l10-kekebalan tubuh dan imunisasi

8/12/2019 L10-Kekebalan Tubuh Dan Imunisasi

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BAKTERI DI UJUNG JARUM

BAKTERI DI PERMUKAAN

GIGI ( baru disikat ! )


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VIRUS EBOLA VIRUS INFLUENZA


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Anak laki-laki lahir pada tahun 1971, tanpa kekebalan tubuh.


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Sistem Kekebalan / Sistem Imun :

* Sistem kekebalan atau sistem imun adalah

sistem perlindungan pengaruh luar biologis

yang dilakukan oleh sel dan organ khususpada suatu organisme.

* Fungsi Primer sistem imunmelenyapkanagen infeksi dan meminimalkan kerusakan

yang terjadi


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MEKANISME PERTAHANAN TUBUH :

DIBAGI MENJADI 2 KELOMPOK FUNGSIONAL :

MEKANISME PERTAHANAN NON SPESIFIK /

ALAMIAH

MEKANISME PERTAHANANSPESIFIK /

DIDAPAT


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PERTAHANAN NON SPESIFIK :

Bawaan (innate) / Alamiah

secara alamiah ada & tidak adanya dipengaruhi

secara intrinsik oleh kontak dengan agen infeksisebelumnya

berperan sbg garis pertahanan pertama dan

penghambat kebanyakan patogen potensial sebelum

menjadi infeksi yg tampak

Meliputi : kulit & membran mukosa, sel fagosit, NK,

komplemen, lisozim, interferon, faktor humoral lain


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PERTAHANAN SPESIFIK :

Meliputi : sistem produksi antibodi oleh sel B danimunitas seluler oleh sel T.

Bersifat adaptif dan didapatMenghasilkan reaksi spesifik pd setiap ageninfeksi yg dikenali krn telah terjadi pemajanan thdmikroba / determinan antigenik tsb sebelumnya.

sangat efektif dlm memberantas infeksi sertamengingat agen infeksi tertentu shg dpt mencegahterjadinya penyakit di kemudian harimenjadidasar imunisasi.


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Di dalam tubuh

PERTAHANAN

SPESIFIK

PERTAHANAN

NON SPESIFIK

BEKERJA SAMA

MELENYAPKAN

INFEKSI


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Why vaccines are vital tothe public health....??


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History of Immunization

In China in approximately 600 BC, smallpox material wasinoculated through the nostrils. Inoculation of healthy people with atiny amount of material from smallpox sores was first attempted inEngland in 1718 and later in America. Those who survived the

inoculation became immune to smallpox. A significant breakthrough came in 1796 when British physician

Edward Jennerdiscovered that he could immunize patientsagainst smallpox by inoculating them with material from cowpoxsores. Cowpox is a far milder disease that, unlike smallpox, carrieslittle risk of death or disfigurement. Jenner inserted matter fromcowpox sores into cuts he made on the arm of a healthy eight-year-old boy. The boy caught cowpox. However, when Jennerexposed the boy to smallpox eight weeks later, the child did notcontract the disease. The vaccination with cowpox had made himimmune to the smallpox virus. Today we know that the cowpoxvirus antigens are so similar to those of the smallpox virus thatthey trigger the body's defenses against both diseases.


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In 1885 Louis Pasteurcreated the first successful vaccine against

rabies for a young boy who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid

dog. Over the course of ten days, Pasteur injected progressively

more virulent rabies organisms into the boy, causing the boy todevelop immunity in time to avert death from this disease.

Another major milestone in the use of vaccination to prevent

disease occurred with the efforts of two American physician-

researchers. In 1954 Jonas Salkintroduced an injectable vaccine

containing an inactivated virus to counter the epidemic of

poliomyelitis. Subsequently, Albert Sabinmade great strides in

the fight against this paralyzing disease by developing an oral

vaccine containing a live weakened virus. Since the introduction of

the polio vaccine, the disease has been nearly eliminated in manyparts of the world.


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These treated microorganisms do not cause the

disease, but rather trigger the body's immune

system to build a defense mechanism thatcontinuously guards against the disease.

If a person immunized against a particulardisease later comes into contact with the

disease-causing agent, the immune system is

immediately able to respond defensively


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Types of Immunization :

Active Immunization

Passive Immunization


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Active Immunization :

provides long-lasting immunity

all or part of a disease-causingmicroorganism or a modified product ofthat microorganism is injected into thebody to make the immune system respond

defensivelyThe active components of the vaccinations

are antigens


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Passive Immunization :

gives temporary immunity

Passive immunization is performed without

injecting any antigen. In this method,

vaccines contain antibodies obtained from

the blood of an actively immunized human

being or animal. The antibodies last for twoto three weeks, and during that time the

person is protected against the disease.


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Vaccines, how it infects cells and

how the immune system respondsto it, as well as practical

considerations, such as regions of

the world where the vaccinewould be used. The following are

some of the option that

researchers might pursue :


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Vaccines...

Live, attenuated vaccines (MMR)

Inactivated vaccines (booster)Subunit vaccines (Hepatitis B)

Toxoid vaccines (DT)

Conjugate vaccines (Hib)

DNA vaccines

Recombinant vector vaccines


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Imunisasi yang diwajibkan di Indonesia :

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Gurin)

Hepatitis BDPT

Polio

Campak


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Imunisasi yang disarankan di Indonesia :

MMR

Hib (Haemophilus influenzae tipe b)Demam tifoid

Hepatitis A

Varisela


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