2. kuliah kelainan syaraf-1.pptx
TRANSCRIPT
KELAINAN PADA SISTEM SYARAF
Hewan hrs mampu merasakan dan merespon kondisi lingkungan, mampu merasakan suhu lingkungan, mengidentifikasi makanan dan menghindari predator SURVIVE
Tubuh dapat merespon untuk diam-bergerak, mencerna makanan, kerja organ tubuh, merespon thd kebutuhan oksigen dan energi
SISTEM SYARAF
Fungsi dasar sistem syaraf SENSORI: untuk merasakan perubahan (dikenal sebagai
rangsangan) baik di luar maupun di dalam tubuh.
Misalnya mata merasakan perubahan cahaya dan telinga merespon gelombang suara.
MOTORIK: respons terhadap rangsangan yang menyebabkan otot berkontraksi atau kelenjar untuk mengeluarkan ekskresi/sekresi
INTEGRATIF: pengolahan informasi yang diterima dari organ-organ indera. Impuls dari organ-organ ini dianalisis dan disimpan sebagai memori. Banyak impuls yang berbeda dari sumber yang berbeda diurutkan, disinkronisasi dan dikoordinasikan
Sistem syaraf1. Sistem saraf pusat (SSP): otak dan sumsum
tulang belakang.
2. Sistem saraf perifer (PNS) yang terdiri dari saraf yang terhubung ke otak dan sumsum tulang belakang (saraf kranial dan spinal) serta syaraf otonom.
Otak Terdiri dari 3 bagian • Otak depan: cerebral
hemispheres, hypothalamus and pituitary gland
• Otak belakang/brain stem: medulla oblongatan dan pons
• Cerebellum (little brain)
Spinal Cord Sumsum tulang belakang adalah
“Kabel” jaringan syaraf yang melewati saluran di tulang belakang dari otak belakang ke ujung ekor
Sistem syaraf perifer
Sistem syaraf perifer terdiri dari: Syaraf yang terhubung ke otak (syaraf
kranial) Syaraf yang terhubung ke sumsum
tulang belakang (syaraf spinal) Sistem syaraf otonom
Syaraf kranial
olfactory nerves smell optic nerves sight auditory (acoustic) nerves hearing vagus nerve mengontrol otot-otot
untuk menelan, mengontrol otot-otot jantung , saluran udara , paru-paru , lambung dan usus
Syaraf otonom
Simpatik Parasimpatik
NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES
Neurological disease inthe horse
Disorders of the central nervous system
– Ataxia
– Seizures/collapse
– Blindness
– Autonomic dysfunction (bladder, GIT, other) Disorders of the peripheral nervous system
– Weakness
– Autonomic dysfunction (dysphagia, bladder, GIT)
Degenerative
• Cervical Vertebral Malformation
– Type 1: Juvenile onset
– Type 2: Adult onset osteoarthritis
• Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy
– Metabolic
• Hepatic encephalopathy
• Perinatal asphyxia syndrome
• Hypoglycaemia
• Electrolyte abnormalities
Neoplasia
• Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction
– Rarely presents with blindness, collapse, ?seizures
• Others are rare:
– Hamartoma
– Cholesterinic granuloma
– Epidural lymphosarcoma
Ataxia
• Def: Lack of order, inconsistency
– Abnormal rate, range and force of movement
• Grading systems
• Allow comparisons, highly subjective
– Grade 0: Normal
– Grade 1: Minimal deficits noted, requires
provocative testing to identify
– Grade 2: Mild abnormality seen at walk
– Grade 3: Easy to see at walk
– Grade 4: Very ataxic, may fall with provacative
testing (circling)
– Grade 5: Recumbent (cannot stand)
Nervous System Diseases Tetanus
Acute, highly infectiousContagious?Affects
○ Humans○ Horses○ Sheep○ Swine○ cattle
Nervous System Diseases
Infectious organisms gain entrance to the body through traumatized tissue○ Deep wounds that seal quickly are often most
problematic○ Docking, castration, shearing cuts, dehorning,
etc.Cause
○ Bacterial infection
Nervous System Diseases
Clinical Signs○ Localized infection (doesn’t go systemic)
Gives off a very powerful toxin (100x more powerful than some poisons)- Passes along the nerves to the spinal cord
○ A few days to several weeks after initial infection
○ Stiffness moderate to pronounced“lock-jaw”Ears, tail, eyes retracted
Nervous System Diseases
○ Rapid symptom development often = death○ Recovery usually >50%
Prevention○ Thorough cleansing of wounds○ Antiseptic procedures
Docking, castrating, surgeries, etc.○ Immunity can be raised w/ a toxiod or antitoxin
Toxoid- Injection of neutralized tetanus toxin to stimulate
the body’s immune response
Nervous System Diseases
Antitoxin- Concentrated serum w/ tetanus toxin antibodies
taken from another animal administered as an injection
Some vaccines also available
Treatment○ Larges doses of tetanus antitoxin, sedatives,
and care○ Reopen site of infection, clean, drain○ Antibiotic therapy
Nervous System Diseases Pseudorabies/ Aujeszky’s Disease
Acute viral infection of pigs & cattle, sometimes sheep
Non-contagious in cattle, highly contagious in swine
Spread by bites from infected hogsCause
○ Herpes virus○ Swine are long-term carriers
Nervous System Diseases
○ Disease waits for stress periods to show itself○ State blood testing is required for swine
transportCan travel between herds ~2 mi
Clinical Signs○ Cattle will have usually been associated w/
swine at some juncture○ Intense itching at the site of infection○ Newborn pigs can go from normal to coma in
6-24 hrs.
Nervous System Diseases
○ Older swineShow some CNS symtpomsIncoordination, paralysis, muscle spasms, etc.Mild fever, depression, finicky appetiteAbortions in pregnant sows, dead or mummified pigs
if they don’t abortInfected breeding females often hard to settle
Prevention○ Vaccinaton
No Treatment available
Nervous System Diseases Equine Encephalomyelitis
Infectious disease spread by insectsCharacterized by nervous disorders and
high mortalityUsually individual cases, unless conditions
become favorable for high populations of mosquitoes
Nervous System Diseases
Cause○ Viral○ 3 types
Western, Eastern, VenezuelanWestern & Venezuelan most common in our area
○ Birds help develop the diseaseClinical Signs
○ Affects CNS○ Nervousness, depression, impaired vision,
etc.
○ Lay on side and gallop○ Mild cases often recover, acute cases often
die50% mortality for Western90-100% for Venezuelan
Nervous System Diseases
Prevention○ Vaccination○ Mosquito control methods○ Discourage bird roosting around the barn
Treatment○ Not very effective because of the rapid nature
of the disease○ Mostly supportive therapy
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
BSE (mad cow disease) was first identified in the UK in 1986.› Source of prions traced to cattle feed containing
bone meal from sheep that had scrapie.› Cows ate the feed and became infected.› The infection passed to humans who ate infected
beef. Infection in humans is known as variant
Creuztfeld-Jacob disease (vCJD).› Cases frequently present in young adults.
Nervous System Diseases BSE
Slow degenerative disease of the CNSUnknown causeInfects brain and spinal tissueRelated to an infectious human diseaseNot transmitted in milkCan be passed in meat?
Nervous System Diseases
No know treatment, or controlPrevention
○ Testing○ Quarantine