penggunaan hewan coba dan penulisan

7/23/2019 Penggunaan Hewan Coba Dan Penulisan

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Penggunaan hewan coba



ETHICS IN ANIMAL RESEARCH



International Guiding Principles

for Biomedical Researc In!ol!ing Animal

Bagian " # Prinsip$prinsip dasar Pedoman Internasional

untu% Penelitian Biomedi% &ang Beru'ungan

dengan He(an )ICPBRIA*

Bagian + # ,etentuan$%etentuan %usus

Bagian - # Pemantauan pemeliaraan dan penggunaan

e(an untu% penelitian Bagian . # Alternatif dari penelitian pada e(an !erte'rata

utu



"/ Prinsip$prinsip 0asar

Pertim'ang%an rele!ansin&a teradap %eseatan manusia atau e(andan %ema1uan ilmu 'iologi2%eseatan

Pili e(an dari 1enis2spesies dan %ualitas &g sesuai dan 1umla

minimum &g diperlu%an u2 memperole asil ilmia &g !alid

Perla%u%an e(an perco'aan s'g ma%lu% &g mempun&ai perasaan indari rasa tida% n&aman3 terte%an )distress* dan rasa sa%it

Prosedur pem'edaan atau proses$proses &ang men&a%it%an lain3

tida% 'ole dila%u%an pada e(an &g tida% dianastesi

He(an$+ &ang selama perco'aan menderita sa%it e'at2'erat atau%ronis3 terte%an3 tida% n&aman3 tida% 'erda&a )cacat* atau dimati%an3

dimati%an dengan cara &ang etis3 tanpa rasa sa%it

Setela mati3 e(an$+ perco'aan 1uga arus diperla%u%an secara etis



2. Ketentuan-ketentuan khusus

Cara mendapatkan hewan percobaan

,riteria 1elas # Spesies3 galur3 in'red2out'red Cara transportasi

Pemeliharaan :

Per%andangan # alo%asi ruang2%andang &ang cu%up3 perlindungan

tdp predator3 fasilitas ut% %arantina 2 isolasi

,ondisi ling%ungan# SP4 )SP4 )Specific Pathogen Free*3*3 %elem'a'an3

suu3 !entilasi3 intera%si sosial3 'au3 %e'isingan3 pem'uangan

sampa2%otoran dll/

Ma%anan # 1umla dan mutu ma%anan dan air minum &g cu%up

Pemeliaraan !eteriner # do%ter e(an3 &g sa%it arus dira(at 0imati%an dengan cara etis

Pencatatan

Mar%er2%odefi%asi3 sensus3 status

Cara mendapatkan hewan percobaan

,riteria 1elas # Spesies3 galur3 in'red2out'red Cara transportasi

Pemeliharaan :

Per%andangan # alo%asi ruang2%andang &ang cu%up3 perlindungan

tdp predator3 fasilitas ut% %arantina 2 isolasi

,ondisi ling%ungan# SP4 )SP4 )Specific Pathogen Free*3*3 %elem'a'an3

suu3 !entilasi3 intera%si sosial3 'au3 %e'isingan3 pem'uangan

sampa2%otoran dll/

Ma%anan # 1umla dan mutu ma%anan dan air minum &g cu%up

Pemeliaraan !eteriner # do%ter e(an3 &g sa%it arus dira(at 0imati%an dengan cara etis

Pencatatan

Mar%er2%odefi%asi3 sensus3 status



-/ Pemantauan pemeliaraan dan penggunaan

e(an untu% penelitian

Prinsip3 %riteria dan prosedur pemantauan 'ertu1uan ut%

Mengindar%an penggunaan e(an co'a secara tida% pantas

atau 'erle'ian

Mencega perla%uan &ang %e1am3 se'elum3 selama dan

sesuda perco'aan

0apat di'uat peraturan perundang$undangan %usus mengenai

standar pemeliaraan dan penggunaan e(an co'a

Ada Panitia Penilai %usus

Sistem 5 standar pemantauan dpt 'er!ariasi#

6ndang$undang

Peraturan institusi2%esepa%atan

Prinsip3 %riteria dan prosedur pemantauan 'ertu1uan ut%

Mengindar%an penggunaan e(an co'a secara tida% pantas

atau 'erle'ian

Mencega perla%uan &ang %e1am3 se'elum3 selama dan

sesuda perco'aan

0apat di'uat peraturan perundang$undangan %usus mengenai

standar pemeliaraan dan penggunaan e(an co'a

Ada Panitia Penilai %usus

Sistem 5 standar pemantauan dpt 'er!ariasi#

6ndang$undang

Peraturan institusi2%esepa%atan



4. Alternatif dari penelitian pada hewan

vertebrata utuh

Te%nologi apa sa1a &g dpt mengganti%an penggunaan !erte'rata utu#

7Te%ni% Simulasi %omputer # 'iasan&a pada taap pra e%sperimen

7Pengetauan tentang stru%tur %imia dari 'aan terapeuti% atau

dignosti% tertentu dgn mengguna%an analisis %imia fisi% atauimmunologi% se'agau gantu e(an co'a

7 Alternatif 'iologi% # %ultur sel 'elum dapat mengganti%an secara

men&eluru

7Penelitian epidemiogi% retrospe%tif2prospe%tif pada populasi manusia

cara &ang penting untu% menun1u%%an u'ungan %ausal



Refinement



Freedom from Hunger and Thirst

All animals deser!e access to readil& a!aila'le fres (ater and

a (ell 'alanced3 nutritious diet/ 4reedom from unger and tirst

pro!ides for an animal8s most 'asic needs '& allo(ing tat

animal to remain in good ealt and full of !italit&/ It ma& seem

li%e a no'rainer3 'ut tis freedom is more tan 1ust food and

(ater/ It8s te rigt %ind of food and te proper amounts of food

and (ater tat often ma%e adifference in an animal8s ealt/



Freedom from Discomfort

All animals sould ina'it an appropriate en!ironment/ Te

conditions and surroundings afforded an animal contri'ute

greatl& to its o!erall (ell'eing/ B& pro!iding an animal (it

selter and a comforta'le resting area3 &ou are ensuring tat te

animal remains ealt& and content/



Freedom to Express Normal Behaviour

All animals sould 'e allo(ed to e9press normal 'ea!iours/ A

normal 'ea!iour is te manner in (ic an animal conducts itself

in its natural en!ironment/ Sufficient space3 proper facilities and

compan& of te animals o(n %ind (ill encourage te e9pression of

normal 'ea!iours/



Freedom from Fear and Distress

All animals deser!e to en1o& a positi!e ps&cological state/

Ensuring conditions tat a!oid unnecessar& an9iet& and stress

(ill elp to pro!ide freedom from mental suffering/ :ile

fa!oura'le p&sical conditions are important3 appropriate mental

conditions are also essential to good animal (elfare/



Freedom from Pain, n!ur" or Disease

All animals sould 'e entitled to immediate !eterinar& attention

(en sic% or in1ured/ To a!oid unnecessar& suffering3 animals

sould 'e pro!ided (it rapid diagnosis and treatment/ In

addition to treatment3 pain3 in1ur& and disease can also 'e

pre!ented toug proacti!e measures li%e regular !isits to a

!eterinarian and close o'ser!ation/



,E; P<INTS #



ANY QUESTIONS?



ETHICS INETHICS IN

WRITING AND PUBLISHINGWRITING AND PUBLISHING

SCIENTIFIC PAPER SCIENTIFIC PAPER

ETHICS INETHICS IN

WRITING AND PUBLISHINGWRITING AND PUBLISHING

SCIENTIFIC PAPER SCIENTIFIC PAPER



eneral !b"ectives

6nderstanding te integrit& of researcer

6nderstanding te rules of (riting and pu'lising scientific

reports

#pecific ob"ectives :at plagiarism is and o( to a!oid it

:at te conflict of interest is

Pu'lising scientific report and data o(ner Basic and common rules in pu'lication



$%& !' ($#$A(C) P(!C$##

- (eporting (esearch (esult

- Publishing (esult of the (esearch

. #eminar

. Conference . Congress

* #cientific +ournals

, 'rancis . acrina/ 0113 C+$/ 0114/ 01156



7 'ulfill scientific and ethical re7uirements

7 $8act time

7 9seful

7 ualified man power

7 )igh integrit;

)!< # =)$ 'AC=>>???

9A'$& ($#$A(C)?



%=$(=@ ?

!(A A9$A$ !' #!& !(A P(%CP$#A$ !' #!& !(A P(%CP$#

($#$A(C)$(B# %=$(=@* !(A@ 9P()= ,Bermoral tinggi*

* )!%$#= ,Berperila%u 'ai% dan 1u1ur*

* 'A( , Adil6

* #%C$($ ,Be%er1a dgn sepenu ati 5 'ertanggung 1a(a'*

( Francis L. Macrina, 1995 3 C+$/ 0115 6

333

%=$(=@ ?

!(A A9$A$ !' #!& !(A P(%CP$#A$ !' #!& !(A P(%CP$#

($#$A(C)$(B# %=$(=@* !(A@ 9P()= ,Bermoral tinggi*

* )!%$#= ,Berperila%u 'ai% dan 1u1ur*

* 'A( , Adil6

* #%C$($ ,Be%er1a dgn sepenu ati 5 'ertanggung 1a(a'*

( Francis L. Macrina, 1995 3 C+$/ 0115 6

333



Plagiarism

0oes not understand (at plagiarism is =unconsciousplagiarisms>

Moral =true etical !iolence> Indi!idual ta%ing te easiest (a& 6n$respect to oters

Students

?unior researcers Senior researcers

Te most fre@uent etical !iolence in (riting scientific paper

<h;?



:at is Plagiarism

PAA(9# ,reek6

stealing paper stealing an idea in scientific (riting

0eli'erate or rec%less representation of anoter8s (ords3

tougts3 or ideas as one8s o(n (itout attri'ution in

connection (it su'mission of academic (or%3 (eter

graded or oter(ise

#nstrument of Student $udicial %overnance, Section &B&'(



) lmu*an ndonesia +auan Plagiarisme- #.ompas, Ra/u, '0 Desem/er 1221(

) lmu*an ndonesia +auan Plagiarisme- #.ompas, Ra/u, '0 Desem/er 1221(

dalam dua taun tera%ir 6ni!ersitas Indonesia )6I* tela

meninda% tiga orang penga1ar tetapn&a %arena %asus plagiat/

di 6ni!ersitas Gad1a Mada )6GM* ;og&a%arta/ Perna

ditemu%an tesis Master asil 1ipla%an dari s%ripsi maasis(a/Tesis itu din&ata%an lulus dengan sangat memuas%an3

sedang%an s%ripsi maasis(a &ang di1ipla% an&a mendapat

nilai C/

Rapat Senat 6GM perna memutus%an untu% mem'atal%an

gelar do%tor 0rs SS MS %arena %asus plagiat3 4e'ruari

+/



What are included Plagiarisms?

Ta%ing idea or data from anoter (itout mentioning te source 0ata3 picture3 ta'le # a part or (ole Idea # )a part or (ole sentence*

researc proposal using anoter person8s idea duplication of researc tat as 'een alread& done

Re$pu'lication of paper (itout un$!alua'le canges

4alsification

$ canging or ma%ing report (it non real data

$ repeat doing researc until getting =te (anted data or result>

#Francis +& 3acrina, '445 6 +eonardo de 7astro, 122'(



Is it Plagiarism?

You read:

=Nineteen percent offull$time fresmen sa&te& spend onl& " to Dours per (ee%preparing for classes>

'rom: ;oung3 ?effre& R/ Home*or8 9hat Home*or8Cronicle of Higer Education3 .F)"D*/"+22++/

You write:

Nineteen percent of full$time fresmen sa& te&spend onl& " to D oursper (ee% preparing forclasses/

@$# @ou need to use

7uotes and to cite ;our

source



Is it Plagiarism?

You read:Students are stud&ing a'outone$tird as muc as facult&

sa& te& ougt to3 to do (ell3said George 0/ ,u3 directorof te sur!e& and a professorof iger education at Indiana6ni!ersit& at Bloomington/

'rom: ;oung3 ?effre& R/ Home*or8 9hatHome*or8 Cronicle of Higer Education3 .F)"D*/"+22++

You write:Most students spenda'out one$tird asmuc time stud&ing asfacult& sa& te& sould/

@es @ou must

credit ;our source

if ;ou paraphrasete8t.



Is it Plagiarism?

You read#

Students are stud&ing a'out one$

tird as muc as facult& sa& te&ougt to3 to do (ell3 said George0/ ,u3 director of te sur!e& anda professor of iger education atIndiana 6ni!ersit& at Bloomington/

'rom: ;oung3 ?effre& R/ Home*or89hat Home*or8 Cronicle of HigerEducation3 .F )"D*/"+22++

You write#

According to George 0/,u3 Indiana 6ni!ersit& atBloomington3 studentsstud& a'out one$tird of

te time tat is e9pected'& facult&/ );oung3 ++*

%o. As long as ;ou have

included the @oung

article in ;our reference

list/ ;ou have properl;

cited ;our source.



Is it Plagiarism?

You read:

D=he tip given mostconsistentl; b; professorsand college officials is thatstudents should simpl; dotheir homework. =he mostcommonl; prescribed amountis at least two hours of class

preparation for ever; hourspent in the classroom>E

'rom: ;oung3 ?effre& R/ Home*or8 9hatHome*or8 Cronicle of HigerEducation3 .F )"D*/"+22++

You write#

College students soulddo teir ome(or%/

%o. Commonl; known

facts or ideas do not have

to be cited. ,Can ;ou find

this information in at leastfive sources?6



Is it Plagiarism? @es @ou need to credit the

source of images and

other media as well as

te8t.

ra; wolf ,Canis !"!s6.

: $eff +epore;Photo Researchers :olf/ Enc&clopdia Britannica/ Retrie!ed Marc -"3

+.3 from Enc&clopdia Britannica <nline/

http:FFsearch.eb.comFebFarticle?euG514HHJ

Should we orShould we orshouldn’t weshouldn’t we

protect the grayprotect the gray

wolf?wolf?By Ima LambBy Ima Lamb

Eng 11Eng 11

!pr" 1# $%!pr" 1# $%

You &nd# Your title page#

http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=79400

http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=79400



Conflict of interest

Some interests tat ma& influence researc process

4inancial support2sponsor

Scientific

Academic Institutional

Re!ie(er

Researcer



ata o!ner

Intelectual propert&

Pro'lems #

:o is te Principal In!estigator

:o as te idea 4unding2financial support

Related Institution



AUT"O#

Autor K Principal In!estigator Person (o as su'stantial contri'ution in planning3

conducting te researc and reporting te result

Se@uencing of autors Autor2Principal In!estigator # (o as su'stantial contri'ution

from te 'eginning until te interpretation of data and (riting

te draft of paper

Co$autors )second3 tird etc* # depend on teir contri'ution 0o not list oter person8s name (itout is2er permission



A$no!ledgement

To (om tat ga!e su'stantial support in te researc

E9perts or consultants (o ga!e !alua'le ad!ice in doing

te researc or e!en (riting te result

Sponsor or financial supporter

0o not 'e o!eracting

// tis researc is impossi'le to 'e finised

(itout is !er& important role and ad!ice3 /



%asic and common rules in

&u'lication <riginalit&

Main idea

Conclusion is made from se!eral oter8s idea or

is o(n

Citation

Source sould 'e mentioned

4ollo( instruction to autors of te 1ournal

Not mentioning te source of citation un$etical

)Ar&atmo T1o%ronegoro3 "FF3 Atmad1a S 01a1a3 +*



#eferences

Agtini M0/ +D/ Integritas peneliti/ Modul Pelatian Eti% Penelitian,eseatan/ 0ep%es RI/ +$+F Septem'er +D

Ar1atmo H/ T1o%ronegoro/ Pengantar dasar$dasar penulisan ma%alailmia/ 0isampai%an pada Te second annual ?a%arta internationalepidemiolog& course for clinicians3 ?a%arta3 No!em'er +D $0ecem'er3 "FF/

Atmad1a S/ 01a1a/ Penulisan nama pengarang cara sitasi dan daftarpusta%a/ 0isampai%an pada simposium dan pelatian penulisanma%ala ilmia %edo%teran3 ?a%arta3 +" ++ Maret3 +

4rancis L/ Macrina3 editor/ Scientific integrit&/ :asington3 0/C/ ASMPress3 "FFD

International committee of medical 1ournal editors/ 6niform re@uirementsfor manuscripts su'mitted to 'iomedical 1ournals3 and suplementalstatements from te international committee medical 1ournal editors/ NEngl ? Med "FF. # "$+"3 +D$.+



International committee of medical 1ournal editors/ 6niform re@uirements formanuscripts su'mitted to 'iomedical 1ournals/ N Engl ? Med "FFO--).*# -F$"D/

Leonardo de Castro/ Relationsip 'et(een ad!isor2student/ Autorsip andpu'lications/ Researc integrit&/ Plagiarism/ Presented at teInternational course on researc etics3 Bang%o%3 ?ul& - August -3+"

Smit ?B and Mang%oe(id1o1o S3 "F/ Te Care3 Breeding andManagement of E9perimental Animal for Researc in Tropics/

International 0e!elopmental Program3 Australian 6ni!ersities andColleges3 Can'erra/

Sula%sono EM/ +-/ Eti% Penggunaan He(an Perco'aan dalam Penelitian/Modul QI $ Pelatian Eti% Penelitian ,eseatan3 Bogor3 $ <%t/ +-

:iradi G/ Eti%a penulisan %ar&a ilmia# Be'erapa prinsip dasar/ Bandung#;a&asan A%atigaO "FF/



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