Departemen ARL

MK Pengelolaan Lanskap [ARL412] 1

MK Pengelolaan Lanskap Berkelanjutan

KONSEP DASAR LINGKUNGAN –

LANSKAP – MANAJEMEN

DAN URBANISASI

Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo Arifin

PS ARSITEKTUR LANSKAP

SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

PEMBERITAHUAN: Dimohon mencantumkan alamat

LINK Blog ini jika inginmemanfaatkan info yang ada

dalamnya

English Landscape ~ Scenery

Dutch Landschap ~ Scenery

The German Concept of “Landschaft”

Bodemkudig Landschaft : Units of Soil

Geologisch Landschaft : Units of Rock

Geomormologisch Landschaft : Relief pada

Permukaan Bumi

LANSKAP (LANDSCAPE)

Suatu bagian ruang pada muka bumi, dengan sistem

yang kompleks, dalam bentuk aktivitas batuan, air,

udara, tanaman, hewan, dan manusia

LINGKUNGAN (ENVIRONMENT)

LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

- Lingkungan perkotaan

- Lingkungan hutan

- Lingkungan padang pasir

- Lingkungan industri

Keadaan sekitar

EKOSISTEM dalam Ekologi

BIOTIK:

Tumbuhan

Hewan

Decomposer

ABIOTIK:

Tanah

Air

Udara

Dalam

Pengelolaan Lanskap

Upaya manusia untuk mendayagunakan dan menata

lanskap/lingkungan agar memperoleh manfaat yang maksimal

dengan mengusahakan kontinyuitas kelestariannya

Manusia harus

masuk dalam

semua sistem

EKOSISTEM /EKOLOGI:

Hubungan timbal balik yang menyeluruh antara organisme dengan lingkungannya

Manusia sering terpisah / lepas dari Ekosistemnya

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MK Pengelolaan Lanskap [ARL412] 2

Flora

Vegetasi Manusia

Tanah

Batuan

Iklim mikro

dan makro

FaunaBentuk

Lahan

Air LANDSCAPE

Gambar Faktor Pembentuk Lanskap, Unsur dan Interelasinya

KEBIJAKSANAAN PENGELOLAAN LANSKAP

1. Membina hubungan keselarasan antara manusia

dengan lingkungannya:

manusia ~ masyarakat

manusia ~ lingkungan

manusia ~ Tuhan pencipta

2. Melestarikan sumber alam secara kontinyu

3. Meningkatkan kualitas hidup manusia mencegah

kemerosotan mutu dan meningkatkan mutu

lingkungan

4. Mencegah manusia sebagai prusak lingkungan

pembina lingkungan

SIAPA PENGELOLA LANSKAP

1. Pemerintah dalam segala tingkatan

2. Pejabat “dalam perusahaan” swasta

3. Pemuka Adat dan Agama

4. Perseorangan

MK Pengelolaan Lanskap Berkelanjutan

URBANIZATION

Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo Arifin

PS ARSITEKTUR LANSKAP

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

Terms:

Urban: situated in or living in a city or town ------ urban area.

Urbanization: a process of change especially a rural place into a town-like area.

Indicators of urbanization: URBANIZATION = f {migration, population, infrastructures, facilities, jobs, etc.}

THE RELATION BETWEEN MAN & LANDSCAPE

Man -

the human group or society

Landscape - the envi-

ronment in which man lives, the hu-man habitat, and & its resources

A Complex Interrelation

between Man and The Landscape in Which He Lives

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MK Pengelolaan Lanskap [ARL412] 3

Various human societies live in various physical environments.

Man tries to make the best use of the land and its resources for his own benefit, because he not only wants to maintain his present standard of living but very often also to improve this.

Man needs to have full understanding of the physical environment and of the consequences of his activities in that environment.

Man has to understand & appreciate both the forms & features of the landscape & the human impact on them.

The actual land uses that reflect the present stage of the man: landscape relation occur in large continuum in between the to extremes of an almost natural landscape hardly influenced by man to an almost man-made landscape hardly influenced by nature.

The way in which man changed, adapted the land reflects how he interpreted the natural resources potential and in what way he is or he has been able to exploit them.

The amount & type of man’s landscape forming or landscape changing activities will depend on the character of the land and on the character of the human society.

Landscape, the Environment: Land & Its ResourcesThe component parts or element of environment

most commonly considered are:

weather & climate, water, landforms, rock types, soils, vegetation (both natural and agricultural), fauna (the animal world) both natural and

domesticated.

Man, his needs & wants

Man perceives his environment in the context of his needs & wants.

As man’s needs may be considered this requirements that are fundamental for his physical maintenance, i.e. food, drink & shelter (clothing & housing).

As man’s wants may be considered those requirement that are essential for his function in group, i.e. communication & culture.

The variables of the human group that may influence the way man perceives, make use of & changes the landscape are: Physical condition,

Population density,

Religion,

Technological achievements

Institutional factors,

Economical factors,

Social structure

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MK Pengelolaan Lanskap [ARL412] 4

The Land Uses

Different societies have different needs & wants.

Different environments are composed of different elements in different combinations.

The confrontation of different societies with different environments results in different patterns of land use.

Basic types of land use are agriculture, settlement, grazing and firewood production, etc.

Each of these basic types again may occur in many variations.

E.g. agriculture, may range from the simplest form of shifting cultivation to highly mechanized modern farming.

The present pattern of land use in an area reflects man’s present appreciation of his natural environment with respect to his present level of technology.

Information of this land use pattern is a need for planners and decision makers, because, when they confront it the development objectives that are formulated, they will know what still has to be done to achieve those objectives and what other information is required in order to develop and implement plans.

Land Evaluation

The information coming from the various surveys can be brought together in an activity called “land evaluation”.

In this activity the different land utilization types with their specific requirements are confronted with the land characteristics of the different land units.

Out of this confrontation the suitability of the land or alternatives uses can be assessed.

The result of this land evaluation can be expresses as alternative combinations of land uses for a particular area.

This information then is provided to the planners and decision makers that can test whether their information requirements have been satisfied completely and with which of the suggested alternatives the development objectives and be best achieved.

Settlement Patterns & Field Pattern In addition to the types of land use he pattern

of human settlement can give good information on the relation between man & his environment, the landscape.

The settlement pattern gives a first impression of population distribution and population density and this in turn may reflect the abundancy or scarcity of the natural resources that man can utilize with his present state of technology.

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MK Pengelolaan Lanskap [ARL412] 5

The lay out of the settlement and of its field may give information about the natural environment, the land tenure system, the way man first took possession of the land, his social and economic organization, etc.

The way in which the field are associated with the settlement are divided, shaped and arranged, that is, he field pattern, can give information about farm size, tenure systems, soil and drainage condition, origin and development settlement, etc. ----Aerial photographs

Infrastructure

Another aspect by which the relation between man and the landscape can be analyzed is the infrastructure.

With the infrastructure of a country or region usually is meant the whole complex of roads, railways and canals, bridges, facilities for energy and water supply and other public facilities.

If we compare the human society with the human body, the infrastructure can be considered as the skeleton.

Infrastructure is very important.

If a society develops, the supporting infrastructure should be developed at the same rate.

If one wants to develop a society or area one could try to give it an impetus by already developing infrastructure in advance.

DISTANCE RELATED FUNCTION AND LAND USE

Distance plays an important role in the way in which man uses the land.

Distance is strongly related with mobility.

Distance should be expressed in the time spent in travelling, rather than kilometers measured along a straight line.

It is assumed that man is motivated only by economic considerations and will behave in a rational and predictable way in always attempting to maximize income & to minimize efforts.

The Ideas of Von Thunen - 1826

His argument starts with the premise that the area distribution of crops and livestock and of types of farming depends upon competition between products and farming systems for the use of any particular piece of land.

Von Thunen was concerned in particular with:

the monetary return over and above the monetary expenses incurred by different types of agriculture.

Such net returns pertaining to a unit area of land rather than a unit of product.

In the case of only one market, the central city, this results in a pattern of concentric belts of land use types around the city.

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MK Pengelolaan Lanskap [ARL412] 6

VON THUNEN’S BASIC SYSTEM OF LAND USE

Central city

Navigable road

Very intensive

Intensive

Less intensive

Extensive

Very extensive

Deviations from it can be analyzed, e.g.

The influence of the introduction of an improved means of transportation by which transport cost are less than by the already existing means.

Inputs varying in price from one place to another.

Differences in soil fertility and in climatic conditions.

Instead of only one central city subsidiary cities are present.

Central city

Navigable road

Very intensive

Intensive

Less intensive

Extensive

Very extensive

VON THUNENS SYSTEM OF LAND USE WITH TWO

DEVIATIONS

A small city with its own production zones

Land Use Distance Relations Surrounding Urban Areas

In the vicinity of urban areas there is a demand for rural land by various urban interest.

The land price that urban users are able and willing to pay far exceed those which farmers can pay.

Along the periphery of the city rural land uses therefore switch to urban ones.

The possibility of rural land attaining a very high urban value in the future will effect the current land value and the land use within the zone thought to have such potential.

Ground speculation may occur. These land values will rapidly decline with increasing distances from the urban periphery.

Rural land can also have a quality and value as a residence or play ground for person employed in the city.

People may prefer to live outside the city because of the particular amenities provided by the rural countryside or because of the relatively inexpensive houses.

Another actor that could affect agricultural land use around an urban area is the possibility of farmers obtaining full or part time employment in the city.

Departemen ARL

MK Pengelolaan Lanskap [ARL412] 7

Selamat Belajar

Alamat Kontak:

hsarifin@ipb.ac.id

www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id