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ENVIRONMENT

PAPERS

PREPARED BY :

NAME : Edi sucipto

CLASS : XI APK 1

YAYASAN PENDIDIKAN DIRGAHAYU

SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN (SMK) DIRGAHAYU

KEDUNGADEM - BOJONEGORO

2014


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INTRODUCTION

Praise and Gratitude I pray to God the Almighty , because of the blessings and

abundance rahmatnyalah then I must finish an essay in a timely manner Here the author

presented a paper entitled " ENVIRONMENT "

Through this preface first writer apologized and pleaded proclamation which the

contents of this paper when there is a shortage and there are posts that I make less precise or

menyinggu reader feeling .

I hereby dedicate this paper with gratitude and may God Almighty bless this paper so

as to provide benefits .

Bojonegoro , 14 Juni 2014

" Author "


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 1

A. Background ......................................................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation .......................................................................................... 1

C. Objectives and Benefits ....................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER II PEMBAHASAN................................................................................ 2

A. Understanding Environment ............................................................................ 2

B. Causes of environmental degradation ................................................................ 2

C. The nature of damage events in Indonesia ......................................................... 3

CHAPTER III PENUTUP...................................................................................... 8

A. Kesimpulan.......................................................................................................... 8

B. Saran.................................................................................................................... 8

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 9


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Environmental issues is not a question of one country alone , but it is the

responsibility of all nations and countries . Therefore , efforts were made to prevent more

damage to the environment. As with the convening of the Earth Summit , Kiyoto Protocol ,

etc. . Even some countries are still using fossil fuels , trying to reduce the greenhouse effect

by using natural gas fuel is economically very competitive when compared with the use of

petroleum or coal . Only actual natural gas also remains cause CO2 , but much less when

compared to the use of petroleum and coal .

Besides, it was also creates methane gas during the process of provision , which all

can lead to environmental damage . This paper will discuss the issue of environmental

damage on Earth , especially in Indonesia , following terhapap preventive efforts and

sustainable development efforts .

B. Problem Formulation

In this paper , the problem to be addressed are :

I. Definition of the Environment and Earth ?

II . What are the causes of environmental damage in Indonesia ?

III . What are the events - events that occur in the natural destruction in Indonesia?

IV . How do I overcome it ?

V. environmental conservation efforts in sustainable development ?

C. Objective Problems

In this paper , a paper that will be discussed aiming to :

I. The earth damage control efforts

II . So that people can find alternatives to conserve natural resources

III . For man is more loved Environment

IV . SDA avoid crisis in the near future

V. To ensure the achievement of efficient use of resources , effective , fair , and equitable .

VI . Optimize community participation

VII . Ensuring the relevance and consistency between planning , budgeting , implementation ,

and pngawasan


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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Environment

According to the results of google sense Environment / environment is a term that

encompasses all living and non-living beings in nature that exist on Earth or part of the Earth

,which works naturally without excessive human intervention .

B. Environmental Causes Damage in Indonesia

Indonesia has 10 percent of the world's tropical forests are still tersisa.Hutan

Indonesia has 12 percent of the mammal species / mammals , the owner of 16 percent of the

animal species of reptiles and amphibians . 1,519 species of birds and 25 percent of the

world's fish species . Most of them are endemic ( found only in the area ) .

Area of native Indonesian natural forests shrink with alarming speed . Until now , Indonesia

has lost 72 percent of its original forest [ World Resource Institute , 1997 ] . Indonesian

Deforestation uncontrolled for decades causing shrinkage of tropical forests on a large

scale . Period 1985-1997 deforestation rate recorded 1.6 million hectares per year , whereas

the period 1997-2000 to 3.8 million hectares per year . This makes Indonesia is one of the

places with the highest deforestation rates in the world . In Indonesia, based on the

interpretation of Landsat imagery in 2000 there were 101.73 million hectares of forests and

degraded land , including an area of 59.62 million hectares located in the forest area . [

Forestry Planning Agency , 2003 ] .

With the decrease in forest cover of Indonesia, the majority of Indonesian region has

become an area that is prone to disasters , both droughts , floods and landslides . From 1998

until mid-2003 , there have been 647 disasters in Indonesia, with 2022 casualties and the loss

of billions of dollars , of which 85 per cent of these disasters are floods and landslides caused

by deforestation [ National Coordinating Agency for Disaster Management , 2003 ] .

Disadvantages of formal rules governing the rights of public and private ownership

led to the use of fire as a weapon in land tenure conflicts . Fire is also used by small

landholders to clear land for growing crops and industry , by the migrants , by shifting

cultivators and hunters and fishermen . Deforestation and degradation of natural forests

provide wood waste flammable - terrestrial landscape and create more fire prone .


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C. Events Natural Damage in Indonesia

2 Occurs naturally include:

a) EarthquakesAn earthquake is the vibration of the earth's crust that can be caused by several

things , including the activities of magma ( volcanic activity ) , absence of movements

in the earth's crust , either horizontal movement and upright movement that resulted in

changes in the shape that results in a new pattern called structure diastropik . (

bending , folding , faulting , and cracks ) , as well as the movement of the plates on

the ocean floor . Humans can measure how the intensity of earthquakes using

seismographs , but the man is utterly unable to predict when an earthquake .

Therefore , the danger posed by an earthquake more powerful than the volcanic

eruption . When the earthquake occurred a few events taking place as a result ,

directly or indirectly , including :

1) Various buildings collapsed .2) Ground fissure in the earth's surface , the road to be broken .3) Landslides due to shocks .4) There was a flood , due to damage to the embankment .5) An earthquake on the ocean floor can cause a tsunami ( tidal wave ) .

b) Volcanic eruptionVolcanic eruptions occur because of the activity of magma in the earth's crust which

lead to strong pressure out through the top of the volcano .

Dangers posed by volcanic eruptions such as:

1) It rained volcanic ash , causing respiratory problems .2) Lava hot , destructive , and deadly anything passed .3) Hot clouds , can turn off yangdilalui living things .4) Gas containing toxins .5) solid material ( rocks , gravel , sand ) , can override housing , etc.

c) HurricanesHurricanes occur due to air flow from areas of high pressure toward areas of

low pressure . This air pressure difference occurs because the air temperature

differences are striking . Typhoons for countries in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic

region is a common thing . For regional areas in California , Texas , until in Asia such

as Korea and Taiwan , the danger of a catastrophic hurricane season. But for


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Indonesia only be felt in the middle of 2007 . This suggests that climate change has

occurred in Indonesia, which was caused by the phenomenon of global warming .

Dangers of hurricanes can be predicted through satellite photos that illustrate the state

of the Earth's atmosphere , including the formation of hurricanes picture , direction ,

and speed. Attacks hurricanes ( cyclones ) can cause environmental damage in the

form of:

1) Knock down the buildings .2) Damage to agricultural and plantation areas .3) Endangers flight .4) Creates large waves that can sink the ship .5) Environmental Degradation due to Human FactorsThe occurrence of pollution ( pollution of air , water , soil , and sound ) as the impact

of the industrial area .

a) The occurrence of flooding , as a result of poor drainage or sewerage systemand failure to maintain watersheds and the impact of forest destruction .

b) The occurrence of landslides , as a direct result of the destruction of forests .Some human activities that may directly or indirectly have an impact on

environmental degradation , among others :

Illegal Deforestation ( deforestation) . Poaching . Damaging mangroves . Hoarding swamps for settlement . Disposal of litter . Building wild watersheds ( DAS ) .

3.2 Efforts combating Environmental Damage

1 . Naturally produce oil

There is a process called themo - depolymerization , a process similar to how nature produces

oil . For example, if carbon -based libah heated and pressurized precise , capable of

producing oil material . Naturally this process takes millions of years . From the experiments

they had done before , impurities turkeys can produce about 600 pounds of petroleum .

2 . Removing salt from sea water

The UN noted , the water supply will be very limited for the billions of people in the middle

of this century . There is a technology called desalination , namely eliminating levels of salts


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and minerals from sea water so drinkable . This is a solution that can be done to prevent

water crisis . The problem is , this technology is still too expensive and requires considerable

energy . Now scientists are looking for a way for desalination can take place with less energy

. One way is by evaporation on the water before it goes into the membrane with microscopic

pores

3 . Hydrogen power

Hydrogen fuel is considered as a pollution-free alternative fuels . Energy is produced from a

blend of hydrogen and oxygen . The problem is how the hydrogen is produced . Molecules

such as water and alcohol should be processed first to mengekstaksi hydrogen that become

fuel cells . This process also requires large energy . But at least scientists have tried to make

laptops and other devices to power the fuel cell .

4 . solar

Solar energy reaches the earth is made up of photons , can be converted into electricity or

heat . Some companies are already successfully using this app . They put solar cells and solar

thermal energy collector as a medium .

5 . Converting Heat Sea

Media largest solar collector on Earth is sea water . United States Department of Energy (

U.S. ) calls , the sea can absorb solar heat energy produced is equivalent to 250 billion barrels

of oil / day . There is a technology called OTEC is capable of converting ocean thermal

energy into electricity . The temperature difference between the sea surface and is able to run

the turbine drives a generator . The problem is , this technology is less efficient .

6 . Tidal energy

Sea covers 70 % of the earth 's surface . Large wave of energy saving that can drive turbines

to produce electricity . The problem is rather difficult to estimate when the ocean waves large

enough to produce enough energy , the solution is to store some of the energy when the wave

is big enough . East River of New York City is currently a pilot project with six turbine -

powered water waves . While the Portuguese actually already been practicing these

technologies and successfully illuminates more than 1500 cheap .

7 . Planted roof house

Plants were planted on the roof of this house is able to absorb heat and reduce carbon dioxide

. Imagine if the birds and butterflies fly around our green house .

8 . bioremediation


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Bioremediation is utilizing microbes and plants to clean up contamination . One is cleaning

the nitrate content in the water with the help of microbes . Or use the plants to neutralize

arsenic from the soil . Some native plants did have areas to clean up our earth of various

pollutants .

9 . Vandal grave goods

Carbon dioxide is a factor utaa cause of global warming . Energy Information Administration

( EIA ) noted , the carbon dioxide emissions in 2030 at 8000 million metric tons . The

simplest method to reduce the content of harmful substances is to bury CO2 sources of

income such as a variety of hazardous electronic waste . But scientists are still not sure that

harmful gases are stored safely .

10 . Electronic Book

How many tons of paper and how many trees must be cut down to seanteo world if we have

to buy up all the newspapers , magazines , novels , textbooks , exercise books , writing paper

, toilet paper up . Electronic books or electronic mail , better known as e -books and e-mail

provide very significant contribution to survival . With the technology, the production of

paper can be reduced , so that the material we do not need to cut down too many trees .

3.3 Environmental Conservation Efforts In Sustainable Development .

`The concept of sustainable development is the result of an agreement the Earth

Summit in Rio de Jeniro 1992 . It contains two important ideas , namely :

a) The idea of needs , especially basic human needs to sustain life .b) The idea of limitations , the limited ability of the environment to meet the needs of

both the present and the future .

The characteristics of Environmental Development are as follows :

a) To ensure equity and justice .

b ) Valuing biodiversity .

c ) Using an integrative approach .

d ) Using a long-term view .

1 ) Initiatives by Government

Removing the Basic Agrarian Law No. . 5 of 1960 which regulates Land .

Publishes Law. 4 In 1982 , on the Basic Provisions of Environmental Management .

Impose Government Regulation No. . 24 In 1986 , on the EIA ( Environmental

Impact Assessment ) .


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In 1991 , the government established the Environmental Management Agency

2 ) Environmental Conservation Efforts by the Joint Community Government

Conserving soil ( tableland slopes / hills )

The occurrence of landslides and floods shows events related to land issues . Flooding

has caused soil erosion by water flow layer called erosion that results in the loss of

soil fertility and soil erosion layer of the earth's surface .

Preservation of air

a) Promote the planting of trees or ornamental plants around usb) Promote the reduction of exhaust emissions or combustion gases ,c) Reduce or even avoid the use of chemical gases that can damage the ozone layer

in the atmosphere

Conservation of forest

a) Afforestation or reforestation bare .b) Prohibit deforestation arbitrarily .c) Implement a system of selective cutting in the cutting down of trees .d) Applying cutting - cropping system in logging activities .e) Implement severe sanctions for those who violate the regulations on forest

management .

Preservation of marine and coastal

The effort to preserve the ocean and the beach can be done by:

1 ) Perform reclamation to replant mangroves in the area around the beach .

2 ) Prohibit collection of existing rocks around the coast and on the seabed ,

because the reef is a habitat for fish and marine plants .

3 ) Prohibit the use of explosives and other chemicals in fish.

4 ) Prohibit the use of trawling for fish.

Preservation of flora and fauna

1 ) Establishing nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries .

2 ) Prohibit poaching activities .

3 ) Promote the greening activities .


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CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Earth as a living sentient beings have a very important role for the survival , damage caused

especially earth is the result of natural phenomena that occur and also the result of human

activity itself .

Various efforts were made by the government and citizens should be encouraged to avoid

more severe consequences thereof .

B. Advice

So , it's good from now on we consider where we take shelter during our life in this world

that is Earth . The short length of this depends on the age of the earth we as GOD Almighty 's

creatures to care for , maintain , and do not damage the environment and natural surroundings

.


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REFERENCES

Ministry of Environment . , 2002. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Nomor23 Year 1997on Environmental Management . Jakarta : KMNLH

Ministry of Environment , 2002 , Pursue Sustainable Development Path in Indonesia ,Jakarta

Central Bureau of Statistics , 2002 , Statistics Indonesia 2001 , Jakarta . Banda Central Statistics 2002 , Environmental Statistics Indonesia 2001 , Jakarta . Writers Society of Science and Technology and the Ministry for Research and

Technology , 2001 , coral reefs in Indonesia , May 2001 Indonesia 's official handbook , 2002, November , 2002 Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University and the Ministry of Environment , 2002 , Socialization Strategies Integrated Watershed Management in the Context of Autonomy

Bengawan Solo Area , November 2002

News ISOI , No. . 16 , October-December 2002. Jalan Pasir Putih I / No. 1 , Ancol Timur,Jakarta 14430

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