drnico-pcc- wskp jan 2015.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
Workshop Keselamatan Pasien &
Manajemen Risiko Klinis
Dr. Nico A. Lumenta, K.Nefro, MM, MHKes
Ketua Institut Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit
PERSI
• Konsep Filosofis Asuhan Pasien
• Pelayanan Fokus Pasien / Patient Centered Care
• Interprofessionality
• Proses Asuhan Pasien, Asuhan Terintegrasi
• Case Manager
• BPIS
CURRICULUM VITAE
Nama : Dr. Nico A. Lumenta, K.Nefro, MM, MHKes
Lahir : Magelang, 5 Nov 1943
Status : Menikah, 1 anak
Alamat : Jl. Kayu Mas I/4, Pulo Mas,Jkt Timur
Pendidikan : Dokter, 1970, FK.UKI, Jakarta
• Konsultan Nefrologi (Ginjal-Hipertensi) 1982, Pernefri (Perhimpunan Nefrologi Indonesia)
• Magister Manajemen, 1994, Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen PPM, Jkt.
• Magister Hukum Kesehatan, 2013, Unika Soegijapranata, Semarang
Jabatan RS : RS Mediros : Ketua Komite Medis, Koordinator KSM PD.Ginjal-Hipertensi
Organisasi:
• KARS Kepala Bidang Publikasi & Pemasaran 2014 - 2018
• KARS (Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit) Dep Kes RI : Ketua Bidang Akreditasi 2011-2014, Surveior / Pembimbing Akreditasi sejak 1995
• Member Advisory Council Asia Pacific, Joint Commission International, sejak 2009
• Ketua KKP-RS (Komite Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit)-PERSI 2005-2012
• Wakil Ketua Komite (Nasional) Keselamatan Pasien RS 2012-2015
• Ketua IKPRS (Institut Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit) - PERSI 2012-2015
• Pengurus PERSI Pusat, Ketua Kompartemen Akreditasi Nasional, 2012-2015
• PJ SubPokja Model Akreditasi Baru, Pokja Penyempurnaan Akreditasi RS, DitJen Bina Yan Med, 2010-2011
Penghargaan: Kadarman Award 2007 (untuk Patient Safety), Sekolah Tinggi
Manajemen PPM
Lain-lain :
• Sekretaris Jendral PERSI Pusat 1988–1990, 1990–1993, 1993–1996
• Direktur Ketua RS.PGI.Cikini, Jakarta, 1983 – 1993
• Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran UKI, 1988 – 1991
• Kepala Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FK-UKI, Jakarta, 1992 - 1995
• Kepala Renal Unit (Unit Ginjal) RS.PGI Cikini, 1973 – 1981
KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta
Asuhan Pasien
Masalah Kesehatan
Pasien Keluarga
Nakes Profesional Pemberi Asuhan
• IAR P.Yan • PPK, CP, + • Disclaimer • Masalah : Komplikasi, “Difficult to treat”
• Masalah Akut – Kronis • Emosi : Takut, Bingung,
Cemas, Depresi, Marah “manusia”
• Keinginan tahu • Beban keluarga
• Sembuh
• Sembuh dgn
Cacat
• End of Life
Patient- and family-centered care is a change in thinking
• from serving patients and families
• to partnering with patients and families.
• And that’s a very big difference !! Senior Vice President, Patient and Family Centered Care,
MCG Health System
KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta
(Strategies for Leadership, Advancing The Practice of Patient- and Family-Centered Care, A
Resource Guide for Hospital Senior Leaders, Medical Staff and Governing Boards. American
Hospital Association and Institute for Family Centered Care, 2004)
Tujuan utama pelayanan kesehatan Rumah Sakit adalah Pelayanan/Asuhan pasien.
“Core Business RS = Patient Care” (Standar Pelayanan Pasien -PP/COP)
Asuhan Pasien
(Patient Care)
Cure Care CARE = “Commitment – Attention – Respons – Empathy “
KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta
Pasien,
Keluarga
Perawat Apoteker
Ahli Gizi
Radiogrfr
Analis
Psikologi
Klinis
DPJP
Lainnya
KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta
Nakes Profesional
Pemberi Asuhan
Fisio
terapis
Sistem
Manajemen
Sistem Pelayanan
Klinis
Asuhan Pasien / Patient Care
Quality & Safety
PASIEN
Standar
Manajemen
PMKP, PPI,
TKP, MFK,
KPS, MKI
Sasaran KP
Sasaran
MDG‟s
Std Yan
Fokus Pasien
APK, HPK,
AP, PP,
PAB, MPO
PPK
Regulasi :
• Kebijakan
• Pedoman,
• Panduan
• SPO
• Program
Indikator :
• Ind. Area
Klinis
• Ind Klinis
• Ind SKP
• Ind Upaya
Manajemen
Dokumen
Implementasi
TataKelola RS & TataKelola Klinis dlm perspektif Std Akred 2012
UU 44/2009 ttg
RS, Peraturan
Per UU an
lainnya
PC
C
4 Fondasi Asuhan pasien
Pelayanan
Fokus Pasien
(Patient Centered
Care)
Manajemen
Risiko RS
Risiko Klinis
• Asuhan Medis • Asuhan Keperawatan • Asuhan Gizi • Asuhan Obat • Evidence Based Medicine
• Value Based Medicine
(Nico A Lumenta & Adib A Yahya, 2012)
EBM VBM
Etik
Kebutuhan Pasien
•Mutu •Patient Safety
“Safety is a
fundamental principle
of patient care and a
critical component of
Quality Management.”
(World Alliance for Patient
Safety, Forward Programme,
WHO, 2004)
Konsep Filosofis Asuhan Pasien (Patient care)
PATIENT CENTERED CARE
• Harvey Picker ( 1915 – 2008)
• He was the founder of the Boston-based Picker Institute,
whose goal is to promote patient-centered healthcare.
• The term patient-centered care was coined by Harvey
Picker, 1988
• He believed that the American health care system was
technologically and scientifically outstanding, but overall
was not sensitive to patients' concerns and their comfort
• In The Year 1986, they founded the Picker Institute,
dedicated to developing a patient-centered approach to
healthcare
15
Standar Akreditasi baru
Fokus Pasien
Quality & Safety of Patient Care
ISQua Patient
Centered Care
Kapan PCC berkembang ? th 2000 Patient Safety
16
Six aims for improvement health care system Institute of Medicine : Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, 2001
1. Safe.
2. Effective.
3. Patient-centered.
4. Timely.
5. Efficient.
6. Equitable.
1. Safe. Avoiding injuries to patients from the care that is
intended to help them.
2. Effective. Providing services based on scientific
knowledge to all who could benefit and refraining from
providing services to those not likely to benefit
(avoiding underuse and overuse, respectively).
3. Patient-centered. Providing care that is respectful of
and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs,
and values and ensuring that patient values guide all
clinical decisions.
4. Timely. Reducing waits and sometimes harmful delays
for both those who receive and those who give care.
5. Efficient. Avoiding waste, including waste of equipment,
supplies, ideas, and energy.
6. Equitable. Providing care that does not vary in quality
because of personal characteristics such as gender,
ethnicity, geographic location, & socioeconomic status.
• Enam elemen ini dilahirkan oleh IHI Institute for Helathcare Improvement
• Publikasi pertama PCC oleh IOM
• WHO menjadikan 6 elemen ini sbg definisi mutu pelayanan kesehatan
Roberta Caroll, editor : Risk Management
Handbook for Health Care Organizations, 4th
edition, Jossey Bass, 2004
Hospital
Risk
Management
Patient Risks •Clinical Risk Mgt •Patient Safety
Property Risks
Hospital Risk Management
Categories of Risk
Kategori Risiko di Rumah Sakit
( Categories of Risk )
1. Patient care-related risks
2. Medical staff-related risks
3. Employee-related risks
4. Property-related risks
5. Financial risks
6. Other risks
Roberta Caroll, editor : Risk Management
Handbook for Health Care Organizations,
4th edition, Jossey Bass, 2004
Hospital
Safety
of
The
Patient of
The
Health Care
Worker
of
The
Facilities
of
The
Environment
of
The
Business
Scope of Hospital Risk Management (revised) :
22
Patient-Centered Care
IOM – Institute of Medicine
Patient-centered care as “care that is respectful of and
responsive to individual patient preferences, needs and values,
and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions.”
„Patient-centered care‟ sebagai “asuhan yang menghormati dan
responsif terhadap pilihan, kebutuhan dan nilai-nilai pribadi
pasien. Serta memastikan bahwa nilai-nilai pasien menjadi
panduan bagi semua keputusan klinis”
23
Picker Institute :
1.Respect for patients„ values, preferences and expressed
needs
2.Coordination and integration of care
3. Information communication and education
4.Physical comfort
5.Emotional support and alleviation of fear and anxiety
6. Involvement of family and friends
7.Continuity of care and smooth transition
8.Access to Care
1. Hormati nilai2, pilihan dan kebutuhan yg diutarakan oleh pasien
2. Koordinasi dan integrasi asuhan
3. Informasi, komunikasi dan edukasi
4. Kenyamanan fisik
5. Dukungan emosional dan penurunan rasa takut & kecemasan
6. Keterlibatan keluarga & teman2
7. Asuhan yg berkelanjutan dan transisi yg lancar
8. Akses thd pelayanan.
1. Dignity and Respect. Health care practitioners listen to and
honor patient and family perspectives and choices. Patient and
family knowledge, values, beliefs and cultural backgrounds are
incorporated into the planning and delivery of care.
2. Information Sharing. Health care practitioners communicate and
share complete and unbiased information with patients and
families in ways that are affirming and useful. Patients and
families receive timely, complete, and accurate information in
order to effectively participate in care and decision-making.
3. Participation. Patients and families are encouraged and
supported in participating in care and decision-making at the
level they choose.
4. Collaboration. Patients and families are also included on an
institution-wide basis. Health care leaders collaborate with
patients and families in policy and program development,
implementation, and evaluation; in health care facility design;
and in professional education, as well as in the delivery of care.
24
What are the Core Concepts of Patient Centered Care?
Partnering with Patients and Families to Design a Patient and Family-Centered Health Care System.
Johnson, B et al. Institute for Family-Centered Care 2008
25
1. Martabat dan Respek.
• Pemberi pelayanan kesehatan mendengarkan, menghormati &
menghargai pandangan serta pilihan pasien & keluarga.
• Pengetahuan, nilai-nilai, kepercayaan, latar belakang kultural
pasien & keluarga dimasukkan dlm perencanaan pelayanan
dan pemberian pelayanan kesehatan
2. Berbagi informasi.
• Pemberi pelayanan kesehatan mengkomunikasikan dan
berbagi informasi secara lengkap pasien & keluarga.
• Pasien & keluarga menerima informasi tepat waktu, lengkap,
dan akurat
• Asesmen : metode, substansi / kebutuhan edukasi, konfirmasi
3. Partisipasi.
• Pasien & keluarga didorong dan didukung utk berpartisipasi
dlm asuhan dan pengambilan keputusan / pilihan mereka
4. Kolaborasi / kerjasama.
• Pimpinan pelayanan kesehatan bekerjasama dgn pasien &
keluarga dalam pengembangan, implementasi dan evaluasi
kebijakan dan program; Partnering with Patients and Families to Design a Patient and Family-Centered Health Care System.
Johnson, B et al. Institute for Family-Centered Care 2008
What are the Core Concepts of Patient Centered Care?
26
Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) When multiple health workers from different
professional backgrounds work together with
patients, families, carers, and communities to
deliver the highest quality of care
Interprofessionality
Interprofessional Education (IPE)
When students from two or more professions
learn about, from and with each other to enable
effective collaboration and improve health
outcomes
(Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice, WHO, 2010)
Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel. Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice:
Report of an expert panel. Washington, D.C.: Interprofessional Education Collaborative, (2011)
Dokter
Perawat
Apoteker
Fisio
terapis
Ahli
Gizi
Lainnya
Radio
grafer Pasien
Dokter merupakan PUSAT / UNIT SENTRAL dalam
Model Tradisional asuhan pasien, tetapi…..
Patient safety tidak terjamin !!
“Dokter = Captain of the ship”
Model Tradisional Asuhan Pasien
Analis Barrier
“Disease
centered
care”
KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta
(“Medical paternalism”)
(Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To err is human: building
a safer health system. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000.)
Laporan
Institute of Medicine – IOM
TO ERR IS HUMAN
Building a Safer Health
System
“Wake-up Call”
…….bagi dunia pelayanan kesehatan…….
(Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To err is human: building
a safer health system. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000.)
RS - RS AE (>50% krn
ME)
Mati Pasien
RS di US
: Admisi
/year
Pasien
tsb
:Mati sb
AE (Extrapolasi)
Mati sb
lain
Di
Colorado
&
Utah(1992)
2.9 % 6.6 %
33.6 juta
44,000
-
98,000
!!!
Estimasi
biaya: $17 -
$50 milyar
- KLL :
43,458
-Cancer :
42,297
-AIDS :
16,516
Di New
York(1984)
3.7 % 13.6 %
TO ERR IS HUMAN
Building a Safer Health System
Laporan
Institute of Medicine - IOM
(98.000 pasien mati / tahun)
“JUMBO JET UNITS”
D A L A M 1 TAHUN
S E T I A P H A R I
1 PESAWAT JUMBO JET
BERPENUMPANG 268 ORANG
J A T U H !!!
(.....and die .....!!)
(Pasien !!)
!
33
The risk of being killed in a
hospital due to medical error is
around one in 300
Hospitals 'more dangerous'
than air travel
If you feel safer in hospital than on a airplane, think
again.
in a developed country
the risk of dying in an air
accident is one in 10 million,
New York Times, July 04
IRELAND:
Failure to detect
an excessively
high blood
calcium level
USA:
Failure to communicate
diagnosis of spinal
cancer leading to
delay treatment
MEXICO:
Fetal distress & untreated
neonatal jaundice causing
brain damage
UK:
A chemotherapy drug
(Vincristine) incorrectly
administered into
his spine instead of vein
UK:
Leg operation
MRSA.4 years
remain ill amputation
thru knee
Pasien,
Keluarga
Perawat/
Bidan Apoteker
Ahli
Gizi
DPJP
Model Patient Centered Care
(Interdisciplinary Team Model – Interprofessional Collaboration)
Lainnya
1. Pasien adalah pusat pelayanan, Pasien adalah bagian dari Tim
2. Nakes PPA (Profesional Pemberi Asuhan), merupakan Tim Interdisiplin,
diposisikan di sekitar pasien, tugas mandiri, delegatif, kolaboratif,
kompetensi memadai, sama penting / setara pd kontribusi profesinya
3. DPJP : sebagai Clinical Leader, melakukan Koordinasi, Kolaborasi,
Review, Sintesis, Interpretasi, Integrasi asuhan komprehensif
Clinical/Team Leader
•Koordinasi
•Kolaborasi
•Review
•Sintesis
• Interpretasi
• Integrasi asuhan
komprehensif
Fisio
terapis
Psikologi
Klinis
Penata
Anestesi
36
Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC)
When multiple health workers from different professional
backgrounds work together with patients, families, carers, and
communities to deliver the highest quality of care
Interprofessionality
Interprofessional Education (IPE)
When students from two or more professions learn about, from and
with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health
outcomes
• The World Health Organization recognizes
interprofessional collaboration in education and
practice as an innovative strategy that will play an
important role in mitigating the global health crisis.
• We know that interprofessional collaboration is key to
providing the best in patient care.
(Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice, WHO, 2010)
37
C. Penjabaran Kompetensi
1. Profesionalitas yang Luhur Area Kompetensi
1.1. Kompetensi Inti… 1.2. Lulusan Dokter Mampu :
1. Berke-Tuhan-an (Yang Maha Esa/ Yang Maha Kuasa) 2. Bermoral, beretika, clan berdisiplin 3. Sadar dan taat hukum 4. Berwawasan sosial budaya 5. Berperilaku profesional
• Menunjukkan karakter sebagai dokter yang profesional • Bersikap dan berbudaya menolong • Mengutamakan keselamatan pasien • Mampu bekerja sama intra- dan inter- profesional dalam tim
pelayanan kesehatan demi keselamatan pasien • Melaksanakan upaya pelayanan kesehatan dalam kerangka
system kesehatan nasional dan global.
STANDAR KOMPETENSI DOKTER INDONESIA, Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia 2012
STANDAR KOMPETENSI DOKTER INDONESIA
Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia 2012
41
Ringkasan Ciri Pokok PCC
1. Setiap individu Pasien (Ps) adalah pusat dalam proses asuhan pasien (patient care),
dgn 4 konsep inti PCC : Martabat & Respek, Informasi, Partisipasi, Kolaborasi
2. Profesional Pemberi Asuhan (PPA) dgn pola tim interdisiplin, diposisikan
mengelilingi Ps, masing2 dgn kompetensi yg memadai termasuk Interproffesional
Competency, memberikan kontribusi profesinya yg setara, dgn Kolaborasi
Interprofesional (Interproffesional Collaboration), melaksanakan asuhan dalam
tugas mandiri, delegatif dan kolaboratif, serta DPJP adalah sbg Team Leader.
3. Ps & keluarga adalah Mitra PPA, bagian dari tim : mereka ikut memilih alternatif
ikut memiliki keputusan ikut bertanggungjawab
4. PPA menghormati dan responsif terhadap pilihan, kebutuhan & nilai-nilai pribadi Ps
5. Keputusan klinis diproses berdasarkan nilai-nilai pasien Personalized Care
6. PPA mengkomunikasikan dan berbagi informasi secara lengkap dan adekuat kpd Ps
& keluarga, sehingga mereka paham secara komprehensif & adekuat
7. DPJP sbg Team Leader melakukan koordinasi, integrasi & review asuhan pasien
dalam tim PPA
8. Dalam konteks PCC difungsikan Manajer Pelayanan Pasien / Case Manager
(berbasis klien) menjaga kontinuitas pelayanan serta kendali mutu – biaya utk
memenuhi kebutuhan Ps dan keluarga
42
Elements of collaborative practice
1. Responsibility
2. Accountability
3. Coordination
4. Communication
5. Cooperation
6. Assertiveness
7. Autonomy
8. Mutual trust and respect
(Kasperski M. Implementation strategies: ‘Collaboration in primary care - family doctors and nurse practitioners delivering
shared care.’ Toronto, ON: Ontario College of Family Physicians, 2000)
43
Interprofessional Collaborative Practice Competency
Domains
Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel.. Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice:
Report of an expert panel. Washington, D.C.: Interprofessional Education Collaborative, (2011)
44
Principles of the interprofessional competencies
• Patient/family centered (hereafter termed “patient centered”)
• Community/population oriented
• Relationship focused
• Process oriented
• Linked to learning activities, educational strategies, and behavioral
assessments that are developmentally appropriate for the learner
• Able to be integrated across the learning continuum
• Sensitive to the systems context/applicable across practice
settings
• Applicable across professions
• Stated in language common and meaningful across the professions
• Outcome driven
Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel. Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice:
Report of an expert panel. Washington, D.C.: Interprofessional Education Collaborative, (2011)
45
Professional Competency
Interprofessional Competency
Behavioral demonstrations of an integrated set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that define the domains of work of a specific health profession applied in specific care contexts
Behavioral demonstrations of
• an integrated set of knowledge, skills and attitudes for
• working together across the professions, with other
health care workers,
• and with patients/families / communities / populations
• to improve health outcomes in specific care contexts
46
INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT MECHANISMS
WORKING CULTURE
MECHANISMS ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISMS
Figure 8. Examples of mechanisms that shape collaboration at the practice level
47
Collaborative practice can decrease:
o total patient complications
o length of hospital stay
o tension and conflict among
caregivers
o staff turnover
o hospital admissions
o clinical error rates
o mortality rates
(Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice, WHO, 2010)
Na
ke
s P
em
be
ri
Asu
ha
n P
asie
n
Asesmen Pasien
(Skrining, “Periksa Pasien”)
1.Informasi dikumpulkan : Anamnesa,
pemeriksaan, pemeriksaan lain /
penunjang, dsb
2.Analisis informasi : dihasilkan
Diagnosis / PRoblem / Kondisi,
identifikasi Kebutuhan Yan Pasien
3.Rencana Pelayanan / Care Plan : untuk memenuhi Kebutuhan Yan
Pasien
Proses Asuhan Pasien
Patient Care
*Pemberian Pelayanan/
*Implementasi Rencana/
*Monitoring
Ase
sm
en U
la
ng
48
S
O
A
P
I
A
R
Catatan Perkembangan Pasien Terintegrasi
Nama pasien
Tanggal Jam
(Tepi utk)
Dokter (Tepi utk)
Staf Klinis lainnya
10/5/13 7.30 8.15 9.10
S O A P
S aaaa bbbbb ccccc hhhhhh vvvvvvv nbnnnnnn bbbbbbbbbb nn…….. O ddd eeee ….. A ggggg hhhhh kkkkk P nnnn pppppp qqqqq
ttd, nama Perawat S O A P
Ttttt fffff ppppp kkkkkk yyyyyy Eee ddddd xxxxx Aaaaa mmmmm dddd uuuuuuu aaaaaaaa mmmmmm ddddddddddd Rrrrr llll hhhh wwww
ttd, nama Dokter
Ttttt fffff ppppp kkkkkk yyyyyy Eee ddddd xxxxx Aaaaa mmmmm dddd uuuuuuu aaaaaaaa ddddddddddd rrrr ccc. Rrrrr llll hhhh wwww
ttd, nama Ahli Gizi
Pasien,
Keluarga
Fisio
terapis
Perawat Apoteker
Ahli
Gizi
Analis Radio
grafer
DPJP
Manajer Pelayanan Pasien
Case Manager
• Clinical/Team
Leader
• Review Asuhan
• Secara kolaboratif
melakukan sintesa
& integrasi asuhan
pasien Lainnya
KARS Dr.Nico Lumenta
MPP Case
Manager Dokter
Keluarga Yan
Keuangan/
Billing
Asuransi
Perusahaan/
Employer BPJS
Yan Kes
/ RS Lain
52
Manajer Pelayanan Pasien
Hospital Case Manager • Pengertian :
oManajemen Pelayanan Pasien :
Suatu proses kolaboratif mengenai asesmen, perencanaan, fasilitasi, koordinasi
asuhan, evaluasi dan advokasi untuk opsi dan pelayanan bagi pemenuhan
kebutuhan pasien dan keluarganya yang komprehensif, melalui komunikasi dan
sumber daya yang tersedia sehingga memberi hasil (outcome) yang bermutu
dengan biaya-efektif. (Sumber : CSMA – Case Management Society of America, 2010)
oSuatu model klinis untuk manajemen stratejik mutu dan biaya pelayanan, dibuat
untuk memfasilitasi hasil pasien yang diharapkan dalam lama perawatan yang layak
/ patut dan dengan manajemen sumber daya yang sesuai. (Cesta, 2009)
oManajer Pelayanan Pasien – MPP (Case Manager) adalah professional di RS yang
melaksanakan manajemen pelayanan pasien
oAsesmen utilitas : kegiatan mengevaluasi utilisasi / pemanfaatan sumber daya
oCase Manager selain di RS, juga dapat di Perusahaan Asuransi, di Perusahaan
(besar)
• Ciri : Manajemen, wawasan mutu & safety, wawasan pelayanan klinis & sistem
keuangan, komunikator, membantu pasien memenuhi kebutuhan & kontinuitas yan. (Panduan Pelaksanaan Manajer Pelayanan Pasien Rumah Sakit, KARS, 2013)
53
• Fungsi : Asesmen utilitas, Perencanaan, Fasilitasi, Advokasi
• Melibatkan pasien (Ps) dlm asuhan yang dialaminya. Bila pasien merasa menjadi
bagian dlm keputusan pengobatan dan rencana asuhan, maka Ps dapat
memahami kepentingan & manfaat pelayanannya. Keluarga (K) akan lebih banyak
fokus terhadap kesehatan pasien.
• MPP harus memiliki relasi dengan Ps dan K, memelihara rasa saling percaya yg
menunjukkan kpd Ps bhw mereka terlibat untuk manfaat dan kepentingan Ps
• Untuk itu MPP perlu memperhatikan secara aktif kebutuhan dan keinginan Ps
• MPP harus mempunyai hubungan kerja profesional dgn DPJP dan staf klinis
lainnya.
• MPP juga harus terbiasa dgn pelayanan penagihan (billing), pelayanan bantuan
finansial, bantuan/dukungan dari komunitas serta pelayanan kerohanian.
• Klien : proses skrining Ps yang membutuhkan manajemen pelayanan pasien
• Kelompok diutamakan : anak-anak, usia lanjut, dan yang dengan penyakit kronis
• Juga Ps a.l. dgn Risiko tinggi, Biaya tinggi, Potensi komplain tinggi, Kasus dengan
penyakit kronis, Kasus komplek / rumit, Kemungkinan sistem pembiayaan yang
komplek
• Kualifikasi : Dr Umum, Perawat pendidikan S1, Pengalaman minimal 3 – 5 tahun
dalam pelayanan klinis, Dokter : Dr ruangan, Perawat kepala ruangan
(Panduan Pelaksanaan Manajer Pelayanan Pasien Rumah Sakit, KARS, 2013)
Elemen-elemen MPP – Case Manager
54
• Fungsi MPP :
o Asesmen utilitas. Mampu mengakses semua informasi dan data
untuk mengevaluasi manfaat/utilisasi, untuk kebutuhan manajemen
pelayanan pasien.
o Perencanaan. Disusun perencanaan untuk pelaksanaan
manajemen pelayanan pasien. Perencanaan tsb mencerminkan
kelayakan/kepatutan dan efektivitas-biaya dari pengobatan medis
dan klinis serta kebutuhan pasien untuk mengambil keputusan
o Fasilitasi. Tugas ini mencakup interaksi antara MPP dan para
anggota tim pemberi pelayanan kesehatan, perwakilan pembayar,
serta pasien/keluarga untuk menjaga kontinuitas pelayanan
o Advokasi. Mewakili kepentingan pasien adalah inti dari peran MPP,
namun peran ini juga menjangkau pemangku kepentingan lain.
MPP melakukan advokasi untuk opsi pengobatan yang dapat
diterima setelah berkonsultasi dengan DPJP, termasuk rencana
pemulangan yang aman. (Panduan Pelaksanaan Manajer Pelayanan Pasien Rumah Sakit, KARS, 2013)
Skrining
Asesmen awal
3.Rencana asuhan
Rencana pulang
HPK MKI PPI SKP
Registrasi
Transfer
Rujuk
Terminal
Asesmen ulang
Ringkasan pulang
Lab, Rad
Risiko tinggi
Restraint
Risiko malnutrisi
Asesmen nyeri
Risiko jatuh
2.Analisis data -> Dx
1.Pengumpulan data klinis
Implementasi Rencana asuhan
Pelayanan fokus pasien: MULTI PROFESI - ASUHAN – EDUKASI
Implementasi Rencana asuhan
57
Partnering with Patients and Families to Design a Patient and Family-Centered Health Care System. Johnson, B et al. Institute for Family-Centered Care 2008
The MCG Health System in Augusta, Georgia.
Member University HealthSystem Consortium
Setelah PCC diterapkan secara penuh
58
Patient-Centered Care on Medical/Surgical Units
Truly patient-centered care on medical and surgical units honors the whole person and family, respects individual values and choices, and ensures continuity of care.
Patients will say, "They give me exactly the help I want (and need) exactly when I want (and need) it.”
Care that is truly patient-centered considers patients’ cultural traditions, their personal preferences and values, their family situations, and their lifestyles.
It makes the patient & family an integral part of the care team who collaborate with health care professionals in making clinical decisions.
(Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012)
59
Patient-centered care puts responsibility for important aspects of self-care and monitoring in patients’ hands — along with the tools and support they need to carry out that responsibility.
Patient-centered care ensures that transitions between providers, departments, and health care settings are respectful, coordinated, and efficient.
When care is patient-centered on medical-surgical units, unneeded and unwanted services can be reduced.
(Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012)
1. Pada model asuhan pasien yang tradisional, Dokter merupakan pusat dari asuhan
pasien, sebagai “Captain of the ship”, namun patient safety belum terjamin
2. Asuhan pasien terdiri dari 4 pilar : Etik, Kebutuhan Pasien, Mutu-Keselamatan
Pasien, EBM-VBM, dpayungi oleh Manajemen Risiko RS dan PCC
3. Pada model PCC, pasien adalah pusat, profesional pemberi asuhan (PPA)
diposisikan mengelilingi / melayani pasien, & semua PPA tsb berkolaborasi dlm
fungsi yg setara, sehingga disebut “Interdisciplinary team” dgn Kolaborasi
Interprofesional. Dr adalah “Team Leader / Coach”. Pasien memperoleh asuhan
yg terbaik & bermanfaat bagi pasien
4. PCC dalam pelaksanaan asuhan pasien, masih belum dipahami sepenuhnya,
belum sepenuhnya dihargai
5. Dengan PCC terjadi perubahan mendasar dlm cara Manajemen RS. Saat ini PCC
merupakan “Mainstream model”, sdh menjadi “Trend global” pelayanan
kesehatan di Rumah Sakit di dunia
6. Disadari atau tidak, akar masalah arus pasien keluar negeri adalah karena belum
sepenuhnya RS di Indonesia menerapkan PCC
7. Standar Akreditasi RS v.2012 mengharuskan & mengoptimalkan penerapan PCC
8. Terapkan PCC langkah demi langkah - “one step at a time”
Kesimpulan
“Kepuasan Pasien”
Sistem
Manajemen
Sistem Pelayanan
Klinis
Asuhan Pasien / Patient Care
Quality & Safety
PASIEN
Profesi
Pemberi
Asuhan
Manajemen
Pasien
Perawat
Apoteker
Fisio
terapis
Ahli
Gizi Radio
grafer
Pasien Dokter
Analis
“BPIS”
“Enthusiatic Patient”
Lainnya
KODEKI Pasal 18
Setiap Dr memperlakukan
teman sejawatnya
sebagaimana ia sendiri
ingin diperlakukan
Pasien
(BPIS : Bila Pasien Itu Saya)