neuroembriogenesis

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NEUROEMBRIOGENESIS By dr. Siti Wasilah, M.Si. Med. Bagian Biologi Kedokteran UNLAM

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Materi Kuliah Neuroembriogenesis Semester 2, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Palangka Raya.

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Page 1: Neuroembriogenesis

NEUROEMBRIOGENESIS

By dr. Siti Wasilah, M.Si. Med. Bagian Biologi Kedokteran UNLAM

Page 2: Neuroembriogenesis

Sistem Saraf

The Central nervous System (CNS)

Parts of the nervous system that are encased in bone

1.Brain Otak besar (serebrum)Otak tengah (mesensepalon)Otak kecil (serebelum)

2. Spinal Cord sumsum lanjutan (MO)sumsum tl. Belakang (MS)

CENTRAL PERIFER

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The Peripheral nervous System (PNS)All the spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints,

muscles, etc. and under voluntary control:

Somatic PNS

Neurons that innervate internal organs, blood vessels, glands, etc. and are involuntary:

Visceral PNS or Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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The Human Brain

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Spinal Chord

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Medial

Anatomical Reference

Dorsal

Ventral

Rostral/

Anterior

Caudal/

Posterior

LateralIpsilateral &

Contralateral

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Anatomical Reference

Horizontal Section

Midsagittal Section

Coronal/Transverse Section

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Side (Lateral) view

Top (Dorsal) view

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

Spinal Cord

Sagittal fissure Cerebral hemispheres

What would a Midsagittal view be?

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Ventricles

CSF (Cerebro-spinal Fluid)

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EMBRIOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN SUSUNAN SARAF PUSAT

Akan dibahas tentang :1. Gastrulasi : pembentukan ketiga lapisan

germinal pada embrio – mgg 32. Masa embrionik (mgg 3-8) = masa

organogenesis – tentang SSP (dari lapisan ektoderm)

- Neurolasi (awal mgg 3 –hari 27)- Pembentukan otak

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• Pada permukaan epiblast terbentuk primitive streak

- mula2 samar2- mudigah hari 15-16 : grs makin jelas sbg alur sempit dg penonjolan pd ke 2 tepi.

Ujung kepala garis = primitive node

Cakram Mudigah Trilaminer(Perkembangan minggu ke 3)

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Melalui Primitive groove, sel epiblast invaginasi mengikuti alur arah grs primitive mesoderm dan entoderm intraembrional.Sel yg tetap di epiblast ektoderm

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Masa embrionik (mgg 3-8) = masa organogenesis

• Awal mgg 3: ektoderm berbentuk cakram datar, kepala lebih luas dari kaudal

• Dg terbentuknya notochord dan pengaruh induktif ektoderm diatas notochord jadi lempeng saraf

• Sel lempeng saraf membentuk neuroektoderm

• Induksi pembentukan neuroektoderm = awal neurolasi

Page 14: Neuroembriogenesis

Kejadian saat induksi:• Lempeng saraf

(memanjang mirip sandal) meluas menuju grs primitif

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• Ahir mgg 3 :- tepi lateral lempeng terangkat naik jadi lipat saraf- daerah tengah cekung alur saraf

• Lipat saraf saling mendekat menyatu dimulai dari bakal leher, kekaudal dan kepala tuba neuralis

• Ujung kaudal dan kranial berhub dg rongga amnion melalui neuroporus cranial dan kaudal

• Neuroporus cranial nutup hari 25Neuroporus caudal nutup hari 27 - neurolasi selesai

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Dorsal view Potongan transversal

18 day

22 day

Neural plate neural tube

Page 18: Neuroembriogenesis

PEMBENTUKAN OTAK

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Umur 28 hari, menunjukkan 3 gelembung otak yang pertama

- Forebrain- midbrain- hindbrain

Umur minggu ke-6, menunjukkan gelembung otak yang kedua dan fleksura pontis

Page 20: Neuroembriogenesis

Early development of nervous system in embryoNeural Plate Neural Groove Neural Tube

Fuse Dorsally

Rostral

Caudal

Prosencephalon

(forebrain)

Mesencephalon

(midbrain)

Rhombencephalon

(hindbrain)

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Telencephalon

(2 cerebral hemespheres)

Diencephalon

(between brain)

Mesencephalon

(Midbain)

Development of nervous system in embryo

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Development of nervous system in embryo

Midbrain:

becomes Tectum (roof)

Tegmentum (floor)

Hindbrain:

becomes Cerebellum

Pons

Medulla

Page 25: Neuroembriogenesis

• Terdapat 2 flexura :- flexura cervicalis : batas otak blkg-medspin- flexura sefalika (didaerah otak tengah)

Mgg 5 : - batas mesenc-rhombenc

= isthmus rhombenc- batas mesenc-myelenc = flexura pontin

Page 26: Neuroembriogenesis

• Lumen medspin, canalis sentralis bersambung dg gelembung otak:- rongga hem serebri = ventrikel 2- rongga dienc = ventrikel 3- rongga rhombenc = ventr 4

. Hubungan antara :- ventr 2-3 = formn interventrikularis monroe- ventr 3-4 = aquaductus sylvii (lumen melalui

mesenc yang sgt sempit)

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Page 28: Neuroembriogenesis

Perkembangan lamina basalis dan lamina alaris di otak :

• Rhombenc dan mesenc :lamina basalis motorik (tdd efferen somatik medial, eff visceral khusus,

eff visc umum lateral )lamina alaris sensorik (tdd aferen somatik lateral, visceral aff khusus

intermedius,visc aff umum medial)• Prosenc :

lamina basalis regresilamina alaris lebih tegas

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Lamina basalismyelenc metenc mesenc

Eferen somatik med

Neuron N XII (otot lidah)

N VI N III, IV(otot mata)

Viseral Eferen khusus

Neuron N IX,X,XI(ot lurik leng-kung pharynx)

Inti N V, VII (-)

Viseral eferen umum

Ot. Involunter sal nps,cerna, jantung

Klj subman-dibula dan sublingual

Nucl edinger westphal ( ot konstr pupil)

Page 31: Neuroembriogenesis

Lamina Alaris : (sensorik)

myelenc metenc

Aferen somatik lateral

Dari N V,VIII (telinga,permuka-an kepala

Neuron N V,VIII

Visceral aferen khusus (intermedius)

Dari tonjol pengecap lidah, palatum, oropharynx,glottis

(+)

Visceral aferen umum (medial)

Interoseptif dari sal cerna, jantung

(+)

Page 32: Neuroembriogenesis

a.Perkembangan Rhombenc

terdiri dari :Myelencephalon :

med obl

Metencephalon : pons dan serebelum

Page 33: Neuroembriogenesis

• Perkembangan Metencmembentuk :- serebelum

(pst koordinasi utk sikap bdn, postur dan gerak)- pons

sbg jaras antara medspin, korteks serebri, korteks

serebeli (perluasan lam basalis)

mengandung nuklei pontin ( dari lamina alaris )

Page 34: Neuroembriogenesis

Pembentukan Hipofisis

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Tengkorak/CraniumA. Neurocranium

Krista neuralis AtapSebagian besar sisi tl. cranium

Mesoderm paraksial OksipitalPostor rongga mata

Penulangan Membranosa

Neurocranium membranosa

Cranium / batok kepala

Ciri :

- Sel-sel mesenkim deferensiasi langsung osteoblas

- Tulang pipih, khas spikula2 tulang

- Pertumbuhan external lapisan baru

internal resorpsi osteoklastik

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Distribusi N. Craniales

Page 44: Neuroembriogenesis

Pembentukan Medulla Spinalis

Page 45: Neuroembriogenesis

Pembentukan corda spinalis

23 day 6 week 9 week

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Histogenesis sel CNS

Page 47: Neuroembriogenesis

Derivat neural crest

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neural crest derivatives

Neurons of spinal postr nerve root ganglionNeurons of sensory ganglia of V,VII,VIII.IX,X Neurons of Sympathetic gangliaSchwann cells of all peripheral nervesCells of adrenal medullaChromaffn tissueMelanoblasts of skin

Page 50: Neuroembriogenesis

Posisi medulla spinalis terhadap Columna Vertebralis

8 mgg 24 mgg newborn adult

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factors in neurodevelopment

Growth Cone

Raman Y Cajal, 1890 expanded end of growing axon which is active,

exploring, develops growing along suitable surface to form dendrites

Page 60: Neuroembriogenesis

factors in neurodevelopment

Growth factors (neurotrophins)

NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4, NT-5, ciliary NTF, FGF

Page 61: Neuroembriogenesis

factors in neurodevelopment

Receptors

P75 NTFTrk s

Page 62: Neuroembriogenesis

factors in neurodevelopmentInducers

NogginChordinFollistatin (inhibits BMP )

(Bone Morphogenetic Protein inhibits Neural Tube formation)

Page 63: Neuroembriogenesis

factors in neurodevelopment

Genes

Hox a,b,c,dPaxDlxEmxOtx

Page 64: Neuroembriogenesis

defects in neurodevelopmentDorsal induction- anencephaly, cephaloceles, Chiaris,

spinal dysraphisms,caudal regression synd, tethered cord

Ventral induction- holoprosencephalies, septoopticdysplasia, Dandy Walker, Joubert’s, facial anamolies

Neur prolif, Diff, Histog- micro,megalocephaly, neurocut. synd, aqueductal stenosis, arachnoid cysts

Neur migration- schizencephaly, lissencephaly, heterotopias, callosal agenesis, pachy/polymicrogyria

Page 65: Neuroembriogenesis

defects in neurodevelopment

Myelination- dysmyelinating diseases

Acquired(degen,toxic,inflmm)- hydranencephaly, hemiatrophy, multicystic encephalomalacia, periventric leukomalacia

Chromosomal/Genetic- structural deformities to mental retardation to death

Page 66: Neuroembriogenesis

WASSALAM