

• Klien : proses skrining Ps yang membutuhkan manajemen pelayanan pasien

• Kelompok diutamakan : anak-anak, usia lanjut, dan yang dengan penyakit kronis

• Juga Ps a.l. dgn Risiko tinggi, Biaya tinggi, Potensi komplain tinggi, Kasus dengan

penyakit kronis, Kasus komplek / rumit, Kemungkinan sistem pembiayaan yang

komplek

• Kualifikasi : Dr Umum, Perawat pendidikan S1, Pengalaman minimal 3 – 5 tahun

dalam pelayanan klinis, Dokter : Dr ruangan, Perawat kepala ruangan

(Panduan Pelaksanaan Manajer Pelayanan Pasien Rumah Sakit, KARS, 2013)

Elemen-elemen MPP – Case Manager

54

• Fungsi MPP :

o Asesmen utilitas. Mampu mengakses semua informasi dan data

untuk mengevaluasi manfaat/utilisasi, untuk kebutuhan manajemen

pelayanan pasien.

o Perencanaan. Disusun perencanaan untuk pelaksanaan

manajemen pelayanan pasien. Perencanaan tsb mencerminkan

kelayakan/kepatutan dan efektivitas-biaya dari pengobatan medis

dan klinis serta kebutuhan pasien untuk mengambil keputusan

o Fasilitasi. Tugas ini mencakup interaksi antara MPP dan para

anggota tim pemberi pelayanan kesehatan, perwakilan pembayar,

serta pasien/keluarga untuk menjaga kontinuitas pelayanan

o Advokasi. Mewakili kepentingan pasien adalah inti dari peran MPP,

namun peran ini juga menjangkau pemangku kepentingan lain.

MPP melakukan advokasi untuk opsi pengobatan yang dapat

diterima setelah berkonsultasi dengan DPJP, termasuk rencana

pemulangan yang aman. (Panduan Pelaksanaan Manajer Pelayanan Pasien Rumah Sakit, KARS, 2013)

Skrining

Asesmen awal

3.Rencana asuhan

Rencana pulang

HPK MKI PPI SKP

Registrasi

Transfer

Rujuk

Terminal

Asesmen ulang

Ringkasan pulang

Lab, Rad

Risiko tinggi

Restraint

Risiko malnutrisi

Asesmen nyeri

Risiko jatuh

2.Analisis data -> Dx

1.Pengumpulan data klinis

Implementasi Rencana asuhan

Pelayanan fokus pasien: MULTI PROFESI - ASUHAN – EDUKASI

Implementasi Rencana asuhan

56

57

Partnering with Patients and Families to Design a Patient and Family-Centered Health Care System. Johnson, B et al. Institute for Family-Centered Care 2008

The MCG Health System in Augusta, Georgia.

Member University HealthSystem Consortium

Setelah PCC diterapkan secara penuh

58

Patient-Centered Care on Medical/Surgical Units

Truly patient-centered care on medical and surgical units honors the whole person and family, respects individual values and choices, and ensures continuity of care.

Patients will say, "They give me exactly the help I want (and need) exactly when I want (and need) it.”

Care that is truly patient-centered considers patients’ cultural traditions, their personal preferences and values, their family situations, and their lifestyles.

It makes the patient & family an integral part of the care team who collaborate with health care professionals in making clinical decisions.

(Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012)

59

Patient-centered care puts responsibility for important aspects of self-care and monitoring in patients’ hands — along with the tools and support they need to carry out that responsibility.

Patient-centered care ensures that transitions between providers, departments, and health care settings are respectful, coordinated, and efficient.

When care is patient-centered on medical-surgical units, unneeded and unwanted services can be reduced.

(Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012)

1. Pada model asuhan pasien yang tradisional, Dokter merupakan pusat dari asuhan

pasien, sebagai “Captain of the ship”, namun patient safety belum terjamin

2. Asuhan pasien terdiri dari 4 pilar : Etik, Kebutuhan Pasien, Mutu-Keselamatan

Pasien, EBM-VBM, dpayungi oleh Manajemen Risiko RS dan PCC

3. Pada model PCC, pasien adalah pusat, profesional pemberi asuhan (PPA)

diposisikan mengelilingi / melayani pasien, & semua PPA tsb berkolaborasi dlm

fungsi yg setara, sehingga disebut “Interdisciplinary team” dgn Kolaborasi

Interprofesional. Dr adalah “Team Leader / Coach”. Pasien memperoleh asuhan

yg terbaik & bermanfaat bagi pasien

4. PCC dalam pelaksanaan asuhan pasien, masih belum dipahami sepenuhnya,

belum sepenuhnya dihargai

5. Dengan PCC terjadi perubahan mendasar dlm cara Manajemen RS. Saat ini PCC

merupakan “Mainstream model”, sdh menjadi “Trend global” pelayanan

kesehatan di Rumah Sakit di dunia

6. Disadari atau tidak, akar masalah arus pasien keluar negeri adalah karena belum

sepenuhnya RS di Indonesia menerapkan PCC

7. Standar Akreditasi RS v.2012 mengharuskan & mengoptimalkan penerapan PCC

8. Terapkan PCC langkah demi langkah - “one step at a time”

Kesimpulan

“Kepuasan Pasien”

Sistem

Manajemen

Sistem Pelayanan

Klinis

Asuhan Pasien / Patient Care

Quality & Safety

PASIEN

Profesi

Pemberi

Asuhan

Manajemen

Pasien

Perawat

Apoteker

Fisio

terapis

Ahli

Gizi Radio

grafer

Pasien Dokter

Analis

“BPIS”

“Enthusiatic Patient”

Lainnya

KODEKI Pasal 18

Setiap Dr memperlakukan

teman sejawatnya

sebagaimana ia sendiri

ingin diperlakukan

Pasien

(BPIS : Bila Pasien Itu Saya)

Patient Centered Care

“BPIS”

62

Dr. Nico A. Lumenta, K.Nefro, MM, MHKes

Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit