tugas bu diffah macau plan

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acau Declaration on Ageing

for Asia and the Pacific

We, the members and associate members of the Economic and Social

Commission for Asia and the Pacific attending the Regional Meeting on a

Plan of Action on Ageing for Asia and the Pacific convened at Macau from28 September to !ctober ""8#

Appreciating the contribution that older persons are ma$ing and can

continue to ma$e to their societies,

Recognizing that, in the Charter of the %nited &ations, the peoples of the

%nited &ations declare, inter alia, their determination to reaffirm faith infundamental human rights, in the dignit' and (orth of the human person, in

the e)ual rights of men and (omen and of nations large and small, and to

promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Recalling *eneral Assembl' resolution +-. of / !ctober ""2, in (hich

the Assembl' decided to observe the 'ear """ as the 0nternational 1ear of

!lder Persons, and its resolution .-+ of 2 3ecember ""., in (hich it

invited the regional commissions to bear in mind the goals of the 1ear (henconvening regional meetings in ""8 and """ at (hich to mar$ the 1ear

and formulate action plans on ageing for the t(ent'4first centur',

Reaffirming the relevance and need for continued implementation of the

5ienna 0nternational Plan of Action on Ageing, adopted at the WorldAssembl' on Ageing in "82, (hich (as the first comprehensive

international instrument in the field of ageing that set out the principles and

guidelines for the formulation and implementation of policies concerningageing and older persons,

In pursuance of the Manila 3eclaration on the Agenda for Action on

Social 3evelopment in the ESCAP Region adopted at the Asian and Pacific

Ministerial Conference in Preparation for the World Summit for Social3evelopment in !ctober ""+,

Noting that the ageing of societies in the t(entieth centur', unprecedented

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in the histor' of man$ind, poses a serious and comple6 challenge to all

nations and re)uires a basic change in social attitude to(ards ageing and

older persons and in the (a' in (hich societies organi7e themselves,

Aware that the Asian and Pacific region is rooted in the d'namism ofsocial, economic and cultural development, that, in the region, individuals

are reaching an advanced age in greater numbers and are in better health,

and that the tremendous diversit' in the situation of older persons, not onl' bet(een countries but also (ithin countries, re)uires a variet' of polic'

responses,

Mindful that, in man' countries, the famil', as the natural fundamental unit

of societ', needs to be strengthened as a s'stem of support in the provisionof care and protection for older persons,

Reaffirming our solidarit' and collective support of the spirit of regionalcooperation in addressing issues of common concern relating to ageing and

older persons,

Expressing a firm commitment to accord priorit' to the development of

older persons, to ta$e immediate measures to bring active older persons into

the economic and social mainstream and to meet the basic needs and socialsecurit' of rural and urban elderl',

Urging the international communit' and development assistance bodies to

provide full support and ade)uate resources for the regions pursuit of the

goals and targets contained in the international and regional mandatesrelated to ageing and older persons mentioned above,

Acknowledging the national e6perience and capacit' of members and

associate members to formulate, strengthen and implement their respective

policies concerning ageing and older persons, mindful of their o(n social,economic and political conditions,

9 Adopt the Plan of Action on Ageing for Asia and the Pacific as

anne6ed to the present 3eclaration:

29 Urge members and associate members#

a9 ;o set corresponding goals and targets in accordance (ith

the Plan of Action:

b9 ;o establish and strengthen their respective national policies

on ageing and national mechanisms for the implementation,monitoring and evaluation of the Plan of Action:



Plan of Action on Ageing for

Asia and the Pacific

0 0ntroduction

00 Ma=or areas of concern relating to ageing and older persons

000 Action on ma=or areas of concern

Social position of older persons!lder persons and the famil'

>ealth and nutrition

>ousing, transportation and the built environment

!lder persons and the mar$et0ncome securit', maintenance and emplo'ment

Social services and the communit'

05 0mplementation# structures and processes

&ational infrastructure for ageing and older personsPlanning and targeting

0ntersectoral collaboration and support

Coordination and monitoringResource mobili7ation and allocation

Regional and international cooperation

I. Introduction

9 ;he Plan of Action on Ageing for Asia and the Pacific addresses

important issues relating to ageing and older persons b' identif'ing specificcourses of action to be ta$en b' countries of the region, individuall' and

collectivel'9 0t contains concise recommendations (ith specific guidelines9

0ndividual countries (ill set their o(n goals and targets (ithin theframe(or$ of the recommendations and implement them in accordance (ith

their national circumstances9

29 ;he present Plan of Action dra(s on the 5ienna 0nternational Plan ofAction on Ageing, adopted at the World Assembl' on Ageing in "82, theProclamation on Ageing as anne6ed to *eneral Assembl' resolution +-. of

/ !ctober ""2, the %nited &ations Principles for !lder Persons and other

relevant %nited &ations mandates relating to ageing and older persons9 0t isalso supportive of the relevant goals and targets contained in the Programme

of Action adopted at the 0nternational Conference on Population and

3evelopment, held in Cairo in ""+, the Copenhagen Programme of Action

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adopted at the World Summit for Social 3evelopment in "". and of the

Agenda for Action on Social 3evelopment in the ESCAP Region as revised

b' the ?ifth Asian and Pacific Ministerial Conference on Social3evelopment in ""9

<9 0n formulating the present Plan of Action, the governments recogni7e

that, for man' developing countries in the region, the overall social and

economic development of the nation, including the provision of basic socialservices for all the population, remains the priorit' national tas$9 >unger,

povert', ill health, social e6clusion, unemplo'ment, and limited access to

education and basic amenities are critical national areas of concern re)uiringcorrective action and competing for scarce resources9 ;he governments

appreciate the need to vie( the issues relating to ageing and older persons

(ithin this broader developmental conte6t of priorities, needs and resourceallocation9

II. Major areas of concern relating to ageing and older persons

+9 ;he governments recogni7e that the t(entieth centur' has heralded, in the

Asian and Pacific region, the beginning of a demographic transformation

that (ill have a profound impact on the countries in the region9 At its core,the transformation dramaticall' alters the age structure of all societies,

disproportionatel' increasing the number and percentage of older persons9

;he t(in processes of mortalit' and fertilit' reduction contribute to this

dramatic increase in the proportion of older persons (hich, in somecountries, is e6pected to rise to as high as 2. per cent b' the earl' t(ent'4

first centur'9 ;he combined effects of improved longevit' and declining

fertilit' lead to a maturing of the age structure, (ith a high concentration ofthe population in the middle or older ages9 ;he increase in the presence of

older persons (ill be felt in all aspects of social life9

.9 ;he rise in the population of older persons, in absolute and relative terms,

poses challenges in both developmental and humanitarian areas9 At thesocietal, developmental level, the effects of structural changes in the age

composition of the population on the social, economic and political life of a

societ' (ill be profound9 ;he sheer si7e of the older population (ill impacton e6isting societal arrangements, such as age at retirement and relative

political influence9 ;he differential si7e of the 'ounger and older

populations (ill further lead to a shift in the economic d'namics of production, consumption, savings and investment9 ;he aggregate effects of

these changes are multifaceted and are =ust beginning to be appreciated9

Research on the development implications at countr' and regional levels is



intensif'ing and (ill guide future polic' responses9

/9 At the communit' and individual levels, the humanitarian needs of older

persons re)uire special attention9 Societies have to promote and safeguard

the rights and (ell4being of older persons9 ;his includes the prevention ofage discrimination and the promotion of productive ageing9 ;he aspirations,

$no(ledge and energ' of older persons need to be effectivel' channelled in

the process of national economic and social development9 ;he serviceinfrastructure needs to be broadened and strengthened to meet the social,

emotional, health, financial and developmental needs of this gro(ing

population9

9 ;his demographic phenomenon is occurring (ithin a conte6t of changes innational institutions and values because of rapid social and economic

development9 ;he traditional institutions for the care of older persons, such as

the famil' and the communit', are undergoing transformation in response tothese changes9 ;raditional support ma' no longer be ade)uate or ma' have

diminished9 ;he support s'stems for older persons need to be re4e6amined

(ith a vie( to improving their scope and effectiveness9

89 ;he present Plan of Action addresses seven areas of concern relating toageing and older persons in the Asian and Pacific region# @a the social

position of older persons: @b older persons and the famil': @c health and

nutrition: @d housing, transportation and the built environment: @e older persons and the mar$et: @f income securit', maintenance and emplo'ment:

and @g social services and the communit'9

III. Action on major areas of concern

"9 &oting that the demographic transformation (ill manifest its full impact

in the decades to come, the governments recogni7e that population ageing is

imminent9 0t is an important phenomenon (ith long4term concerns, posingno immediate difficulties but increasing pressure on the socio4economic

development of the nation9 ?or most countries, the structural changes in the

age composition of the population have thus far been slo( and the numberof older persons manageable9 >o(ever, in man' areas, immediate action

must be ta$en9

9 ;he immediate tas$s for the Asian and Pacific region focus on four

ma=or areas# the understanding of the issues and implications of populationageing on societ': the preparation of the population for an ageing process

that is productive and fulfilling: the development of a service infrastructure

and environment based on traditional and modern institutions that (ill be

able to meet present and future needs: and the deliver' of essential services



inculcated, a role based on the positive contributions of older persons in the

famil' and in societ'9 0n this regard, the governments (ill give due

publicit' to the %nited &ations Principles for !lder Persons (ithin thenational and cultural conte6t9 ;he governments (ill harness the

contributions of older persons as a national resource and ensure that futuregenerations benefit from a programme of lifelong preparation for productiveageing9

!. "lder persons and t#e famil$

.9 ;he famil' has a distinctive place in the countries of the Asian and

Pacific region9 0t is the most basic social unit, (ith much of the countr's

social and economic life revolving around it9 0n man' rural communities, itis also the economic unit engaging in productive activities9 Binding the

families together are deepl' rooted cultural mores and religious practices9

?ilial piet', (hich underpins the relationship bet(een generations, is a $e'attribute that reinforces the famil's cohesiveness9 ;he older person is

guaranteed a special position in the famil', giving and receiving support

from other famil' members9

/9 ;he region has a high regard for the uni)ue role that the famil' pla's insupporting older persons9 Most countries place special emphasis on the

famil' as the frontline institution in their plans for population ageing9 ;he'

reali7e that the emotional, social, ph'sical and economic supports provided b' the famil' are indispensable and cannot be replaced b' an' other

institutions9 0t is also recogni7ed that the famil' institution remains strong

in spite of cultural changes and migrator' movements9 0n man' countries, itis an accepted planning norm that the famil' (ill continue to pla' this

critical support role in the centur' to come9

9 ;he governments appreciate the forces that have adversel' affected the

capacit' of the famil' to support and care for older persons9 3ecliningfamil' si7e, the increasing number of (omen =oining the (or$force, the

diminishing e6tended famil' arrangement and the geographic mobilit' of

famil' members are contributing factors9 ;he' reduce the number of

potential caregivers (ithin the famil' and the options of burden4sharing9*iven these changes, it becomes necessar' for governments to ta$e effective

steps to enhance the care4giving capabilit' of the famil' through appropriate programmes9 ;his is a cost4effective approach and is compatible (ith thecultural mores of the region9

89 Recogni7ing the importance of the care4giving role of the famil',

governments agree to initiate comprehensive programmes that (ill

strengthen the famil' in this aspect9 ;he programmes should include thefollo(ing elements#



@a Promotion of co4residence through housing policies and financial

incentives:

@b Provision of home nursing services for the older persons:@c Provision of facilities for respite care:

@d Provision of programmes on counselling, professional guidance andemotional support:@e Strengthening of inter4generational relationships9

"9 ;he governments are a(are of the e6istence of vulnerable older persons

(hose families are no longer able to offer support or (ho have no famil'9

;hese groups of older persons, (hich include the destitute, the lo(4income,the minorities, the displaced, the disabled and persons (ith long4term

medical conditions, re)uire direct humanitarian assistance9 ;hese groups

should receive special attention and be ade)uatel' covered b' the socialsafet' net9 ;he governments (ill identif' and assess the si7e of these

groups and the e6tent to (hich assistance is re)uired9 0n this regard, thegovernments recogni7e that (ido(s constitute the largest group among

older persons9 ;heir special needs (ill be monitored and met throughspecial programmes9 !lder persons, especiall' those (ithout children, are

among the most vulnerable during natural disasters and emergencies9 ;he

governments (ill ma$e ade)uate provision for older persons in emergenc' planning and relief efforts9

29 ;he governments (ill pa' special tribute to the contributions of the older

persons to the famil' institution9 ;he notion that older persons onl' receive

support and contributions from their famil' members should be dispelled9

;he inter4generational e6change is t(o4(a', (ith all members benefitingfrom the process9 ;he assistance rendered b' older persons range from

intangibles such as helping (ith child care to providing financial support forthe famil'9 ;hese contributions, ta$en together, strengthen the famil' unit

and bind the generations over the life course9

C. %ealt# and nutrition

29 While older persons are prone to age4related illnesses, the ageing

process is not necessaril' associated (ith poor health9 Cohorts of older persons are no( reaching the same age in better health than before9

Research has sho(n that maintenance of good health can be achievedthrough proper nutrition, earl' diagnosis, preventive care and health'lifest'les, including harmonious famil' life, health and ph'sical education

and social participation9 ;he promotion and implementation of these lo(4

cost, prevention4based initiatives could significantl' enhance the (ell4beingof older persons9

229 Advances in medical technologies in the past decades have made



possible the prolongation of life through better medical care and intensive

interventions9 ;hese ne( technologies are, ho(ever, e6pensive and are not

easil' accessible to the average person9 ;he ma=orit' of the populationcomes in contact (ith primar' and secondar' health care facilities9

0mprovements in these facilities (ould have a more significant impact onthe )ualit' of life among the masses9 ?or older persons, (hose contacts(ith health facilities are more fre)uent, economical and preventive services

are essential9

2<9 ;he health needs of the older persons are multidimensional9 While

ph'sical health is often the focus of attention, the ps'chological and mentalhealth of older persons is e)uall' important in ensuring their sense of (ell4

being9 A s'stem of coordinated care (ill be put in place to evaluate the

health needs of older persons in a holistic manner and to implementappropriate person4oriented interventions9 Within this s'stem, suitable

programmes (ill be instituted to detect the presence of ps'chological andmental problems and provide suitable solutions9

2+9 ;he governments agree (ith the need to put a s'stematic programme ofactivities in place to educate the population on health' ageing9 ;he

components of health' ageing include a(areness of ph'siological changes,

understanding of the s'mptoms of common ailments and the ris$ factors of

poor health, and the adoption of a health' lifest'le9 0nformation aboutcommon ailments such as high blood pressure, diabetes, cataract, arthritis,

osteoporosis and neuro4ps'chiatric diseases such as Par$insons and

Al7heimers (ill be disseminated, accompanied b' earl' diagnosis and mass

screening programmes9 &utritional advice (ill be provided to minimi7edietar' deficiencies and imbalances9 ;he governments reaffirm that these

lo(4cost, communit'4based activities (ill be integrated into e6istingcommunit' health programmes9

2.9 ;he governments recogni7e that the health care of older persons (ill be

a $e' issue in the future resulting in significant budgetar' commitments9

Regional variations in health care financing do e6ist, reflecting countr' preferences9 >o(ever, more innovative options need to be evolved

including co4pa'ment of medical costs bet(een emplo'ees and emplo'ers,

the setting up of medical funds to cover medical e6penses and the

establishment of insurance4based schemes to provide financing for ma=orillnesses and hospitali7ation needs9

&. %ousing' transportation and t#e (uilt en)ironment

2/9 0n the Asian and Pacific region, older persons tend to live (ith the

famil'9 ?or them, the famil' house is the centre of almost all activities9;heir )ualit' of life is thus unavoidabl' affected b' the ade)uac' of living



conditions9 Ensuring a proper living environment has been a national

concern for regional countries9 ;he governments have associated

themselves (ith the *lobal Strateg' for Shelter to the 1ear 2, (hichobliges the State to assume responsibilit' for the protection and

improvement of housing conditions9 Resources should be made available toaddress the housing needs of the older persons9

29 ;o the e6tent possible, the governments (ill ensure that older personshave a reasonable and ade)uate living environment9 Barrier4free access

throughout the communit' (ill be made possible through appropriate

means9 0ncentives (ill be given to facilitate home upgrading andimprovements to the surrounding environment9 Public housing programmes

(ill include options for older persons (ho live alone either b' choice or b'

circumstance9 ?or older persons (ho need communit' residential care, it isimportant that nursing homes and shelters for the aged destitute are (ell run

and deliver satisfactor' levels of care and service9

289 Special arrangements (ill be made to meet the transportation needs of

older persons9 Concessions in travel fares (ill be considered for older persons commuting b' public transport9 Wherever feasible, adaptations (ill

be made to the ph'sical environment and transportation infrastructure to

facilitate the independent, unrestricted mobilit' of older persons9 ;he

governments (ill promote road safet' as older persons are particularl' atris$ of traffic accidents9

E. "lder persons and t#e market

2"9 !lder persons are a special group of consumers, as man' of them re)uire

speciali7ed goods and services in their dail' living9 ;he provision of suchgoods and services is generall' underta$en b' the private sector9 0n some

countries, this has gro(n to become a (ell4defined mar$et (ith older

persons becoming captive consumers9 >o(ever, the range and the )ualit'of goods and services, as (ell as their prices, ma' var', depending on the

si7e of the mar$et and the number of firms9 !lder persons, particularl'

those consumers (ith limited purchasing po(er or $no(ledge of the

products, ma' be susceptible to monopolistic pricing and unscrupulous oraggressive mar$et practices9 *overnments (ill ensure that their rights as

consumers, as provided for in the %nited &ations *uidelines for ConsumerProtection, are recogni7ed and safeguarded9 !lder persons should beencouraged to =oin or form consumer groups to safeguard their interest9

<9 ;he governments recogni7e the potential of private sector initiatives in

meeting the da'4to4da' needs of older persons through pa'4for4service

transactions9 ;hese initiatives are important mar$et mechanisms respondingto the needs and demands of the consumers9 As the number of older persons



bring bac$ older (or$ers9 Such programmes (ill also enhance the

emplo'abilit' of older (or$ers through upgrading of $no(ledge and s$ills9

Self4emplo'ment among older persons (ill be encouraged through advisor'services and other assistance9

<.9 A variet' of social securit' or pension schemes e6ist in the region9

;hese are designed in line (ith national circumstances9 0n cases (here onl'

partial coverage is provided, there is a need to e6tend the coverage,especiall' to vulnerable groups such as the older destitute, (ido(s,

house(ives and the disabled9 ;he governments (ill constantl' revie( the

ade)uac' of the benefits to meet a reasonable standard of living9 Where possible, additional resources (ill be devoted to social securit' schemes to

improve the coverage and the current level of benefits9 ;he governments

reali7e that the sustainabilit' and viabilit' of social securit' schemes are animportant polic' issue, and urge that intensive studies be made to e6amine

the implications and to evolve ne( instruments of income securit'9

+. ocial ser)ices and t#e communit$

</9 As a result of the ph'siological, social and financial changes that older

persons e6perience, the' ma' re)uire assistance from time to time to regaina sense of (ell4being9 Events such as the demise of a spouse, retirement

from (or$ and onset of age4related illnesses ma' put older persons through

brief periods of distress9 E6ternal help or support ma' be needed b' some to bring relief and e6pedite ad=ustment9 Such assistance ma' include

temporar' da'4care rehabilitation, counselling or dietar' advice9 ;hese

services, ta$en together, help older persons to overcome their temporar'difficulties and improve their (ell4being9 ;he focus on age4related

difficulties sets these services apart from traditional (elfare programmes,

though some overlap does e6ist9

<9 ;here is much variabilit' among countries in the coverage andaccessibilit' of social services for older persons9 ;he variabilit' is

dependent on the levels of financial and manpo(er resources available for

allocation to social services9 Within each countr', variabilit' also e6ists

bet(een urban and rural areas9 ;he urban areas tend to have a higherconcentration of service centres, leading to better coverage and accessibilit'9

<89 ;he governments recogni7e the occasional need for social service

assistance b' older persons9 Ade)uate resources (ill be committed toensure that a reasonable level of services is available to older persons in

each member countr'9 Proper coordination of government and non4

governmental service agencies (ill be implemented to establish an ade)uate

net(or$ of services that reach out to older persons in both urban and rural



areas9

<"9 With their e6perience, $no(ledge and mature outloo$, older persons

form a potential pool of e6pertise that can be tapped for communit' pro=ects

and activities9 As residents of the communit', the' are familiar (ith localcircumstances and their inputs could be a critical success factor9 As $e'

beneficiaries, the' also have much to gain from sharing pertinent

information and s$ills in communit' pro=ects9 ;here are ampleopportunities available for communit' participation of older persons and

e6tension of help to each other9

+9 ;he governments agree that older persons constitute a valuable resource

in the communit'9 ;he governments (ill open up avenues for their participation through membership in communit' clubs and resident

associations9 Associations of older persons (ill be encouraged, and older

persons (ill be empo(ered to underta$e pro=ects that (ould improvecommunit' (ell4being9

I,. Implementation- structures and processes

+9 ;he governments recogni7e that the tas$ of implementing the Plan of

Action is a national responsibilit', re)uiring the combined efforts of thegovernment, non4governmental organi7ations and other social units9 ;o this

end, member countries (ill establish appropriate structures and processes in

accordance (ith their differing national circumstances9 ;hese structures and

processes are components of a national service infrastructure (hichenhances, safeguards and preserves the (ell4being of older persons and

promotes their participation in societ'9

A. National infrastructure for ageing and older persons

+29 Recogni7ing the importance of organi7ing and instituting a national

infrastructure that (ill deal (ith issues relating to ageing and older personsin a holistic and integrated manner, the governments commit themselves to

building this infrastructure as an integral part of the implementation of thePlan of Action9 ;he' (ill see$ to balance the needs of the old against the

demands of the 'oung, and allocate ade)uate resources to meet the needs of

older persons (hile satisf'ing the re)uirements of all social groups, (ith

particular emphasis on (omen, the poor and people in rural areas9



+<9 A national infrastructure for ageing should consist of three principal

components# @a governmental institutions and non4governmental

organi7ations: communit'4based organi7ations and organi7ations of older persons: and resources, including personnel concerned (ith ageing and

older persons: @b a service deliver' net(or$ (ith acceptable standards ofservice )ualit': and @c an information, training and research apparatus onageing issues9

++9 ;he governments (ill e6amine the present arrangement of institutions

and agencies dealing (ith older persons and enhance their coordination as a

total s'stem9 ;here are man' elements in this s'stem, from governmentagencies such as the pension office and old4age homes to non4governmental

service centres9 A central coordinating agenc' should be established to

ensure the ade)uac' of the s'stem to respond to the needs of older persons9

+.9 ;he governments, in collaboration (ith non4governmentalorgani7ations, (ill assess the training needs of personnel in the institutions

and agencies and initiate plans to upgrade the s$ills of personnel9 >ealth

personnel, communit' and social (or$ers and researchers need to $eepabreast of the latest developments in their speciali7ed fields that impinge on

the ageing9 ?ormal learning, informal on4the4=ob training and e6change of

information and e6periences (ill be encouraged among the front4line

personnel to strengthen their professional capabilities and enhance their productivit'9

+/9 Man' countries alread' have a s'stem of service deliver' to older

persons and their families9 ;his includes medical, health, social and otherrelated services9 ;he governments (ill enhance service )ualit', improve

coverage and reduce (astage9 ;he governments (ill also promote the

establishment of service standards that are important 'ardstic$s b' (hich

the (ell4being of older persons can be =udged9 While the setting ofstandards ma' depend on the resources available, evolution to higher

standards over time is important9

+9 ;he governments (ill encourage the establishment of an information

and research apparatus on ageing and issues relating to older persons9 Man'concerns of older persons are ne( and lin$ed to the changes in societies at

large9 &ational planning and research efforts are essential to understand andassess these concerns, their societal impact and polic' options9 0n support ofthe research activities and as inputs for planning and polic'4ma$ing, the

governments (ill underta$e to establish national databan$s on older

persons9 Where necessar', surve's on the ageing (ill be conducted to provide benchmar$ information and measure changes over time9 ;he

governments (ill support social polic' anal'sis based on reliable empirical



databases9

!. lanning and targeting

+89 With a national infrastructure for the ageing in place, plans and programmes can be dra(n up to meet the guidelines in the Plan of Action9;he governments (ill specif' attainable goals and targets for the national

plans and programmes in terms of )uantifiable outputs to be produced

(ithin (ell4defined time4frames9 Such targeting of national plans and programmes is essential for assessment of the progress achieved9 ;he

governments (ill consider the planning and targeting of programmes in

con=unction (ith resource availabilit' and allocation9 0nputs should be

obtained from all participating sectors so that the plans made and targets setare (ithin reasonable and reali7able limits9 While setting targets, the

governments (ill give due consideration to promoting gender e)ualit' and

minimi7ing rural4urban imbalance9

C. Intersectoral colla(oration and support

+"9 0n the multisectoral approach to the present Plan of Action, the

governments appreciate the need to (or$ in close cooperation and

collaboration (ith non4governmental organi7ations and the private sector9;he (ide4ranging nature of the issues concerning older persons re)uires a

holistic and s'stemic response from societ' at all levels9

.9 ;he governments are a(are of the critical role that non4governmental

organi7ations pla'9 Man' of these organi7ations are pioneers in organi7ingand delivering services to older persons9 0n man' member countries, the'

are the core institutions in the national infrastructure for ageing9 ;he

governments (ill encourage the development of a strong non4governmentalsector and enhance the participation of these organi7ations in planning and

implementing policies and programmes concerning older persons9

?acilitation of the development of this sector should include the formulation

of a legal frame(or$ for the establishment and registration of suchorgani7ations, and the provision of budgetar' subvention and assistance in

other forms to them9

.9 !pen competition b' the private sector in service deliver' can improveefficienc' and cost4effectiveness9 ;he governments (ill provide allopportunities for the private sector to complement public programmes on

health care, housing and other basic services for older persons9 Where the

private sector can bring about better standards in services, the governmentsshould consider the privati7ation of such services9



&. Coordination and monitoring

.29 ;he implementation of the present Plan of Action must be (ell

coordinated at the national level9 &ational coordination of all the sectors

involved in the ageing issues minimi7es duplication and facilitates theoptimal allocation of resources9 Piecemeal solutions to the issues ma' bring

the desired outcome in one area, but ma' lead to adverse conse)uences in

another9 ;he solutions, li$e the issues themselves, are multifaceted9 ;heirimplementation re)uires careful coordination b' all sectors9

.<9 Recogni7ing the need for sectoral coordination, the governments (ill

designate a national coordinating bod' to provide the overall polic'

direction and guidance in planning and formulation of national programmes9 ;he national coordinating agenc' on ageing (ill be

represented b' all sectors, (ith leadership being provided b' the

governments9 0t is essential to monitor and revie( the implementation ofthe present Plan of Action on a regular basis, at intervals to be determined

b' each countr'9 ;here (ill be consultation of the pla'ers involved at ever'

stage of the implementation9 Such consultation during the monitoring andrevie( process (ill provide insightful feedbac$ to the national coordinating

agenc' on changes in local conditions and the ensuing ad=ustments re)uired

to be made to the national plans and programmes9

E. Resource mo(ilization and allocation

.+9 ;he governments recogni7e that a national infrastructure for ageing can

onl' function (ith ade)uate financial and manpo(er resources9 Man'countries in the region are, ho(ever, faced (ith multiple priorities in their

budgetar' provisions and manpo(er plans9 ;he governments must sho( thecommitment to revie( such national priorities and, (here necessar', revise

them to ensure the =udicious mobili7ation and allocation of resources for the

implementation of the present Plan of Action9

..9 ?unding support from the regular government budget is essential for alarge number of programmes and services for older persons9 ;he

governments (ill increase, (here possible, their financial contributions to

the national infrastructure for ageing and older persons9 ;he governments

(ill e6plore ne( (a's of financing, including the establishment of adedicated fund to provide additional resources for implementing the present

Plan of Action9

./9 As (ell as the State, (hich provides direct financing, non4governmentalorgani7ations are important agents in mobili7ing financial resources from

the communit'9 ;he governments (ill give them appropriate assistance in

their fund4raising activities and guidance for sound financial administration9



0n some countries, matching or capital grants, ta6 e6emptions and other

fiscal incentives are instruments used b' the government to facilitate

communit' resource mobili7ation9

.9 5olunteerism, (hich e6ists in all societies, provides a read' source offinancial and manpo(er resources9 ;he governments (ill encourage all

e6pressions of volunteerism in services to older persons, b' giving

appropriate training, guidance and due recognition as far as possible9 Man'older persons themselves are volunteers9 ;he governments (ill accord high

priorit' to help older volunteers in organi7ing themselves and providing

services for others9

*. Regional and international cooperation

.89 Regional and international cooperation on issues related to ageing and

older persons has made a significant contribution to(ards theimplementation of the mandates of the 5ienna Plan of Action and other

global initiatives9 Current modalities of cooperation at the countr', regionalor international level include the e6change of information, =oint research and

training activities, a(areness creation and demonstration pro=ects9 ;he

governments call upon all regional and international entities to strengthentheir commitment to these current modalities and to establish ne( avenues

of cooperation9

."9 As the regional arm of the %nited &ations for Asia and the Pacific and

the focal point for the region on issues related to ageing and older persons,

the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific shouldcontinue to carr' out its uni)ue role in facilitating the e6change of national

e6periences, carr'ing out =oint training, research and planning activities and providing technical assistance and information and advisor' services to its

members and associate members9 ;he governments call on the

Commission, in collaboration (ith concerned %nited &ations bodies andspeciali7ed agencies, to design programmes for regional cooperation in

support of the present Plan of Action9 ;he Commission should continue to

give support to countries in establishing regional cooperation mechanisms,

resource mobili7ation from multilateral donor institutions, coordination (ithinternational organi7ations in activities on ageing, and monitoring and

evaluation of the implementation of the Plan of Action9 ;he capabilities ofthe Commission to underta$e the above and serve as the regional focal pointfor %nited &ations agencies on all activities and programmes on ageing and

related issues should be strengthened9

/9 ;he governments call upon the %nited &ations s'stem to increase its

support of the infrastructure for ageing and older persons at the countr'level9 Such support (ill include the provision of technical assistance in



polic' and programme development, financial support for ma=or initiatives

and a mechanism for capacit'4building9 Specific measures can ta$e the

form of dissemination of relevant information and technical materials, theconducting of seminars, (or$shops and training courses on ageing and

related social issues, advisor' services on programme planning andevaluation, assessment of training needs and priorities, and the design oftraining materials9

/9 ;he governments (elcome the initiatives of international non4

governmental organi7ations and their regional and in4countr'

representatives9 ;he positive outcomes of their activities for older personsshould be placed on record and given due recognition9 ;he governments

encourage all international non4governmental organi7ations to intensif' their

efforts in the interests of the older persons of the (orld9 An important areaof contribution from these organi7ations (ill be the provision of technical

assistance to enhance the national information, training and researchcapabilities of countries in the region9

/29 *iven the differing conditions in the population and development statusof various subregions of the Asian and Pacific region, the governments

agree that the present Plan of Action could be vie(ed at subregional levels9

;he governments urge the Commission and concerned international

organi7ations to provide subregional organi7ations (ith appropriatetechnical assistance and other support in defining and implementing

programmes in accordance (ith the Plan of Action9

/<9 ;he governments call upon the secretariat of the Commission to revie( progress in the implementation of the Plan of Action and report its findings

and recommendations for further action b' all concerned to the Commission

at its annual session in 2 and ever' five 'ears thereafter9

Guidelines on the Implementation of the

acao Plan of Action on Ageing for Asia

and the Pacific



0ntroduction

0 *eneral recommendations

00 Action in specific areas

A9 Social position of older persons

B9 !lder persons and the famil' C9 >ealth and nutrition

39 >ousing, transportation and the built environment

E9 !lder persons and the mar$et ?9 0ncome securit', maintenance and emplo'ment

*9 Social services and the communit'

000 Coordination and resource mobili7ation

05 Regional and international cooperation

Introduction

9 ;he Commission, recogni7ing the importance of population ageingin Asia and the Pacific and acting in accordance (ith *eneral

Assembl' resolution .-+ of 2 3ecember "". on the

0nternational 1ear of !lder Persons# to(ards a societ' for all ages, in

its resolution .+-. of 22 April ""8, re)uested the E6ecutiveSecretar' to convene a regional meeting to formulate a regional plan

of action on ageing to mar$ the 0nternational 1ear of !lder Persons9

;he Macao 3eclaration and Plan of Action on Ageing for Asia andthe Pacific (as adopted b' the Regional Meeting on a Plan of Action

on Ageing for Asia and the Pacific on !ctober ""89

29 ;he Macao Plan of Action identifies the immediate tas$s for Asia

and the Pacific focusing on four main areas# understanding of theissues and implications of population ageing for societ': the

preparation of the population for an ageing process that is productive

and fulfilling: the development of a service infrastructure andenvironment based on traditional and modern institutions: and the

deliver' of essential services needed b' the gro(ing number of older

persons9 ;he Plan of Action addresses seven ma=or areas of concernrelating to ageing and older persons# @a the social position of older

persons: @b older persons and the famil': @c health and nutrition: @d

housing, transportation and the built environment: @e older persons

and the mar$et: @f income securit', maintenance and emplo'ment:and @g social services and the communit'9 Specific actions are


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