journal of animal production (jap) vol. 10 (1) januari 2008

7/23/2019 Journal of Animal Production (JAP) Vol. 10 (1) Januari 2008

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/journal-of-animal-production-jap-vol-10-1-januari-2008 1/66

LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ < — 1 Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇

@TTK <1<< — =?=3 ◇ Qe}li}ea`qlt` Kg+56'A@IQ@'Iep'=??5

<

Ie}lclblk Cekeqì Cek _eklka` _}gqe`k (κ κκ κ "Dk) plal Tlp` F}èt`lk

Hgntqe`k Bekccuklilk Qeikì ]etq}`dq`gk F}lcbekq Nekcqh

_gnbg}ph`tb

(Cekeq`d A`ve}t`q gf κ κκ κ "Dlte`k Ceke gf F}èt`lk"Hgntqe`k Al`} Dlqqne ut`kc ]etq}`dq`gk

F}lcbekq Nekcqh _gnbg}ph`tb Qedhk`|ue)

]`k` Sàllkq`<*. Sllk Quklt L}qlbl<. Tnlbeq Tumlcg< alk Ajgig S`kl}tg=

< Fliunqlt Ieagiqe}lk Heslk. Uk`ve}t`qlt Clajlh Blal. Pgclil}ql = Teignlh Q`kcc` _ekunuh _e}qlk`lk. Blcenlkc

LMTQ]LDQ: Qhe gmjedq`ve gf qhe }etel}dh slt qg evlnulqe qhe cekeq`d vl}èqèt gf κ "dlte`k ceke gf Hgntqe`k F}èt`lk

(HF) `k Igpe}lt` Uk`q Aetl (IUA) Il}lkcpngtg. Alu. Kclkqlkc lka _ujgk. Blnlkc. Eltq Jlvl m _gnbe}lte Dhl`k

]eldq`gk"]etq}`dq`gk F}lcbekq Nekcqh _gnbg}ph`tb Lklnt`t (_D]"]FN_) utea _tq"n+ Qhe }etel}dh utea Hgntqe`k

F}èt`lk al`} dgst }l`tea m fl}be}t gf IUA Il}lkcpngtg. Alu. Kclkqlkc lka _ujgk. Blnlkc. Eltq Jlvl+ Qhe mngga

tlbpnet se}e dgnnedqea f}gb =0 dgst+ Qhe }etel}dh ldq`v`qèt se}e dl}}èa guq m dgnnedq`kc dgs‐t mngga. AKL exq}ldq`gk.

lka AKL lbpn`f`dlq`gk s`qh _D]+ _D] p}gaudqt se}e a cetqea s`qh _tq"n ekzbe }etq}`dq`gkt. qhek lnnene ceke gf κ∝ dlte`k se}e àekq`fèa+ Qhe f}e|uekd gf lnnene lka cekgqpe gf κ∝dlte`k ceke se}e dlndunlqea m Hl}a"Se`kme}c+

Qhe }etunqt thgsea qhlq dgst }l`tea m fl}be}t gf IUA Il}lkcpngtg. Alu. Kclkqlkc lka _ujgk. Blnlkc. Eltq Jlvl hla

qsg lnnenet κ " dlte`k pgnbg}ph`tb. `+e+ lnnene L (?+31) lka M (?+=6)9 qhe}efg}e. qsg cekgqpet ex`tqea `kdnua`kc LL (?+55)

lka LM (?+48)+ @q dlk me dgkdnuaea qhlq cekeq`d a`ve}t`q κ "dlte`k ceke ex`tqea `k Hgntqe`k"F}èt`lk al`} dgst }l`tea mfl}be}t gf IUA Kclkqlkc. _ujgk. Alu lka Il}lkcpngtg. Blnlkc. Eltq Jlvl+

Ie Sg}at: _tq"<. κ "dlte`k ceke. _D]"]FN_

_ekalhunulk

Cek κ "dlte`k tualh mlkli a`qen`q` plal tlp`"

tlp` pe}lh a` nul} kece}` ukqui qujulk bekceqlhu`

ilkaukclk p}gqe`k dlte`k alnlb tutu+ Tlbpl` tllq

`k`. tualh a`qebuilk 6 vl}`lk cek κ "dlte`k. l`qu L.

M. D. E. F alk C (Ilb`kti`. <006)+ Mlkli

peken`q`lk bekukjuiilk mlhsl lalkl vl}`lt`

cekeqì ceke κ "dlte`k tlkclq a`}ltlilk pekcl}uhkl

gneh plm}ì"plm}ì pekcgnlhlk tutu. qe}uqlbl ukqui

plm}ì lkc bebp}gauit` ieju+ Beku}uq ]lhln` alk

Bekl}a (<00<) alk Qt`l}lt eq ln+ (=??5). tutu al}`

tlp` lkc beb`nì` vl}`lk M qe}n`hlq beb`nì`

ilkaukclk alk jubnlh p}gqe`k lkc nem`h q`kcc`

al}`plal tlp` aekclk vl}`lk L+

Vl}`lk lkc lal plal cek κ "dlte`k a`temlmilk

gneh lalkl pg`kq buqlq`gk (buqlt` q`qì) teh`kccl

m`tl aìebmlkcilk uj` a`lckgtqì a`lkql}l vl}`lk

lkc lal. tlnlh tlqukl l`qu aekclk qeikì

_gnbe}lte Dhl`k ]eldq`gk"]etq}`dq`gk F}lcbekq

Nekcqh _gnbg}ph`tb (_D]"]FN_) (Aek`dgu}q eq ln+.

<00?9 Tdhnee alk ]gqblk. <00=)+

* Ig}etpgkaekt` pekun`t : e"bl`n }`k`sàlOlhgg+dg+ui

Ekz`b }etq}ìt` lkc alplq a`cuklilk ukqui

evlnult` bekccuklilk qeikì _D]"]FN_ lkql}l nl`k

H`ka"nnn. H`kf "@. Hle"nnn. Ble"nn alk _tq"n (Ml}}gtg eq

ln+. <008)+Me}altl}ilk pekebulk"pekebulk qe}temuq. pe}nu

a`nliuilk peken`q`lk bekcekl` me}mlcl`

pgn`bg}f`tbe cekeqì plal tlp` pe}lh }lilq+ Hlt`n

peken`q`lk a`hl}lpilk me}blkfllq temlcl` altl}

teneit` lqlu pe}mlìlk buqu cekeqì. tedl}l nem`h

ef`tèk alk efeiq`f alnlb bek`kcilqilk i`ke}jl tlp`

pe}lh }lilq benlnu` peb`n`hlk cekgq`p lkc tetul`+

Qujulk peken`q`lk lalnlh bekcilj` ie}lclblk

cekeqì cek peklka` p}gqe`k tutu ilppl" Dk tlp`

pe}lh FH a` IUA Kclkqlkc. _ujgk. Alu alk Il}lkc

_ngtg Blnlkc " Jlsl Q`bu} aekclk qeikì

_gnbe}lte Dhl`k ]eldq`gk"]etq}`dq`gk F}lcbekq

Nekcqh _gnbg}ph`tb (_D]"]FN_)+

Beqgae _eken`q`lk

_lal peken`q`lk `k` a`cuklilk =0 tlbpen al}lh

tlp` pe}lh me}ltln al}` peqe}klilk }lilq b`nì IUA

Kclkqlkc. IUA _ujgk. IUA Alu. IUA Il}lkc

_ngtg Blnlkc"Jlsl Q`bu}+



= LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : < " 1

_}`be} ukqui lbpn`fìlt` cek κ "dlte`k l`qu

ilpplfg (5‐ DCDQCQCLCLLLCLQCLLLCLQ

QD 4‐) alk ilppl}e (5‐ LCLQQDLLCCLCQL

QLDDLLQQCQQC 4‐) (Dhìuk` eq ln+. <00<)+ Ekz`b

}etq}ìt` ukqui a`cetq` bekccuklilk _tq"n+

Eitq}lit` AKL_}epl}lt` tlbpen al}lh bekcìuq` beqgae

Au}la` (<004)+ Al}lh temlkli 5??"35?µn

a`qlbmlh <X vgnube nl}uqlk n`t`t y?.4=B Tud}gte.

<% (V'V) Q}`qgk X"<??. 5 bB BcDn= alk <? bB

Q}`t"HDn. pH 3.1r+ G}clken ten alnlb nl}uqlk

aèkalpilk aekclk tekq}`fuclt` 65?? }pb tenlbl <

bek`q+ Ekalplk a`qlbmlh aekclk <X vgnube nl}uqlk

pekdud` (35 bB KlDn. 5? bB EAQL. pH 8.?)+

Al}lh tenlkjuqkl a`qlbmlh aekclk a`cetq`gk muffe}

(nl}uqlk TQET ?.5 bc'bn _}gqe`klte I). iebua`lk

a``kiumlt` plal peklkclt l`} tuhu 55gD tenlbl <6

jlb lqlu teblnlb+ _u}`fìlt` AKL Qgqln bekcìuq`Tlbm}ggi eq ln+ (<080) a`bga`fìlt` Au}la` (<004).

l`qu aekclk peklbmlhlk fekgn9 ing}gfg}b'`tglb`n

lnighgn (=1:<)+ Teqenlh `qu AKL a`p}et`p`qlt` aekclk

eqlkgn lmtgnuq alk a`dud` bekccuklilk lnighgn 3?%+

AKL a`nl}uqilk alnlb nl}uqlk QE (<? bB Q}`t"HDn9

< bB EAQL. pH 8.?). iebua`lk a`t`bplk plal

tuhu —=?gD+

Lbpn`fìlt` F}lcbek AKL aekclk _D]+

Igbpgt`t` 5? µn dlbpu}lk pe}elit` _D] qe}a`}`

al}` =.5 bB BcDn=. <? bB aKQ_t. <??"4?? kc

AKL deqlilk. =?"<?? pbgn blt`kc"blt`kc p}`be}

alk = U Ql| pgn`be}lte (Ceke}l) mete}ql mufe}kl+

Lbpn`fìlt` f}lcbek AKL plal peken`q`lk `k`

bekccuklilk bet`k CekeLbp]_D] ttqeb =1??

(_e}i`k Enbe} )+ Lbpn`fìlt` _D] cek κ "dlte`k

a`nliuilk aekclk igka`t` temlcl` me}ìuq: aeklqu}lt`

lsln tenlbl = bek`q plal tuhu 01gD tenlkjuqkl

a`ìuq` aekclk 01gD tenlbl 4? aeqì ukqui

aeklqu}lt`. 56gD tenlbl 15 aeqì ukqui pekebpenlk

p}`be} (lkkeln`kc). 3=gD tenlbl < bek`q ukqui

peblkjlkclk (engkclq`gk) temlkli 45 tìnut

iebua`lk a`lih`}` aekclk peklbmlhlk peblkjlkclk

(exqekt`gk) tenlbl 5 bek`q plal 3=gD+

A`cetq` _}gaui _D]+_}gaui _D] aà`cetq` aekclk ekz`b }etq}ìt` _tq"

@ (Dhìuk` eq ln+. <00<9 Plblbgqg eq ln+. <001)+

_ekekqulk cekgq`p tlbpen AKL a`nliuilk aekclk

bekclkln`t`t f}lcbek AKL hlt`n a`cetq` l`qu

aekclk beqgae eneiq}gfg}et`t cen lcl}gte <.5% lkc

bekclkaukc eqàùb m}gbàe aekclk mlkqulk t`kl}

UV+

Lkln`t`t Alql+

Hlt`n eneiq}gfg}et`t a`lkln`t`t tedl}l blkuln alk

lnen"lnen lkc a`pe}gneh iebua`lk a`h`qukc f}eiuekt`

lnen alk cekgq`pkl. aekclk beqgae Hl}a"Se`kme}c

(Ag}li. =??3)) temlcl` me}ìuq:

F}eiuekt` LnenF}eiuekt` lnen L 2 p 2 Ɲ (LL) ² Ɲ (LM)

F}eiuekt` lnen M 2 | 2 Ɲ (MM) ² Ɲ (LM)

F}eiuekt` Cekgq`p

F}eiuekt` LL 2 Ɲ (LL) 2 p=

F}eiuekt` LM 2 Ɲ (LM) 2 =p|

F}eiuekt` MM 2 Ɲ (MM) 2 |=

p==p| |

=2 <

Hlt`n alk _ebmlhltlk

Lbpn`fìlt` Cek κ κκ κ∝∝∝∝Dlte`k

Lbpn`fìlt` ale}lh cek κ "dlte`k plal tlp` pe}lh

bekccuklilk p}`be} Ilppl}e alk Ilpplfg

bekchlt`nilk f}lcbek AKL me}uiu}lk tei`ql} 330

pm plal tebul tlbpen AKL+ _}gf`n AKL hlt`n

lbpn`fìlt` p}`be} qe}temuq a`tljìlk plal Clbml} <+

Uiu}lk f}lcbek AKL lkc a`pe}gneh tetul` aekclk

alql teiuek AKL tlp` F}èt`lk Hgntqe`k (CekMlki.

LP48?==8)+

A`cetq` Cek κ κκ κ "Dk aekclk _tq"<

AKL hlt`n lbpn`fìlt` (Cek κ "Dk) tenlkjuqklaà`cetq` bekccuklilk ekz`b }etq}ìt` _tq"<+ _}gf`n

AKL hlt`n a`cetq` bekccuklilk ekz`b }etq}ìt` _tq"n

a`tljìlk plal Clbml} =+

Me}altl}ilk teiuek AKL tlp` F}èt`lk Hgntqe`k

(CekMlki. LP48?==8) ekz`b _tq"< lilk bebgqgkc

f}lcbek AKL bekjla` <3< pm alk 6?8 pm ukqui tlp`

lkc bebnì` lnen M. alk qe}pgqgkc bekjla` <3< pm.

4?= pm alk 4?6 pm ukqui tlp` aekclk lnen L+ Tiebl

neqli pebgqgkclk ekz`b }etq}ìt` _tq"n a`tljìlk plal

Clbml} 4+

Hlt`n _D]"]FN_ bekccuklilk ekz`b }etq}ìt`

_tq"n a`qebuilk lnen L alk M+ Hln `k` qe}n`hlq al}`hlt`n eneiq}gfg}et`t plal cen lcl}gte tepe}q` qe}n`hlq

plal Clbml} =+ Lnen L plal _D]"]FN_ lkc

bekccuklilk ekz`b _tq"n (tlbl aekclk cekgq`p LL)

AKL qe}pgqgkc bekjla` f}lcbek me}uiu}lk 4?6 pm.

4?= pm alk <3< pm. lnen M AKL qe}pgqgkc bekjla`

6?8 pm alk <3< pm+ Cekgq`p LM. AKL qe}pgqgkc

bekjla` 6?8 pm. 4?6 pm. 4?= pm alk <3< pm+



Ie}lclblk Cekeqì Cek (Sàlplkq` eq ln +) 4

< = 4 1 5

Clbml} <+ _}gf`n AKL tlp` pe}lh _FH hlt`n lbpn`fìlt`

bekccuklilk pltlkclk p}`be} Ilpplfg alk Ilppl}e

Ieqe}lkclk: Nlju} <+ AKL peklkal <?? pm (Ceke}l).

nlju} ="5 AKL hlt`n lbpn`fìlt` bekccuklilk p}`be}Ilpplfg alk Ilppl}e

<(LL) =(LL) 4(LM) 1(LL) 5(LM) 6 3 8(LM)

Clbml} =+ Hlt`n _D]"]FN_ AKL tlp` pe}lh _FH

bekccuklilk ekz`b }etq}ìt` _tq"n plal cen lcl}gte <.5%

Ieqe}lkclk: Nlju} <"=.4.1.8+ Hlt`n _D]"]FN_ aekclk _tq"

n. Nlju} 6+AKL peklkal <?? pm (Ceke}l). Nlju} 3+ Hlt`n

_D]

<3< pm _tqn 6?8 pm 5‐4‐ Lnen M

<3< p _tqn 4?6 pm _tqn 4?= pm 5‐4‐

Lnen L

Clbml} 4+ Tiebl neqli pebgqgkclk ekz`b }etq}ìt` _tq"<

plal f}lcbek AKL hlt`n lbpn`fìlt` bekccuklilk

tepltlkc p}`be} Ilpplfg alk Ilppl}e

_lal peken`q`lk `k`. al}` blt`kc"blt`kc IUA

qe}alplq ie}lclblk cekeqì plal tlbpen tlp` _FH

lkc a`cuklilk+ Lalpuk pgn`bg}f`tbe cekgq`p alk

jubnlh lnen lkc a`qebuilk alplq a`n`hlq me}qu}uq"

qu}uq plal Qlmen < alk Qlmen =+ Hlt`n _D]"]FN_

bekccuklilk ekz`b }etq}ìt` _tq"n plal tebul

tlbpen peken`q`lk `k` qe}n`hlq lalkl pgn`bg}f`tbepgnl pebgqgkclk. hln `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl

qe}alplq pgn`bg}f`tbe lnen plal tlp` qe}temuq+ Lnen L

alk M lkc a`pe}gneh tetul` aekclk lkc qenlh

a`nliuilk Tdhennlkae} eq ln+ (<004)+ F}eiuekt` al}`

blt`kc"blt`kc lnen L alk M alk f}eiuekt` hl}lplk

cekgq`p LL. LM alk MM plal tlp` a` IUA

Il}lkcpngtg. Alu. _ujgk alk Kclkqlkc a`tljìlk

plal Qlmen 4+

Qlmen <+ _gn`bg}f`tbe cekgq`p lkc a`qebuilk

Cekgq`p (_tq"<)

liqulnIUA

LL MM LM

Jbn Qgqln

Il}lkc _ngtg ?.8? ? ?.=? < <?

Alu ?.44 ? ?.63 < 6

Kclkqlkc ?.5? ? ?.5? < 6

_ujgk ?.<1 ? ?.86 < 3

Qgqln <1 ? <5 =0

Qlmen =+ Jubnlh lnen lkc a`qebuilk

Lnen (_tq"<)IUA L M Qgqln

Il}lkc _ngtg <8 = =?

Alu 8 1 <=

Kclkqlkc 0 4 <=

_ujgk 8 6 <1

Qgqln 14 <5 58

Qlmen 4+ F}eiuekt` lnen L alk M9 F}eiuekt` hl}lplk

cekgq`p LL. LM alk MM

F}eiuekt`

Lnen

F}eiuekt` hl}lplk

cekgq`pIUAL M LL LM MM

Jbn Jbn*

Il}lkc_ngtg

?.0? ?.<? ?.8< ?.<8 ?.?< < ?.00

Alu ?.63 ?.44 ?.4= ?.10 ?.<8 < ?.8<Kclkqlkc ?.53 ?.14 ?.56 ?.48 ?.?6 < ?.01

_ujgk ?.35 ?.=5 ?.15 ?.11 ?.<< < ?.80

* jubnlh f}eiuekt` cekgq`p LL LM MM lkc temekl}kl

plal blt`kc"blt`kc IUA il}ekl plal peken`q`lk `k` qàli

a`qebuilk lalkl cekgq`p MM+

8?? pm3?? pm

5?? pm

330 pm

330 pm

<3< pm

6?8 pm4?6 pm4?= pm

5?? pm



= LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : < " 1

Hlt`n al}` peken`q`lk `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl

f}eiuekt` lnen L nem`h metl} al}`plal f}eiuekt` lnen

M. me}l}q` mlhsl iemlklilk `kaui blupuk pejlkqlk

_FH beb`nì` lnen L+ Alql lkc a`tljìlk plal

Qlmen 4 bekukjuiilk mlhsl tebul tlp` meq`kl _FH

al}` ieebplq IUA qe}temuq qàli lal lkc

me}cekgq`p MM alk hlkl me}cekgq`p LL alk LM+Tedl}l ietenu}uhlk al}` ie ebplq IUA qe}temuq

f}eiuekt` lnen L temetl} ?.31 alk f}eiuekt` lnen M

temetl} ?.=6. tealkcilk f}eiuekt` cekgq`p LL

temetl} ?.55. cekgq`p LM temetl} ?.48 alk f}eiuekt`

cekgq`p MM temetl} ?.??+ Beku}uq pe}h`qukclk

huiub Hl}a"Se`kme}c f}eiuekt` cekgq`p MM lalnlh

temetl} ?.?3. qeqlp` plal peken`q`lk `k` qàli

a`qebuilk tlp` lkc me}cekgq`p MM+ Hln `k`

iebukci klk a`temlmilk jubnlh alql lkc teaì`q

lqlu bukci`k a`temlmilk il}ekl ltln"utun tlp` lkc

a`pen`hl}l a` ie ebplq IUA qe}temuq muilk

be}uplilk pe}ils`klk a` alnlb pgpunlt` teh`kccl

qàli a`qebuilk cekgq`p MM a` alnlb pgpunlt`+

Beku}uq Huiub Hl}a"Se`kme}c jubnlh

f}eiuekt` cekgq`p LL LM MM lalnlh <. qeqlp`

plal peken`q`lk `k` ukqui blt`kc"blt`kc IUA

lalnlh > < (Qlmen 4+)+ Hln `k` a aucl il}ekl qàli

a`qebuilk lalkl cekgq`p MM. beti`puk hlt`n lkc

a`pe}gneh blt`h bekaeilq` huiub Hl}a"Se`kme}c+

Beku}uq ]lhln` alk Bekl}a (<00<) te}ql Qt`l}lt

eq ln+ (=??5). tutu al}` tlp` lkc me}vl}`lk M

beb`nì` ilkaukclk alk jubnlh p}gqe`k lkc nem`h

q`kcc` al}`plal tlp` aekclk vl}`lk L+ Gneh il}ekl

`qu. upll ukqui bebpe}mlì` iuln`qlt p}gqe`k tutu

plal peqe}klilk tlp` }lilq a` IUA Blnlkc " JlslQ`bu} pe}nu a`pe}q`bmlkcilk benliuilk teneit`

qe}hlalp `kaui meq`kl blupuk pejlkqlk lkc

beb`nì` lnen M lqlu beb`nì` cekgq`p MM+

Iet`bpunlk

Qe}alplq ie}lclblk cekeqì plal tlp` _FH a`

ebplq IUA aekclk f}eiuekt` lnen L temetl} ?.31

alk f}eiuekt` lnen M temetl} ?.=6+ F}eiuekt` cekgq`p

LL temetl} ?.559 LM temetl} ?.48 alk f}eiuekt`

cekgq`p MM temetl} ?.??+ Qeikì _D]"]FN_

bekccuklilk ekz`b }etq}ìt` _tq"n alplq a`cuklilkukqui bekaeqeit` lalkl lnen L alk M plal cek κ "

dlte`k tlp` pe}lh+

Alfql} _utqlil

Ml}}gtg. L+. T+ Aukke} lka J+ Dlkgk. <008+ Qedhk`dln

kgqe: Aeqedq`gk gf mgv`ke ilppl"dlte`k vl}`lkqt L.

M. D. lka E m belkt gf pgnbe}lte dhl`k }eldq`gk"

t`kcne tq}lka dgkfg}blq`gk pgnbg}ph`tb (_D]"

TTD_)+ Jgu}kln gf Lk`bln Tdèkde 36: <545"<548+

Dhìuk`. I+. T+ Ilcelbl. Q+ Ig`thìlsl. T+ Ilg lka I+

Gzuqzub`. <00<+ @aekq`f`dlq`gk gf mgv`ke κ "dlte`k

cekgqpe ut`kc pgnbe}lte dhl`k }eldq`gk beqhga+

Lk`bln Tdèkde lka Qedhkgngc (Jpk) 6=: 651"650+

Aek`dgu}q. C+. B+_+ Tlmgu} lka L+J+ BdLnn`tqe}. <00?+

Aeqedq`gk gf mgv`ke i"dlte`k cekgb`d vl}`lkqt m qhe

pgnbe}lte dhl`k }eldq`gk beqhga+ Lk`bln Cekeq`d

=<: =<5"=<6+

Ag}li. B+Q. =??3+ Mlt`d _gpunlq`gk Cekeq`dt+ hqqp:''sss+

ag}libq+q}`pga+dgb'evgnuq`gk'pgpcek+hqbn (A`litet

qlkccln <0 Jun` =??3)+

Au}la`. A+. <004+ ]ñne _gtt`mne au Dgbpg}qebekq alkt

@‐àvgnuq`gk ae Aeux Tgu}`t But bldeagk`dut eq But

tp`d`ne|ut ek Eu}gpe Dekq}lne+ YQhète Agdqg}lqR+

Uk`v+ Bgkqpennè} @@. F}lkde+

Ilb`kti`. T+. <006+ Mgv`ke ilppl"dlte k (DLTI) ceke"

bgnedunl} klqu}e lka lppn`dlq`gk `k al`} dlqqne

m}eea`kc+ Jgu}kln gf Lppnèa Cekeq`d 43: <30"<06+

]lhln`. V+ lka J+N+ Bekl}a. <00<+ @kfnuekde gf cekeq`d

vl}`lkqt gf ν"nldqgcngmun`k lka κ "dlte`k gk b`ni

dgbpgt`q`gk lka dheetebli`kc p}gpe}qèt+ Nl`q 3<:

=35"=03+

Tlbm}ggi. F+J+ lka Q+ Blk`lq`t. <080+ Bgnedunl}

Dngk`kc+ L Nlmg}lqg} Blkuln+ =ka

ea+ Vgn 4+ Dgna

Tp}`kc Hl}mg} Nlmg}lqg}+

Tdhnee. _+ lka G+ ]gqblkk. <00=+ @aekq`f`dlq`gk gf mgv`ke

ilppl"dlte`k D m ut`kc qhe pgnbe}lte dhl`k

}eldq`gk+ Jgu}kln gf Lk`bln M}eea`kc & Cekeq`dt

<?0: <54"<55+

Tdhennlkae}. I+. M+ Bl}. I+ E}qn lka J+ _en`. <004+

T`bunqlkegut cekgqp`kc gf tex lka ilppl"dlte`k gf

mgv`ke `k v`q}g fe}q`n`zea ebm}gt m qhe _D]

qedhk`|ue+ Zekq}lnmn Veqe}`kl}bea L+1?(1): 4?3"4?0+

Qt`l}lt. L+B+. C+C+ Ml}cgun`. C+ Mlkgt lka D+B+ Mgtdgt.

=??5+ Effedq gf ilppl"dlte`k lka meql"nldqgcngmun`k

ngd` gk b`ni p}gaudq`gk q}l`qt lka }ep}gaudq`ve

pe}fg}blkde gf hgntqe`k dgst+ Jgu}kln gf Al`}

Tdèkde 88: 4=3"441+

Plblbgqg. Q+. I+ Th`blal. B+ Qlilhlth`. lka B+

Igtuc`lbl. <001+ Cekgqpe effedq gf κ "Dlte`k gk

b`ni pe}fg}blkde `k Jlplkete Mnldi Dgst+ Jgu}kln

gf Lk`bln Tdèkde gf Qedhkgngc (Jpk) 65(<=): <<<0"

<<=<+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ 5 — << Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇


5

L Dgkq}gnnea @kq}l"Vlc`kln Aev`de ]enelt`kc Hg}bgke

fg} Tupe}gvunlq`gk _}gc}lb `k Mufflng

(Dgkq}gnnea @kq}l"Vlc`kln Aev`de ]enelt`kc Hg}bgk alnlb _}gc}lb

Tupe}gvunlt` Ie}mlu)

_gnbe} T`qubg}lkc

Klq`gkln ]etel}dh @ktq`quqe fg} Lk`bln _}gaudq gk. D`ls` Mgcg} _G Mgx ==<

LMTQ]LI : Aul peken`q`lk qenlh a`nliuilk ukqui bekcevlnult` humukclk lkql}l igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk alk }etpgk

tupe}gvunlt` te}ql pekccukllk D@A] plal p}gc}lb tupe}gvunlt` ie}mlu+ _eken`q`lk pe}qlbl. temenlt ie}mlu

a`tupe}gvunlt` aekclk hg}bgk cgklagq}gp`k (Fgnnq}gp`k) lkc a`tukqìilk `kq}l butdunl} tenlbl ebplq hl}` aekclk agt`t

beku}uk alk pekukqìlk aul iln` tehl}` (jl}li pekukqìlk <= jlb)+ _ekukqìlk pe}qlbl a`nliuilk plal hl}` ie <? al}`

tìnut me}lh`. a`ìuq` aekclk pebme}`lk p}gtqlcnlka`k plal hl}` ie <=. aul hl}` iebua`lk a``kteb`klt` mulqlk (@M)+

_eklbpukclk ebm}`g a`nliuilk aekclk dl}l bekcu}lt teq`lp qlkaui uqe}ut plal hl}` ie eklb teqenlh @M+ _eken`q`lk

ieaul. <? eig} ie}mlu a mlc` tedl}l ldli ie alnlb aul c}up (igkq}gn alk pe}nliulk D@A])+ _ebme}`lk pe}qlbl hg}bgk

plal c}up igkq}gn a`nliuilk plal hl}` ie <? al}` tìnut me}lh` alk 6 hl}` teqenlh pebme}`lk D@A] ukqui pe}nliulk D@A]+

Agt`t alk beqgae pebme}`lk hg}bgk cgklagq}gp`k bekcìuq` peken`q`lk pe}qlbl+ Qujuh ie}mlu bebme}ìlk }etpgkpgt`q`f qe}hlalp tupe}gvunlt` tealkcilk ebplq eig} qàli bebme}ìlk }etpgk+ Aàlplq humukclk klql lkql}l igktekq}lt`

p}gcetqe}gk plal sliqu pebme}`lk pe}qlbl hg}bgk aekclk }etpgk agkg} qe}hlalp tupe}gvunlt`+ ]lqllk igktekq}lt`

p}gcetqe}gk c}up lkc qàli bebme}` }etpgk (<.<5 kc'bn) klql (_>?.?5) nem`h }ekalh a`mlka`kc c}up lkc bebme}ìlk

}etpgk (=.5< kc'bn)+ ]lqllk igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk teqenlh tupe}gvunlt`. qgqln dg}put nuqeub (QDN). qgqln ebm}`g (QE)

alk qgqln ebm}`g aekclk iuln`qlt mlì (QVE) lalnlh <.619 <.?9 ?.?9 ?.? alk 6.869 5.09 1.?9 =.0 me}qu}uq"qu}uq ukqui c}uplkc qàli bebme}` }etpgk alk lkc bebme}` }etpgk+ D@A] klql bek`kcilqilk (_>?.?5) }lqllk a`lbeqe} gvl}` (AG)

alk igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk teqenlh tupe}gvunlt` l`qu 1.59 1.81 alk 3.?9 3.85 me}qu}uq"qu}uq ukqui igkq}gn alk D@A]+

]lqllk QDN. QE alk QVE dekae}ukc nem`h q`kcc` plal pe}nliulk D@A] a`mlka`kc igkq}gn lalnlh 6.?9 =.8 alk =.? alk 0.?9

1.? alk 4.4 ukqui igkq}gn alk D@A]+

Ilql Iukd` : Tupe}gvunlt`. ebm}`g. p}gcetqe}gk. D@A]

@kq}gaudq`gk

Lnqhguch effg}q c`vek qg mufflng fg} `kd}elt`kc

qhe`} p}gaudq`gk se}e b`kg} dgbpl}`kc qg dlqqne. qhe

sg}na mufflng pgpunlq`gk `k qhe nltq aedlae `kd}eltea

t`ck`f`dlkqn lka kgs `t lpp}gx`blqen <3=+6 b`nn`gk

tp}elat gve} `k <=0 dgukq}èt (FLG. =??1)+ Qhe

bgtq gf qhete fl}b lk`blnt l}e fguka `k Lt`l (03+<%)

lka pnl lk `bpg}qlkq }gne `k n`vetqgdi edgkgb m

p}gvà`kc belq. b`ni lka a}luchq pgse}+ Kgs `k l

dgukq} qhlq q}la`q`gklnn kgk mufflng }ec`gkt tudh lt

Lutq}ln`l. hlt }el}ea qhe mufflng fg} p}gaud`kc

dl}lmlg meef s`qh |uln`q dgbpl}lmne qg meef dlqqne

lka bg}egve} qhe b`ni gf mufflng dgkql`kt h`che} flq

lka p}gqe`k qhlk qhgte dlqqne muq s`qh ngs dhgnetqe}gn+

Qhe}e l}e qsg bljg} qpet gf agbetq`d mufflng sh`dh

`t qhe }`ve} mufflng s`qh 5? pl`}t gf dh}gbgtgbe

sh`dh `t bgtqn fguka `k @ka`lk dgkq`kekqln fg}

p}gaud`kc b`ni lka qhe tslbp qpet gf qhe Tguqheltq

Lt`l }ec`gk s`qh 18 pl`}t gf dh}gbgtgbe fg} belq

lka a}guchq pgse}+ @k @kagket`l qhe pgpunlq`gk gf

qh`t fl}b lk`bln slt }epg}qea tn`chqn aed}eltea `k

qhe nltq <? el}t lka kgs qhe pgpunlq`gk `k qhe el}

=??1 `t l}guka =+53= b`nn`gk (Tqlq`tq i _e}qlk`lk.

=??5)+ Lnbgtq lnn qhe @kagket`lk mufflnget l}e gf qhe

tslbp qpe ( Mumlnut mumln`t). l fes huka}eat gf qhe

}`ve} mufflng l}e fguka `k Kg}qh Tublqe}l

(T`qubg}lkc eq ln+. <00?l. <00?m. =??5)+

Ngs }ep}gaudq`ve eff`dèkd gf qhe mufflng `t

qhguchq qg me aue qg aenlea pume}q. ngs dgkdepq`gk

}lqe. t`nekq helq. ngkc dlnv`kc `kqe}vln pe}`gat. h`che}

cetqlq`gk pe}`gat. eqd+ Qhe}efg}e qhe m`gqedhkgngc

gf }ep}gaudq`gk gf ebm}g q}lktfe} (EQ) bl medgbe

l ie enebekq gf qhe effg}q qg `kd}elte qhe p}gaudq`gkgf qhe mufflng+ Lt qhe kqec}lqea pl}q gf EQ `k v`vg

ebm}g p}gaudq`gk medgbe ve} kedettl} qg p}gvàe

lk ebm}g+ Ebm}gt l}e }edgve}ea m l tupe}"

gvunlq`gk qedhk`|ue `k sh`dh qhe cekeq`dlnn tupe}`g}

feblne `t q}elqea s`qh hg}bgket qg `kaude he} qg

p}gaude blk ecct t`bunqlkegutn+ Qhete ecct dlk

me fe}q`n`zea s`qh tpe}b `k v`vg g} `k v`q}g lka qhe

ebm}g p}gaudea qhek `bpnlkqea'q}lktfe}}ea `kqg



6 LK@B LK@B LK@B LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LN _]GAUDQ@GK LN _]GAUDQ@GK LN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : 5 " <<

tu}}gclqe bgqhe}t (}ed`pèkqt)+ L qedhkgngc gf

ebm}g q}lktfe} (EQ) `k dlqqne hlt meek etqlmn`thea

t`kde <03?ot (Teàen lka Teàen. <08=) muq `k mufflng

`t jutq }edekqn }epg}qea m l kubme} gf }etel}dhe}t+

Qhe f`}tq tuddett }etunqt gf EQ `k }`ve} mufflng slt

}epg}qea m A}gtq eq ln+ (<084) lka fgnngsea `k

Muncl}`l (Il}l`vlkgv. <0869 Lnexèv eq ln+. <088). `k@ka`l (Iu}up. <088)+ Fg} tslbp mufflng slt

}epg}qea m _l}kpl` eq ln+. (<085) `k Qhl`nlka lka

qhe`} d}gttet (Tslbp x ]`ve}) m T`qubg}lkc (=??5)

`k @kagket`l+ Ukq`n qgal qhe qedhkgngc gf

tupe}gvunlq`gk hlt ldhèvea l de}ql`k p}gc}ett

hgseve} qhe kubme} gf ebm}gt dgnnedqea slt tq`nn

n`b`qea+ @k `tgnlqea q}`lnt up qg belk 5+0 q}lktfe}lmne

hlve meek }edgve}ea (B`t}l eq ln+. <000)+ Ml}utenn`

lka Dl}vlnhg (=??5) `k qhe`} q}`lnt t`kde <00?

}epg}qea lddepqlmne fgnn`dunl} }etpgkte au}`kc

tupe}gvunlq`gk (<?"<5 fgnn`dnet ≥ 8 bb) bgae}lqe

gvunlqe }lqe (6?%) muq `k dgkq}ltq l ngs ebm}g

}edgve} }lqe `t gmte}vea+ Q}elqbekq s`qh

}edgbm`klkq mgv`ke tgblq}gp`k (}MTQ) t`ck`f`dlkqn

`kd}eltea qhe tupe}gvunlq`gk eff`dèkd (Nud. =???9

Ml}utenn` eq ln+.=??4) ]edekqn. Hethekc eq ln+.

(=??6) lntg }epg}qea }edgve} gf gve} 1 q}lktfe}lmne

ebm}gt `k mufflng `k Dh kl+ L bljg} gmtqldne gf qhe

lppn`dlq`gk gf tupe}gvunlq`gk p}gc}lb `t tq`nn qhe

vl}`lm`n`q lka qhe ukp}ea`dqlm`n`q gf agkg} }etpgkte

qg cgklagq}gp`k hg}bgke+ Bgtq tquaèt dgkaudqea

qhlq qhe f`}tq `kjedq`gk gf hg}bgke `t `k`q`lqea `k bà"

nuqeln phlte (A}gtq eq ln+. <0849 _l}kpl` eq ln+. <0859

B`t}l. <0049 Iu}up.<0089 T`qubg}lkc. =??5) she}e

qhe dg}put nuqeub (DN) `t p}etekq+ @q `t sennagdubekqea qhlq qhe}e `t dg}}enlq`gk meqseek DN

|uln`q lka t`ze lka `qt p}gcetqe}gke p}gaudq`gk

(Iltqen`d eq ln+. <00?9 Ltte eq ln+. <004)+ Qhe

gmjedq`ve gf qh`t p}etekq tqua `t qg evlnulqe l

}enlq`gk gf p}gcetqe}gke neven lka agkg} }etpgkte qg

tupe}gvunlq`gk lka qhe ut`kc gf D@A] `k qhe beqhga

gf tupe}gvunlq`gk k mufflng+

]etel}dh Beqhgat

Qhe expe}`bekq se}e dgkaudqea lq @kagket`lk

Klq`gkln ]etel}dh @ktq`quqe fg} Lk`bln _}gaudq`gk(@K]@L_) D`ls` ut`kc qsekq gke (=<) gf blqu}e

mufflnget s`qh l n`ve se`chq meqseek 45? qg 1=? ic+

Qhe mufflng dgst se}e hgutea `ka`vàulnn `k = x 4

b pekt. a}`ki`kc slqe} lka enephlkq c}ltt se}e

gffe}ea la n`m+ Eldh dgs slt gffe}ea l dgkdekq}lqe

(dgkql`k`kc <1 % d}uae p}gqe`k) 1 ic'al lt l

tuppnebekqlq`gk+

Tupe}gvunlq`gkQhe f`}tq q}`ln slt dgkaudqea qg evlnulqe qhe

}enlq`gkth`p meqseek pnltbl mngga p}gcetqe}gke

neven lka qhe }etpgkte gf agkg} qg tupe}gvunlq`gk+

Enevek (<<) mufflnget se}e c`vek qsg `kq}l butdunl}

`kjedq`gkt gf = bn (5?? µc dhngp}gtqekgn) etq}ublqe.

Q}g Nlm+ _q+ Nqa. KTS. Lutq}ln`l. << alt `kqe}vlnqg tkdh}gk`ze gf etq}ut+ Shek lk`blnt l}e `k etq}ut.

`q `t aet`cklqea qg me al ? gf ddne+ Qhe mufflnget

se}e tupe}gvunlqea ut`kc Fgnnq}gp`k. V lka qhe f`}tq

`kjedq`gk slt `k`q`lqea gk al gf <? gf etq}ut ddne

lka lab`k`tq}lqea qs`de al`n (<= hgu}t `kqe}vln)

`kq}lbutdunl}n `k aed}elt`kc agtet fg} 1 alt (=+59

=+59 =+?9 =+?9 <+?9 <+? lka ?+59 ?+5 bn Fgnnq}gp`k)+ @k

qhe bg}k`kc gf al <= gf etq}ut ddne (lfqe} qhe f`fqh

`kjedq`gk). = bn etq}ublqe slt `kjedqea `kq}l

butdunl}n lka lcl`k }epelqea lfqe} <= hgu}t s`qh

t`b`nl} agtet+ Lfqe} aeqedq`gk gf etq}ut `k qhe

bg}k`kc gf al <1 gf etq}ut ddne. lnn mufflnget se}e

`kteb`klqea l}q`f`d`lnn ut`kc f}gzek tebek lka lcl`k

}epelqea gk qhe evek`kc (<= hgu}t f}gb qhe f`}tq

`kteb`klq`gk) lka qhe kexq al (Al <5 gf etq}ut

ddne)+ Qhe tdheaune gf q}elqbekqt `t thgsk `k F`c <+

Fnuth`kc slt pe}fg}bea el}n `k qhe bg}k`kc gf al

=? gf etq}ut ddne (6 alt lfqe} `kteb`klq`gk) lka lnn

mufflnget f}gb sh`dh qhe ebm}g dgnnedqea se}e

aef`kea lt }etpgkt`ve c}gup sh`ne qhe uk}etpgkt`ve

c}gup slt qhgte mufflng fl`nea `k p}gaud`kc lk

ebm}g+

@k qhe tedgka q}`lnt <? mufflnget se}e a`vàea

}lkagbn `kqg = c}gupt s`qh 5 mufflnget `k eldh

c}gup+ Qhe f`}tq c}gup (dgkq}gn) slt tupe}gvunlqea

fgnngs`kc qhe beqhga gf tupe}gvunlq`gk `k qhe f`}tq

q}`lnt+ Qhe tedgka c}gup (q}elqbekq c}gup) D@A].

Agucnlt _hl}+ Nqa+ Luinlka. KZ dgkql`k`kc <+0 c

p}gcetqe}gke slt `kte}qea `k lk alt gf ddne lka `q

`t aet`cklqea qg me al ? gf q}elqbekq+ Qhe

tupe}gvunlq`gk slt `k`q`lqea gk al 6 lka qhe beqhga

gf tupe}gvunlq`gk fgnngs`kc qhe beqhgat fg} qhe

dgkq}gn c}gup+ @k al 8 (lfqe} qhe f`fqh `kjedq`gk gf

fgnnq}gp`k). qhe D@A] slt s`qha}lsk f}gb lnn

mufflnget lka = bn etq}ublqe slt `kjedqea

`kq}lbutdunl}n+ Qhe etq}ublqe se}e }epelqea

`kjedqea lfqe} <= hgu}t s`qh t`b`nl} agtet+ Fgnngs`kcetq}ut aeqedq`gk. lnn mufflnget se}e l}q`f`d`lnn

`kteb`klqea gk al <? m ut`kc f}gzek tebek lka

lcl`k }epelqea <= lka =1 hgu}t f}gb qhe f`}tq gf

`kteb`klq`gk+ Qhe tdheaune gf q}elqbekqt `t thgsk

`k F`cu}e <+



Ut`kc l D@A] (T`qubg}lkc) 3

Alp ? 6 3 8 0 <? << <6 W~WWWWWW~WWWWWW~WWWWWWWWWWWWW~WWWWWWWWWWWWW~WWWWWW~WWWWWW~WWWWWWW~WWWWWW

Q}elqbekq D@A] FTH FTH FTHEtq} SA D@A] FTH L@ L@ FUTH@KC

Alp "<4 "4 <? << <= <4 <1 <5 =? W~WWWWWW~WWWWWWW~WWWWWWW~WWWWWWWWWW~WWWWWWWW~WWWWWWW~WWWWWWW~WWWWWWW~WWWWWW

Dgkq}gn Etq} Etq} FTH FTH FTHEtq} FTH L@ L@ FNUTH@KC

F`cu}e <+ Beqhgat gf tupe}gvunlq`gk ut`kc FTH lka D@A] `k mufflng

Qedhk`|ue gf Ebm}g Dgnnedq`gkQhe ebm}gt se}e dgnnedqea m kgk"tu}c`dln

qedhk`|ue gk al =? gf etq}ut ddne+ Lnn mufflngetse}e fltqea fg} =1 hgu}t p}`g} qg dgnnedq`gk qg }eaude

mgsen+ Mufflng slt dgkf`kea `k l dhuqe lka = bn =%

Xngdl`ke Ha}gdhng}àe qg p}evekq tq}l`k`kc lka

aefedlq`gk slt c`vek+ Qh}guch }edqln plnplq gk. l

p}en`b`kl} gmte}vlq`gk gf qhe gvl} a`lbeqe} lka

kubme} gf DN slt aeqe}b`kea m ti`nnea qedhk`d`lk+

L Fgne dlqheqe} slt utea qg dgnnedq qhe ebm}g m

kgk"tu}c`dlnn qedhk`|ue+ Eldh hg}k gf uqe}ut slt

fnuthea s`qh l 5?? bn gf Aunmeddg‐t _hgtphlqe

Muffe}ea Tln`ke (AM_T. T`cbl Lna}`dh Dheb`dln

Dg+. @kd+ B`nslkiee. UTL) dgkql`k`kc ?+?1 %

Mgv`ke Te}ub Lnmub`k (MTL. T`cbl Dheb`dln Dg.@kd+ B`nsluiee Tq+ Ngu`t. UTL)+ @bbea`lqen lfqe}

fnuth`kc. qhe ebm}g slt tel}dhea `k dgnnedqea

bea`l+ Qhe ebm}gt dgnnedqea se}e qhek q}lktfe}}ea

qg f}eth A_MT dgkql`k`kc ?+1 % MTL fg} evlnulq`gk+

Qsg (=) bn etq}ublqe slt c`vek = alt lfqe} fnuth`kc

`k lvgà`kc qhe p}ecklkd aue qg qhe fl`nu}e gf

ebm}g dgnnedq`gk

Mngga Dgnnedq`gk+Mngga slt dgnnedqea f}gb jucunl}t ve`k 4 q`bet l

seei qg beltu}e p}gcetqe}gke neven+ Dgkdekq}lq`gk

gf pnltbl p}gcetqe}gke slt lklnzea m }la`g

`bbukglttl qedhk`|ue (]@L)+_l}lbeqe} ]edg}aea

_l}lbeqe} }edg}aea slt a`lbeqe} gf gvl} (AG).

qgqln kubme} gf DN (QDN). qgqln kubme} gf ebm}g

(QKE). qgqln kubme} gf vlnulmne ebm}g (QVE)

sh`dh `t qhe ebm}g c}laea lt l cgga lka

q}lktfe}lmne ebm}g. qhe pe}dekqlce gf }edgve} }lqe(%]]) dlndunlqea m a`và`kc kg gf ebm}g qg

kubme} gf DN lka p}gcetqe}gke neven (_})+ Mufflng

slt dlqecg}`zea lt l }etpgkt`ve agkg} `f lq neltq gke

ebm}g slt lmne qg me dgnnedqea+ @k qhe f`}tq q}`ln qhe

belk vlnue gf eldh pl}lbeqe} }edg}aea gf eldh c}gup

(}etpgkt`ve lka uk}etpgkt`ve c}gup) slt lklnzea

m q"qetq+ Expe}`bekqln aet`ckea slt dgbpneqe

}lkagbn aet`ckea s`qh qsg q}elqbekqt (dgkq}gn lka

D@A]) lka 5 }epn`dlq`gkt fg} qhe tedgka q}`ln+ Lnn

alql slt tqlq`tq`dlnn lklnzea lddg}a`kc qg Tqeen lka

Qg}}è (<004)+

]etunqt lka A`tdutt`gk

Tevek guq gf enevek mufflnget `k qh`t tqua clve l

pgt`q`ve }etpgkte qg tupe}gvunlq`gk q}elqbekq lka qhe

belk AG. QDN. QKE. QVE lka peli p}gcetqe}gke

neven `t thgsk `k Qlmne <+ Qhe uk"}etpgkaea c}gup (1

mufflnget) hlt qhe belk dgkdekq}lq`gk gf

p}gcetqe}gke mefg}e tupe}gvunlq`gk t`ck`f`dlkqn

(_>?+?5) ngse} qhlk qhgte }etpgkaea c}gup+ Qhe

belk AG.QDN. QKE. QVE lka peli p}gcetqe}gke

slt lntg t`ck`f`dlkqn ngse} `k uk"}etpgkaea

(_>?+?5) qhlk qhgte }etpgkaea c}gup Qh`t p}etekq}etunq p}gvek qhe t`ck`f`dlkq }enlq`gkth`p meqseek qhe

neven gf p}gcetqe}gke lq qhe `k`q`lq`gk gf

tupe}gvunlq`gk lka tupe}gvunlqg} }etpgkte (F`c+=)+




Qlmne <+ Belk gf AG.QDN.QKE. QVE lka peli p}gcetqe}gke neven mefg}e lka lfqe} tupe}gvunlq`gk q}elqbekq gf uk"

}etpgkaea lka }etpgkaea c}gup

_l}lbeqe} Uk"}etpgkaea (k21) ]etpgkaea (k23)

AG. db 4+??l ¼ ?+3? 5+5?m ¼ <+<5

QDN <+??l

¼ ?+8< 5+0?m

¼ =+=3QKE ?+??

l¼ ?+?? 1+??

m¼ <+=0

QVE ?+??l

¼ ?+?? =+0?m

¼ ?+0?

_eli _}gc<. kc'bn <+<5l

¼ ?+63 =+5<m

¼ <+<?

_eli _}gc=. kc'bn <+61l ¼ <+?< 6+86m ¼ =+?=l.m. Belkt `k qhe tlbe n`ke s`qh a`ffe}ekq tupe}td}`pq l}e t`ck`f`dlkqn a`ffe}ekq (_>?+?5)+ AG: a`lbeqe} gf gvl}. QDN: qgqln kubme} gf dg}put nuqeub. QKE: qgqln kubme} gf ebm}g. lka QVE: qgqln kubme} gf vlnulmne ebm}g+

?

<

=

4

1

5

6

3

? = 1 6 8 << <4 ? 4 5 3 <? <=

Al gf etq}gut ddne

_ } g c e t q e } g k ( k c ' b n )

]etpgkaea

Uk}etpgkaea

F`c =: _}gcetqe}gke neven gf }etpgkaea lka uk}etpgkaea agkg}

Qhe}e slt evàekq qhlq qhe p}etekde gf cgga DN

mgqh |uln`q lka |ulkq`q s`nn t`ck`f`dlkqn `kd}elte

tupe}gvunlqg} }etpgkte+ @k ceke}ln. qhe

tupe}gvunlq`gk `t dgkaudqea au}`kc bà"nuqeln phlte

lka qhe f`}tq lab`k`tq}lq`gk gf hg}bgke kg}blnn

`k`q`lqea gk al <? gf qhe ddne+ Tupe}gvunlqg}

}etpgkte gf mufflng sh`dh `t tupe}gvunlqea e`qhe} gk

al 0"<= g} alt <4"<5 gf qhe ddne aà kgq a`ffe}

(B`t}l eq ln+. <00?)+ Muncl}`lk sg}ie} }epg}qea qhlq

meqqe} tupe}gvunlq`gk }lqe slt gmql`kea shek _BTC

slt lab`k`tq}lqea gk al <? qhlk qhgte gk al 6 g}

<1 gf ddne+ Qhe kedettl} gf qhe `k`q`lq`gk gf

tupe}gvunlq`gk `k bà"nuqeln phlte `t }enlqea qg qhe

klqu}e gf qhe dgka`q`gk gf gvl} she}e qhe DN `t

p}etekq+ @k klqu}e. blk `kq}`kt`d fldqg}t `kfnuekdea

qhe }etunqt gf tupe}gvunlq`gk+ Muq gk qhe q`be gf qhe

`k`q`lq`gk gf tupe}gvunlq`gk q}elqbekq. lq neltq qhe}e

l}e qh}ee bljg} fldqg}t sh`dh l}e DN. agb`klkq

fgnn`dne lka fgnn`dunl} pgpunlq`gk pnl l t`ck`f`dlkq

}gne fg} qhe tuddett gf }edgve}ea ebm}g+ Qhe

p}etekde gf DN `t kedettl} `k p}gaud`kc

p}gcetqe}gke qg lvgà qhe }enelt`kc gf qhe p}eblqu}e

NH lt qhe dgkte|uekde gf qhe enevlq`kc gf etq}gcek

neven aue qg tupe}gvunlq`gk q}elqbekq+ El}n NH

tu}ce s`nn }etunq qhe p}eblqu}e gvunlq`gk lka

aed}elt`kc tupe}gvunlqg} }lqe+ Bg}egve} qhe}e slt l

t`ck`f`dlkq }gne gf NH `k tupe}gvunlqg} }etpgkte

(C}eve eq ln+. <081)+ Qhe kubme} gf tqua thgsea

qhlq qhe p}etekde gf DN gk qhe q`be gf `k`q`lq`gk gf

tupe}gvunlq`gk sh`dh `t gmte}vea m unq}ltgkgc}lph

slt d}`q`dln qg ektu}e qhe tuddett gf dgnnedq`kc




ebm}g `k dlqqne (_u}slkql}l. <005) lka `k mufflng

(T`kch eq ln+. =??4)+

L t`b`nl} }etunqt slt }epg}qea m B`t}l eq ln+.

(=??=) shg fguka qhlq p}gcetqe}gke neven lq qhe q`be

gf `k`q`lq`gk gf qhe tupe}gvunlq`gk q}elqbekq `k

mufflng dlk me l cgga d}`qe}`l fg} fu}qhe} tenedq`gk fg}

qhe al gf tupe}gvunlq`gk+ @q `t senn agdubekqea qhlqqhe}e `t dg}}enlq`gk meqseek DN |uln`q lka t`ze lka

`qt p}gcetqe}gke p}gaudq`gk (Iltqen`d eq ln+. <00?9

Ltte eq ln. <004)+

Qhe effedq gf D@A] fg} tupe}gvunlq`gk p}gqgdgn

`k mufflng `t thgsk `k Qlmne =+ Qhe belk AG. QDN

lka peli p}gcetqe}gke neven se}e t`ck`f`dlkqn h`che}

(_>?+?5) `k D@A] q}elqbekq qhlk qhgte `k dgkq}gn+

Qhe}e slt evàekde qhlq qhe belk gf QKE lka QVE

slt lntg h`che} `k D@A] q}elqbekq muq qh`t a`ffe}ekde

slt kgq tqlq`tq`dlnn a`ffe}ekq+ Qhe kgk t`ck`f`dlkq gf

q}elqbekq `k qh`t p}etekq tqua aue qg pl}qn m l m`c

vl}`lq`gk meqseek mufflng fg} mgqh s`qh`k lka

meqseek c}gup lka qhe tblnn kubme} gf mufflng fg}

}epn`dlq`gk (gkn 5 mufflnget fg} eldh c}gup)+ Fuqu}e

tqua ut`kc l m`c kubme} gf mufflng s`nn me c}lkqea

qg evlnulqe gf D@A] q}elqbekq+ Lk `kd}elt`kc gf QKE

lka QVE `k D@A] q}elqbekq blie qhe lppn`dlq`gk gf

ut`kc D@A] fg} tupe}gvunlq`gk p}gc}lb `k mufflng

medgbe bg}e lppn`dlmne lka sg}qh+ Qhe p}etekde gf

D@A] sh`dh dgkql`k <+0 c klqu}ln p}gcetqe}gke

au}`kc FTH q}elqbekq s`nn cul}lkqee qhe mngga

p}gcetqe}gke lq l neven l}guka 1 qg 5 kc'bn+ Qhete

neven gf p}gcetqe}gke s`nn me `kd}eltea m qhe

laa`q`gk gf p}gcetqe}gke p}gaudea m qhe p}etekde gf

DN s`nn tupp}ett qhe f}e|uekd lka lbpn`quae gf qheNH tu}ce s`qhguq p}evekq`kc qhe fgnn`dunl} slvet

aevengpbekq+ Qhe h`che} neven gf p}gcetqe}gke `k

D@A] c}gup ektu}e qhe }etpgkte gf agkg} qg

tupe}gvunlq`gk q}elqbekqt she}e qhe ebm}gt slt

tuddett }edgve}ea f}gb lnn gf mufflnget (<??%) sh`ne

gke guq gf 5 mufflng slt fl`nea qg }etpgkte qg

tupe}gvunlq`gk q}elqbekq `k dgkq}gn c}gupt ( 8? %)+

Qhe }etunq slt dgbpl}lmne qg qhe }epg}q qhlq

t`ck`f`dlkqn }eaudea a`lbeqe} gf DN `t lk `ka`dlq`gk

gf p}eblqu}e }ec}ett`gk lka dgkdgb`qlkq aed}elte

p}gcetqe}gke neven `t utulnn lttgd`lqea s`qh l pgg}

}etpgkte (Dlnnetek eq ln+. <086)+ Qhe }etunqt `k qh`ttqua slt dgbpl}lmne qg }etunq el}n }epg}qea m

Ml}utten` eq ln+. (=??=) d`qea m Vlne (=??1) shg

fguka qhlq q}elqbekq s`qh D@A] dgbm`kea s`qh

p}gtqlcnlka`k. eDC (e|u`ke dhg}`gk`d cgklagq}gp`k)

lka hDC (hublk dhg}`gk`d cgklagq}gp`k) clve

pe}dekqlce gf dgkdepq`gk }lqet h`che} qhlk qhgte

Ck]H (cgklagq}gp`k }enelt`kc hg}bgke) lka

p}gtqlcnlka`k+

Qhe gvunlq`gk }lqe lka qhe belk QDN.QKE lka

QVE dgnnedqea `k qh`t tqua slt h`che} qhlk qhgte

}epg}qea el}nè} (A}gtq eq ln+. <0849 Il}l`vlkgv.

<0869 Lnexèv eq ln+. <0889 Iu}up. <0889 _l}kpl` eq

ln+. <085) lka dgbpl}lmne qg }etunqt gmql`kea `k qhe

p}ev`gut tquaèt (B`t}l. <0049 T`qubg}lkc. =??49

T`qubg}lkc =??59 Ml}utenn` eq ln+. =??49 Hethekc eq ln+. =??6) muq budh ngse} qhlk qhgte `k dlqqne+ Qh`t `t

ve} ngc`d t`kde `k l klqu}e qhe kubme} gf p}`bg}a`ln

fgnn`dne `k qhgte mgqh tpedèt slt a`ffe}ekq+ Qgqln

kubme} gf fgnn`dnet s`qh a`lbeqe} bg}e qhlk < bb `t

gkn 4?% `k mufflng qhlk qhgte `k dlqqne (Alkken.

<083)+ B`t}l eq ln+. (<000) `k `tgnlqea tqua fguka qhe

belk 5+0 vlnulmne ebm}g k }`ve} mufflng+ Qhe ngse}

}etunqt gmql`kea `k qh`t tqua aue qg l a`ffe}ekq qpe

gf mufflng utea she}e `k qhe p}ev`gut tqua ut`kc

}`ve} mufflng muq `k qh`t tqua ut`kc tslbp qpe+

Lnqhguch qhe}e slt kg tqlq`tq`dlnn a`ffe}ekq gf

}etpgkte gf a`ffe}ekq mufflng cekgqpe qg

tupe}gvunlq`gk q}elqbekq muq qhe}e slt l qekaekd

qhlq QKE `k }`ve} qpe h`che} qhlk qhgte tslbp qpe

(T`qubg}lkc =??4)+

Bgtq gf qhe ebm}g dgnnedqea hlt meek senn

aevengpea qg bg}unl lka mnltqgdtq tqlce s`qh gkn

gke fguka `k hlqdh mnltqgdtq tqlce+ Qh`t }etunq `t `k

lk lc}eebekq qg qhe p}ev`gut tqua shg tqlqea qhlq

mufflng ebm}g aevengpbekq `k feblne q}ldq slt

fltqe} qhlk qhgte `k dlqqne (Dhlkql}lp}lqeep eq ln+.

<0809 A}gtq lka Enatek. <0859 B`t}l eq ln+. <00?9

Gtblk lka Thehlql. =??=)+ Qhe}efg}e fnuth`kc

ebm}g `k mufflng slt el}nè} (al 6 gf etq}ut ddne)

qhlk qhgte kg}blnn p}ldq`dea `k dlqqne `t al 3+Aenl`kc gf fnuth`kc qg al 3 s`nn }etunq l

a`ff`dunq gf dgnnedq`kc gf ebm}g lt `k qh`t tqlce

bgtq gf ebm}g hlt aevengpea qg hlqdh mnltqgdtq

tqlcet sh`dh `t ve} pltq qg me a`t`kqec}lqea+

Qhe}efg}e `k qh`t tqua `q b`chq me qhe ebm}g hlt

meek aevengpea qg hlqdh mnltqgdtq tqlce }etunq`kc l

a`ff`dunq qg }edgve}+ Qh`t hpgqhet`t slt tuppg}qea

m l ngs pe}dekqlce gf }edgve} }lqet sh`dh slt

gkn 16 lka 11 fg} dgkq}gn lka q}elqbekq c}gup

}etpedq`ven+ Qhe}e slt evàekde qhlq qhe `kd}elt`kc

QDN s`nn }etunq l ngse} % ]] `qt belk lk `kd}elt`kc

kubme} gf ebm}g ukdgnnedqea+ Qhe expnlklq`gk dlkme a}lsk f}gb qh`t evàekde `t qhe `kd}elt`kc AG

gvl} `t b`chq kgq me fgnngsea m qhe `kd}elt`kc gf

feblne q}ldq }etunqea qhe fl`nu}e gf f`bm}`le qg dlqdh

qhe gvunlqea ggdqet+ Ml}utenn` eq ln+ (=???r fguka l

tq}gkc evàekde qhlq ngs ebm}gt }edgve} `k mufflng

aue qg l h`ch p}gpg}q`gk gf ggdqe fl`n qg ekqe} qhe

gvàudq lfqe} tupe}gvunlq`gk q}elqbekq+ Hgseve}

qhete fldq keeat qg me fu}qhe} `kvetq`clqea+




Qlmne =+ Effedq gf D@A] k tupe}gvunlq`gk gf mufflng ut`kc Fgnnq}gp`k

Q}elqbekq_l}lbeqe}

Dgkq}gn (k25) D@A] (k25)

AG. db 1+5?

l

¼ ?+05 3+??

m

¼ =+48QDN 6+??l

¼ =+=8 0+??m

¼ =+3<

QKE =+8? ¼ =+54 1+?? ¼ =+3<

QVE =+?? ¼ <+63 4+44 ¼ <+80

_eli p}gc<. kc'bn 1+81l

¼ =+<< 3+85m

¼ <+<6

]edgve} }lqe. % 16+??

¼4=+?? 11+?? ¼<3+??l.m. Belkt `k qhe tlbe n`ke s`qh a`ffe}ekq tupe}td}`pq l}e t`ck`f`dlkqn a`ffe}ekq (_>?+?5)+ AG: a`lbeqe} gf gvl}. QDN: qgqln kubme} gf dg}put nuqeub. QKE: qgqln kubme} gf ebm}g. lka QVE: qgqln kubme} gf vlnulmne ebm}g+

Dgkdnut`gk

Tevek guq gf enevek mufflng clve l pgt`q`ve

}etpgktet qg tupe}gvunlq gk q}elqbekq ut`kccgklagq}gp`k hg}bgke (Fgnnq}gp`k)+ Qhe}e slt

evàekde qhlq dgkdekq}lq`gk gf p}gcetqe}gke lq qhe

q`be gf `k`q`lq`gk gf tupe}gvunlq`gk pnl lk `bpg}qlkq

}gne lka qhe h`ch dgkdekq}lq`gk gf p}gcetqe}gke

medgbe l t`ck`f`dlkq `ka`dlq`gk gf qhe tuddett gf

gmql`k`kc l vlnulmne ebm}g lka qhe}efg}e tenedq`gk

gf agkg} fg} tupe}gvunlq`gk p}gc}lb `k mufflng dguna

me f`}tqn mltea gk qhe p}etekde gf cgga dg}put

nuqeub (DN)+ D@A] utea `k tupe}gvunlq`gk p}gc}lb

`k mufflng t`ck`f`dlkqn `kd}eltea AG.QDN lka peli

dgkdekq}lq`gk gf p}gcetqe}gke lfqe} tupe}gvunlq`gk+

Qhe belk gf QKE lka QVE slt lntg `kd}eltea muq `qslt kgq tqlq`tq`dlnn a`ffe}ekq+ Qhe tupe}gvunlqg}

}etpgkte gf agkg} slt `kd}eltea f}gb 8?% `k dgkq}gn

qg <??% `k D@A] q}elqbekq+ Qhe}efg}e `q dlk me

dgkdnuae qhlq lppn`dlq`gk gf D@A] `k tupe}gvunlq`gk

p}gc}lb k mufflng medgbe lppn`dlmne lka sg}qh+

]efe}ekdet

Lnexèv. L+. I+ Vnlihgv. D+ Il}l`vlkgv. A+ Ildhevl. G+

_gnìh}gkgv. B+ _eq}gv. K+ K`dgngv. L+ A}gecev lka

_+ _laev. <088+ Ebm}g q}lktfe} `k mufflng `k

Muncl}`l+ _}gd+ =ka

Sg}na Muff+ Dgkc}+ Vgn @@: 50<"

505+

Ltte. ]+J+. M _u}slkql}l. Q+ C}ev. _+ Hqqen lka B+

Tdhbàq. <004+ Dg}put nuqeub t`ze lka pnltbl

p}gcetqe}gke neven `kdlqqne lfqe} dgp}gtqekgn"`kaudea

nuqegnt`t+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 40: <4=<"<44?+

Ml}utenn`. _+T+. E+H Blau}e`}l. J+L+ V`t`kq`k. ]+B _g}qg

F`nhg. K+L+Q Dl}vlnhg. C+ Dlbplk`ne lka N+

Z`dl}enn`. =???+ Fl`nu}e ggdqe ekq} `kqg gvàudq `k

tupe}gvunlqea mufflng+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 54: 10<+

Ml}utenn`. _+T+. K+L+Q Dl}vlnhg. L+I+T Dlvlndlkqe. B+

K`dh` lka N+ Z`dl}enn`. =??4+ Ute gf }MTQ lttgd`lqeaqg l p}gqgdgn fg} bunq`pne gvunlq`gk lka ebm}g

q}lktfe} `k mufflng ( Mumlnut mumln`t)+ _}gd+ =ka

Dgkc}ettg Klz`gklne Tunn‐Lnnevlbekqg Aen Mufflng.

]gbl+ Vgn < : =60"=34+

Ml}utenn`. _+T+ lka K+L+Q Dl}vlnhg. =??5+ ]etpgktet qg

hg}bgkln blk`punlq`gkt l`bea qg ldhèv`kc h`che}

}ep}gaudq`ve eff`dèkdèt `k slqe} mufflnget+ _}gd+ 3 qh

Mufflng Dgkc}ett. Vgn <: <4<"<40+

Dlnnetek. H+. Q+ C}eve lka _+ Hqqen. <086+ _}egvunlqg}

eka}gd}`kgngc lka ggdqe blqu}lq`gk `k

tupe}gvunlqea dlqqne+ Qhe}`gkgngc =5: 3<"86+

Dhlkql}lp}lqeep._+. D+ Nghldh`q. C+ Cgmllth`. B+

Qedhiubphu. _+ V`}liun. L+ Iuklvgkci}`q lka _+

_}lqeep. <088+ Gvl}`lk }etpgkte qg

cgklagq}gph`tq`bunlq`gk `k tslbp muffln`get+

Mufflng Munneq`k 3: 8="86+ +

Dhlkql}lp}lqeep. _+. D+ Nghldh`q. B+ Qedhiubphu. C+

Cgmllth`. _+ V`}liun. L+ Iuklgkci}`q. _+ _}lqeep

lka L+ N`btiun. <080+ El}n ebm}gk`d aevengpbekq

`k Qhl` Tslbp mufflng ( Mumlnut mumln`t)+

Qhe}`gcekgngc 4<: <<4<"<<40+

Alkken. E+. <083+ Etq}ut Mehlv`gu}. Gvl}`lk Bg}phgngc

lka Ddn`dln Vl}`lq`gk `k Fgnn`dunl} Ttqeb lkaEkagd}`k _lqe}k `k Slqe} Mufflng He`fe}t+ YAgdqg}ln

Qhet`tR+ Upptlnl. Tseaek+

A}gtq. B+. J+]+ S}`chq. S+T+ D}`pe lka L+]+ ]`dhqe}.

<084+ Tuddettfun kgk"tu}c`dln ebm}g q}lktfe} `k

mufflnget `k Muncl}`l+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 4?: 650"668+

A}gtq. B+ lka ]+_+ Entaek. <085+ Mnltqgdtq aevengpbekq

`k qhe slqe} mufflng (Mumlnut mumln`t)+

Qhe}`gcekgngc =4: <0<+




YFLGR Fgga lka Lc}`dunqu}e G}clk`zlq`gk. =??4+

Lc}`dunqu}e alql. hqqp:'lppt+flg+g}c'dc`"m`k'kph"am+pn

tumteq2lc}`dunqu}e'+

C}eve. Q+. H+ Dlnnetek lka _+ Hqqen. <081+ Dhl}ldqe}`zl"

q`gk gf pnltbl NH p}gf`ne `k tupe}gvunlqea al`}

dgst+ Qhe}`gcekgngc =<: =43 (Lmtq}ldq)

Hethekc. J+. S+ P`kcb`kc. J+ \u`klkc. S+ J`kcse`. S+

Zh`j`lk. S+ _e`juk+ X+ M`kciuk. H+ Hl`pekc lka H+

X`lg. =??6+ _}ecklkdèt }etunqea f}gb q}lktfe} gf `k"

v`vg ebm}gt ae}`vea f}gb kgktu}c`dln }edgve} `k

tupe}gvunlqqea mufflng+ _}gd+ 5qh

Lt`lk Mufflng

Dgkc}ett. Klkk`kc+ _p 54"58+

Il}l`vlkgv. D. <086+ Dgbpl}lq`ve tqua gk qhe

tupe}gvunlqg} effedqt gf _BTC lka FTH `k slqe}

mufflng ( Mumlnut mumln`t)+ Qhe}`gcekgngc =6: 5<"

6<+

Iltqen`d.J+_+. A+] Me}cfena lka G+J C`kqhe}. <00?+]enlq`gkth`p meqseek unq}ltgk`d lttettbekq gf qhe

dg}put nuqeub lka pnltbl p}gcetqe}gke

dgkdekq}lq`gk `k he`fe}t+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 44: <=60"

<=38+

Iu}up. B+_+C+. <088+ _}etekq tqlqut gf ebm}g q}lktfe} `k

mufflnget lka fuqu}e expedq`gk+ _}gd+ =ka

Sg}na

Mufflnget Dgkc}ett+ Vgn @@: 583"50?

Nud. B+D+. =???+ ]ecunlq`gk gf gvl}`lk fgnn`dunl} c}gsqh

m tgblq}gp`k lka `ktun`k"nìe c}gsqh fldqg}t `k

dlqqne+ J Al`} Td`+ 84: <645"<613+

B`t}l. L+I+. <004+ Tupe}gvunlq`gk lka ebm}g q}lktfe} `k

mufflng: p}gc}ett. p}gmnebt lka fuqu}e p}gtpedqt `k

@ka`l+ Mufflng j+ <:<4"=1

B`t}l. L+I+. M+V Jgth`. _+N Lc}lslnl. ]+ Ilt`}lj. T+

T`vlnlh. K+T ]lkcl}eaa` lka B+U Tàa`|un. <00?+

Bunq`pne gvunlq`gk lka ebm}g q}lktfe} `k @ka`lk

mufflnget ( Mumlnut mumln`t)+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 44:

<<4<"<<1=+

B`t}l. L+I+. ]+ Ilt`}lj. B Buqhl ]lg lka H+D+ _lkq+

<000+ Ebm}g q}lktfe} qedhkgngc `k qhe mufflng:

Gu} expe}èkde lka fuqu}e }gtpedq+ Mumlnut Mumln`t

1: 64"31+

B`t}l. L+I+. ]+ Hlt`}lj. K+T+ ]lkcl ]eaa. H+D+ _lkq lka

B Buqhl}lg. =??=++ Effedq gf Ck"]H q}elqbekq gk

tupe}gvunlqg} }etpgkte lka ebm}g }edgve} `k qhe

mufflng ( Mumlnut mumln`t)+ Mufflng J+ 4: 44<"448+

Gtblk. L+B+ lka T+H Thehlql+ =??=+ Q}lktpg}q gf p}e"`bpnlkqlq`gk ebm}gt `k qhe cek`qln`l gf mufflng

he`fe} tupe}gvunlqea s`qh pFTH lka vl}`lmne agtet

gf NH+ Jgu}kln gf Lk`bln Tdèkde 8?: 488

_l}kpl`. ]+. _+ Q`bt}la. B+ Ilbgkplqlkl. D+ _lut`k. T+

Thgpgk. Q+ Jeqlkl. L+ N`btliu` lka D+_+ Lutq`k+

<085+ ]edgve} gf tslbp mufflnget ebm}g ut`kc

kgk"tu}c`dln qedhk`|ue+ Mufflng Jgu}kln <: 33"8=+

_u}slkql}l. M+<005+ Unq}ltgkgc}lph gf agkg} lka

}ed`pèkq `k mgv`ke ebm}g q}lktfe} p}gc}lb+

Tbpgtùb gk M`gqedhkgngc gf Lk`bln

]ep}gaudq`gk+. Mgcg}.@kagket`l : <4"<8+

Teàen. C+E+ lka T+B+ Te aen+ <08=+ Qhe Ebm}gt

Q}lktfe} @kautq}+ @k: Kes Qedhkgngcèt `k Lk`bln

M}eea`kc+ M+C+ M}ldieqq. C+E+ Teàen.J} lka T+B+

Teàen (Eat)+ Ldlaeb`d _}ett. K+P

T`kch. J+. B Agb`kcuez. ] Jl`tsln Lka C _ Lalbt+

=??4+ L t`bpne unq}ltguka qetq qg p}ea`dq

tupe}tq`bunlqg} }etpgkte `k dlqqne+ Qhe}`gcekgngc

50:541

T`qubg}lkc+ _+. _+ T`qepu. lka T+ _u}ml +<00?+l

Gmte}vlq`gk gk qhe pe}fg}blkde gf }`ve}`ke mufflnget

`k Kg}qh Tublqe}l+ Ju}kln @nbu alk _eqe}klilk 1 :<1"<3+

T`qubg}lkc+ _+. _+ T`qepu. lka L+ Mlbuln`b+ <00?m+

_}en`b`kl} gmte}vlq`gk gk qhe pe}fg}blkde gf

tslbp lka d}gttm}ea ]`ve}`ke x Tslbp mufflnget `k

@kagket`l+ Mufflng Jgu}kln <: 80"0=+

T`qubg}lkc. _+ =??4+ Tpe}gvunlq`gk `k a`ffe}ekq mufflng

cekgqpet+ Ju}kln @nbu _eqe}klilk alk Veqe}`ke} 8:

1?"15

T`qubg}lkc. _+ =??5+ Effedq qhe lab`k`tq}lq`gk gf hublk

dhg}`gk`d cgklagq}gp`k(hDC) hg}bgke fgnngs`kc

tupe}gvunlq`gk `k mufflng+ Ju}kln @nbu _eqe}klilk

alk Veqe}`ke} <?: =86"=0=

T`qubg}lkc. _+. E+ Q}`sunlk`kct`h. Q+ Tuc`l}q`. ]+ T`lkqu}`

Alk A+L+ Iutublk`kc}ub+ =??5+ _nltbl Kufqlh

Ie}mlu Tukcl` a` Tublqe}l Uql}l+ Nlpg}lk Qlhuklk

_eken`q`lk Mlnl` _eken`q`lk Qe}kli. D`ls`. Mgcg}+

Tqeen. ]+C+A. lka J+H+ Qg}}è+ <004+ _}`kt`p alk _}gteau}

Tqlq`tqìl. Tulqu _ekaeilqlk M`gbeq}ì+ Qe}jeblhlk:

Mlbmlkc Tublkq}`+ C}lbea`l _utqlil Uqlbl.

Jlil}ql+

Vlne. S+C+(<003)+ Kest gk }ep}gaudq`ve m`gqedhkgngc `k

blnet+ _}gd+ 5qh

Sg}na Mufflng Dgkc}ett Dlteq}l

@qln. Vgn <:<?4"<=4+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ <= — <5 Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇


<=

Uj` Igkt`tqekt`. Liu}lt` alk Tekt`q`v`qlt Aeqeit` Iemukq`kclk Qe}kli

AEEL CetqAedq plal Tlp`

(Dgkt`tqekd. Lddu}ld lka Tekt`q`v`q gf AEEL CetqAedq _}ecklkd Qetq `k Dgst)

Alua Tlbtuaesl*. Lihbla Nuiblk. Eig Tuc`lkqg alk Ekk Qlkq`k` Teq`lq`k

Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk. Uk`ve}t`qlt A`pgkecg}g. Ilbput Qebmlnlkc. Tebl}lkc

LMTQ]LDQ: Qhe l`b gf qhe }etel}dh slt qg ikgs qhe dgkt`tqekd. lddu}ld lka tekt`q`v`q gf AEEL CetqAedq

p}ecklkd qetq+ Qhe blqe}`lnt utea `k qh`t }etel}dh se}e u}`ke tlbpnet f}gb 4== dgst. AEEL CetqAedq p}ecklkd qetq i`q.

tq`die}. tqgp slqdh. dgngu} n`tq. hl}kett. }eldq`gk qume lka p`peqqe+ AEEL CetqAedq p}ecklkd qetq slt dgbpl}ea qg

plnplq`gk beqhga+ Aetd}`pq`ve lka dh`"t|ul}e lklnt`t slt utea `k qh`t }etel}dh+ Qhe }etunqt thgsea qhlq dgkt`tqekd.

lddu}ld lka tekt`q`v`q gf AEEL CetqAedq p}ecklkd qetq se}e 83+=3%9 83+58% lka = seeit gf cetqlq`gk pe}`ga.

}etpedq`ven+ @q slt dgkdnuaea qhlq AEEL CetqAedq `t l }en`lmne p}ecklkd qetq `k qe}b gf `qt dgkt`tqekd. lddu}ld lka

tekt`q`v`q+

Ie Sg}at: _}ecklkd qetq. AEEL CetqAedq. dgs

_ekalhunulk

Aeqeit` iemukq`kclk a`k` lalnlh ltpei pekq`kc

alnlb blkljebek }ep}gauit`+ Aeqeit` iemukq`kclk

lkc nem`h a`k` lilk nem`h deplq bebme}ìlk

`kfg}blt` qekqlkc ieme}hlt`nlk pe}ils`klk teh`kccl

alplq tece}l a`nliuilk evlnult` ieclclnlk+ Evlnult`

lkc nem`h deplq lilk alplq bek`kcilqilk ef`tèkt`

}ep}gauit` (Il}ek eq ln+. =??1)+ Gneh il}ekl `qu

tlkclq a`pe}nuilk beqgae aeqeit` iemukq`kclk a`k`

lkc liu}lq. bualh a`cuklilk. bu}lh alk qàli me}mlhll mlc` qe}kli+

Me}mlcl` beqgae aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli

lkc qenlh lal tllq `k` lkql}l nl`k lalnlh (<) _lnplt`

}eiqln'lmagbek. lkc bebmuquhilk qeklcl lhn`

alnlb penlitlkllkkl alk beb`nì` ieneblhlk lkc

nl`k l`qu alplq bekcli`mlqilk ieblq`lk plal

ebm}`g jìl penlitlkllkkl qàli qeplq9 (=)

Hg}bgkln. lkql}l nl`k aekclk pekcuiu}lk ilal}

p}gcetqe}gk alk etq}gcek lkc lal alnlb al}lh

(Hlfez. <004)+ Beqgae lkc a`cuklilk alnlb

pekcuiu}lk ilal} hg}bgk a` lqlt lalnlh aekclk

EN@TL alk ]@L. lkc beb`nì` liu}lt` q`kcc` qeqlp`bebe}nuilk peklkclklk alnlb nlmg}lqg}ùb lkc

duiup nlbl alk blhln+ Tenl`k `qu beqgae aeqeit`

iemukq`kclk `k` bekccuklilk tebldlb mlhlk

}la`gliq`f teh`kccl beb`nì` }etìg lkc q`kcc`

qe}hlalp }la`lt`kl (Hukqe}. <08<)+

* Ig}etpgkaekt` pekun t : e"bl`n qltWaeslOlhgg+dgb

Hlt`n peken`q`lk nl`k beqgae aeqeit` iemukq`kclk

qe}kli lkc a`nliuilk gneh Tlbtuaesl eq ln+ (=??4)

aekclk bekccuklilk beqgae àekq`fìlt` ìlqlk

fekgn plal etq}la`gn <3"μ lkc qe}eiti}etìlk neslq

u}`ke bekukjuiilk hlt`n lkc nem`h mlì. il}ekl

bualh a`cuklilk. qàli me}mlhll mlc` qe}kli alk

bu}lh+ Klbuk hlt`n peken`q`lk `k` blt`h alnlb

tilnl nlmg}lqg}ùb lkc hlkl bekccuklilk 6 eig}

ilbm`kc meq`kl. 1 eig} agbml meq`kl alk = eig} tlp`

meq`kl teh`kccl q`kcilq liu}lt`. igkt`tqekt` alk ubu}

iemukq`kclk pln`kc a`k` lkc alplq aàeqeit`(tekt`q`v`qlt) gneh mlhlk aeqeit` iemukq`kclk `k`

menub alplq aìeqlhu`+ Gneh il}ekl `qu pe}nu

peken`q`lk nem`h nlkjuq qekqlkc pekekqulk igkt`tqekt`.

liu}lt` alk tekt`q`v`qlt aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli

AEEL CetqAedq+

_eken`q`lk `k` me}qujulk ukqui bekceqlhu`

igkt`tqekt`. liu}lt` alk tekt`q`v`qlt aeqeit`

iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL CetqAedq+ Al}` hlt`n

peken`q`lk `k` a`hl}lpilk alplq aìeqlhu` igkt`tqekt`.

liu}lt` alk tekt`q`f`qlt aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli

AEEL CetqAedq teh`kccl alplq bebmlkqu ef`tèkt`

peklkclklk qe}kli mukq`kc'qàli mukq`kc.

bekcu}lkc` pebgqgkclk meq`kl p}gauiq`f. bebmlkqu

peqe}kli lkc lilk bekjuln qe}klikl jìl

bekceqlhu` qe}kli qe}temuq alnlb ielallk mukq`kc

teh`kccl hl}cl julnkl m`tl a`q`kcilqilk alk

bekauiukc p}gc}lb pe}deplqlk tsltebmlal alc`kc

=?<?+



Uj` Igkt`tqekt`. Liu}lt` (Tlbtuaesl (eq ln +) <4

Beqgae _eken`q`lk

_eken`q`lk a`nlitlklilk plal meme}lpl Iengb"

pgi Qlk` Qe}kli a` Iedlblqlk M}ei`tlk. Me}mlh.

Kcnekc`t alk _lce}ju}lkc. Ilmuplqek Tneblk.

Ale}lh @tq`besl Pgclil}ql+ Blqe}` lkc

a`cuklilk alnlb peken`q`lk `k` lalnlh u}`ke al}` 4==eig} tlp` meq`kl aekclk meme}lpl tl}lq l`qu igka`t`

me}lh` kg}bln alk aìls`kilk lkql}l = b`kccu

tlbpl` aekclk 6 munlk temenub pekcuj`lk+

_ekekqulk igka`t` me}lh` alk tqlqut pe}ils`klk

a`nliuilk benlnu` }eig}a`kc qe}kli+ Tenl`k `qu jucl

a`cuklilk mlhlk aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL

CetqAedq (p}gauit` DV+ M`kl Tlqsl Blka`}`). tqìe}.

tqgp slqdh. qlmen sl}kl. ilkqukc hl}kett. qlmukc

}elit` alk p`peq qeqet+

_}gteau} pekccukllk mlhlk aeqeit` iemukq`kclk

qe}kli AEEL CetqAedq lalnlh: u}`k tlp` lkc aàucl

mukq`kc a`bltuilk alnlb qlmukc }elit` temlkli ²mlc`lk qlmukc }elit`. iebua`lk a`qlbmlh = qeqet

nl}uqlk pekalhunulk+ Lplm`nl qe}mekqui tutpekt`

dginlq ieiuk`kclk me}l}q` qe}kli iebukci`klk pgt`q`f

mukq`kc. klbuk lplm`nl qe}mekqui nl}uqlk hgbgcek

me}l}q` qe}kli iebukci`klk keclq`f mukq`kc+ Hlt`n

pekcuj`lk a`pltqìlk aekclk bekeqetilk 5 qeqet

nl}uqlk pekeclt. alk lplm`nl qe}mekqui ekalplk

me}l}q` qe}kli pgt`q`f mukq`kc. klbuk lplm`nl nl}uqlk

qeqlp bekukjuiilk hlt`n hgbgcek blil qe}kli

keclq`f mukq`kc+

_eken`q`lk a`nliuilk alnlb = qlhlplk+ _eken`q`lk

qlhlp @ a`nliuilk aekclk dl}l bekcubpunilk u}`keqe}kli alk a`nlkjuqilk aekclk pekcuj`lk

bekccuklilk aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL

CetqAedq. tenlkjuqkl plal peken`q`lk qlhlp @@

a`nliuilk 4 munlk teqenlh peken`q`lk qlhlp @ aekclk

beqgae alk qe}kli lkc tlbl+ Vl}`lmen lkc

a`lblq` lalnlh igkt`tqekt`. liu}lt` alk tekt`q`v`qlt

mlhlk aeqeit` iemukq`kclk AEEL CetqAedq+ Ukqui

bek`nl` igkt`tqekt` mlhlk a`nliuilk aekclk

pebmlka`kclk hlt`n pekcuj`lk qlhlp @ alk qlhlp @@+

_ebmlka`kclk tenlkjuqkl a`nliuilk lkql}l hlt`n

pekcuj`lk aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL

CetqAedq aekclk hlt`n plnplt` }eiqln (<??% a`lkcclp

mekl}) lkc a`cuklilk ukqui bek`nl` liu}lt` aeqeit`

iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL CetqAedq. tealkcilk

ukqui pekekqulk tekt`q`v`qlt mlhlk aeqeitìemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL CetqAedq a`nliuilk

aekclk ben`hlq ubu} iemukq`kclk pln`kc a`k` lkc

alplq aàeqeit` aekclk hlt`n liu}lq+ Alql a`lkln`t`t

tedl}l aeti}`pq`f alk uj` pebmlka`kc dh` t|ul}e+


Qlmen < bekukjuiilk igkt`tqekt` mlhlk aeqeit`

iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL CetqAedq plal pekcuj`lk

@ alk @@ temetl} 83.=3%. tedl}l tqlq`tqì igkt`tqekt`

mlhlk aeqeit` iemukq`kclk AEEL CetqAedq

bekukjuiilk hlt`n lkc igkt`tqek aekclk lkcil σ =

h`qukc 2 <38.88= (_>?.?5)+ Tealkcilk liu}lt`

aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL CetqAedq

a`mlka`kcilk aekclk plnplt` }eiqln (a`lkcclp <??%

mekl}) lalnlh 83.58%. tedl}l tqlq`tqì liu}lt` mlhlk

aeqeit` iemukq`kclk AEEL CetqAedq bekukjuiilk

hlt`n lkc liu}lq aekclk lkcil σ =

h`qukc 2 <8<.836

(_>?.?5)+ Lkcil pek`bplkclk lkql}l <="<4%

a`temlmilk gneh meme}lpl hln lkql}l nl`k pekcuj`lk

qe}kli plal igka`t` mukq`kc qul (3 munlk ielqlt)

lqlupuk mukq`kc lkc qe}nlnu bual (<4 hl}` iemlslh)

alk peben`hl}llk qe}kli lkc iu}lkc mlì+

_eben`hl}llk qe}kli lkc iu}lkc mlì jucl alplqme}`bmlt ieclclnlk iemukq`kclk temlcl` dgkqgh a`

Aetl Iln`laeb. Iedlblqlk Dlkci}`kclk.

pebe}ìtllk aekclk bekccuklilk aeqeit`

iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL CetqAedq plal ut`l

iemukq`kclk = b`kccu h`kccl < munlk bekukjuiilk

hlt`n pgt`q`f qeqlp` 4 munlk iebua`lk pebe}ìtllk

iemukq`kclk aekclk _IM bebpe}gneh hlt`n keclq`f.

teqenlh a`qenutu}` a`pe}gneh fliql peben hl}llk lkc

Qlmen <+ Igkt`tqekt`. Liu}lt` alk Tekt`q`f`qlt Aeqeit` Iemukq`kclk Qe}kli AEEL CetqAedq

Kg _ekclblqlk Jubnlh Alql(Eig})

Alql Tlh`h(Eig})

Alql Clnlq(Eig})

_e}tekqlte(%)

<+

=+

4+

Igkt`tqekt`

Liu}lt`

Tekt`q`v`qlt (= b`kccu)

4==

4==

=6

=8<

=8=

=1

1<

1?

=

83.=3

83.58

0=.4<



<1 LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : <= " <5

iu}lkc mlì tepe}q` qe}kli te}`kc jlquh alk

pebme}`lk plilk iuln`qlt }ekalh lkc bebpukl`

}etìg ieclclnlk iemukq`kclk q`kcc`+ S`jgkg eq ln+

(=??<) alnlb peken`q`lkkl qekqlkc pekcl}uh

pe}mlìlk plilk tlp` pgqgkc `kaui mukq`kc alk

bekutu` bekukjuiilk lalkl =?% ieblq`lk

ebm}`gkln li`mlq plilk je}lb` aekclk iuln`qlt}ekalh+ Hlt`n peken`q`lk nl`k lkc a`nliuilk gneh

Pun`tq`lk` eq ln+ (=??<) plal upll pe}mlìlk plilk

`kaui agbml igbpgt`q bekukjuiilk ieme}hlt`nlk

`kaui bebpe}qlhlkilk iemukq`kclk <5% nem`h

q`kcc` a`mlka`kcilk `kaui lkc qàli bekalplq

pe}mlìlk plilk+ Gneh il}ekl `qu aekclk lalkl

pekaeqeit`lk iemukq`kclk a`k` a`hl}lpilk

peben`hl}llk qe}kli alplq a`q`kcilqilk al}` tec`

blkljebek plilk alk peben`hl}llk+

Fekgbekl nl`k lkc qe}jla` lalnlh lalkl dg}put

nuqeub pe}t`tqek (DN_)+ Beku}uq Hlfez (<004)

dg}put nuqeub pe}t`tqek lalnlh dg}put nuqeub teb`pe}blkek li`mlq lalkl ieclclnlk iemukq`kclk plal

pe}`gae temenubkl+ C`n eq ln+. (=??1) alnlb

peken`q`lkkl qekqlkc pekccukllk beqgae kteb`klt`

mulqlk de}v`dln bekukjuiilk lalkl ieclclnlk

pe}ils`klk temetl} 5% li`mlq lalkl dg}put nuqeub

pe}t`tqek+ Lalkl dg}put nuqeub pe}t`tqek `k`

me}li`mlq p}gcetqe}gk bebpukl` ilal} lkc qeqlp

q`kcc` alnlb al}lh alk etq}gcek qeqlp qe}eiti}et`+

_lal pebe}ìtllk bekccuklilk AEEL CetqAedq

fekgbekl `k` lilk bekukjuiilk hlt`n pgt`q`f keclq`f.

teh`kccl tllq qe}jla` hlt`n pgt`q`f keclq`f plal

iemukq`kclk lkql}l < munlk h`kccl 6 munlka`tl}lkilk tece}l a`nliuilk plnplt` }eiqln ukqui

bekclblq` igka`t` ietehlqlk g}clk }ep}gauit`+ Jla`

tenl`k a`cuklilk ukqui benliuilk pekclblqlk

iemukq`kclk a`k` aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL

CetqAedq `k` jucl alplq a`cuklilk temlcl`

pekauiukc peben`hl}llk ietehlqlk }ep}gauit`+

Hlt`n peken`q`lk tenlkjuqkl lalnlh tekt`q`f`qlt

mlhlk aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL CetqAedq+

Hlt`n lkc a`pe}gneh al}` =6 eig} lkc bebpukl`

i`tl}lk iemukq`kclk = b`kccu. =1 eig} bekukjuiilk

hlt`n lkc tetul` aekclk hlt`n pebe}ìtllk aekclk

plnplt` }eiqln 4 munlk me}ìuqkl aekclk lkcil

tekt`q`f`qlt mlhlk aeqeit` iemukq`kclk AEEL

CetqAedq 0=.4<%. tedl}l tqlq`tqì tekt`q`f`qlt mlhlk

aeqeit` iemukq`kclk AEEL CetqAedq plal ubu}

iemukq`kclk = b`kccu bekukjuiilk hlt`n lkc

tekt`q`f aekclk lkcil σ =

h`qukc 2 <8.6<5 (_>?.?5)+

Jla` pebe}ìtllk iemukq`kclk AEEL CetqAedq

bebpukl` ieblbpulk ukqui bekaeqeit`

iemukq`kclk = b`kccu+ Hlt`n peken`q`lk bekukjui"

ilk mlhsl aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL

CetqAedq bebpukl` liu}lt` alk tekt`q`f`qlt nem`h

mlì lplm`nl a`mlka`kcilk beqgae aeqeit`

iemukq`kclk lkc nl`k+ Hlt`n peken`q`lk S`katg} eq

ln+ (<001) aekclk bekccuklilk unq}ltgkgc}lf` ml}u

alplq aàeqeit` plal ubu} 65 hl}`+ Tealkcilk hlt`npeken`q`lk Il}ek eq ln+ (=??1) bekukjuiilk mlhsl

tekt`q`f`qlt q}lkt}edqln unq}ltgkgc}lph lalnlh 1<

hl}` ubu} iemukq`kclk+ Hlt`n peken`q lk nl`k lkc

a`nliuilk gneh Cgkzlnez eq ln+ (=??1) bekukjuiilk

mlhsl beqgae aeqeit` iemukq`kclk q}lkt}edqln

aekclk pekcuiu}lk igktekq}lt` _LC bebpukl`

liu}lt` 8=.8% alk tekt`q`f`qlt =1 hl}`. tealkcilk

beqgae aeqeit` iemukq`kclk _1 Lttl bebpukl`

liu}lt` 83.5% aekclk tekt`q`f`qlt == hl}`+

Beqgae aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli AEEL

CetqAedq aàltl}ilk plal tllq qe}jla`kl igktept`

lilk qe}mekqui dg}put nuqeub lkc bektei}etìlkp}gcetqe}gk lkc a`pe}nuilk ukqui pek`kcilqlk

vltdunnl}`tlt . pe}qubmuhlk te}ql pe}dlmlkclk

ienekjl}"ienekjl} uqe}ut. alk `kf`nq}lt` neuigt`q

teh`kccl alplq bekjlcl iemukq`kclk (Qgen`he}e.

<08<)+ _lal tllq iemukq`kclk beku}uq Cgkzlnez eq

ln+ (=??1) qe}jla` pek`kcilqlk ilal} p}gcetqe}gk

alnlb al}lh h`kccl bekdlpl` lkcil 8.1= ¼ ?.=4

kc'bn+ _ek`kcilqlk ilal} p}gcetqe}gk alnlb al}lh

bekcli`mlqilk etq}gcek lkc a`hlt`nilk gneh

pnltekql hlkl teaì`q a`cuklilk alnlb f`t`gngc`t

iemukq`kclk+ Hln `k` tetul` aekclk pekalplq

Tiàbg}e eq ln+ (<001) lkc beklqlilk mlhsl plaltllq iemukq`kclk jubnlh etq}gcek beku}uk tlbpl`

aekclk 5?% a`mlka`kcilk tllq qàli mukq`kc+

Tenlkjuqkl. etq}gcek lkc qàli a`cuklilk qe}temuq

lilk qe}eiti}et` benlnu` u}`ke+ Sltte} eq ln+ (<001)

alnlb peken`q`lkkl plal mlmggk beklqlilk mlhsl

plal tllq iemukq`kclk eiti}et` etq}gcek benlnu`

u}`ke bebpukl` c}lfì lkc bek`kcilq bunl` al}`

iemukq`kclk lsln h`kccl bekaeilq` ienlh`}lk lilk

iebmln` bekclnlb` peku}uklk+ Tenlkjuqkl

a`qlbmlhilk gneh Easl}at eq ln+ (<001) mlhsl plal

ut`l iemukq`kclk 8"<< hl}` dg}put nuqeub bunl`

qe}mekqui ukqui bebp}gauit` p}gcetqe}gk teh`kccl

ilal} p}gcetqe}gk alnlb al}lh bek`kcilq alk

etq}gcek alnlb al}lh beku}uk alk a`tei}etìlk

benlnu` u}`ke alnlb mekqui etq}la`gn <3"μ+ @ilqlk `gk

fekgn qe}ìlq alnlb etq}la`gn <3"μ. teh`kccl ìlqlk

`gk lkc qe}ìlq alnlb etq}la`gn <3"μ `k`nlh lkc

alplq aàeqeit` alnlb u}`ke gneh mlhlk aeqeit`

iemukq`kclk AEEL CetqAedq+



Uj` Igkt`tqekt`. Liu}lt` (Tlbtuaesl (eq ln +) <4

Iet`bpunlk

Aeqeit` iemukq`kclk AEEL CetqAedq beb"

pukl` igkt`tqekt` 83.=3%. liu}lt` 83.58% alk

tekt`q`v`qlt = b`kccu teh`kccl alplq a`cuklilk

ukqui bekaeqeit` iemukq`kclk tedl}l a`k` alkliu}lq+

Alfql} _utqlil

Easl}at. H+E+. I+N+ Jeki`kt. N+D+ Budings. C+E+ E}m lka

I+E+ Skke"Easl}at. <001+ Ekagd}`kgngc gf qhe

p}ecklkq Ajukcl}`lk Hlbtqe} (_hgagput dlpmenn`)+

Jgu}kln gf ]ep}gaudq`gk lka Fe}q`n`q <?<: <"8+

C`n. J+. B+ ]ga}`cuez"@}lzg|u`. K+ Nukaehe`b. N+

Tlae}|u``tq lka H+ ]ga}`cuez—Bl}q`kez. =??1+

Fe}q`n`q gf }lb tebek f}gzek `k m`gexdenn lka utea

fg} de}v`dln l}q`f`d`ln `kteb`klq`gk+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 50(5"6): <<53"<<3?+

Cgkzlnez. F+. F+ Dlm}e}l. B+ Mlq`tql. K+ ]ga}`cuez. A+

Lnlbg. J+ Tungk. J+ F+ Medie}t lka L+ C}ld`l. =??1+

L dgbpl}`tgk gf a`lckgt`t gf p}ecklkd `k qhe cglq

v`l q}lkt}edqlnunq}ltguka tdlkk`kc. p}gcetqe}gke. lka

p}ecklkd"lttgd`lqea cndgp}gqe`k lttlt+

Qhe}`gcekgngc 6=(6): <<?8"<<<5+

Hlfez. E+T+E+. <004+ ]ep}gaudq`gk `k Fl}b Lk`blnt+ 6qh

ea+ Nel lka Fem`ce}. _h`nlaenph`l+

Hukqe}. ]+F+. <08<+ F`t`gngc` alk Lklqgb` G}clk

]ep}gauit`+ _ekeml} Tslall+ Jlil}ql(A`qe}jeblhilk gneh : A+I+ Hl}l _uq}l)+

Il}ek. L+. I+ Tzlmlagz. J+ ]e`dz`cen. J+F+ Medie}t lka G+

Tzekd`. =??1+ Lddu}ld gf q}lkt}edqln

unq}ltgkgc}lph fg} aeqe}b`klq`gk gf p}ecklkd `k

theep: effedq gf fltq`kc lka hlkan`kc gf qhe lk`blnt+

Qhe}`gcekgngc 6<(3"8): <=0<"<=08+

Tlbtuaesl. A+. L+ Nuiblk alk E+ Tuc`lkqg. =??4+

@aekq`fìlt` `gk fekgn alnlb u}`ke temlcl` lnqe}klq`f beqgae aeqeit` iemukq`kclk qe}kli+ _}gtà`kc

Sg}ithgp @kgvlt` Qeikgngc` Bekchlalp` LFQL

=??1+ Mlalk _eken`q`lk alk _ekcebmlkclk Ale}lhJlsl Qekclh+ Tebl}lkc+

Tiàbg}e. J+L+. S+]+ Lnnek lka ]+M+ Help. <001+

Getq}gcek tkqhet`t m qhe pe}`"`bpnlkqlq`gk

dgkdepqut gf qhe gke"hubpea dlben+ Jgu}kln gf

]ep}gaudq`gk lka Fe}q`n`q <?<: 464"463+

Qgen`he}e. B+]+. <08<+ F`t`gngc` ]ep}gauit` _lal

Qe}kli + _eke}m`q Lkciltl. Mlkaukc+

Sltte}. T+I+. T+N+ Bgkfg}q. J+ Thguqe}t lka A+E+ S`naq.

<001+ Exd}eq`gk }lqet lka beqlmgn`qet gf getq}la`gn

lka p}gcetqe}gke `k Mlmggk (_lp`g dkgdephlnut

dkgdephlnut)+ Jgu}kln ]ep}gaudq`gk lka Fe}q`n`q <?<: =<4"==?+

S`jgkg. A+M+. U+ Ub`lt`h. B+L+ Put}lk alk A+E+

Slhgkg. =??<+ _ekcl}uh pe}mlìlk plilk tlp`

pgqgkc `kaui mukq`kc alk bekutu` qe}hlalp

ef`tèkt` }ep}gauit` a` peqe}klilk }lilq+ Ju}kln

_ekcebmlkclk _eqe}klilk Q}gp`t (Ea`t` Ihutut):

51"6=+

S`katg}. A+_+. L+Z+ Tzenn. D+ Mutdhmedi. L+P+ Easl}a.

J+Q+M+ B`nqgk lka M+D+ Mudi}enn. <001+ Q}lkte}v`dln

l}q`f`d`ln `kteb`klq`gk gf Lutq}ln`lk Be}`kg Eset

s`qh f}gzek qhlsea tebek+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 1=(<):

<13"<53+

Pun`tq`lk`. A+. Iutslka`. _+ S`t}` alk Tumlka}`g+ =??<+

]etpgk p}gauit` agbml igbpgt`q `kaui plal flte

mukq`kc qul qe}hlalp pe}mlìlk plilk+ Ju}kln

_ekcebmlkclk _eqe}klilk Q}gp`t (Ea`t` Ihutut):

64"3=+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ <6 — =< Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇


<6

_ekcl}uh _ekukqìlk Ck]H alk _CF=μμμμ qe}hlalp _}gf`n _}gcetqe}gk

Tlp` _e}lh _ltdl Me}lkli

(Effedq gf Ck]H lka _CF=μμμμ @kjedq`gk gk _}gcetqe}gke _}gf`ne gf _gtqpl}qub Al`} Dgs)

T`q` Al}gajlh ]ltla*

Nlmg}lqg}ùb ]ep}gauit` Qe}kli. Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk UK_LA. Ilbput Jlq`klkcg}"Tubealkc

LMTQ]LDQ: L }etel}dh gf p}gcetqe}gke p}gf`ne gk pgtqpl}qub al`} dgst lfqe} Ck]H lka _CF=μ q}elqbekq hla meekdgkaudqea qg aeqe}b`ke qhe ti`b b`ni p}gcetqe}gke p}gf`net. sh`dh ekhlkde gvl}`lk ldq`v`q `k pgtqpl}qub al`} dgst+ @q

`t expedqea qhlq m qh`t q}elqbekq. qhe `kqe}vln qg f`}tq etq}ut dguna me }eaudea. lka f}e|uekd gf etq}ut lka pe}dekqlce gf

etq}ut exp}ett`gk dguna me `kd}eltea+ Qsekq dgst se}e }lkagbn ltt`ckea qg fgu} q}elqbekq c}gupt `kdnua`kc Dgkq}gn

c}gup. sh`dh dgkql`k }etpedq`ven 5 dgst eldh c}gup+ Dgs (k25) `k c}gup @ }ede`vea =?? µc Ck]H `+b+ gk alt <?"<1

p+p+9 `k c}gup @@ }ede`vea <5 bc _CF=μ gk alt =?"=1 `+b+ p+p+9 lka c}gup @@@ }ede`vea dgbm`klq`gk gf mgqh+ Qhe dgkq}gn

c}gup aà kgq }ede`ve hg}bgkln q}elqbekqt+ Qhe }etel}dh utea bunq`vl}`lqe. dgbpneqen }lkagb`zea aet`ck. ukvl}`lqe F"

qetq lka Aukdlk‐t Bunq`pne ]lkce Qetq+ ]etunq thgsea qhlq qhe pgtqpl}qub `kqe}vln qg f`}tq etq}ut slt thg}qe} `k q}elqea

c}gupt (@. =6 a9 @@. == a. lka @@@. =1 a) lt dgbpl}ea qg dgkq}gn c}gup (51 a. _> ?+?5)+ Qhe pe}dekqlce gf etq}ut `kd}eltea

(6?%) `k c}gup @@ lka @@@. muq kgq t`ck`f`dlkq a`ffe}ekdet se}e fguka meqseek c}gup @ lka qhe dgkq}gn c}gup (1?%)+ Gu}

}etunq tuccetqea qhlq qhe dgbm`klq`gk q}elqbekq gf Ck]H lka _CF=μ (Ck]H _CF=μ) ekhlkdea ldq`v`q `k qhe pgtqpl}qub

dgst. }etunq`kc `k `bp}gvea }ep}gaudq`ve pe}fg}blkde+

Ie Sg}at: Ck]H. _CF=μ . p}gcetqe}gke p}gf`ne. pgtqpl}qub al`} dgs

_ekalhunulk

_eklbp`nlk }ep}gauit` plal tlp` pe}lh

be}uplilk fliqg} pekq`kc alnlb bekukjlkc

p}gauiq`v`qlt qe}kli+ Igka`t` uqe}ut pltdl pl}qut

metl} pekcl}uhkl qe}hlalp fe}q`n`qlt tlp` pe}lh+Gneh il}ekl `qu. blkljebek pltdl me}lkli tlkclq

metl} pe}lklkkl ukqui bekclqlt` peku}uklk p}g"

auiq`v`qlt qe}kli lkc a`temlmilk gneh lalkl

ieclclnlk }ep}gauit`. qe}uqlbl clkcculk fukct`

hg}bgk+

@kqe}vln al}` pl}qut h`kccl igktept` a`pekcl}uh`

gneh ieclclnlk }ep}gauit`. pekli`q. liq`v`qlt

gvl}ùb lkc beku}uk te}ql fe}q`n`qlt pe} `kteb`klt`+

Fe}q`n`qlt tlp` pe}lh lkc q`kcc` alplq bebpe}deplq

q`bmunkl etq}ut pe}qlbl alk bek`kcilqilk

f}eiuekt` etq}ut lsln pltdl me}lkli+

Upll bebpe}mlì` peklbp`nlk }ep}gauitàlplq a`nliuilk benlnu` upll pekclqu}lk liq`v`qlt

hg}bgkln+ Ml}`ne eq ln+ (=??<) beklqlilk mlhsl

pebme}`lk p}epl}lq hg}bgk iengbpgi cgklagq}gp`k

alk cgklaln alplq bebpe}mlì` lkcil iemukq`kclk

h`kccl 8?%+

Me}altl}ilk hln qe}temuq. bltlnlh }ep}gauit` tl"

* Ig}etpgkaekt` pekun`t : e"bl`n taW}ltlaOdmk+keq+à

p` pe}lh alplq a`pedlhilk aekclk dl}l bebpe}deplq

alk bebpe}pekaei q`bmunkl etq}ut pe}qlbl pltdl

me}lkli. teh`kccl jl}li me}lkli (dlnv`kc `kqe}vln)

alplq a`pe}pekaei benlnu` pebme}`lk Ck]H alk

lqlu _CF=μ+

_ebme}`lk Ck]H alk _CF=μ a`blituailk ukqui bekalplqilk efeikl qe}hlalp p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk

tutu ti`b. aekclk ben`hlq p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk alnlb

tutu ti`b. blil alplq aàeqeit` liq`v`qlt etq}ut alk

gvunlt` tedl}l liu}lq+ Tenl`k ben`hlq p}gf`n

p}gcetqe}gk tutu. ilal} p}gcetqe}gk alplq aùiu}

tedl}l gqgblq`t aekclk bekcuiu} pe}umlhlk

f}eiuekt` lkq`mga` lkc benlp`t` i}`tqln gti`nlqg}

temlcl` }etpgk al}` p}gcetqe}gk lkc bekcìlq

lkq`mga` qe}temuq (Igentdh eq ln+. <001)+ Mlnn alk

_eqe} (=??1) beklqlilk mlhsl p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk

tutu alplq bekcclbml}ilk gvunlt` pe}qlbl plal

tlp` pe}lh+ Igieqtu alk A`ln (=??=) beklqlilkmlhsl pe}nliulk _CF=μ me}pekcl}uh qe}hlalp

`kvgnut` uqe}ut. lkc plal lih`}kl alplq

bebpe}deplq q`bmunkl etq}ut iebmln` pltdl

me}lkli+ _lqqe}tgk eq ln+ (=??<) beklqlilk mlhsl

pebme}`lk _CF=μ alplq bebme}ìlk pekcl}uh

qe}hlalp q`bmunkl gvunlt` pltdl me}lkli+ Qujulk

peken`q`lk `k` lalnlh bebpe}mlì` liq`v`qlt gvl}ùb

pltdl me}lkli tlp` pe}lh aekclk bekccuklilk



_ekcl}uh _ekpukqìlk Ck]H (]ltla) <3

pe}nliulk hg}bgkln. teh`kccl plal lih`}kl lilk

bek`kcilqilk peklbp`nlk }ep}gauit` tlp` pe}lh

qe}temuq+

Beqgae _eken`q`lk

_eken`q`lk a`nliuilk a` pe}utlhllk peqe}klilktlp` pe}lh _Q Qlu}ut Al`} Fl}b. D`du}uc.

Tuilmub` alk Nlmg}lqg}ùb M`gngc` _L@] MLQLK

Jlil}ql aekclk bekccuklilk =? eig} tlp` pe}lh FH

lsln pltdl me}lkli lkc aìengbpgilk alnlb 1

iengbpgi pe}nliulk blt`kc"blt`kc qe}a`}` al}` 5

eig}+ Teq`lp iengbpgi bekalplq pe}nliulk temlcl`

me}ìuq : Iengbpgi @ bekalplq pe}nliulk =?? µc

Ck]H tedl}l `kq}l butdunl} teq`lp hl}` plal hl}` <?"

<1 pltdl me}lkli (k 2 5 eig})+ Iengbpgi @@

bekalplq pe}nliulk <5 bc _CF=μ tedl}l `kq}l

butdunl} teq`lp hl}` plal hl}` =?"=1 pltdl me}lkli

(k 2 5 eig})+ Iengbpgi @@@ bekalplq pe}nliulk =??µc Ck]H teq`lp hl}` plal hl}` <?"<1. alk

a`nlkjuqilk aekclk pebme}`lk <5 bc _CF=μ tedl}l

`kq}l butiunl} teq`lp hl}` plal hl}` =?"=1 pltdl

me}lkli (k 2 5 eig})+ Iengbpgi @V qàli bekalplq

pe}nliulk (igkq}gn) (k 2 5 eig})

_ekcuj`lk p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk a`nliuilk plal

tutu ti`b al}` tlbpen tutu lkc a`lbm`n bunl` al}`

hl}` ie"= tlbpl` hl}` ie"6? pltdl me}lkli+ Tlbpen

tutu a`lbm`n aul iln` plal sliqu pebe}lhlk l`qu

plc` puiun ?4+?? alk t`lkc puiun <5+?? alk

a`qlbpukc tece}l teqenlh lih`} pebe}lhlk. iebua`lk

a`qlbpukc temlkli 1 dd ie alnlb qlmukc pnltqì pgnp}gpneke+ Tlbpen tenlkjuqkl a`lkln`t`t aekclk

}la`g`bbukglttl (]@L) ukqui a`n`hlq p}gf`n

p}gcetqe}gkkl+ Lkln`t`t tqlq`tqì lkc a`cuklilk

lalnlh lkln`t`t p}gf`n peumlh clkal (bunq`vl}`lq) alk

lkln`t`t }lclb bekccuklilk ]lkdlkclk Ldli

Nekcilp. a`nlkjuqilk aekclk uj` Aukdlkot+

Tenlbl peken`q`lk. tlp`"tlp` a`qebplqilk plal

tlqu ilsltlk ilkalkc qe}teka`}` alk bekalplqilk

qlql nlitlkl peben`hl}llk tepe}q` lkc m`ltl

a`nliuilk. qe}bltui pebme}`lk plilk+ Lalpuk

plilk lkc a`me}ìlk tenl`k }ubpuq. jucl a`me}ìlk

igktekq}lq aekclk tutuklk qe}a`}` al}` jlcukc. aeali.

pgnl}. s`tem}lka. mukci`n ienlpl. b`ke}ln alk

p}eb`x+ Tebul tlp` bekalplq plilk lkc tlbl+


_}gf`n _}gcetqe}gk Tutu Ti`bHlt`n peken`q`lk bekukjuiilk mlhsl ieq`cl

pe}nliulk (iengbpgi @. @@ alk @@@) bebme}ìlk

pekcl}uh lkc klql (_>?.?5) a`mlka`kcilk igkq}gn

(Clbml} =). lkc bekukjuiilk lalkl pek`kcilqlk

igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk tece}l teqenlh pe}nliulk

hg}bgk mlì pe}nliulk hg}bgk tejek`t (iengbpgi @

l`qu pe}nliulk Ck]H alk iengbpgi @@ l`qu

pe}nliulk _CF=μ) lqlupuk igbm`klt` hg}bgk

(iengbpgi @@@. pe}nliulk Ck]H_CF=μ)+Li`mlq pe}nliulk ieq`cl hg}bgk qe}temuq. qe}jla`

fnuiqult` igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk lkc tetul` aekclk

tìnut }ep}gauit` tlp`+ Hln `k` tetul` aekclk Blkk

eq ln+ (<008) mlhsl q`kcc` }ekalhkl igktekq}lt`

p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b e}lq il`qlkkl aekclk tqlqut

}ep}gauit tlp` pe}lh+ _eken`q`lk bekcekl` liu}lt`

lkln`t`t p}gcetqe}gk tutu qenlh aìebmlkcilk aekclk

m`gtektg} lkc aàltl}ilk ieplal pekcuj`lk

`bukgngc` ukqui p}gcetqe}gk tutu tlp` (C`nn`t eq ln+.

=??=9 Bgqq}lb eq ln+. =??=)

Me}altl}ilk hlt`n lkln`t`t tqlq`tqì. lkql}

pe}nliulk bekukjuiilk pe}meallk lkc klql(_>?.?5)+ _}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk. alplq a`cuklilk ukqui

bekaucl liq`v`qlt gvunlt` blupuk etq}ut pe}qlbl

pltdl me}lkli al}` teq`lp iengbpgi pe}nliulk (Qlmen

<)+ _e}nliulk hg}bgkln alplq bebpe}deplq q`bmun"

kl etq}ut pe}qlbl pltdl me}lkli. te}ql bek`kcilq"

ilk pe}tekqlte eitp}et` etq}ut pe}qlbl pltdl

me}lkli+ Aekclk aebì`lk. pe}nliulk hg}bgkln

alplq bekclqlt` hlbmlqlk t`nekq etq}ut (me}lh`

qe}tebmuk`) lkc ubub qe}jla` plal tlp` pe}lh+

Clbml} = bekukjuiilk lalkl peku}uklk

igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk tutu lkc a}ltq`t plal hl}`

ie"=1 pltdl me}lkli. teh`kccl plal tllq qe}temuq

qenlh q`bmun qenlh etq}ut pe}qlbl pltdl me}lkli+

Igka`t` `k` jucl qenlh a`pe}iulq aekclk pebe}ìtllk

plnplt` pe} }eiqln alk aeqeit` me}lh` tedl}l v`tuln

lkc bebpe}n`hlqilk qlkal"qlkal etq}ut lkc jenlt+

_ekcl}uh _ebme}`lk Ck]HAekclk bebpe}hlqìlk p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk plal

iengbpgi @. li`mlq pebme}`lk Ck]H plal hl}` ie

<?"<1 pltdl me}lkli blil alplq aàucl sliqu

q`bmunkl etq}ut (Qlmen <)+ Aebì`lk punl aekclk

tìnut etq}ut (Clbml} <)+ Al}` clbml}lk p}gf`n

qe}temuq qe}n`hlq mlhsl plal hl}` ie"=6 igktekq}lt`

p}gcetqe}gk }ekalh alk a`ìuq` aekclk pek`kcilqlkigktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk plal hl}` ie"=8 pltdl

me}lkli+ Gneh il}ekl `qu alplq aàucl lalkl etq}ut

plal hl}` ie"=6 pltdl me}lkli+

Ieklqllk `k` m`nl aìl`qilk aekclk clbml}lk

p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b (Clbml} <). qe}n`hlq

mlhsl plal hl}` ie"<1 qe}jla` pek`kcilqlk

igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk+ Hln qe}temuq bekukjuiilk

tllq bunl` qe}mekqui Dg}put Nuqeub (DN) aekclk



<8 LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : <6 " =<

igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk lkc blt`h }ekalh+

Igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk qe}temuq lilk bekdlpl`

pukdlikl plal hl}` ie"<? teqenlh gvunlt` (Hlfez

lka Hlfez. =???)+ Igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk qe}q`kcc`

plal hl}` ie"=1 alk a`ìuq` aekclk peku}uklk tedl}l

a}ltq`t plal hl} ie"=6 (> < kc'bn)+ Gneh il}ekl `qu.

alplq a`ltubtìlk mlhsl plal hl}` ie"=6 pltdlme}lkli qe}jla` etq}ut pe}qlbl pltdl me}lkli. slnlu

tedl}l in`k`t a` nlplkclk eitp}et` etq}ut qàli

klbpli tedl}l jenlt+ Iejla`lk t`nekq helq tualh

te}`kc qe}jla` alk bekdlpl` 33% plal tlp` pe}lh+

Hln `k` a`temlmilk lalkl bltl q}lkt`t` al}` qàli

me}p}gauit` ie pe}`gae nliqlt`. teh`kccl qe}jla`

iete`bmlkclk eke}c` (mlnlkde eke}c) keclq`f. alk

liq`v`qlt }ep}gauit` beku}uk (Putgf. =??5)+

Q`bmunkl etq}ut pe}qlbl pltdl me}lkli plal tlp`"

tlp` lkc bekalplq pe}nliulk Ck]H nem`h deplq

a`mlka`kcilk aekclk igkq}gn+ Hlfez alk Hlfez(=???) beklqlilk mlhsl sliqu q`bmunkl etq}ut

pe}qlbl pgtqpl}qub lilk q`bmun nem`h deplq plal

tlp` lkc a`me}` pe}nliulk Ck]H+

Qlmen <+ @kqe}vln pl}qut"etq}ut pe}qlbl p+p+ te}ql pe}tekqlte eitp}et` etq}ut plal tlp` pe}lh pgtqpl}qub

Iengbpgi _e}nliulk @kqe}vln _l}qut"Etq}ut @

p+p+ (hl}`)

_e}tekqlte eitp}et` Etq}ut

p+p+ (%)

Tìnut Etq}ut

(hl}`)

@ (Ck]H) =6l 1?l == ¼ 1l

@@ (_CF=μ) ==l 6?l =4 ¼ <l

@@@ (Ck]H _CF=μ) =1l

6?l

=4 ¼ <l

@V (igkq}gn) 51m

=?m

51m

l.m. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal igngb lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5

Clbml} <+ _}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b plal tlp` Iengbpgi @G 2 gvunlt`9 E 2 etq}ut

G=E=




Clbml} =+ _}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b plal tlp` Iengbpgi @@G 2 gvunlt`9 E 2 etq}ut

Clbml} 4+ _}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti b plal tlp` Iengbpgi @@@G 2 gvunlt`9 E 2 etq}ut

E=

G=

G=E=



<8 LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : <6 " =<

Clbml} 1+ _}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b plal tlp` Iengbpgi @VG 2 gvunlt`9 E 2 etq}ut

Ltubt` lalkl etq}ut. aàltl}ilk lqlt pekalplq

Bgbd`ngv`d eq ln+ (<008) lplm`nl igktekq}lt`

p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b > < kc'bn qe}jla` etq}ut. m`nl

lkql}l <"4 kc'bn aumùt (}lcu) alk ; 4 kc'bn tenlbl

4 tìnut me}qu}uq"qu}uq me}l}q` qe}jla` iemukq`kclk+

Aekclk aebì`lk alplq a`p}eaìt` mlhsl `kqe}vln

pl}qut"etq}ut pe}qlbl pltdl me}lkli plal iengbpgi @

lalnlh =6 hl}`+_ebme}`lk Ck]H qe}temuq jucl bebpekcl}uh`

pgnl tìnut etq}ut me}ìuqkl+ Qe}n`hlq mlhsl plal

hl}` ie"=3 alk ie"18 qe}jla` iebmln` gvunlt` ie = alk

ie 4+ Aebì`lk punl. eitp}et` etq}ut ie"= qe}jla`

plal hl}` ie"18 pltdl me}lkli+ @k` me}l}q` pe}tekqlte

eitp}et` etq}ut in`k`t lalnlh 1?%. klql nem`h mlì

a`mlka`kcilk igkq}gn (Qlmen <)+

Igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b al}` hlt`n

lkln`t`t nlmg}lqg}ùb }ekalh+ @k` a`temlmilk

igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b ="4 iln` nem`h

}ekalh a`mlka`kcilk plal tutu pekuh (E`ttl eq ln+.

<00<)+ Lkln`t`t tqlq`tqì bekukjuiilk lalkl pe}"

meallk lkc klql lkql}l Iengbpgi @ aekclk

Igkq}gn+ Aebì`lk punl teqenlh a`nliuilk uj` nlkjuq

aekclk Uj` Aukdlk‐t (_ > ?.?5)+

_ekcl}uh _ebme}`lk _CF=μμμμ Clbml}lk p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b plal

iengbpgi @@ (Clbml} <) bebpe}n`hlqilk fnuiqult`

igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b temlcl` li`mlq

pebme}`lk _CF=μ teh`kccl alplq bekcclbml}ilk

tìnut }ep}gauit` plal tlp`+ _lal hl}` ie"=1

igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk }ekalh alk plal hl}` ie"=6

bunl` qe}jla` pek`kcilqlk. teh`kccl alplq a`p}eaìt`

mlhsl plal hl}` ie"=1 qe}jla` etq}ut. aekclk

igktekq}lt` ?.= kc'bn (Clbml} <)

Tenlkjuqkl pebme}`lk _CF=μ jucl

bebpekcl}uh` pgnl tìnut etq}ut me}ìuqkl. lik`lalkl eitp}et` etq}ut 6?%. tealkcilk m`nl

a`mlka`kcilk aekclk igkq}gn. klql nem`h mlì+ Hln

`k` aàltl}ilk hlt`n lkln`t`t tqlq`tqì. l`qu qe}alplq

pe}meallk lkc klql lkql}l iengbpgi pe}nliulk @@

(_CF=μ) aekclk igkq}gn (_>?.?5)+ Aebì`lk jucl

pekcuj`lk nlkjuqlk aekclk Uj` Aukdlkot qe}alplq

pe}meallk lkc klql lkql}l iengbpgi @@ aekclk

igkq}gn (_>?.?5)+ Igka`t` `k` tetul` aekclk

pekalplq Igieqtu alk A`ln (=??=) mlhsl pebme}q`lk

_CF=μ alplq bebpe}deplq `kvgnut` uqe}`. teh`kccl

plal c`n`}lkkl lilk bebpekcl}uh` q`bmunkl etq}ut

iebmln` pltdl me}lkli+ _lqqe}tgk eq ln+ (=??<)beklqlilk mlhsl pebme}`lk _CF=μ alplq beb"

me}ìlk pekcl}uh qe}hlalp q`bmunkl gvunlt`

Igka`t` Iengbpgi Igkq}gn _lal iengbpgi @V l`qu iengbpgi tlp`"tlp`

lkc qàli bekalplqilk pe}nliulk lplpuk.

bekukjuiilk clbml}lk p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tepe}q`

qe}t`}lq plal Clbml} =+ Igktekq}lt p}gcetqe}gk




tejli hl}` ie"= pltdl me}lkli tenlnu }ekalh lik` ?.5

kc'bn alk p}gf`n igktekq}lt` qe}temuq plal iengbpgi

igkq}gn `k` tenlnu }lql h`kccl hl}` ie"41 pltdl

me}lkli+ Tenlkjuqkl plal hl}` ie"46 pltdl me}lkli

qe}jla` pek`kcilqlk igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk tutu.

qeqlp` qàli a`ìuq` peku}uklk a}ltq`t al}` igktekq}lt`

p}gcetqe}gk qe}temuq+ Igka`t` `k` bekemlmilktun`qkl bebp}eaìt` q`bmunkl etq}ut pltdl

me}lkli+ Tenlkjuqkl aeqeit etq}ut aàltl}ilk plal

qlkal lqlu cejlnl tedl}l v`tuln. lkc a`cuklilk ukqui

bebmlka`kcilk aekclk p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tutu+

_lal hl}` ie"51 pltdl me}lkli qe}jla` peku}uklk

igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk lkc a`ìuq` aekclk

pek`kcilqlk igktekq}lt` p}gcetqe}gk lkc t`ck`fìlk+

Aekclk aebì`lk. blil alplq a`p}eaìt` mlhsl plal

hl}` ie"51 qe}jla` etq}ut pe}qlbl pltdl me}lkli alk

a`ìuq` aekclk q`bmunkl gvunlt` pltdl me}lkli+

Iet`bpunlk

_ebme}`lk Ck]H alk lqlu _CF=μ klql

bebpekcl}uh` p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b pltdl

me}lkli+ _ebme}`lk Ck]H alk lqlu _CF=μ alplq

bebpe}pekaei kqe}vln pl}qut — etq}ut pe}qlbl pltdl

me}lkli alk bek`kcilqilk eitp}et` etq}ut tenlbl 6?

hl}` lsln pltdl me}lkli+ Tenl`k `qu aeqeit` etq}ut

pltdl me}lkli tedl}l in`k`t alplq a`pe}iulq aekclk

lkln`t`t p}gf`n p}gcetqe}gk tutu ti`b tedl}l

nlmg}lqg}ùb aekclk qeikì }la`g`bbukglttl+

Alfql} _utqlil

Mlnn. _+J+H+ lka L+]+ _eqe}t. =??1+ ]ep}gaudq`gk `k

Dlqqne+ 4}a ea`q`gk+ Mnldisenn _umn`th`kc+ Ngkagk+

_p+ 8?"8<+

Ml}`ne. V+N+. L+ Clnlttg. E+ Bl}dh`g}`. D+ _ldenn`. K+

Bgkqebu}}g lka L+ Mg}chete. =??<+ Effedq gf _]@A

q}elqbekq gk dgkdepq`gk }lqe `k Bea`qe}}lkelk

mufflng he`fe}t+ N`vetqgdi _}gaudq`gk Tdèkde 68(=):

=84"=83+

E`ttl. H+B+. ]+F+ Kldh}e`ke} lka I+]+ ]eftln. <00<+ Ti`b

b`ni p}gcetqe}gke `k p}ecklkq dgst f}gb

`kteb`klq`gk qh}guchguq nldqlq`gk+ Qhe}`gcekgngc

45: 065"035+

C`nn`t. E+ H+. J+ _+ Cgtn`kc. J+ B+ T}eeklk lka B+ Ilke+

=??=+ Aevengpbekq lka vlnàlq`gk gf l m`gtektg}"

mltea `bbukglttl fg} p}gcetqe}gke `k mgv`ke b`ni+

Jgu}kln gf @bbukgngc`dln Beqhgat =63(=): <4<"<48+

Hlfez. E+T+E+ lka M+ Hlfez. =???+ ]ep}gaudq`ve Ddne+

@k: ]ep}gaudq`gk `k Fl}b Lk`blnt+ 3qh

ea`q`gk+

E+T+E+ Hlfez lka M+ Hlfez (Eat)+ N`pp`kdgqq

S`nn`lbt & S`ni`kt+ Kes Pg}i+ _p+ 6<"6=+

Igieqtu. P+ lka C+A+ A`ln. =??=+ Lab`k`tq}lq`gk gf

p}gtqlcnlka`k F=μ lfqe} fl}}gs`kc lnqe}t qhe

lttgd`lq`gk meqseek nldqlq`gk nekcqh lka tumte|uekq

n`qqe} t`ze `k bà" g} gna" pl}`q tgs+ Qhe}`gcekgngc

53: 843"814+

Igentdh. ]+ I+. Lkethlktne. A+ J+ lka Muqne}. S+ ]+

<001+ B`ni p}gcetqe}gke tektg} fg} lppn`dlq`gk s`qh

al`} `kautq}+ Jgu}kln gf Lc}`dunqu}e Ekc`kee}`kc

]etel}dh 58:<<5"<=?+

Blkk. C+. ]+ Ielq`kce. B+ Hukqe}. M+ Heane. C+

Nlbb`kc+ <008+ Qhe ute gf b`ni p}gcetqe}gke qg

bgk`qg} }ep}gaudq`ve fukdq`gk `k meef tudine} dgst+ Lk`bln ]ep}gaudq`gk Tdèkde 88(4"1): <60"<33+

Bgbd`ngv`d. A+. L}dh`mlna. N+ F+. Slnqe}t. L+. Q}lk. Q+.

Ienme}q. A+. ]`tdg. D+ lka Qhlqdhe}. S+ S+ <008+

]ep}gaudq`ve pe}fg}blkde gf nldqlq`kc al`} dgs

q}elqea gf Cgklagq}gph`k }enelt`kc hg}bgke

(Ck]H) lka'g} _}gtqlcnlka`k F=μ (_CF=μ) fg} tk"

dh}gk`zlq`gk etq}ut lka gvunlq`gk+ Qhe}`gcekgngc

5?(3): <<4<"<<40

Bgqq}lb. Q+. B+ Venltdg"Cl}d`l. _+ Me}}. _+ ]`dhl}at. J+

Chet|uè}e. N+ Blttgk+ =??=+ Luqgblq`d Gk"N`ke

Lklnt`t Gf B`ni Dgktq`quekqt (U}el. Ieqgket.

Ekzbet Lka Hg}bgket) Ut`kc M`gtektg}t+

Dgbpl}lq`ve Dn`k`dln _lqhgngc` <<(<):5?"58

_lqqe}tgk. J+N+. H+J+ S`nn`t. ]+K+ I`}isgga lka C+]+

Fgxd}gfq. =??<+ Nldi gf lk effedq gf p}gtqlcnlka`k

`kjedq`gk lq etq}ut gkteq gk qhe q`be gf gvunlq`gk lka

gk }ep}gaudq`ve pe}fg}blkde `k selkea tgst+

Qhe}`gcekgngc 56: 0<4"0=<

Putgf. K+ =??5+ @kqe}ldq`gk gf Kuq}`q`gk lka

]ep}gaudq`gk: @kfnuekde. Bedhlk`tb lka T`qe gf

Ldq`gk gf Eke}c Mlnlkde gk _gtq _l}qub Gvl}`lk

Fukdq`gk+ @k: ]edekq Lavlkdet lka Lppn`dlq`gk `k

Lk`bln ]ep}gaudq`ve M`gqedhkgngc+ B+ Ilbl}u"aa`k (Ea)+ Blnlt`lk Lc}`dunqu}e ]etel}dh lka

Aevengpbekq @ktq`quqe+ _p+ 34"33+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ == — =0 Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇


==

Iuln`qlt Tpe}blqgzgl Dlual Epàà`b`t Tlp` _e}lklilk Gkcgn (_G)

alnlb _ekcekde} Tutu. Q}`t alk T`q}lq Iuk`kc Qenu}

plal _ek`bplklk 1"5gD

(\uln`q gf Dlual Epààbln Tpe}blqgzgl gf Gkcgne D}gtt M}ea Munn `k Ecc Pgni Ti`b B`ni.

Q}`t lka D`q}lqe Exqekae}t Tqg}ea Lq 1"5gD)

Ku}dhgnàlh Tgn`hlq`<*. ]uh`jlq @a`<. T`q` Al}gajlh ]ltla<. Buhlbbla ]`zln= alk Bll F`q}`lq`<

< Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk Uk`ve}t`qlt _lajlajl}lk Mlkaukc = Fliunqlt _e}qlk`lk Uk`ve}t`qlt _lqq`bu}l Lbmgk

LMTQ]LDQ: Qhe gmjedq`ve gf qh`t tqua slt qg f`ka guq qhe |uln`q gf dlual epààbln tpe}blqgzgl `k ecc gni ti`b

b`ni. q}`t lka d`q}lqe exqekae}t tqg}ea lq 1"5gD+ Qh`t tqua slt nlà guq `k Dgbpneqe ]lkagb`zea Aet`ck (D]A) s`qh qh}ee

q}elqbekqt lka t`x }epn`dlq`gk+ Evlnulq`gk hla meek agke gk |uln`q gf f}eth tpe}blqgzgl. lfqe} a`nuq`kc `k exqekae} lka

tqg}ea lq 1"5gD+ Qhe }etunq gf qh`t tqua thgsea qhlq q}elqbekq gf exqekae}t kgq t`ck`f`dlkq a`ffe}ekde (_;?+?5) gk bgq`n`q.

n`ve tpe}b. lmkg}bln`q. `kqldq pnltbl bebm}lke lka v`lm`n`q gf dlual epààbln tpe}blqgzgl tqg}ea lq 1"5gD+ @q `t

dgkdnuaea qhlq ti`b b`ni. d`q}lqe lka q}`t exqekae}t hlve qhe tlbe lm`n`q qg bl`kqeklkde |uln`q lka v`lm`n`q gf Gkcgn

d}gtt m}ea dlual epààbln tpe}b+

Ie Sg}at: Gkcgn d}gtt m}ea. tpe}blqgzgl. dlual epààbln. exqekae}t

_ekalhunulk

Dlual epàà`b`t be}uplilk qebplq peklb"

pukclk tebekql}l (}ete}vg`}) tpe}blqgzgl temenub

aèjliunltìlk+ Tpe}blqgzgl lkc me}ltln al}`

dlual epàà`b`t qenlh beneslq` p}gtet peblqlkclk

a` mlc`lk dlpuq alk dg}put epàà`bà`t (Lxke} eq ln+.

<000). alk bebpukl` ieblbpulk ukqui bebmulh`

ggt`q (Cl}ke} lka Hlfez. =???)+ Mlhilk meme}lpl

peken`q` benlpg}ilk mlhsl pek`bplklk epàà`b`t

temenub tpe}blqgzgl aìgneit` blt`h blbpu

bebpe}qlhlkilk bgq`n`qlt. a`lkql}lkl plal mlm`

(Iìudh` eq ln+. <008). }utl be}lh (Tgne} eq ln+. =??4)

alk agbml (]`zln eq ln+. =??1)+ Tpe}blqgzgl dlual

epàà`b`t be}uplilk lnqe}klq`f tubme} tpe}blqgzgl

lplm`nl qe}kli pejlkqlk ukccun qàli alplq a`qlbpukc

tebekkl il}ekl me}mlcl` lnltlk. tepe}q` qàli

}etpgkt qe}hlalp eneiq}gejliunlqg} alk bltlte.

p`kdlkc lqlu mlhilk plal pejlkqlk lkc blq` tedl}l

bekalali+ Alnlb hln `k`. tpe}blqgzgl epàà`b`tlkc a`pe}gneh pe}nu bekalplqilk peklkclklk

tupll alplq me}qlhlk hàup ukqui meme}lpl sliqu

alk beb`nì` all fe}q`n`qlt gpq`bub+

Qeikgngc` qeplq cukl lkc alplq a`qe}lpilk l`qu

benlnu` qeikì pekclseqlk. tepe}q` peka`kc`klk lkc

temenubkl tpe}blqgzgl qenlh aèkde}ilk+ _ekcek"

* Ig}etpgkaekt` pekun`t : e"bl`n ku}dhgnàlhOlhgg+dgb

de}lk a`nliuilk ukqui bekjlb`k iemuquhlk f`tì alk

i`b`ls` tpe}blqgzgl+ Teq`lp jek`t pekcekde}

ububkl beb`nì` igbpgkek lkc me}meal.

teh`kccl al}` teq`lp pekcekde} beb`nì` ieblbpulk

alk dl}l lkc me}meal alnlb bekauiukc

ienlkctukclk hàup tpe}blqgzgl+ _ekcekde} Q}`t

(hà}gxbeqh`n lb`kgbeqhlk) qenlh mlkli

a`cuklilk temlcl` igbpgkek altl} pekcekde} tebekltln ejliunlq. a`lkql}lkl plal tlp` (Bl}a`lh. =??<).

plal agbml (]`zln eq ln+. =??4l9 L`tek eq ln+. =??=9

En"Lnlb eq ln+. =??<9 Blxsenn lka Tlnlbgk. <004).

alk plal ilbm`kc (Qlbm`kc eq ln+. =???)+ Aebì`lk

punl pekccukllk pekcekde} tutu ti`b alk t`q}lq

tualh a`cuklilk tedl}l benult temlcl` pekcekde}

tebek ejliunlq+ Tebekql}l `qu pekccukllk q}`t. t`q}lq

alk tutu ti`b temlcl` pekcekde} tpe}blqgzgl ltln

epàà`b`t blt`h tlkclq qe}mlqlt ihututkl plal

tlp`+ Gneh il}ekl k`nl` pekq`kc lkc a`b`nì`

tpe}blqgzgl ltln dlual epàà`b`t te}ql metl}kl

pe}lklk pekcekde} plal p}gtet pekclseqlk tebek.

blil a`nliuilk peken`q`lk ukqui bebpe}gneh jek`t

pekcekde} lkc blbpu bebpe}qlhlkilk all hàup

tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t lkc pln`kc gpq`bln+

A`hl}lpilk a`bltl lkc lilk alqlkc benlnu` beqgae

`k` alplq benetql}ìlk pgqekt` cekeqì qe}kli"qe}kli

ukccun lkc me}bltlnlh alnlb }ep}gauit` teh`kccl

qeqlp alplq a`blkfllqilk ukqui ietejlhqe}llk ublq

blkut`l+



Iuln`qlt Tpe}blqgzgl Dlual (Tgn`hlq` eq ln +) =4

Beqgae _eken`q`lk

_ekclbm`nlk TlbpenTlbpen lkc a`cuklilk alnlb peken`q`lk `k`

lalnlh dlual epàà`b`t tlp` _e}lklilk Gkcgn (_G)

lkc ml}u a`pgqgkc al}` }ublh pebgqgkclk heslk

(]_H)+ Dlual epàà`b`t lkc a`cuklilk temlkli

eklb mulh lkc me}ltln al}` eklb eig} tlp`+

Mlhlk alk _e}lnlqlkMlhlk"mlhlk lkc a`cuklilk lalnlh : dlual

epàà`b`t. pekcekde} tutu ti`b. pekcekde} q}`t.

pekcekde} t`q}lq. iuk`kc qenu}. l|ulmàet. KlDn

f`t`gngcì. KlDn 4%. pesl}kl egt`k. lnighgn. q`ttue+

_e}lnlqlk lkc a`cuklilk lalnlh tpu`q jl}ub tukqì.

cukq`kc tql`knett tqeen tqe}`n. t}`kce. q`bmlkclk

bì}g. qlmukc }elit`. }li qebplq qlmukc. qe}bgbeqe}.

cenlt p`lnl. cenlt e}nekbee}. p`peq qeqet. cenlt uiu}.

cenlt gmjei. cenlt pekuqup. hlebgt`qgbeqe}. pH

beqe}. muktek. mgqgn. bì}gtigp dlhll. nebl}` et.tq}gfglb. p`kteq. ie}qlt tl}`kc. alk nl`k"nl`k+

]lkdlkclk _e}dgmllk alk Lkln`t`t Alql_eken`q`lk `k` a`nliuilk tedl}l eitpe}`bekqln

nlmg}lqg}`t bekccuklilk ]lkdlkclk Ldli Nekcilp

(]LN) aekclk q`cl pe}nliulk jek`t pekcekde} (tutu

ti`b. t`q}lq. alk q}`t) alk eklb iln` unlkclk+ Teq`lp

dlual epàà`b`t a`mlc ukqui q`cl pe}nliulk+ Teq`lp

unlkclk bekccuklilk tlqu dlual epàà`b`t+ Alql

lkc a`pe}gneh a`lkln`t`t bekccuklilk lkln`t`t

}lclb+

Igneit` Tpe}blqgzgl Dlual Epàà`b`t

Igneit` tpe}blqgzgl al}` dlual epàà`b`ta`nliuilk aekclk dl}l bebmulq tllqlk"tllqlk

plal dlual bekccuklilk cukq`kc tql`knett tqeen

tqe}`n iebua`lk a`m`nlt aekclk KlDn f`t`gngc`t alk

a`nliuilk tekq}`fuclt` plal 4??? }pb tenlbl =?

bek`q+

_ekcekde}lk Tebek

Tebek tecl} lkc bebekuh` tl}lq (bgq`n`qlt ≥

3?%. igktekq}lt` ≥ =??? juql ten'bn. alk

lmkg}bln`qlt ><1%) aèkde}ilk aekclk pekcekde}+

_ekcekde} lkc a`dgmlilk lalnlh tutu ti`b. t`q}lq

alk q}`t lkc blt`kc"blt`kc a`qlbmlh iuk`kc qenu}

temlkli =?%. teh`kccl }lt`g blt`kc"blt`kcpekcekde} aekclk iuk`kc qenu} l`qu 1 : <+ Teqenlh

aèkde}ilk. iebua`lk a`nliuilk evlnult` qe}hlalp

iuln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl+

Evlnult`

Evlnult` a`nliuilk qe}hlalp : (l) Tebek tecl}.

qe}a`}` al}` pek`nl`lk bli}gtigp`t (vgnube. sl}kl.

pH. mlu. alk igkt`tqekt`) alk pek`nl`lk bì}gtigp`t

(igktekq}lt`. bgq`n`qlt. lmkg}bln`qlt. tpe}blqgzgl

hàup alk bebm}lk pnltbl uquh)+ (m) Iuln`qlt tebek

dl`} lkc a`t`bplk plal tuhu 1"5gD+

_eumlh lkc A`lblq`: (<) Bgq`n`qlt lalnlh pe}tekqlte tpe}bl lkc

me}ce}li ieaeplk. a`h`qukc aekclk

bekccuklilk hlebgdqgbeqe} a` mlslh

bì}gtigp plal pebmetl}lk gmjeiq`f 1? iln`+(=) Lmkg}bln`qlt lalnlh pe}tekqlte tpe}blqgzgl

lkc lmkg}bln. a`qekquilk aekclk bekccuklilk

pesl}kl egt`k =% (Qgen`he}e. <004m)+

(4) _e}tekqlte Tpe}bl Hàup lalnlh pe}tekqlte

tpe}blqgzgl lkc hàup. a`h`qukc aekclk

bekccuklilk bì}gtigp plal pebmetl}lk

gmjeiq`f <?? iln`+ Evlnult` bekccuklilk zlq

pesl}kl egt`k"kec}gt`k+ Tpe}blqgzgl lkc

hàup qàli me}sl}kl tealkcilk lkc blq`

me}sl}kl be}lh+

(1) _e}tekqlte B_U (bebm}lk pnltbl uquh) lalnlh

ieuquhlk bebm}lk pnltbl tpe}blqgzgl a`lblq`

aekclk beqgae hpggtbgq`d tsenn`kc ( HGT ) qetq +

Tpe}blqgzgl a`bltuiilk ie alnlb beaùb

HGT alk a``kiumlt` tenlbl 4? bek`q plal tuhu

43?D (Jeeka}lk alk Zlkedena. <081). iebua`lk

a`lblq` a` mlslh bì}gtigp+ Tpe}blqgzgl

aekclk bebm}lk pnltbl uquh a`qukjuiilk gneh

tpe}blqgzgl aekclk eig} bebmekcigi teqenlh

a``kiumlt` alnlb nl}uqlk HGT qetq + Bebm}lk

pnltbl lkc qàli uquh ( HGT qetq keclq`f)

a`qukjuiilk aekclk tpe}blqgzgl lkc qàli

bekukjuiilk lalkl pebmekcigilk plal eig}

(eig} nu}ut)+


Iuln`qlt Tpe}blqgzgl Tecl}Me}altl}ilk evlnult` tedl}l bli}gtigp`t.

a`pe}gneh hlt`n mlhsl tpe}blqgzgl ltln dlual

epàà`bà`t tlp` _G bebpukl` iuln`qlt temlcl`

me}ìuq :

Sl}kl tpe}bl : I}eb

Mlu : Ihlt tpe}bl

pH : 3

Vgnube : ?.4"?.5 bn Igkt`tqekt` : Tlkclq iekqln

Hlt`n `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl tedl}l

bli}gtigp`t tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`bà`t tlp`

_G bebekuh` tl}lq ukqui a`p}gtet nem`h nlkjuq+

]lql"}lql lkcil pH bekukjuiilk 3.? tetul` aekclk

pe}klqllk Qgen`he}e (<004l). mlhsl plal ububkl

tpe}blqgzgl tlkclq liq`f alk alplq me}qlhlk hàup



=1 LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : == " =0

nlbl plal pH tei`ql} 3.?+ Lplm`nl pH qe}nlnu q`kcc`

lqlupuk qe}nlnu }ekalh. blil lilk bekemlmilk

ieblq`lk plal tpe}blqgzgl il}ekl pH tlkclq

bebpekcl}uh` all qlhlk hàup tpe}blqgzgl

(Tln`tmu} alk Vlkaebl}i. <085)+

Hlt`n evlnult` tedl}l bì}gtigp`t qe}hlalp

tpe}blqgzgl tecl} dlual epàà`bà`t tlp` _Gqe}alplq plal Qlmen <+

Igktekq}lt` qgqln tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t

tlp` _G plal peken`q`lk `k` }lql"}lql 5.?544 x <?0

ten'bn+ Hlt`n `k` nem`h q`kcc` a`mlka`kcilk aekclk

lkc a`nlpg}ilk Tuheka}l (=??=) mlhsl igktekq}lt`

tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t tlp` temetl} 4.504 —

1.1?63 x <?0

ten'bn+ Lilk qeqlp` nem`h }ekalh al}`

lkc a`nlpg}ilk gneh Tgepl}kl (<08=) mlhsl q`lp

dlual epàà`b`t bekclkaukc 8.0 x <?0

ten'bn lqlu

i`}l"i`}l <8 x <?0ten'bn ukqui ieaul epàà`b`t tlp`.

tealkcilk beku}uq Mel}aek alk Fu|ul (=???) plal

tlp` temetl} 5? — 31 x <?0

ten'bn+ _e}meallk `k`

aàucl il}ekl pe}meallk jek`t heslk pe}dgmllk

lkc a`cuklilk alk beqgae pekch`qukclk alk

pekcgneit`lk tpe}blqgzgl+

Bgq`n`qlt tpe}blqgzgl tecl} dlual epàà`b`t

tlp` _G plal peken`q`lk `k` alnlb ielallk mlì.

aekclk }lqllk 35.5%+ Hlt`n `k` nem`h q`kcc`

a`mlka`kcilk aekclk hlt`n peken`q`lk M}lkaqgk

(<016) lkc aìuq`p Tln`tmu} alk Vlk Aebl}i

(<085) lkc benlpg}ilk }lql"}lql bgq`n`qlt

tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t tlp` temetl}

5<.3%¼<1.3%+ Hlt`n peken`q`lk lkc a`pe}gneh

iu}lkc nem`h tlbl aekclk lkc a`nlpg}ilk gneh

meme}lpl peken`q` plal heslk nl`k mlhsl bgq`n`qlttpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t teqenlh aèkde}ilk

temetl} 3?"35% plal mlali (Numme eq ln+. <000). 48"

33% plal iual (T|u`}et eq ln+. =???). }lql"}lql 61%

plal bgkeq eig} plkjlkc (Fe}la`t eq ln+. =??<).

}lql"}lql 53.6% plal }utl be}lh (Tgne} eq ln+. =??4).

alk 3?"35% plal Agbml Cl}uq (]`zln eq ln+. =??4m)+

Beku}uq Qgen`he}e (<004m) tpe}blqgzgl bgq`n ukqui

tebek ejliunlq tlp` beb`nì` i`tl}lk 5?"8?%+

_l}lbeqe} iuln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl lkc nl`k hlt`n

peken`q`lk `k` bebekuh` pe}tl}lqlk ukqui @M alk `k

v`q}g tepe}q` tpe}blqgzgl hàup. lmkg}bln`qlt alk

B_U me}qu}uq"qu}uq lalnlh 81.<6%9 0.4% alk

81.<3%+ Tl}lq lmkg}bln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl plaltebek tecl} ukqui @M lalnlh ><1% (Qgen`he}e.

<004m) alk B_U 6?% (]even alk B}gae. <001)+

Iuln`qlt Tpe}blqgzgl Dl`}

Me}altl}ilk hlt`n pekclblqlk lkc qe}dlkqub

plal Qlmen = alplq aìeqlhu` mlhsl }lqllk

pe}tekqlte bgq`n`qlt tpe}blqgzgl qe}q`kcc` a`pe}gneh

al}` pekcekde} q}`t mlì plal hl}` ie"< (36.4%). ie"

= (6?%). ie"4 (5?.84%) blupuk ie"1 (46%)

pek`bplklk iebua`lk a`tutun gneh pe}nliulk

pekcekde} tutu iuk`kc qenu} alk t`q}lq iuk`kc qenu}+

Hlt`n lkln`t`t }lclb bekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}nliulk jek`t pekcekde} bebme}ìlk pekcl}uh lkc qàli

me}meal klql qe}hlalp bgq`n`qlt tpe}blqgzgl dlual

epàà`bà`t tlp` _G lkc a`t`bplk plal tuhu 1 "

5?D mlì plal hl}` ie"<. ie"=. ie"4. alk ie"1+

Me}altl}ilk hlt`n qe}temuq alplq a`n`hlq punl mlhsl

bgq`n`qlt alnlb ieq`cl pekcekde} qe}temuq alplq

a`pe}qlhlkilk tlbpl` hl}` ieq`cl pek`bplklk.

il}ekl bgq`n`qltkl blt`h a`lqlt 1?%+ Aekclk

aebì`lk ieq`cl pekcekde} qe}temuq alplq a`jlaìlk

pekcekde} ukqui tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`bà`t

tlp` _G. slnlupuk pekcekde} lkc bebme}ìlk hlt`n

pln`kc q`kcc` l`qu pekcekde} q}`t iuk`kc qenu}+

Aìeqlhu` mlhsl ieq`cl pekcekde} qe}temuq

bebpukl` pe}tlbllk igbpgt`t` uktu} l`qu

il}mghà}lq. lkq`m`gqì alk iuk`kc qenu} lkc

a`qlbmlhilk ukqui iemuquhlk hàup tpe}blqgzgl.

teh`kccl alplq bebpe}qlhlkilk all hàupkl+

Qlmen <+ ]lql"}lql iuln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl tecl} ltln dlual epàà`bà`t tlp` _G

_l}lbeqe} Iuln`qlt ]lql"}lql

Igktekq}lt` Qgqln 5?54.4x<?6

ten'bn

Bgq`n`qlt 35.5?%

Tpe}blqgzgl Hàup 81.<6%

Lmkg}bln`qlt 0.44%

B_U 81.<3%




Qlmen =+ ]lqllk pe}tekqlte bgq`n`qlt tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`bà`t tlp` _G alnlb pekcekde}

tutu ti`b. q}`t alk t`q}lq iuk`kc qenu} lkc a`t`bplk plal tuhu 1"5?D+

_ek`bplklk Hl}` Ie"

_e}nliulk < = 4 1

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ % ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Tutu 35.5? 58.5?

10.63

45.44

Q}`t 36.4? 6?.?? 5?.84 46.??

T`q}lq 31.63 51.44 16.?? 45.??

Bgq`n`qlt qe}q`kcc` a`pe}gneh al}` pekcekde} q}`t

iuk`kc qenu}. iebukci`klk il}ekl pekcekde} q}`t

iuk`kc qenu} beb`nì` igbpgt`t` mlhlk lkc nem`h

nekcilp (q}`t ha}gxbeqhn lb`kgbeqhlk. ltlb

t`q}lq. f}uiqgtl. lkq`m`gqì. n`pgp}gqe`k alk ned`q`k)

bekea`lilk zlq blilklk alk tubme} eke}c` lkc

pekq`kc mlc` tpe}blqgzgl ukqui bebpe}qlhlkilk

iehàuplkkl+ Q}`t (ha}gxbeqhn lb`kgbeqhlk) me}fukct` temlcl` muffe} lkc me}t`flq mltl lkc

blbpu beklkcclh pH nl}uqlk lcl} qeqlp tqlm`n.

il}ekl pH be}uplilk fliqg} pekq`kc lkc

bebpekcl}uh` iuln`qlt tebek+ Q}`t be}uplilk

muffe} lkc iulq il}ekl bekclkaukc cl}lb lkc

blbpu beklkcclh pH nl}uqlk aekclk tlkclq mlì

(Hlfez. =???)+

_e}nliulk pekcekde} tutu ti`b iuk`kc qenu} alk

t`q}lq iuk`kc qenu} bebpukl` bgq`n`qlt lkc nem`h

}ekalh a`mlka`kcilk q}`t iuk`kc qenu}. hln `k`

a`temlmilk gneh meme}lpl fliqg}+ Tutu ti`b lkc

me}fukct` temlcl` muffe} qàli alplq

bebpe}qlhlkilk pe}umlhlk pH li`mlq qe}mekquikl

ltlb nliqlq t`tl beqlmgn`tbe lkc bekchlt`nilk

eke}c`+ _lal pekcekde} t`q}lq iuk`kc qenu}. `gk t`q}lq

lilk me}ìlqlk aekclk Dl lkc qe}alplq alnlb

pnltbl tebek. teh`kccl lilk bekch`nlkcilk fukct`

Dl temlcl` pebldu bgq`n`qlt+ Tepe}q` pekalplq Fne`c

lkc aìuq`p gneh Tln`tmu} alk Vlk Aebl}i (<085)

lkc beklqlilk mlhsl Dl me}fukct` temlcl`

pebldu bgq`n`qlt+ Aekclk qe}ìlqkl Dl. blil

beqlmgn`tbe tpe}blqgzgl lkc bekchlt`nilk eke}c`

ukqui bgq`n`qlt lilk qe}hlbmlq+ Hln `k` aàuiukc

gneh Qgen`he}e (<004l) beklqlilk mlhsl eke}c`

al}` hlt`n beqlmgn`tbe a`pe}cuklilk ukqui bgq`n`qlt+Qe}hlbmlqkl beqlmgn`tbe lilk me}pekcl}uh alnlb

pebmekquilk ltlb nliqlq+ Tepekalplq aekclk

Mel}aek alk Fu|ul (=???)9 C`nme}q (<08?).

q`kcilqlk ltlb nliqlq me}ig}enlt` klql aekclk all

ce}li tpe}blqgzgl+ Hln qe}temuq alplq

bebpe}pekaei all qlhlk hàup tpe}blqgzgl+

Aebì`lk punl beku}uq Qlbm`kc eq ln+ (=???)

mlhsl f}uiqgtl lkc jucl bekjla` tlnlh tlqu

igbpgkek pekutuk pekcekde} q}`t me}pe}lk temlcl`

tumtq}lq pekchlt`n eke}c` me}upl LQ_. teh`kccl

bekemlmilk tpe}blqgzgl alplq me}ce}li+ Bgq`n`qlt

(all ce}li) tpe}blqgzgl tlkclq me}clkqukc plal

tupnl` eke}c` me}upl LQ_ hlt`n beqlmgn`tbe

Mlkli muiq` bekukjuiilk mlhsl plal tuhu

5

?

D liq`v`qlt beqlmgn`tbe lkc aùiu} aekclkpe}umlhlk"pe}umlhlk i`b`l lilk me}iu}lkc. klbuk

blt`h qeqlp me}nlkctukc (Tln`tmu} alk Vlk Aebl}i.

<085)+ _lal peken`q`lk `k` pek`bplklk tpe}blqgzgl

dlual epàà`b`t tlp` _G plal tuhu 1"5?D

bekchlt`nilk bgq`n`qlt lkc blt`h nlli ukqui @M

hlkl tlbpl` hl}` ie"4. il}ekl tqlkal} bgq`n`qlt

lkc mlkli a`cuklilk alnlb p}gc}lb @M hl}ut

beb`nì` pe}tekqlte bgq`n`qlt pln`kc teaì`q temetl}

1?% (Qgen`he}e. <004l)+ Teqenlh hl}` ie"1 bgq`n`qlt

tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t tlp` _G qàli nlli

ukqui @M il}ekl bgq`n`qlt lkc aàlplq > 1?%+ Hln

`k` a`temlmilk peka`kc`klk tebek al}` tuhu qumuh

ie tuhu nebl}` et alplq bekemlmilk tpe}blqgzgl

ieh`nlkclk bgq`n`qlt tedl}l c}lauln tlbpl`

pe}ce}lilk qe}hekq` tlbl teiln` (Qgen`he}e. <004m)+

Bgq`n`qlt tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t lkc

lilk a`gnlh alplq a`q`kcilqilk a`lkql}lkl aekclk

beklbmlhilk pnltbl tebek+ Kgnlk alk

Hlbbe}tqeaq (<003) benlpg}ilk mlhsl bebm}lk

pnltbl ten tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t qàli

bekalplqilk pe}n`kaukclk me}upl cnìgp}gqe`k lkc

a`t`kqet`t gneh ienekjl} vetìunl}`t alk a`tei}etìlk

ie alnlb pnltbl tebek+ Cnìgp}gqe`k tlkclq pekq`kc

alnlb ben`kaukc` bebm}lk pnltbl ten tpe}blqgzgl

al}` ie}utlilk li`mlq iejuqlk a`kc`k alk te}lkclk}laìln memlt li`mlq igkqli aekclk git`cek tllq

tpe}blqgzgl aìgneit`+

Ieqàlihla`}lk cnìgp}gqe`k alplq bekemlmilk

peku}uklk all hàup tpe}blqgzgl alk

bek`kcilqilk pe}tekqlte }elit` li}gtgb lkc

p}eblqu} li`mlq ie}utlilk bebm}lk pnltbl ten+




Qlmen 4+ ]lqllk pe}tekqlte tpe}blqgzgl hàup ltln dlual epàà`bà`t tlp` _G alnlb pekcekde}

tutu ti`b. q}`t alk t`q}lq iuk`kc qenu} lkc a`t`bplk plal tuhu 1"5?D

_ek`bplklk Hl}` Ie"_e}nliulk

? < = 4

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ % ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Tutu 8?.5?

34.??

64.44

56.84

Q}`t 8<.5? 35.<3 6<.63 53.5?

T`q}lq 8?.44

60.63

50.84

51.<3

]lqqlk (<00?) benlpg}ilk mlhsl pnltbl tebek

tlp` bekclkaukc tutuklk i`b`l a`lkql}lkl p}gqe`k.

ltlb ltig}mlq. klq}ùb. ilnùb alk ilntùb. a`blkl

uktu} p}gqe`k alk klq}ùb be}uplilk igbpgkek

lkc pln`kc metl}+ T|u`}et eq ln+ (=???) benlpg}ilk

bgq`n`qlt tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t iual alplq

a`q`kcilqilk aekclk dl}l beklbmlhilk pnltbl

tebek. a`blkl qe}jla` pek`kcilqlk bgq`n`qlt al}`

54% bekjla` 6<%+ ]`zln eq ln+ (<000) benlpg}ilk

mlhsl tebek meiu ie}mlu nubpu} alplq a`q`kcilqilk

iuln`qltkl aekclk dl}l bekcclkq` pnltbl tebekkl

aekclk pnltbl tebek tlp` F}èt`lk Hgntqe`k (FH)+

_ek`nl`lk qe}hlalp tpe}blqgzgl hàup ltln dlual

epàà`b`t tlp` _G alnlb me}mlcl` pekcekde} lkc

a`t`bplk plal tuhu 1 — 5gD. qe}alplq plal Qlmen 4+

Me}altl}ilk Qlmen 4 bekukjuiilk mlhsl }lqllk

tpe}blqgzgl hàup a` alnlb pekcekde} Q}`t nem`h

q`kcc` a`mlka`kc pekcekde} nl`k klbuk hlt`n lkln`t`t

tqlq`tqì qàli bekukjuiilk pe}meallk lkc klql

(_;?.?5)+ Hlt`n `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl ieq`cl

pe}nliulk pekcekde} bebme}ìlk ieblbpulk hàup

lkc tlbl qe}hlalp tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t

tlp` _G+

_lal pekcekde} q}`t iuk`kc qenu}. pe}tekqlte

hàup tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t tlp` _G

qe}q`kcc` a`temlmilk aàlnlb pekcekde} q}`t qe}alplq

tubme} eke}c` lkc q`kcc` a`hlt`nilk al}` f}uiqgtl+

F}uiqgtl lkc duiup lilk bekemlmilk

tpe}blqgzgl qeqlp me}ce}li. il}ekl f}uiqgtl me}pe}lk

bekchlt`nilk eke}c` me}upl LQ_ lkc bekclkaukc

fgtflq g}clkì (_`) ill eke}c` alk lilk a`cuklilk

ukqui igkq}lit` f`m}`n"f`m}`n alk bekchlt`nilk ce}li

tpe}blqgzgl+ Ienem`hlk q}`t a`mlka`kcilk pekcekde}

nl`k lalnlh alplq bebpe}plkjlkc hàup tpe}blqgzgl

plal qebpe}lqu} "5?D alk

"<06

?D (Mel}aek alk

Fu|ul. =???). tlkclq efeiq`f ukqui bebpe}qlhlkilk

pH (Qgen`he}e. <004l) te}ql alplq

bebpe}qlhlkilkilk gtbgnl}`qlt+ Hln `k` aàuiukc

gneh pekalplq T`kch (<00=) lkc aìuq`p He}a`t

(=??1) mlhsl lplm`nl a`q`kjlu al}` v`lm`n`qlt alk

all fe}q`n`qlt. q}`t iuk`kc qenu} be}uplilk plkcekde}

lkc mlì ukqui p}gtet pebmeiulk tebek+

Beku}uq Hlfez alk Hlfez (=???) tpe}blqgzgl

hàup lkc me}il`qlk e}lq aekclk bgq`n`qlt

a`pekcl}uh` gneh ubu} tpe}bl. blqu}lt` tpe}bl.

pek`bplklk eke}c` (LQ_). lcek liq`f. m`gf`tì alk

f`t`gngcì. dl`}lk tutpekt` alk lalkl }lkctlkclk

lqlu hlbmlqlk+ _ek`nl`lk lmkg}bln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl

dlual epàà`bà`t tlp` _G alnlb me}mlcl`

pekcekde} a`t`bplk plal tuhu 1"5?D. alplq a`n`hlq

plal Qlmen 1+

Qlmen 1+ ]lqllk lmkg}bln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`bà`t tlp` _G alnlb pekcekde} tutu ti`b.

q}`t alk t`q}lq iuk`kc qenu} lkc a`t`bplk plal tuhu 1"5?D


< = 4 1

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ % +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Tutu <=.81l

<8.44l

=4.44l

4<.?l

Q}`t <<.<8l

<8.<3l

==.44l

=0.?l

T`q}lq <<.53l

<8.<3l

=4.63l

4?.5l




Qlmen 5+ ]lqllk pe}tekqlte bebm}lk pnltbl uquh (B_U) tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`bà`t tlp` _G

alnlb pekcekde} tutu ti`b. q}`t. alk t`q}lq iuk`kc qenu} a`t`bplk plal Tuhu 1"5 ?D


< = 4 1

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ % ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Tutu 30.84l

34.44l

6=.??l

51.84l

Q}`t 8<.<3 l 35.84 l 61.44 l 53.?? l

T`q}lq 33.63l

3<.44l

6<.??l

54.5?l

Me}altl}ilk Qlmen 1 alplq a`n`hlq mlhsl k`nl`

lmkgbln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t qe}ekalh

plal hl}` ie"<. ie"=. ie"4 alk ie"1 a`pe}gneh al}`

pekcekde} q}`t iuk`kc qenu} tedl}l me}qu}uq"qu}uq

temetl} <<.<89 <8.<39 ==.449 alk =0%. klbuk hlt`n

lkln`t`t }lclb bekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}nliulk

bebme}ìlk pekcl}uh lkc qàli me}meal klql

(_;?.?5) qe}hlalp lmkg}bln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`bà`t tlp` _G mlì plal hl}` ie"<. ie"= . ie"4

alk ie"1+

Lmkg}bln`qlt qe}ekalh a`pe}gneh al}` pekcekde}

q}`t iuk`kc qenu} a`mlka`kcilk pekcekde} t`q}lq

iuk`kc qenu} blupuk tutu ti`b iuk`kc qenu}+

Beku}uq Hlfez (=???) hln `k` a`temlmilk il}ekl q}`t

beb`nì` ilplt`qlt muffe} lkc mlì.

bebpe}qlhlkilk gtbgnl}`qlt. bekclkaukc cl}lb

alk ltlb lb`kg+

_lal peken`q`lk `k` k`nl` lmkg}bln`qlt lkc blt`h

nlli ukqui @M al}` ieq`cl pekcekde} a`pe}gneh

tlbpl` hl}` ie"4 aekclk }lql"}lql k`nl` > =5%+ Hln`k` tejlnlk aekclk pekalplq Mel}aek alk Fu|ul

(=???) alk _l}qga`hl}ajg (<00=) mlhsl lmkg}bln`qlt

tpe}blqgzgl tlbpl` =5% menub me}pekcl}uh

qe}hlalp fe}q`n`qlt tpe}blqgzgl. l}q`kl blt`h mlì

ukqui a``kteb`kltìlk+ Teh`kccl teqenlh hl}` ie"4

lmkg}bln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t tlp` _G

qàli nlli ukqui p}gc}lb @M+ Tebli`k nlbl sliqu

pek`bplklk blil tebli`k q`kcc` pe}tekqlte

lmkg}bln`qlt+ Iejla`lk `k` a`temlmilk gneh iejuqlk

tuhu a`kc`k alk ieqàlite`bmlkclk qeilklk gtbgqì

li`mlq al}` p}gtet beqlmgnì lkc qe}ut me}nlkctukc

tenlbl pek`bplklk plal 5

?

D+ Hlt`n lih`} p}gtetbeqlmgnì alnlb tultlkl lkle}gm lalnlh ltlb nliqlq+

Jek`t lmkg}bln`qlt lkc qlbpli plal peken`q`lk `k`

lalnlh lmkg}bln`qlt teiukae} qe}a`}` al}` eig}

ben`kcil}. ieplnl qlkpl eig} alk ieplnl pedlh. lkc

nem`h a`temlmilk pe}nliulk ieqìl pebmulqlk

p}epl}lq unlt+

_ek`nl`lk Bebm}lk _nltbl Uquh (B_U)

tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t tlp` _G alnlb

me}mlcl` pekcekde} lkc a`t`bplk plal tuhu 1 " 5?D. alplq a`n`hlq plal Qlmen 5+

Me}altl}ilk Qlmen 5 alplq qe}n`hlq mlhsl }lqllk

pe}tekqlte Bebm}lk _nltbl Uquh (B_U)

tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t tlp` _G qe}q`kcc`

a`pe}gneh al}` pekcekde} q}`t iuk`kc qenu} plal hl}`

ie"<. ie"=. ie"4 blupuk ie"1. a`tutun gneh pekcekde}

tutu iuk`kc qenu} alk t`q}lq iuk`kc qenu}+ Hlt`nlkln`t`t }lclb bekukjuiilk mlhsl mlì plal hl}`

ie"<. ie"=. ie"4 blupuk ie"1 pek`bplklk. tebul

pe}nliulk bebme}ìlk pekcl}uh lkc qàli me}meal

klql (_;?.?5) qe}hlalp k`nl` B_U tpe}blqgzgl

dlual epàà`b`t+

]evenn alk B}gae (<001) beklqlilk mlhsl

k`nl` pe}tekqlte B_U tebek tecl} lkc iu}lkc al}`

6?% aìlqecg}ìlk temlcl` tebek lkc `kfe}q`n+

Beku}uq Jeeka}lk alk Zlkevena (<081). mlqlt

b`k`bln ieuquhlk bebm}lk lkc nlli a`cuklilk

ukqui @M lalnlh 5?%+

_lal pekcekde} q}`t aàlplqilk B_U lkc pln`kcq`kcc` a`temlmilk q}`t beb`nì` ilplt`qlt muffe} lkc

mlì alk qgit`t`qlt }ekalh plal igktekq}lt` q`kcc`+

Beku}uq Alv`t eq ln+ (<064) te}ql Tqe`kmldh alk

Fggqe (<063) Q}`t (ha}gxbeqhn lb`kgbeqhlk)

plal ububkl temlcl` igbpgkek uqlbl alnlb

pekcekde} ukqui i}`gp}ete}vlt` tebek tlp`+

Tebekql}l q}`t alk ltlb t`q}lq lkc qe}ilkaukc a`

alnlb pekcekde} q}`t beb`nì` fukct` temlcl`

teklsl peklkccl lkc mlì ukqui

bebpe}qlhlkilk ae}ljlq ieltlblk (pH) alk

gtbgnl}`qlt pekcekde} il}ekl bekclkaukc cl}lb

alk ltlb lb`kg+ Blqhes eq ln+ (<081) beklqlilkmlhsl q}`t temlcl` peklkccl lb`kl qenlh a`cuklilk

tedl}l efeiq`f ukqui bebpe}qlhlkilk pH f`t`gngcì+

Beku}uq ]`zln eq ln+ (=??1) lplm`nl bebm}lk pnltbl

ten alplq a`pe}qlhlkilk ieuquhlkkl tenlbl p}gtet

pebmeiulk. blil lilk bebme}ìlk efei lkc mlì

punl qe}hlalp bgq`n`qlt. all hàup alk ieuquhlk

quaukc li}gtgb tpe}blqgzgl+ Jìl bebm}lk pnltbl

ten alnlb ielallk uquh. blil bebm}lk pnltbl




blbpu aekclk mlì bekclqu} nlnu n`kqlt ienul}

bltui ten tenu}uh teklsl (tumtq}lq) alk eneiqgn`q

lkc a`muquhilk alnlb p}gtet beqlmgn`tbe+

Iet`bpunlk

Me}altl}ilk hlt`n peken`q`lk a`t`bpunilk mlhsliuln`qlt tpe}blqgzgl dlual epàà`b`t tlp` _G a`

alnlb pekcekde} tutu ti`b. q}`t alk t`q}lq iuk`kc

qenu} lkc a`t`bplk plal tuhu 5gD bekchlt`nilk

iuln`qlt lkc tlbl mlìkl+ _eblkfllqlk

tpe}blqgzgl lkc me}ltln al}` dlual epàà`b`t tlp`

ukccun lkc me}bltlnlh alnlb hln peklbpukclk

tebek lqlu mlhilk lkc bekclnlb` ieblq`lk

bekalali alplq tece}l a`nliuilk aekclk bekcgnlh

tpe}blqgzgl qe}temuq bekjla` tebek dl`} aekclk

bekccuklilk pekcekde} tutu ti`b"iuk`kc qenu}.

t`q}lq"iuk`kc qenu} lqlu q}`t"iuk`kc qenu}+

Udlplk Qe}`bl Ilt`h

_eken`q`lk `k` be}uplilk tlnlh tlqu mlc`lk al}`

}lkcil`lk peken`q`lk lkc qenlh qe}nlitlkl lqlt alkl

mlkqulk peken`q`lk lkalnlk Uk`ve}t`qlt _lajlajl}lk

Mlkaukc+ Ukqui `qu pekun`t bekcudlpilk mlkli

qe}`bl ilt`h ieplal ]eiqg} alk Nebmlcl _eken`q`lk

Uk`ve}t`qlt _lajlajl}lk Mlkaukc. te}ql ieplal

tebul p`hli lkc qe}n`mlq alk qenlh bebmlkqu

tenlbl peken`q`lk+

Alfql} _utqlil

L`tek. E+C+. V+H+ Bea`lkl lka L+ Vekqu}`kg+ =??=+

D}gp}ete}vlq`gk lka pgtq"qhlsea fe}q`n`q gf }lb

tebek f}gzek `k a`ffe}ekq q}ehlngte dgkdekq}lq`gk+

Qhe}`gcekgngc 53 : <8?<"<8?8+

Lxke}. E+. D+N+ Fg}tme}c lka T+ E`kl}ttgk+ <000+

Bg}phgngc lka bgq`n`q gf tpe}blqgzgl f}gb

a`ffe}ekq }ec`gk gf qhe epààbln audq `k qhe

agbetq`d dlq+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 15 : 363"333+

Mel}aek. H+J+ lka J+S+ Fu|ul. =???+ Lppnèa Lk`bln ]ep}gaudq`gk+ 5qh

ea+ _}ekq`de Hlnn+ Uppe} Tlaane

]`ve}. Kes Je}te+ _p+=0+

Alv`t @+T+. ]+S+ M}lqqgk lka ]+H+ Fggqe+ <064+ N`vlm`n`q

gf mgv`ke tpe}blqgzgl lq 5. "=5 lka "85 ?D `k q}`t"

muffe}ea lka d`q}lqe"muffe}ea gni" cnde}gn+ Jgu}kln

gf Al`} Tdèkde 16: 444+

En"Lnlb. B+L+ lka ]+H+ Fggqe+ =??<+ F}eezlm`n`q gf

tpe}blqgzgl f}gb F`kk lka Ag}teq ]lbt `k bunq`pne

tebek exqekae}t+ Lk`bln ]ep}gaudq`gk Tdèkde 65 :

=15"=51+

Fe}la`t. A+ _ls`q}`. @+I+ Tulqhl. B+ ]`zln Lb`k. Q+N+

Putuf. A+ Tljuqh`. @+K+ Mua`l}tl lka E+T+ Hlet+

=??<+ D}gp}ete}vlq`gk gf ep aàbln tpe}blqgzgl

dgnnedqea m keeane m`gpt f}gb dkgbgncut

bgkiet (Bldldl fltd`dunl}`t)+ Jgu}kln gf Bea`d`ke_}`blqgngc 4?: <??"<?6+

Cl}ke}. A+N+ lka E+T+E+ Hlfez+ =???+ Tpe}blqgzgl lka

Teb`kln _nltbl+ @k: ]ep}gaudq`gk `k Fl}b Lk`blnt.

3qh

ea`q`gk+ M+ Hlfez lka E+T+E+ Hlfez+ (Eat)+

N`pp`kdgqq S`nn`lbt lka S`ni`kt. Mlnq`bg}e+ 06"<?0+

C`nme}q. L+M+. <08?+ _gunq}+ @k: ]ep}gaudq`gk `k Fl}b

Lk`blnt. 1qh

ea`q`gk+ E+T+E+ Hlfez (Ea)+ Nel lka

Fem`ce}. _h`nlaenph`l+ _p+ 146"148

Hlfez. E+T+E+ =???+ _}ete}vlq`gk lka D}gp}ete}vlq`gk gf

Clbeqet lka Ebm}gt+ @k: ]ep}gaudq`gk `k Fl}b

Lk`blnt. 3qh

ea`q`gk+ M+ Hlfez lka E+T+E+ Hlfez+

(Eat)+ N`pp`kdgqq S`nn`lbt lka S`ni`kt. Mlnq`bg}e+

14<"11=+

Hlfez. E+T+E+ lka M+ Hlfez+ =???+ Q}lktpg}q lka Tu}v`vln

gf Clbeqet+ @k: ]ep}gaudq`gk `k Fl}b Lk`blnt. 3qh

ea`q`gk+ M+ Hlfez lka E+T+E+ Hlfez+ (Eat)+

N`pp`kdgqq S`nn`lbt lka S`ni`kt. Mlnq`bg}e+ 8="05+

He}a`t. B+]+ Qgen`he}e. @+ Tup}`lqkl. M+ _u}slkql}l alk

]+Q+T+ Laìl}l. =??1+ @kqec}`qlt alk all hàup

tpe}blqgzgl plal pebmeiulk tebek agbml cl}uq

(Gv`t l}èt) aekclk pekcekde} altl} q}`t alk tutu

ti`b iuk`kc qenu}+ Ju}kln Veqe}`ke} 5 : 1?"13

Jeeka}lk. ]+T+ lka N+J+A+ Zlkedena. <081+ @ktq}udq`gk

fg} Hpggtbgq`d Tsenn`kc (HGT) Qetq+ Tebek

Lklnt`t ]ep}gaudq`ve ]etgu}de Dekq}e Nlm+ C}lkq

gf Hgtp`qln gf Dh`dlcg. Dh`dlcg+

Iìudh`. I+. Q+ Klcl`. K+ Ilth`slzli`. H+ @ieal. J+

Kgcudh`. L+ Th`blal. E+ Tgng lka H+ Ilkeig. <008+

D}gp}ete}vlq`gk lka ektu`kc `k v`q}g fe}q`n`zlq`gk

lm`n`q gf mgl} tpe}blqgzgl f}gb epààbàet

tqg}ea lq 1gD+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 5? : 6<5"6=4+

Numme. I+. ]+N+ Tb`qh. _+ Ml}qent lka ]+L+ Cgaie+ <000+

F}eez`kc epààbln tpe}b f}gb sh`qe }h`kgde}gt

(De}lqgqhe}ùb t`bub) q}elqea s`qh a`ffe}ekq

d}ga`nuekqt+ Qhe}`gcekgngc 5<: =88+

Blqhes. J+. D+I+T+V+ ]ljl lka I+_+ Kl`}+ <081+

_}ete}vlq`gk gf @kagket`lk mudi tebek s`qh q}`t gni

a`nuekq+ @ka`lk Veqe}`kl} Jgu}kln 6<: 061"068+

Bl}a`lh. E+ =??<+ Qeikì pekcekde}lk plal pebmulqlk

dh`nn`kc tebek tlp`+ Qebu Qeik`t Fukct`gkln Kgk

_eken`q`+ <4?"<43+




Blxsenn. S+B+D+ lka T+ Tlnlbgk+ <004+ N`|uà tqg}lce

gf }lb tebek : l }evès+ ]ep}gaudq`gk. Fe}q`n`q lka

Aevengpbekq 5 : 6?<"6<=+

Kgnlk. J+_+ lka ]+H+ Hlbbe}tqeaq+ <003+ ]ecunlq`gk gf

bebm}lke tqlm`n`q lka qhe ld}gtgbe }eldq`gk `k

blbbln`lk tpe}b+ Qhe Jgu}kln gf Qhe Feae}lq`gk

gf Lbe}`dl Tgdèqèt fg} Exp}e}`bekqln M`gngc+ << :63?"68=+

_l}qga`hl}ajg. T+. <00=+ @nbu ]ep}gauit` Heslk+

Deqlilk ieq`cl Fliunqlt Ieagiqe}lk Veqe}`ke}

Ju}utlk ]ep}gauit` @_M+ Buq`l}l Tubme} Sàl+

Jlil}ql _utlq+

]lqqlk. _+J+T+ <00?+ _ht`g"dheb`dln dgktq`quekt gf

mufflng munn tebek+ _}gdea`kct gf qhe @@ Sg}na

Mufflng Dgkc}ett. Kes Aenh`+ =6"4?+

]even. T+C+ lka ]+L+ B}gae. <001+ Lk gtbgq`d }et`tqekde

qetq fg} mgv`ke tebek+ Lk`bln ]ep}gaudq`gk Tdèkde

46 : 33"86+

]`zln. B+. B+]+ Qgen`he}e. Q+N+ Putuf. M+ _u}slkql}l alk

_+ T`qubg}lkc+ <000+ _ekcl}uh pnltbl tebek tlp`

qe}hlalp iuln`qlt tebek meiu ie}mlu nubpu}

(Mumlnut mumln`t)+ Ju}kln @nbu Qe}kli alk Veqe}`ke}

1: <14"<13+


_+ T`qubg}lkc+ =??4l+ I}`gp}ete}vlt` tebek

Agbml Cl}uq alnlb pekcekde} Q}`t aekclk

igktekq}lt` nliqgtl lkc me}meal+ Bea`l

Ieagiqe}lk Heslk+ <0 (=) : 30"84+


_+ T`qubg}lkc. =??4m+ _ekcl}uh nlbl pek`bplklk

epàà`b`t agbml plal tuhu 5?D qe}hlalp iuln`qlt

tpe}blqgzgl epàà`b`t+ Teb`kl} Klt`gkln alk

Cenl} _}gaui „_ekcengnllk alk _eblkfllqlk

Ielkeil}lclblk Hllq` alnlb Ie}lkcil

_ebmlkcuklk Me}ienlkjuqlk‒+ _utlq Tqua` @nbu

Hllq`. Nebmlcl _eken`q`lk. @_M+ Mgcg}+

]`zln. B+. He}a`t alk L+ Mgea gkg. =??1+ All hàup

tpe}bl epàà`b`t agbml teqenlh a`t`bplk plal

tuhu }ekalh (5gD)+ Lk`bln _}gaudq`gk 6 (<): 4?"46+


_+ T`qubg}lkc. =??1+ _ekcl}uh sliqu pek`bplklk

epàà`b`t plal tuhu 5?D qe}hlalp iuln`qlt

tpe}blqgzgl epàà`b`t agbml cl}uq+ Ju}kln

Veqe}`ke} 5(4): 05"<?4+

Tln`tmu}}. C+S+ alk K+N+ Vlk Aebl}.+ <085+ F`t`gngc` ]ep}gauit` alk @kteb`klt` Mulqlk plal Tlp`+

Clajlh Blal Uk`ve}t`q _}ett+ Pgclil}ql+

Tgepl}kl. <08=+ _ekclkql} Tpe}blqgngc` (@@)

Tpe}blqgceket`t+ Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk Uk`ve}t`qlt

_lajlajl}lk+ Mlkaukc+

Tgne}. L+J+. B+A+ _e}ez"Cuzblk lka J+J+ Cl}ae. =??4+

Tqg}lce gf }ea aee} epààb`t fg} fgu} alt lq 5?D :

Effedqt gk tpe}b bgq`n`q. v`lm`n`q lka bg}phgngc

`kqec}`q+ Ju}kln Expe}`bekqln Zggngc =05L: <88"

<00+

T|u`}et. E+N. D+ Cgbez"Dueql}l lka J+I+ C}lhlb. =???+

Effedq gf teb`kln pnltbl gk d}gp}ete}v`kc

epààbln lka ejldunlqea tqlnn`gk tpe}blqgzgl+

_}gdeea`kc <1qh

@kqe}klq`gkln Dgkc}ett gk Lk`bln

]ep}gaudq`gk. Tqgdihgnb. ="6 Jun =???+ _+<66+

Lmtq}ldq Vgn+=+

Tqe`kmldh. J+ lka ]+H+ Fggqe. <063+ Gtbgq`d p}ettu}e lka

pH effedqt gk tu}v`vln gf f}gzek gk n`|uà

Tpe}blqgzgl+ Jgu}kln gf Al`} Tdèkde 5?: =?5+

Tuheka}l. =??=+ Ilj`lk Meme}lpl _l}lbeqe} Iuln`qlt

Tpe}blqgzgl Tpe}blqgzgl tlp` plal Q`lp Mlc`lk

Epàà`b`t YTi}`pt`R+ Fliunqlt Ieagiqe}lk Heslk.

@ktq`quq _e}qlk`lk Mgcg}. Mgcg}+

Qlbm`kc. T+K+. B+]+ Qgen`he}e. Q+N+ Putuf lka @+I+

Tuqlbl. =???+ Effedqt gf cnde}gn `k q}`t exqekae} gk

f}gzek tebek |uln`q gf d}gttm}ea eqlslh mudit+

Ju}kln @nbu Qe}kli alk Veqe}`ke} 5(=): 81"0<

Qgen`he}e. B+]+. <004l+ F`t`gngc` ]ep}gauit` plal

Qe}kli + Lkciltl+ Mlkaukc+

Qgen`he}e. B+]+. <004m+ @kteb`klt` Mulqlk plal Qe}kli +

Lkciltl+ Mlkaukc+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ 4? — 44 Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇


4?

_eblkfllqlk Mngqgkc Benlnu` _ekcgnlhlk M`gngc`t ukqui

Bek`kcilqilk Iede}kllk Mlhlk Ie}`kc alk Mlhlk

G}clkì te}ql _l}lbeqe} ]ubek tedl}l @k V`q}g

(Uq`n`zlq`gk gf Tucl}dlke Tnuace qh}guch M`gngc _}gdett`kc qg @bp}gve A} Blqqe}

lka G}clk`d Blqqe} A`cetq`m`n`q lka ]ubek _l}lbeqe}t @k V`q}g)

Putuf Sàgag alk Buhql}ua`k

Fliunqlt _e}qlk`lk Ju}utlk _}gauit` Qe}kli. Uk`ve}t`qlt Nlbpukc

LMTQ]LDQ: Qhe gmjedq`ve gf qhe }etel}dh slt qg tqua uq`n`z`kc fukc` lka eltq gk tucl}dlke tnuace fe}bekqlq`gk lka

`qt uq`n`zlq`gk }lq`gkt `k v`q}g beqhga+ Qhe tedgka }etel}dh slt mecuk m àekq`fèa qhe metq gf fukc` lka eltq gk

fe}bekqlq`gk tucl} dlke tnuace+ Qhe }etel}dh slt l}}lkcea: _?2 tucl} dlke tnuace s`qhguq fe}bekqlq`gk9 _<2 fe}bekqlq`gk

m Tlddhl}gbdet de}ev`dele9 _= 2 fe}bekqlq`gk m Ltpe}c`nnut g}zle9 _4 2 fe}bekqlq`gk m Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} 9 _12

fe}bekqlq`gk m ]h`zgput g}}zle+ Qg aeqe}b`ke `q#t `k }lq`gkt. qhe }etel}dh slt agke m dgbpneqea }lkagb aet ck+ Qhe

q}elqbekqt se}e l}}lkcea: ]? 2 mlt`d }lq`gkt. ]< 2 ]? 5% fe}bekqea gf tucl}dlke tnuace. ]= 2 ]? <?% fe}bekqea gf

tucl}dlke tnuace. ]4 2 ]? <5% fe}bekqea gf tucl}dlke tnuace. ]1 2 ]? =?% fe}bekqea gf tucl}dlke tnuace+T`ck`f`dlkq effedq (_>?+?5) hla thgsea gk VFL lka KH4 pl}lbeqe}t+ Mltea gk qhete pl}lbeqe}t. fe}bekqlq`gk gf

tucl}dlke tnuace qhlq utea Tlddhl}gbdet de}ev`dele hla meqqe} effedq dgbpl}ea m gqhe}t+ Qhe q}elqbekqt hla t`ck`f`dlkq

effedq (_>?+?5) gk KH4. mltea gk pgnkgb`ln g}qhgcgkln qetq qhe q}elqbekqt hla n`kel} du}ve P2 1.?45 ?.=43X+ Qhe

q}elqbekqt hla kg t`ck`f`dlkq effedq gk VFL lka g}clk`d blqqe}t a`cetq`m`n`q+ Qhe a} blqqe}t a`cetq`m`n`q pl}lbeqe} hla

t`ck`f`dlkq effedq (_>?+?5). qhe du}ve }etpgkte slt n`kel} lka qhe e|ulq`gkt P215.061 " ?.=01X+

Ie Sg}at: Tucl}dlke tnuace p}gdett`kc. fukc`. eltq. `k v`q}g

_ekalhunulk

N`bmlh qlklblk qemu tlkclq pgqekt`ln temlcl`

plilk qe}kli lnqe}klq`f. il}ekl ieqe}tea`llkkl

mlkli alk jucl qàli me}tl`kc aekclk iemuquhlk

blkut`l+ Tlnlh tlqu iekalnl lkc a`hlalp` n`bmlh

`kautq}` cunl lalnlh k`nl` c`z` lkc }ekalh. tepe}q`

te}lq iltl} lkc q`kcc`+ Hln `k` me}albpli plal

iede}kllkl bekjla` }ekalh. lkc plal lih`}kl

alplq bekcclkccu peklbp`nlk qe}kli+

F}lit` n`bmlh qemu nl`kkl lkc blt`h beb`nì`

k`nl` c`z` lkc mlì lalnlh mngqgkc+ Mngqgkc lalnlh

n`bmlh lkc alplq a`p`tlhilk aekclk p}gtet

peklp`tlk alnlb p}gtet inl}`fìlt` k`}l+ Mngqgkc

bebpukl` t`flq plalq. me}sl}kl h`qlb.

igbpgt`t`kl qe}clkqukc al}` plm}ì cunl+ Me}lqmngqgkc tei`qlq ="4% al}` me}lq qemu+ Mngqgkc blt`h

bekclkaukc p}gqe`k iltl} <1.10% (Hlt`n lkln`t`t

p}git`blq Nlmg}lqg}ùb Blilklk Qe}kli Ju}utlk

_}gauit` Qe}kli =??4)+ Ukqui bek`kcilqilk k`nl`

c`z` al}` p}gqe`k plal mngqgkc pe}nu a`nliuilk

fe}bekqlt` aekclk bekccuklilk ilplkc+

Liq`v`qlt alk pe}iebmlkclk bì}gm`l tenlbl

fe}bekqlt` lilk bekemlmilk qe}jla`kl pe}umlhlk

plal tutuklk i`b`l mlhlk (Fl}a`lz. <088)+

_e}umlhlk qe}temuq alnlb hln pH. ienebmlmlk.

l}gbl. alk k`nl` zlq blilklk (S`kl}kg eq ln+. <08?)+

_lal p}gtet fe}bekqlt`. tenl`k teklsl il}mghà}lq.p}gqe`k alk nebli jucl a`pedlh gneh bì}gml aekclk

ekz`b qe}qekqu lkc lilk bekchlt`nilk DG=. H=G.

alk eke}c`+ _}gtet `k` lilk bekemlmilk pe}umlhlk

t`flq mlhlk lkc a`cuklilk. plal ububkl beb`nì`

k`nl` kuq}èk lkc nem`h mlì al}` mlhlk ltlnkl

il}ekl bì}gml me}t`flq ilqlmgnì (S`kl}kg eq ln+.

<081)+ T`flq ilqlmgnì al}` bì}gml qe}temuq lilk

bebedlh igbpgkek igbpneit bekjla` igbpgkek

teae}hlkl tepe}q` p}gqe`k bekjla` ltlb lb`kg alk

blbpu bekt`kqet`t meme}lpl v`qlb`k M igbpneit

(S`kl}kg eq ln+. <08?)+ Tenl`k `qu. qe}jla` pebedlhlk

teklsl lkc qàli alplq a`de}kl tepe}q`heb`tenungtl alk tenungtl gneh ekz`b qe}qekqu

bekjla` teklsl cunl teae}hlkl alk qu}uklkkl

(Fl}a`lz. <088)+ Te}lq iltl} mlhlk lilk beku}uk

tenlbl p}gtet fe}bekqlt` temlcl` li`mlq al}` ie}jl

ekz`b tenunlte lkc a`hlt`nilk bì}gml+ Ekz`b

tenunlte me}t`flq temlcl` ilqln`tlqg} plal hà}gn`t`t

teklsl tenungtl bekjla` cnuigtl+ Beku}uq Fl}a`lz

(<088). bì}gml bekccuklilk cnuigtl temlcl`

tubme} eke}c` lkc a`pe}gneh al}` p}gtet



_eblkfllqlk Mngqgkc Benlnu` (Sàgag alk Buhql}ua`k) 4<

pe}gbmlilk teklsl il}mghà}lq+ Benlnu` p}gtet

cnìgn`t`t. cnuigtl lilk aùmlh bekjla` igbpgkek

nl`k ukqui bekchlt`nilk eke}c`+ Eke}c` lkc

a`hlt`nilk lilk a`cuklilk gneh bì}gml ukqui

pe}qubmuhlk beqlmgn`tbe teklsl g}clkì plal

fe}bekqlt`+

Fe}bekqlt` plal mngqgkc jucl a`hl}lpilk alplqbek`kcilqilk iuln`qlt p}gqe`k mngqgkc. alk

bek`kcilqilk iede}kllk kuq}èk+ Iete`bmlkclk

ltlb lb`kg a`hl}lpilk alplq qe}dlpl` benlnu`

fe}bekqlt`+ Aekclk bek`kcilqkl iuln`qlt p}gqe`k

a`hl}lpilk alplq bek`kcilqilk iede}kllk kuq}èk+

_ekcukllk gpq`bub mngqgkc qe}fe}bekqlt` alnlb

}lktub pe}nu a`qekquilk lcl} a`pe}gneh }lktub lkc

qe}mlì+ Qujulk peken`q`lk lalnlh ukqui bekceqlhu`

jek`t ilplkc lkc qe}mlì alnlb fe}bekqlt` mngqgkc

alk q`kcilq pekccukllk mngqgkc fe}bekqlt` lkc

gpq`bub alnlb }lktub+

Beqgae _eken`q`lk

_eken`q`lk a`nliuilk qe}a`}` al}` aul mlc`lk l`qu

qlhlp pekcgnlhlk mngqgkc aekclk fe}bekqlt` te}ql

q`kcilq pekccukllkkl alnlb }lktub+ _eken`q`lk

mlc`lk pe}qlbl ukqui bekceqlhu` jek`t ilplkc lqlu

eltq lkc tetul` ukqui fe}bekqlt` mngqgkc+

_eken`q`lk mlc`lk ieaul ukqui bekceqlhu` q`kcilq

pekccukllk mngqgkc qe}fe}bekqlt` alnlb }lktub+

Fe}bekqlt` mngqgkc a`lsln` aekclk pebmulqlk

tutpekt` ilplkc alk eltq+ M`lilk bu}k` ilplkc

alk eltq (`kgiunlk) a`dlbpu} qe}nem`h alhunu

aekclk l`} aekclk pe}mlka`kclk <:0+ Nl}uqlkqubmuh bekclkaukc lbgkùb k`q}lq (KH1KG4)

?.5%. Ilnùb dng}àl (IDn) ?.?5%. Blcketùb

tunflq (BcTG1) ?.?5%. Met` tunflq (FeTG1) ?.??<%.

alk Qebmlcl tunflq (DuTG1) ?.???<%+ Nl}uqlk

`kgiunlk aekclk nl}uqlk qubmuh a`dlbpu} aekclk

pe}mlka`kclk vgnube <:1+ Nubpu} tls`q temlkli

lkc a`muquhilk a`t`lpilk nlnu aìuiut tenlbl =?

bek`q+ Iebua`lk teqenlh a`kc`k a`qebplqilk alnlb

slalh ihutut a`dlbpu} aekclk nl}uqlk dlbpu}lk

`kgiunlk aekclk nl}uqlk qubmuh temlkli =?? bn

teq`lp ic mngqgkc (qe}alplq <? x <?6

tpg}l'ic

mngqgkc)+ Teqenlh `qu ququp slalh aekclk pnltqì q}lktpl}lk alk a`m`l}ilk tenlbl 1"3 hl}`+ Teqenlh

sliqu fe}bekqlt` me}lih`}. nubpu} qe}temuq alplq

a`nlkjuqilk uj` iede}kllk `k v`q}g+

_eken`q`lk qlhlp < a`nliuilk tedl}l `k v`q}g ukqui

bekceqlhu` jek`t ilplkc lqlu eltq lkc qe}mlì

plal fe}bekqlt` mngqgkc+ _eken`q`lk `k` a`nliuilk

aekclk }lkdlkclk ldli nekcilp lkc qe}a`}` 5

pe}nliulk alk 5 unlkclk. tutuklk pe}nliulkkl

temlcl` me}ìuq: _? 2 mngqgkc qlkpl fe}bekqlt`. _< 2

mngqgkc fe}bekqlt` aekclk Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce}. _= 2

mngqgkc fe}bekqlt` aekclk Ltpe}c`nnut g}zle. _4 2

mngqgkc fe}bekqlt` aekclk. ]h`zgput g}zle. _1 2

mngqgkc fe}bekqlt` aekclk Tlddhl}gbdetde}ev`dele+ Uj` nlkjuq lkc a`cuklilk lalnlh uj`

Meal Klql Juju}+

_eken`q`lk qlhlp = a`nliuilk ukqui bekekquilk

pekccukllk mngqgkc fe}bekqlt` alnlb }lktub+

_eken`q`lk a`nliuilk aekclk }lkdlkclk ldli nekcilp.

aekclk 5 pe}nliulk alk 5 unlkclk+ Tutuklk

pe}nliulkl lalnlh temlcl` me}ìuq: ]? 2 }lktub

mltln. ]< 2 ]? 5% mngqgkc qe}fe}bekqlt` al}` MI

}lktub. ]= 2 ]? <?% mngqgkc qe}fe}bekqlt` al}`

MI }lktub. ]4 2 ]? <5% mngqgkc qe}fe}bekqlt`

al}` MI }lktub. ]1 2 ]? =?% mngqgkc

qe}fe}bekqlt` al}` MI }lktub+ ]lktub mltln lkc

a`cuklilk lalnlh: ]ubpuq nlplkc gkccgi

mukci`n ienlpl tls`q qeqet p}eb`x+ Uj` nlkjuq

lkc a`cuklilk lalnlh uj` pgn`kgb`ln g}qgcgkln+

_l}lbeqe} lkc aùiu} plal aul peken`q`lk l`qu:

(<) _}gauit` qgqln VFL aekclk qeikì aetq`nlt` ulp

(Uk`ve}t`q gf S`tdgkt`k. <066)9 (=) _}gauit` KH4.

aekclk qeikì B`d}ga`fut` Dgksl (Uk`ve}t`q gf

S`tdgkt`k. <066)9 (4) iede}kllk mlhlk ie}`kc alk

mlhlk g}clkì aekclk beqgae Q`nne alk Qe}}

(<060)+


_eken`q`lk Qlhlp <

Hlt`n peken`q`lk bekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}nliulk

fe}bekqlt` qàli me}pekcl}uh klql qe}hlalp

pl}lbeqe} iede}kllk (Qlmen <)+ _e}nliulk

me}pekcl}uh klql (_>?.?5) qe}hlalp peumlh VFL

alk KH4. hlt`n uj` nlkjuq bekujuiilk mlhsl

pekccukllk Tlddhl}gbdet de}ev`dele temlcl`

mlhlk fe}bekqlt` plal mngqgkc bebme}ìlk hlt`n

lkc qe}mlì m`nl a`mlka`kcilk aekclk pekccukllk

ilplkc nl`kkl+

_}gauit` VFL dl`}lk }ubek plal hlt`n peken`q`lk

me}i`tl} lkql}l 36.??" <<4.?? bB+ I`tl}lk `k` blt`hbekduiup` ukqui pe}qubmuhlk bì}gml }ubek l`qu

3?"<4? bB (Q`nnblk eq ln+. <080)+ M`nl a`n`hlq al}`

igktekq}lt` lbgk`l hlt`n peken`q`lk lkc me}i`tl}

lkql}l 6.11 " 0.11 bB. igktekq}lt` `k` blt`h

bebekuh` tqlkal} ukqui iemuquhlk bì}gml l`qu

me}i`tl} 1 "<= bB (Tuql}a`. <004)+



4= LK LK LK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK @BLN _]GAUDQ@GK @BLN _]GAUDQ@GK @BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : 4? " 44

Qlmen <+ _ekcl}uh pe}nliulk qe}hlalp VFL. KH4. IDMI. alk IDMG

_e}nliulk*_l}lbeqe}

_? _< _= _4 _1

Vgnlq`ne flqq ldàt 'VFL. bB 36.??l

8=.??m

8<.??lm

<?<.??d

<<4.??a

_}gauit` Lbgk`l'KH4. bB 6.11l 8.?<m 3.<5ld 3.11md 0.11a

Iede}kllk Mlhlk Ie}`kc'IDMI. % 16.13l

15.44l

16.=4l

15.15l

16.65l

Iede}kllk Mlhlk G}clkì'IDMG. % 13.3=l 18.=1l 18.41l 13.36l 18.3=l l+m.d.a. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal ml}`t lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5* _? 2 igkq}gn9 _< 2 L+ k`ce} 9 _= 2 L+ g}zle9 _4 2 ]+ g}zle9 _1 2 T+ de}ev`tele

Fe}bekqlt` mngqgkc aekclk ilplkc lqlu eltq

qàli bebpekcl}uh` k`nl` iede}klklk mlhlk ie}`kc

alk mlhlk g}clkì mngqgkc+ Hln `k` a`temlmilk

p}gtet fe}ebekqlt` alplq bekcu}lkc` mlhlk g}clkì

lkc bualh a`de}kl+ Mlhlk g}clkì qe}temuq

a`cuklilk gneh bì}gm`l ukqui bebpe}gneh eke}c`

aeb` ienlkctukclk hàupkl+ Mlhlk g}clkì be}uplilk mlc`lk qe}metl} al}` mlhlk ie}`kc

teh`kccl iede}kllk mlhlk g}clkì me}pekcl}uh jucl

qe}hlalp iede}kllk mlhlk ie}`kc+ Klbuk.

peblkfllqlk mlhlk g}clkì gneh bì}gm`l qàli

klql me}pekcl}uh qe}hlalp iede}kllk mlhlk ie}`kc

alk mlhlk g}clkì mngqgkc+

_eken`q`lk Qlhlp =Alql hlt`n peken`q`lk q`kcilq pekccukllk mngqgkc

fe}bekqlt` alnlb }lktub a`tljìlk plal Qlmen =+

Hlt`n lkln`t`t }lclb bekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}nliulk

me}pekcl}uh klql (_>?.?5) qe}hlalp ilal} KH4+

Me}altl}ilk uj` nlkjuq bekccuklilk pgn`kgb`lng}qgcgkln bekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}nliulk bebnì`

}etpgk n`kel} qe}hlalp ilal} KH4 aekclk pe}tlbllk

P2 1.?45 ?.=43 X+

Hln `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl tebli`k q`kcc`

ilkaukclk mngqgkc tebli`k q`kcc` ilal} KH4 dl`}lk

}ubek. aàucl il}ekl ilkaukclk p}gqe`k mngqgkc

lkc duiup q`kcc`+ Aec}lalt` p}gqe`k gneh bì}gml

}ubek bekchlt`nilk KH4. Tuql}a` (<004)

beklqlilk mlhsl igktekq}lt` lbgk`l lkc

bekauiukc pe}qubmuhlk bì}gml }ubek lalnlh 1"<= bB alk igktekq}lt` lkc gpq`bub lalnlh 8 bB+

Hlt`n lkln`t`t }lclb nl`kkl bekukjuiilk

mlhsl pe}nliulk pekccukllk mngqgkc fe}bekqlt`

qàli me}pekcl}uh klql qe}hlalp igktekq}lt` VFL

alk iede}kllk mlhlk g}clkì }lktub (IDMG)+

Slnlupuk aebì`lk. k`nl` VFL me}lal alnlb i`tl}lk

<1?"<56 bB. i`tl}lk `k` blt`h duiup ukqui

pe}qubmuhlk bì}gml }ubek+ Q`nnblk eq ln+ (<080)

beklqlilk mlhsl i`tl}lk igktekq}lt` VFL a`

alnlb }ubek lalnlh 3?"<4? bB+ Hlt`n }lqllk k`nl`

iede}kllk mlhlk g}clkì lal iedekae}ukclk lalkl

peku}uklk. slnlupuk tedl}l tqlq`tqì qàli me}meal

klql+ Me}iu}lkckl mlhlk g}clkì }lktub

a`temlmilk gneh lalkl liq`v`qlt fe}bekqlt` plal

mngqgkc+

Qlmen =+ _ekcl}uh q`kcilq pekccukllk mngqgkc fe}bekqlt` alnlb }lktub qe}hlalp VFL. KH4. IDMI

alk IDMG

_e}nliulk*_l}lbeqe}

]? ]< ]= ]4 ]1

Vgnlq`ne flqq ldàt 'VFL. bB <54.?? <1?.?? <1=.?? <14.?? <56.??_}gauit` Lbgk`l'KH4. bB 5.<5 1.86 5.=0 6.11 <?.4?

Iede}kllk Mlhlk Ie}`kc'IDMI. % 13.?= 16.45 15.80 1=.60 15.54

Iede}kllk Mlhlk G}clkì'IDMG. % 13.36 14.00 1<.63 43.8? 14.<<

* ]? 2 }lktub mltln (}m)9 ]< 2 }m5% mngqgkc fe}bekqlt` (mf)9 ]= 2 }m<?% mf9 ]4 2 }m<5% mf9 ]1 2 }m=?% mf



_eblkfllqlk Mngqgkc Benlnu` (Sàgag alk Buhql}ua`k) 4<

Hlt`n lkln`t`t }lclb bekukjuiilk mlhsl

pe}nliulk me}pekcl}uh klql (_>?+?5) qe}hlalp

iede}kllk mlhlk ie}`kc }lktub (IDMI)+ Uj` nlkjuq

bekukjuiilk iu}vl }etpgk n`kel} aekclk pe}tlbllk

P2 15.061 " ?.=01X+ Hln `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl

tebli`k q`kcc` ilkaukclk mngqgkc alnlb }lktub

k`nl` iede}kllk mlhlk ie}`kckl beku}uk+ Hln `k`

a`temlmilk gneh ilkaukclk lmu plal mngqgkc lkc

}enlq`f q`kcc` l`qu me}i`tl} =<%+

Iet`bpunlk

Me}altl}ilk pl}lbeqe} VFL alk KH4

pekccukllk eltq Tlddhl}gbdet de}ev`dele temlcl`

mlhlk fe}bekqlt` plal mngqgkc bebme}ìlk hlt`n

lkc nem`h mlì m`nl a`mlka`kcilk aekclk

bekccuklilk ilplkc nl`kkl+

Me}altl}ilk uj` nlkjuq pgn`kgb`ln g}qgcgklnbekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}nliulk bebnì` }etpgk

n`kel} qe}hlalp ilal} KH4 aekclk pe}tlbllkkl P2

1.?45 ?.=43X+ Hln `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl

tebli`k q`kcc` ilkaukclk mngqgkc tebli`k q`kcc`

ilal} KH4 d`}lk }ubek+

_e}nliulk mngqgkc qe}fe}bekqlt` alnlb }lktub

qàli me}pekcl}uh qe}hlalp VFL alk iede}kllk

mlhlk g}clkì }lktub (IDMG)+ Klbuk.

me}pekcl}uh qe}hlalp iede}kllk mlhlk ie}`kc

me}pgnl n`kel} aekclk pe}tlbllk P215.061 "

?.=01X+ Hln `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl tebli k q`kcc`

ilkaukclk mngqgkc fe}bekqlt` alnlb }lktub k`nl`

iede}kllk mlhlk ie}`kckl beku}uk+

A`tl}lkilk peken`q`lk `k` a`nlkjuqilk ukqui

bekceqlhu` q`kcilq pekccukllk mngqgkc fe}bekqlt`

tedl}l `k v`vg qe}uqlbl plal qe}kli tlp` pgqgkc+

Alfql} _utqlil

Fl}a`lz. A+. <088+ F`t`gngc` Fe}bekqlt`+ _LU _lkclk

alk C`z`+ @ktq`quq _e}qlk`lk Mgcg}+ Mgcg}+

Tuql}a`. Q+. <004+ _ek`kcilqlk _}gauit` Qe}kli

]ub`klkt`l benlnu` Lbgk`lt` _lilk Te}lq Me}buqu

]ekalh. Aefluklt` alk Tupnebekqlt` _}gqe`k Qlhlk

Aec}lalt` alnlb ]ubek+ YNlpg}lk _eken`q`lkR

H`mlh Me}tl`kc @'< Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk. @ktq`quq

_eqlk`lk Mgcg}+

Q`nne. J+ B+ alk ]+ L+ Qe}}+. <060+ L qsg tqlce

qedhk`|ue fg} `k v`q}g a`cetq`gk gf fg}lce d}gpt+ Jgu}kln gf M}`q`th C}lttnlka Tgdèq <8(=):<?1"<<<+

Q`nnblk. L+A+. H+ Hl}qla`. T+ ]eitghla`p}gajg. T+

_}ls`}giutubg alk T+ Nemagtgeigjg. <008+ @nbu

Blilklk Qe}kli Altl} + Clajlh Blal Uk`ve}t`q

_}ett+ Pgclil}ql+

Uk`ve}t`q gf S`tdgkt`k+ <066+ Ceke}ln Nlmg}lqg}

_}gdeau}et+ Bea`tgk+

S`kl}kg. F+C+. T+ Fl}a`lz alk A+ Fl}a`lz+ <08?+

_ekclkql} Qeikgngc` _lkclk+ _Q+ C}lbea`l+

Jlil}ql+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ 41 — 1< Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇ @TTK <1<< — =?=3 ◇ Qe}li}ea`qlt` Kg+56'A@IQ@'Iep'=??5

41

]eilltl Dlt}el Me}mlt`t Um` Ilu"U}el Qe}eitq}ut` temlcl`

Tupnebek _}gqe`k ukqui _e}nlbmlqlk _enepltlk

Lbgk`l alnlb ]ubek @k V`q}g

(Dlt}el Ekc`kee}`kc Mltea gk Exq}uaea"Dlttlvl"U}el lt _}gqe`k Tuppnebekq fg} Tngs

]enelte gf Lbbgk`l `k qhe ]ubek `k v`q}g)

Mlbmlkc Slnug Hla` Eig _}lteq`gkg<*. Tu}lhla`=. Qgqg Qghl}blq= alk ]`zln Tl}èf 4

< Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk Uk`ve}t`qlt A`pgkecg}g. Tebl}lkc = Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk @ktq`quq _e}qlk`lk Mgcg} 4 Fliunqlt Qeikgngc` _e}qlk`lk @ktq`quq _e}qlk`lk Mgcg}

LMTQ]LDQ: DLT]EL `t p}gqe`k tuppnebekq (_T) mltea gk exq}uaea"dlttlvl"u}el lt bl`k blqe}`lnt+ Qhe gmjedq`ve gf qh`t tqua slt qg exlb`ke qhe DLT]EL hla dhl}ldqe}`tq`d aec}laea lka tngs }lqe `k }ubek. m evlnulq`kc lbbgk`ldgkdekq}lq`gk (KH4). Vgnlq`ne flqq ldàt (VFL). }ubek b`d}gm`ln p}gqe`k tkqhet`t (]B_T). lka p}gqe`k a`cetq`m`n`q pgtq}ubek (_A_])+ Qhe}efg}e. keea qg dgkaudq exq}ut`gk p}ev`gutn gk dlttlvl lka u}el lt bl`k blqe}`lnt `k DLT]ELekc`kee}`kc+ Vl}`lmnet gf KH4. VFL lka ]B_T se}e lklnzea s`qh dgbpneqen }lkagb`zea aet`ck `k fldqg}`ln (1X4).klben DLT]EL lt fldqg} L. dgkt`tqea gf 1 DLT]EL"t: Dlt}el< (blae f}gb 4=% u}el lka 58% dlttlvl s`qhguqexq}ut`gk). Dlt}el= (exq}ut`gk ==% u}el lka 68% dlttlvl). Dlt}el4 (exq}ut`gk =3% u}el lka 64% dlttlvl). lka Dlt}el1(exq}ut`gk 4=% u}el lka 58% dlttlvl). she}elt qhe fldqg} M slt `kdumlq`gk q`bet. dgkt`tqea gf 4 `kdumlq`gk q`bet: =. 1.lka 6 hgu}t+ Vl}`lmne gf _A_] slt lklnzea s`qh dgbpneqen }lkagb`zea aet`ck. lka qhe q}elqbekqt se}e 1 DLT]EL"t+]etunqt: qhe}e se}e kg `kqe}ldq`gkt meqseek DLT]EL lka `kdumlq`gk q`be gk vl}`lmnet gf KH 4. VFL. lka ]B_T+Exq}ut`gk gk DLT]EL"t blqe}`lnt }eaudea (_>?+?5) KH4 lka VFL. muq `kd}eltea (_>?+?5) ]B_T lka _A_]+ Qheh`chetq ]B_T lka _A_] se}e =0+?1 bc lka 36+<6%. }etpedq`ven lka se}e lqql`kea m Dlt}el=+ Dlt}el< hla qhe h`chetqKH4 (14+1= bB). she}elt Dlt}el= hla qhe ngsetq (=0+65 bB)+ Belksh`ne. KH4 dlutea m Dlt}el=. Dlt}el4. lkaDlt}el1 slt =0+65. 4?+51 lka 4<+11 bB. }etpedq`ven lka qhe }l`t`kc qhete vlnuet se}e kgq t`ck`f`dlkqn a`ffe}ekq+ Qhedgkdekq}lq`gk gf KH4. VFL. lka ]B_T se}e tqlmne gk `kdumlq`gk q`be gf 1 hgu}t+ Qhe p}etekq f`ka`kct tuccetq qhlqDLT]EL blae f}gb exq}ut`gk gf ==% u}el lka 68% dlttlvl lt bl`k blqe}`lnt slt _T fg} tngs }enelte gf lbbgk`l(T]L) `k qhe }ubek aue qg }eaudq`gk gf KH4. muq `q `bp}gvea qhe uq`n`zlq`gk gf k`q}gcek fg} }ubek b`d}gm`ln p}gqe`ktkqhet`t+

Ie Sg}at: Exq}uaea"dlttlvl"u}el. p}gqe`k tuppnebekq. tngs }enelte gf lbbgk`l

_ekalhunulk

Mlhlk plilk tubme} p}gqe`k lnlb` tepe}q`

ieaenl`. mukci`n ieaenl` alk qepukc ìlk plalububkl }enlq`f tun`q pekclallkkl alk blhln.

teh`kccl ieqe}tea`llkkl te}`kc bekjla` iekalnl

alnlb fg}bunlt` }lktub+ _ekccukllk tupnebek u}el

tualh mlkli a`cuklilk alnlb fg}bunlt` }lktub

}ub`klkt`l a` @kagket`l. uqlblkl }lktub tlp`

pgqgkc+ Tupnebek u}el be}uplilk tubme}p}gqe`k iltl} lkc eigkgb`t. alk alplq

bek`kcilqilk ef`tèkt` igkve}t` plilk plal tlp`

lkc a`me}` je}lb` pla` (Cln`kl eq ln+. =???9 G}q`z eq

ln+. =??<9 Ngetq eq ln+. =??<)+

* Ig}etpgkaekt` pekun`t : e"bl`n mlbmlkcshepOhgqbl n+dgb H_: ?8<535<30800

Klbuk aebì`lk. alnlb pekccukllkkl hl}ut

hlq`"hlq` alk hl}ut bebpe}hlqìlk pe}tl}lqlk

qe}qekqu lcl} qàli bek`bmunilk pe}bltlnlhlk mlc`

qe}kli tlp`. b`tlnkl ie}lduklk il}ekl qe}nlnu q`kccìlal} lbgk`l aàlnlb }ubek+ Ilal} lbgk`l lkc

q`kcc` a`temlmilk u}el lkc a`qlbmlhilk alnlb

fg}bunlt` }lktub bekclnlb` hà}gn`t`t lkc tlkclq

deplq bekjla` lbgk`l a` alnlb }ubek+ Iedeplqlkpenepltlk lbgk`l al}` k`q}gcek muilk p}gqe`k. tepe}q`

u}el. jluh nem`h metl} al}`plal iedeplqlk pekccukl"lk lbgk`l gneh bì}gml }ubek. teh`kccl m`nl

agt`tkl me}nem`hlk alnlb }lktub. alnlb sliqu

t`kcilq ilal} lbgk`l alplq bekdlpl` neven qgitì

lkc a`qlkal` aekclk q}ebg}. tln`vlt` lkc

me}nem`hlk. me}klplt qe}ekclh"ekclh. iebmukc. alk

qeqlk` (Tqlkqgk alk Sh`qqè}. =??6)+

Lplm`nl a` alnlb }lktub a`cuklilk u}el blil

pe}nu a`te}ql` aekclk pekccukllk tubme} eke}c`



]eilpltl Dlt}el Me}mlt`t (_}lteq`pgkg) 1<

(uqlblkl me}upl tubme} il}mghà}lq) lkc bualh

qe}tea`l a` alnlb }ubek+ Mlhlk mliu lkc qenlhaìekln bebekuh` tl}lq alk tualh m`ltl a`me}ìlk

lalnlh qeqet (bgnlttet). klbuk mlhlk mliu `k`

beb`nì` k`nl` eigkgb`t lkc q`kcc` te}ql jl}lkc

a`qebuilk a` teq`lp ale}lh a` @kagket`l+ Gneh

il}ekl `qu pe}nu aùpllilk ukqui bekdl}` mlhlktubme} il}mghà}lq nl`k+ Tlnlh tlqu mlhlk tubme}

il}mghà}lq lkc bualh aàlplq a` @kagket`l lalnlh

um` ilu. qlklblk `k` beb`nì` ienem`hlk lkql}l nl`k

tlkclq bualh peben`hl}llkkl. qlhlk qe}hlalpieie}`kclk. alk bu}lh m`ll p}gauit` peklklblk"

kl+ Um` ilu temlcl` tubme} plq` bekclkaukc

eke}c` lkc q`kcc` qeqlp` }ekalh ilkaukclk

p}gqe`kkl (I`gqhgkc alk Slklplq. =??19 Slklplqalk Ihlbpl. =??3)+ A` tlbp`kc `qu. um` ilu

bekclkaukc il}mghà}lq kgk"tq}uiqu}ln nem`h q`kcc`

al}`plal jlcukc (Tgbbl}q eq ln+. =???9 Dhlkjunl eq

ln+. =??4)+

Hlt`n peken`q`lk Dhlkjunl eq ln+ (=??1)

bekukjuiilk mlhsl t`ki}gk`tlt` pekccukllk u}el

aekclk plq` lkc me}ltln al}` um` ilu alk jlcukc

alnlb }lktub tlp` pe}lh bebme}ìlk }etpgk lkc

qàli me}meal qe}hlalp peklbp`nlk p}gauit` tlp`pe}lh+ Nem`h nlkjuq a`temuqilk. mlhsl a`mlka`kcilk

aekclk plq` ltln jlcukc. plq` ltln um` ilu

bekchlt`nilk `kdgbe gve} feea dgtq lkc nem`h

q`kcc` (51.? UT!'munlk vt+ 5<.1? UT!'munlk)+ Hlt`n

peken`q`lk Ce}pld`g eq ln+ (<030). ilkaukclk plq` um`

ilu (18.10%) nem`h q`kcc` al}` plal plq` jlcukc

(15.45%)+ A`t`t` nl`k. plal tllq `k` hl}cl pltl}

(hl}cl }lql"}lql a` pltl}lk plal tllq peken`q`lk)igbga`qlt um` ilu ie}`kc (]p <???'ic) nem`h bu}lh

a`mlka`kc jlcukc ie} kc (]p =???'ic)+ Fekgbekl

`k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl um` ilu alplq a`jlaìlk

mlhlk tubme} eke}c` lkc pgqekt`ln temlcl` plilk

tlp`+ Gneh il}ekl `qu. alnlb pekccukllkkl temlcl`

plilk. hl}ut a`q`kcilqilk ef`tèkt`kl teh`kccl

blbpu me}tl`kc aekclk qujulk pekccukllk nl`kkl+_eb}gtetlk t`ki}gk`tlt` pekccukllk u}el

aekclk plq` um` jlnl} lkc qe}iuiut alplq bebldu

pe}qubmuhlk bì}gml }ubek (_}lteq`gkg. <00=)+

Klbuk aebì`lk. alnlb pe}iebmlkclkkl. p}gtet

pekcuiutlk alnlb tilnl metl}. bebe}nuilk tubme}eke}c` lkc qe}nlnu mlkli alk }enlq`f iu}lkc p}liq`t+

Qeikgngc` nl`k lilk a`dgml benlnu` pe}nlbmlqlkiedeplqlk penepltlk lbgk`l a` alnlb }ubek ltln

u}el. l`qu aekclk p}gtet pebltlilk um` ilu alk

u}el benlnu` eitq}ut`. teh`kccl a`hlt`nilk igbpneit

plq`"u}el (tenlkjuqkl a`temuq DLT]EL)+ Eitq}ut`

mlhlk tubme} plq` aekclk u}el alplq bebpe}nlbmlq

nlju penepltlk lbgk`l a` }ubek (Lkqgkenn` eq ln+.

=??1)+ A`hl}lpilk alnlb mekqui igbpneit `k`.

blil penepltlk K"lbgk`l ltln u}el a` alnlb }ubekalplq a`pe}nlbmlq alk alplq bek`kcilqilk ef`tèkt`

pekccukllk k`q}gcek gneh bì}gml }ubek+

Qujulk peken`q`lk lalnlh ukqui bekcuj`

DLT]EL temlcl` T_K lkc beb`nì` il}liqe}`tqì

qe}aec}lalt` a` }ubek aekclk nlju a`pe}nlbmlq.aekclk bekcuiu} igktekq}lt` KH4. p}gauit` Vgnlq`ne

Flqq Ldàt (VFL). p}gqe`k bì}gml }ubek alk

iede}kllk p}gqe`k pltdl }ubek tedl}l `k v`q}g+

Beqgae _eken`q`lk

_eken`q`lk a`nliuilk a` Nlmg}lqg}ùb Kuq}`t` alkBlilklk Qe}kli UKA@_. al}` munlk Jlkul}` =??6

tlbpl` aekclk Bl}eq =??6+ Mlhlk um` ilu a`lbm`n

al}` vl}`qlt Deblk` me}ltln al}` Inlqek Jlsl Qekclh+

Mlhlk u}el bekclkaukc 15% K`q}gcek+ Um` ilu

aìe}`kcilk a`mlslh t`kl} blqlhl}`. teqenlh ie}`kca`c`n`kc aekclk hlbbe} b`nn+ Qepukc aluk um` ilua`mulq aekclk dl}l bekjebu} a`mlslh t`kl} blqlhl}`

tenlbl q`cl hl}` aekclk pekce}`kclk 6 jlb teq`lp

hl}`+ Iebua`lk aluk um` ilu a`c`n`kc tlbpl`bekjla` qepukc alk a`tl}`kc aekclk uiu}lk tl}`kclk

< b`nn`beqe}+ Tebul mlhlk a`q`bmlkc tetul` aekclk

igbpgt`t` mlhlk ukqui pebmulqlk DLT]EL alk

tenlkjuqkl a`dlbpu} h`kccl hgbgcek aekclk

bekccuklilk b`xe} hg}`zgkqln+ Teqenlh dlbpu}lk

hgbgcek. iebua`lk aèitq}ut` plal tuhu <8?gD(Henbe} eq ln+. <03?) bekccuklilk eitq}uae}+

Uj` fe}bekqlt` `k v`q}g a`nliuilk aekclk beqgae

mlqdh dunqu}e. aekclk bekccuklilk dl`}lk }ubek

temlcl` tubme} `kgiunub lkc a`pe}gneh al}` teeig}

tlp` pe}lh me}f`tqunl }ubek+ Temenub a`cuklilk

peken`q`lk. tlp` a`me}` plilk aekclk igbpgt`t` 5?%

}ubpuq cljlh alk 5?% igktekq}lq tenlbl 4 munlk+_e}dgmllk a`mlc` alnlb = ilj`lk. l`qu ilj`lk <:

lkln`t`t igktekq}lt` VFL alk KH4 (Ceke}ln

Nlmg}lqg} _}gdeau}e. <066). te}ql mgmgq p}gqe`k

ekalplk (Thunqz lka Thunqz. <060). lkc be}uplilk

}efneit` t`kqet`t p}gqe`k bì}gml }ubek+ ]lkdlkclk

lkc a`cuklilk lalnlh }lkdlkclk ldli nekcilp(]LN) pgnl fliqg}`ln 1x4 aekclk 4 iln` unlkclk plal

q`lp igbm`klt` pe}nliulk+ Fliqg} L lalnlh bldlbDLT]EL: Dlt}el< (a`mulq qlkpl benlnu` eitq}ut`

temenubkl aekclk igbpgt`t` u}el. um` ilu. aluk

um` ilu. ilpu}. cl}lb. alk b`ke}ln"v`qlb`k Tql}v`q.

blt`kc"blt`kc 4=. 58. 5. =. <. alk =%). Dlt}el=

(aèitq}ut` temenubkl aekclk igbpgt`t` u}el. um`

ilu. aluk um` ilu. ilpu}. cl}lb. alk b`ke}ln"

v`qlb`k Tql}v`q. blt`kc"blt`kc ==. 68. 5. =. <. alk

=%). Dlt}el4 (aèitq}ut` temenubkl aekclk



1? LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : 41 — 1<

igbpgt`t` u}el. um` ilu. aluk um` ilu. ilpu}.

cl}lb. alk b`ke}ln"v`qlb`k Tql}v`q. blt`kc"blt`kc=3. 64. 5. =. <. alk =%). alk Dlt}el1 (aèitq}ut`

temenubkl aekclk igbpgt`t` u}el. um` ilu. aluk

um` ilu. ilpu}. cl}lb. alk b`ke}ln"v`qlb`k Tql}v`q.

blt`kc"blt`kc 4=. 58. 5. =. <. alk =%)+ Fliqg} M

lalnlh sliqu `kiumlt`: =. 1. alk 6 jlb+ Ilj`lk =:lkln`t`t iede}kllk p}gqe`k pltdl }ubek (Q`nne alk

Qe}}. <060) bekccuklilk ]LN aekclk pe}nliulk 1

bldlb DLT]EL (tlbl aekclk ilj`lk <) alk 4 iln`

unlkclk+ Cukl bekceqlhu` pe}umlhlk cucut fukct`GH (hà}git`n) alk DGKH= (lbàl) a`nliuilk

lkln`t`t tpeiq}l `kf}l be}lh (Tiggc eq ln+. <00=) plal

tlbpen Dlt}el< (qlkpl eitq}ut`) alk tlbpen

DLT]EL nl`kkl lkc qe}mlì+Alql lkc a`pe}gneh a`gnlh alk a`lkln`tl

bekccuklilk lkln`t`t }lclb. alk a`nlkjuqilk aekclk

uj` Aukdlk ( Aukdlk‐t Bunq`pne ]lkce Qetqt)

bekccuklilk ceke}ln n`kel} p}gdeau}e (CNB)

Tqlq`tq`dln Lklntet Ttqeb (TLT. =???)+


_e}dgmllk @Hlt`n peb}gtetlk um` ilu"u}el qe}eiq}ut`

me}mekqui puff"a} (me}cenebmukc ie}`kc) aekclk

qeitqu} lcli ie}lt alk pejln+ Qeitqu} lkc ie}lt `k`

aàucl il}ekl ilkaukclk lb`ngtl plq` um` ilu lkc

q`kcc`+ Beku}uq Budhqla` eq ln+ (<088). p}gaui

eitq}ut` lkc me}ltln al}` plq` (ubm`"ubm`lk) aekclk

ilkaukclk lb`ngtl q`kcc` dekae}ukc bekchlt`nilkp}gaui eitq}ut` lkc ie}lt alk pejln il}ekl p}gtet

pebeil}lk hlkl qe}jla` tedl}l qe}mlqlt+ Temlnìkl.

p}gaui eitq}ut` al}` plq` m`j`"m`j`lk aekclk

ilkaukclk lb`ngpeiq`k lkc q`kcc` lilk bekchlt`n"

ilk p}gaui lkc cl}`kc. }`kclk alk bualh plqlh+Tedl}l ubub p}gaui eitq}ut` tlkclq ef`tèk m`nl

a`p}gauit` alnlb jubnlh metl} lqlu tilnl `kautq}`.

il}ekl p}gtet pebmulqlkkl lkc deplq ( H`ch

Qebpe}lqu}e Thg}q Q`be 2HQTQ). p}gaui lkca`hlt`nilk te}lclb. p}gtet eitq}ut` me}ieblbpulk

be}utli teklsl qgitì. beblkqlpilk tqlm`n`qlt

u}el. qàli mlkli bek`bmunilk n`bmlh te}ql

bebualhilk alnlb hln q}lktpg}qlt` p}gaui+Me}altl}ilk lkln`t`t tqlq`tqì qàli lal `kqe}lit`

(Clbml} <) lkql}l DLT]EL aekclk sliqu `kiumlt`

mlqdh dunqu}e plal pe}dgmllk `k v`q}g qe}hlalp VFL.

KH4. alk p}gqe`k ekalplk+

Igktekq}lt` VFLQlmen < bekukjuiilk mlhsl igktekq}lt` VFL

plal Dlt}el=. Dlt}el4 alk Dlt}el1 nem`h }ekalh

(_>?.?5) a`mlka`kcilk Dlt}el<+ Me}iu}lkckl VFL`k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl eitq}ut` um` ilu"u}el plal

pebmulqlk Dlt}el=. Dlt}el4 alk Dlt}el1 alplq

bek`kcilqilk pekccukllk VFL temlcl` tubme}

eke}c` alk ie}lkcil il}mgk ukqui t`kqet`t bì}gml

}ubek+

(l)

?

=?

1?

6?

8?

<??

<=?

<1?

<6?

<8?

=??

= jlb 1 jlb 6 jlb

Sliqu `kiumlt`

V F L ( b B ) Dlt}el<

Dlt}el=

Dlt}el4

Dlt}el1

(m)

?

<?

=?

4?

1?

5?

6?

= jlb 1 jlb 6 jlb

Sliqu `kiumlt`

K H 4 ( b B

Dlt}el<

Dlt}el=

Dlt}el4

Dlt}el1

(d)

?

5

<?

<5

=?

=5

4?

45

= jlb 1 jlb 6 jlb

Sliqu `kiumlt`

_

} g q e ` k e k a l p l k ( b c )

Dlt}el<

Dlt}el=

Dlt}el4

Dlt}el1

Clbml} <+ _ekcl}uh sliqu `kiumlt` plal me}mlcl` bldlb Dlt}el qe}hlalp igktekq}lt`VFL (l). igktekq}lt` KH4 (m). alk p}gqe`k ekalplk (d)




Fekgbekl `k` aàuiukc gneh alql alnlb Qlmen 4.

mlhsl mgmgq p}gqe`k ekalplk lkc be}uplilk

}efneit` al}` t`kqet`t bì}gml }ubek. plal Dlt}el=.

Dlt}el4 alk Dlt}el1 nem`h q`kcc` al}` plal Dlt}el<+

Igktekq}lt` VFL plal Dlt}el=. Dlt}el4 alk

Dlt}el1 qàli bekukjuiilk pe}meallk klql. il}eklieqe}tea`llk VFL ukqui t`kqet`t bì}gml }ubekbunl` tqlm`n plal Dlt}el=+ Fe}bekqlm`n`qlt plilk

e}lq il`qlkkl aekclk liq`f`qlt alk pgpunlt` bì}gml

}ubek+ Me}tlbl"tlbl aekclk lbbgk`l. VFL

be}uplilk mlhlk uqlbl pebmekquilk p}gqe`kbì}gml lkc me}cukl mlc` heslk `kaui teblkc

(_}etqgk alk Nekc. <083)+

_ekcl}uh sliqu `kiumlt` qe}hlalp igktekq}lt`VFL qe}tlj` plal Qlmen <+ Sliqu `kiumlt`

me}pekcl}uh klql (_>?.?5) qe}hlalp VFL+ Klbuk

aebì`lk. sliqu `kiumlt` 1 alk 6 jlb qàli

bekukjuiilk pe}meallk lkc klql. `k`bekukjuiilk mlhsl igktekq}lt` VFL bunl` tqlm`n

plal sliqu `kiumlt` 1 jlb+ _lal sliqu `kiumlt` 1

jlb pekccukllk VFL gneh bì}gml }ubek bunl`

gpq`bln. teh`kccl plal `kiumlt` me}ìuqkl (6 jlb)

qàli qe}jla` pek`kcilqlk p}gauit` VFL lkc klql+

Igktekq}lt` KH4 Qlmen = bekukjuiilk mlhsl igktekq}lt` KH4

plal Dlt}el=. Dlt}el4 alk Dlt}el 1 nem`h }ekalh

(_>?.?5) a`mlka`kcilk Dlt}el<+ Hlt`n `k`

a`temlmilk beku}ukkl fe}bekqlm`n`qlt mlhlk

li`mlq pebmekquilk igbpneit um` ilu"u}el plal

p}gtet eitq}ut`+ Igktekq}lt` KH4 plal Dlt}el=.

Dlt}el4. alk Dlt}el1 qàli bekukjuiilk

pek`kcilqlk lkc klql. slnlupuk igbpgt`t` u}el

a`q`kcilqilk l`qu plal pebmulqlk Dlt}el=. Dlt}el4

alk Dlt}el1 blt`kc"blt`kc ==. =3 alk 4=%+

Fekgbekl `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl eitq}ut` blbpube}ealb nlju penepltlk KH4 (T]L) al}` igbpneitum` ilu"u}el temlcl` mlhlk uqlbl DLT]EL.

teh`kccl pltgilk KH4 alnlb }ubek alplq

qe}iekaln`+ Hlt`n peken`q`lk Henbe} eq ln+ (<03?).

lkc bekccuklilk jlcukc"u}el qe}eitq}ut` blbpubebpe}nlbmlq nlju penepltlk K"lbgk`l alk

bek`kcilqilk p}gqe`k mliqe}` }ubek a`mlka`kcilk

jlcukc"u}el lkc qàli qe}eitq}ut`+ Cuklbeke}lkcilk pebmekquilk igbpneit um` ilu"u}el.

blil plal pe}dgmllk `k` jucl a`nliuilk lkln`t`t

pe}meallk cucut fukct` lkql}l Dlt}el< (qlkpl

eitq}ut`) aekclk fg}bunl DLT]EL qe}mlì (Dlt}el=lqlu aekclk eitq}ut`) benlnu` }eilblk tpeiq}l

`kf}lbe}lh. tepe}q` lkc qe}tlj` plal Clbml} =+

Me}altl}ilk Clbml} qe}temuq qlbpli lalkl

pe}meallk pgnl tpeiq}l plal m`nlkclk cengbmlkc

<61?"<3=? db"< alk 4???"46?? db"< lkql}l pe}nliulk

qlkpl eiq}ut` (tpedq}l l) aekclk pe}nliulk eitq}ut`(tpedq}l m)+ _lal m`nlkclk cengbmlkc <61?"<3=?

db"< be}uplilk pgnl tpeiq}l al}` cucut fukct`

DGKH= (lbàl) lkc me}ltln al}` u}el tealkcilkplal m`nlkclk cengbmlkc 4???"46?? db"<

be}uplilk pgnl tpeiq}l cucut fukct` GH (hà}git`n)

lkc me}ltln al}` plq` um` ilu+

Qlmen <+ _ekcl}uh sliqu `kiumlt` alk bldlb Dlt}el qe}hlalp igktekq}lt` VFL (bB)

Sliqu @kiumlt` (jlb)BldlbDLT]EL = 1 6 ]lqllk

Dlt}el< <5?.63 ¼ 8.06 <36.?? ¼ 3.01 <38.?? ¼ =.65 <68.==l¼ <5.=?

Dlt}el= <45.44 ¼ 4.=< <6?.63 ¼ 1.5< <61.44 ¼ 4.30 <54.11m ¼ <5.8?Dlt}el4 <4=.?? ¼ <<.?? <50.44 ¼ 6.5< <64.?? ¼ 1.?? <5<.11

m¼ <6.0?

Dlt}el1 <4<.44 ¼ 0.=0 <58.?? ¼ 5.=0 <6=.?? ¼ 1.58 <5?.11m ¼ <6.3?

]lqllk <43.44l¼ 0.<? <64.5?m¼ 8.1? <66.84m¼ 3.5?l.m. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal ml}`t alk igngb lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5

Qlmen =+ _ekcl}uh sliqu `kiumlt` alk bldlb Dlt}el qe}hlalp igktekq}lt` KH4 (bB)


Dlt}el< 41.<1 ¼ <.56 13.6< ¼ <.56 18.5< ¼ =.3? 14.1=l ¼ 8.<?Dlt}el= =6.05 ¼ ?.?? 4?.51 ¼ <.56 4<.11 ¼ <.56 =0.65m ¼ =.1?Dlt}el4 =3.85 ¼ <.56 4<.11 ¼ <.56 4=.41 ¼ =.3? 4?.51

m¼ =.1?

Dlt}el1 =8.35 ¼ <.56 4=.41 ¼ =.3? 44.=1 ¼ <.56 4<.11m ¼ =.1?

]lqllk =0.1=l¼ 4.=? 45.18m¼ 8.<? 46.48m¼ 8.<?l.m. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal ml}`t alk igngb lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5




!

Tedl}l aeql`n. me}altl}ilk }eilblk lkln`t`t

tpedq}l ieaul T_K (Dlt}el< vt+ Dlt}el=). blil

m`nlkclk cengbmlkc cucut fukct` GH plal Dlt}el=

bek`kcilq <?? db"< lik` al}` 4??? db"< (Dlt}el<)me}umlh bekjla` 4<?? db"< (Dlt}el=)+ Tealkcilk

m`nlkclk cengbmlkc cucut fukct` DGKH= plal

Dlt}el= bek`kcilq =? db"< lik` al}` <61? db"<

(Dlt}el<) me}umlh bekjla` <66? db"< (Dlt}el=)+

Me}altl}ilk }ubut E2 h+v. a`blkl E2 eke}c` }la`lt`

enedq}gblckeq. h2igktqlkql _nlkdi (6.64 x <?"41). alkv2 m`nlkclk cengbmlkc (Tiggc eq ln+. <00=). blil

bek`kcilqkl m`nlkclk cengbmlkc `k` bekc`ka`"

iltìlk mlhsl eke}c` ìlq plal pe}teklsllkigbpneit um` ilu"u}el benlnu` ìlqlk lkql}l KH=

(ltln u}el) aekclk lqgb il}mgk kgbe} 6 al}` uk`q

pgn`tlil}àl (plq` um` ilu) tebli`k metl}. alk

ìlqlk `k` tlkclq tun`q a`pedlh ieduln` aekclk

mlkqulk m`gilqln`t me}upl ekz`b"ekz`b lkc lalalnlb }ubek+ _e}dgmllk `k` jucl aìulqilk al}`

hlt`n peken`q`lk lkc a`nliuilk Clng eq ln+ (=??4)

lkc blkl u}el lkc a`nlp`t` pgn`be} ( pgnbe}"

dglqea u}el) blbpu bebpe}nlbmlq hà}gn`t`t

bekjla` lbgk`l al}`plal u}el lkc qàli a`nlp`t`.

alk lbgk`l alplq a`cuklilk nem`h ef`tèk gneh

bì}gm`l }ubek+ Gsekt eq ln+ (<08?) plalpe}dgmllkkl aekclk bekccuklilk tlp` pejlkqlk

iem`}`. bekalplqilk hlt`n mlhsl p}gaui T]L alplq

qe}hà}gn`t`t hlbp`} ietenu}uhlk a` alnlb }ubek

tedl}l nlbmlq+

Qlmen = bekukjuiilk mlhsl. sliqu `kiumlt`

me}pekcl}uh klql qe}hlalp igktekq}lt` KH4 (_>?.?5)+ Sliqu `kiumlt` = jlb bekchlt`nilk KH4

qe}ekalh. tealkcilk sliqu `kiumlt` 6 jlb

bekchlt`nilk KH4 qe}q`kcc`+ Klbuk aebì`lk.sliqu `kiumlt` 1 alk 6 jlb qàli bekukjuiilk

pe}meallk lkc klql. `k` bekukjuiilk mlhsl

igktekq}lt` KH4 bunl` tqlm`n plal sliqu `kiumlt` 1

jlb tlbpl` 6 jlb+ _lal sliqu bunl` `kiumlt` 1 jlb

pekccukllk KH4 gneh bì}gml }ubek bunl` gpq`bln.teh`kccl plal `kiumlt` me}ìuqkl (6 jlb) qàli

qe}jla` pek`kcilqlk KH4 lkc klql+

Clbml} =+ Tpeiq}ub `kf}l be}lh plal Dlt}el< (l) alk Dlt}el= (m)




Mgmgq _}gqe`k EkalplkQlmen 4 bekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}nliulk

DLT]EL klql bebpekcl}uh` p}gauit` p}gqe`k

ekalplk (_>?.?5)+ Mgmgq p}gqe`k ekalplk plal

Dlt}el=. Dlt}el4. alk Dlt}el1 nem`h q`kcc` (_>?.?5)

a`mlka`kcilk Dlt}el<+ Mgmgq p}gqe`k ekalplk

qe}q`kcc` a`dlpl` plal Dlt}el= (=0.?1 bc)+ Hlt`n `k`bekukjuiilk mlhsl fe}bekqlm`n`qlt Dlt}el= tlkclq

efeiq`f alnlb bekea`lilk VFL temlcl` ie}lkcil

il}mgk alk tubme} eke}c` te}ql blbpu bekauiukc

ieqe}tea`llk KH4 temlcl` tubme} K ukqui t`kqet`tp}gqe`k bì}gml }ubek lkc gpq`bln+ Fekgbekl `k`

bekukjuiilk mlhsl. Dlt}el= blbpu bekd`pqlilk

t`ki}gk`tlt` lkql}l penepltlk KH4 al}` igbpneit um`

ilu"u}el aekclk ieqe}tea`llk ie}lkcil il}mgk alk

eke}c` ukqui t`kqet`t p}gqe`k bì}gml }ubek+ Hlt`npeken`q`lk `k` bekculqilk qebulk Dhlkjunl eq ln+

(=??1) ukqui bek`kcilqilk p}gauit` bì}gml }ubeka`pe}nuilk t`ki}gk`tlt` lkql}l ieqe}tea`llk K aekclk

eke}c`+ Mgmgq p}gqe`k ekalplk `k` be}efneitìlkt`kqet`t p}gqe`k bì}gml }ubek lkc qe}mekqui. alk

alplq a`cuklilk ukqui ben`hlq metl}kl tubmlkclk

p}gqe`k pltdl }ubek al}` }lktub qe}kli+ _}gqe`k

ekalplk `k` be}uplilk p}gqe`k plilk lkc ngngt al}`

aec}lalt` bì}gml }ubek lkc qe}dlbpu} aekclk

p}gqe`k bì}gml+ Slnlupuk aebì`lk. igka`t` `k`

jucl li`mlq auiukclk b`ke}ln alnlb fg}bunlt`.

qe}uqlbl tunfu}+ Beku}uq Dl}ke`}g eq ln+ (=???) alk

Nggpe} eq ln+ (=??<). tunfu} tlkclq pekq`kc alnlb

pebmekquilk ltlb lb`kg gneh bì}gml }ubek+

Tupnebekqlt` tunfu} tlkclq pekq`kc alnlb }lktub

aekclk ilkaukclk kgk"p}gqe`k lkc q`kcc` qe}uqlblu}el+ ]ekalhkl `kqlie tunfu} alplq bekemlmilk

aef`tèkt` p}gqe`k+

Qlmen 4 bekukjuiilk mlhsl. sliqu `kiumlt`

me}pekcl}uh klql (_>?.?5) qe}hlalp mgmgq p}gqe`k

ekalplk+ Sliqu `kiumlt` = jlb bekchlt`nilk mgmgq

p}gqe`k ekalplk qe}ekalh. tealkcilk sliqu `kiumlt`6 jlb bekchlt`nilk mgmgq p}gqe`k ekalplk qe}q`kcc`+

Klbuk aebì`lk. sliqu `kiumlt` 1 alk 6 jlb qàli

bekukjuiilk pe}meallk lkc klql. hln `k`bekukjuiilk mlhsl t`kqet`t bì}gml }ubek bunl`

tqlm`n plal sliqu `kiumlt` 1 jlb+ Alql igktekq}lt`

KH4 alk VFL bekauiukc fekgbekl `k`. plal sliqu

bunl` `kiumlt` 1 jlb pekccukllk KH4 alk VFL gneh

bì}gml }ubek bunl` gpq`bln+

_e}dgmllk @@Clbml} 4 bekukjuiilk mlhsl iede}kllk

p}gqe`k pltdl }ubek plal Dlt}el<. Dlt}el=. Dlt}el4.

alk Dlt}el 1 blt`kc"blt`kc lalnlh 54.05. 36.<6.

3=.<8 alk 60.?3%+ Dlt}el= beb`nì` iede}kllk

p}gqe`k pltdl }ubek nem`h q`kcc` (_>?.?5) l`qu

temetl} 36% a`mlka`kcilk Dlt}el< (51%). Dlt}el4

(3=%) alk Dlt}el1 (60%)+

Qlmen 4+ _ekcl}uh sliqu `kiumlt` alk bldlb Dlt}el qe}hlalp mgmgq p}gqe`k ekalplk (bc)


Dlt}el< <5.05 ¼ =.88 =<.11 ¼ ?.05 =5.0? ¼ 1.=3 =<.<?l ¼ 5.??Dlt}el= =6.<? ¼ ?.31 4?.8? ¼ 4.=3 4?.== ¼ <.?1 =0.?1m ¼ =.6?Dlt}el4 =5.?4 ¼ 6.15 =8.?0 ¼ <.<8 =0.=? ¼ <.=8 =3.11

m¼ =.=?

Dlt}el1 =1.?4 ¼ ?.18 =3.50 ¼ <.44 =8.=4 ¼ <?.?= =6.6=m ¼ =.4?

]lqllk ==.38l¼ 1.6? =6.08m¼ 1.?? =8.40m¼ <.8?l.m. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal ml}`t alk igngb lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5




?

<?

=?

4?

1?

5?6?

3?

8?

0?

Dlt}el< Dlt}el= Dlt}el4 Dlt}el1

DLT]EL

I E D _ ] G Q E @ K _ L T D L ] B K ( %

l

m mm

Clbml} 4+ _ekcl}uh DLT]EL qe}hlalp iede}kllk p}gqe`k pltdl }ubek

Q`kcc`kl iede}kllk p}gqe`k pltdl }ubek plalpe}nliulk Dlt}el= a`temlmilk p}gauit` p}gqe`k

bì}gml plal pe}nliulk `k` bekukjuiilk lkcil lkc

nem`h metl} (=0.?1 bc) a`lkql}l pe}nliulk nl`kkl+Hlt`n `k` bebmuiqìlk mlhsl p}gqe`k bì}gml }ubek

bebpukl` iuln`qlt lkc mlì alk iede}kllk lkc

q`kcc` te}ql tlkclq metl} l}q`kl ukqui pek`kcilqlk

pltgilk p}gqe`k mlc` qe}kli+ Beku}uq Tk`ffek alk

]gm`ktgk (<083) tubmlkclk p}gqe`k bì}gml }ubek

qe}hlalp pebekuhlk iemuquhlk ltlb lb`kg qe}kli }ub`klkt`l alplq bekdlpl` 1?"8?%+ _}gqe`k

bì}gml }ubek beb`nì` iede}kllk lkc q`kcc`.

lkc blkl p}gqgzgl }ubek beb`nì` iede}kllk

p}gqe`k 68"0<%. tealkcilk mliqe}` }ubek 55"8?%+

Nem`h nlkjuq a`jenltilk mlhsl ilkaukclk p}gqe`k

p}gqgzgl tlkclq a`pekcl}uh` qe}uqlbl ilnlu blilklk

mlkli bekclkaukc pgn`tldhl}àl+

Iet`bpunlk

DLT]EL me}mlhlk mliu uqlbl u}el ==% alk

um` ilu 68% lkc aèitq}ut` temenubkl (Dlt}el=).blbpu bekauiukc beqlmgn`tbe K alk m`gt`kqet`t

p}gqe`k bì}gm`l }ubek lkc gpq`bln+ Fekgbekl `k`bebmuiqìlk mlhsl Dlt}el= tlkclq jenlt

bekchlt`nilk igbpneit um` ilu"u}el lkc alplqbebpe}nlbmlq nlju penepltlk lbbgk`l (tngs }enelte

gf lbbgk`l) al}` u}el lcl} nem`h ef`tèk aìgkve}t`

bekjla` p}gqe`k bì}gml }ubek+ A`hl}lpilk.

gpq`bln`tlt` t`kqet`t p}gqe`k bì}gml }ubek benlnu`

pekccukllk tupnebek Dlt}el= `k` alplqbek`kcilqilk ef`tèkt` pekccukllk mlhlk plilk

tubme} p}gqe`k alnlb fg}bunlt` }lktub tlp` pgqgkc+

A`tl}lkilk pe}nu uj` nlkjuq tedl}l `k v`vg. qekqlkctlbpl` teme}lpl agt`t pebme}`lk Dlt}el=. teh`kccl

lblk aìgktubt` qe}kli aekclk bekcuiu}

ilkaukclk u}el alk KH4 al}lh+

Alfql} _utqlil

Lkqgkenn`. L+D+. D+T+ Bg}`. _+D+ Tgl}et. T+T+ I`qlbu}l lkaE+N+ G}qgnlk`. =??1+ Expe}`bekqln lbbgk`lpg`tgk`kc `k dlqqne fea exq}uaea g} p}`nnea u}el:dn`k`dln f`ka`kct+ M}lz+ J+ Veq+]et+Lk`b+Td`+ 1<: 63"31+

Dl}ke`}g. H+. ]+ _udhlnl. F+K+ Gsek. Q+ Tlhnu. I+ \` lkaL+N+ Cgeqtdh. =???+ Effedq gf aèql} tunfu} nevengk lb`kg ldà dgkdekq}lq`gkt `k }ub`klkn mldqe}`l gf cglqt+ Tblnn ]ub+ ]et+ 43: <5<+

Dhlkjunl. _+. B+ Slklplq. D+ Sldh`}lplig}k. T+U}`lpgkctgk lka _+ ]gsn`ktgk. =??4+ ]ub`kln

aec}lalm`n`q gf q}gp`dln feeat lka qhe`} pgqekq`ln ute`k }ub`klkq aèqt+ Lt`lk"Lutq+ J+ Lk`b+ Td`+ <6 : =<<"=<6+

Dhlkjunl. _+. B+ Slklplq. D+ Sldh`}lplig}k lka _+]gsn`ktgk. =??1+ Effedq gf tkdh}gk`z`kc tql}dhtgu}det lka p}gqe`k (K_K) `k qhe }ubek gk feea`kqlie. }ubek b`d}gm`ln fe}bekqlq`gk. kuq}èkquq`n`zlq`gk lka pe}fg}blkde gf nldqlq`kc al`} dgst+ Lt`lk"Lutq+ J+ Lk`b+ Td`+ <3(<?): <1??"<1<?+




Cln`kl. B+L+. D+B+ Cue}}e}g. C+ Te}}lkg. ]+ Bg}lnet lkaC+ Hlekne`k. =???+ Effedq gf dgbpnex dlqlnq`dtuppnebekqlq`gk s`qh kgk"p}gqe`k k`q}gcek gk}ub`kln edgttqeb gf c}gs`kc cglqt pltqu}`kc th}umnlka `k Bex`dg+ Tblnn ]ub+]et+46: 44"1=+

Clng. E+. T+B+ Eblkuene. D+J+ Tk`ffek. J+H+ Sh`qe lka J+]+Iklpp+ =??4+ Effedq gf l pgnbe}"dglqea u}elp}gaudq gk k`q}gcek beqlmgn`tb `k nldqlq`kc Hgntqe`kal`} dlqqne+ J+ Al`} Td`+ 86: =<51"=<6=+

Ceke}ln Nlmg}lqg} _}gdeau}e. <066+ ]epg}q gf Al`}

Tdèkde+ Uk`ve}t`q gf S`tdgkt`k+ Bla`tgk+

Ce}pld`g. L+N+. F+Ta+ _ltduln. N+J \ue}um`k. D+@+ Be}dlaglka D+Q+ Medhlal. <030+ Evlnulq`gk gf qume} belnlt eke}c tgu}det+ @V+ Qhe effedq gf vl}`kceke}c'p}gqe`k }lq`gt gk qhe feea`kc vlnue gf m}g`ne}}lq`gkt dgkql`k`kc qlkk`l' Xlkqhgtebl tp+) lka_gkclpgkc ( Lbg}phgphlnnut dgbplkunlqut) belnt+_h`n+ J+ Veq+ Lk`bln Td`+ V(<): <"<4+

Henbe}. N+C+. E+E+ Ml}qne. D+S+ Aege. ]+B+ Bee} lkaH+M+ _fgtq. <03?+ Feea p}gdett`kc+ V+ Effedq gf lkexplkt`gk"p}gdettea b`xqu}e gf c}l`k lka u}el(Tql}el) gk k`q}gcek uq`n`zlq`gk `k v`q}g+ J+ Al`} Td`+ 54(4): 44?"445+

I`gqhgkc. I+ lka B+ Slklplq. =??1+ C}gsqh. hl ènalka dheb`dln dgbpgt`q`gk gf dlttlvl lka Tqng <81c}gsk ukae} `kqe}d}gpp`kc+ Lt`lk"

Lutq+J+Lk`b+Td`+<3 : 300"8?3+

Ngetq. D+L+. E+D+ Q`qcebee}. J+T+ A}gu`nnl}a. M+A+Nlbme}q lka L+B+ Q}lqe}. =??<+ U}el lka mù}eq ltkgkp}gqe`k k`q}gcek tgu}det `k dggiea bgnlttetmngdit fg} tqee}t fea p}l`}è hl+ Lk`b+Feea+Td`+Qedh+ 01: <<5"<=6+

Nggpe}. B+N+. T+]+ Tqgiet. A+K+ Slnake} lka E+]+ Jg}alk.=??<+ Blklc`kc B`ni Dgbpgt`q`gk: Feea Laa`q`vetlka _}gaudq`gk Ekhlkde}t+ Cuàe A"<?6+ DgnneceLc}`dunqu}e lka Hgbe Edgkgb`dt+ Kes Bex`dgTqlqe Uk`ve}t`q+

Budhqla`. Q+]+. _u}s`lqkg lka L+ Mltui`+ <088+Qeikgngc` _ebltlilk Eitq}ut`+ NebmlclTubme}all @kfg}blt`. @_M+ Mgcg}+

G}q`z. ]+B+L+. C+F+S+ Hlekne`k lka B+ Cln`kl. =??<+Effedq gk feea `kqlie lka mga se`chq cl`k shektumtq`quq`kc bl`ze s`qh tucl} dlke `k aèqt fg} Zemu

tqee}t dgbpnebekqea s`qh tngs }enelte u}eltuppnebekqt+ @kq+J+Lk`b+Td`+ <6(=): =40"=15+

Gsekt. F+K+. I+T+ Nutm. I+ B`zs`di` lka G+ Fg}e}g.<08?+ Tngs lbbgk l }enelte f}gb u}el: }ubek lkabeqlmgn`tb tquaèt+ J+ Lk`b+ Td`+ 5?(4): 5=3"54<+

_}lteq`gkg. M+S+H+E. <00=+ _ekcl}uh q`kcilqpekccukllk u}el alk sliqu pekcuiutlk um` jlnl}qe}hlalp m`gt`kqet`t p}gqe`k bì}gml }ubekYQhet`tR+ Mgcg}: @ktq quq _e}qlk`lk Mgcg} . _}gc}lb_ltdltl}jlkl+

_}etqgk. Q+]+ lka ]+L+ Nekc. <083+ Blqdh`kc ]ub`klkq_}gaudq`gk Ttqeb s`qh Lvl`nlmne ]etgu}det `k qheQ}gp`dt lka Tum"q}gp`dt+ _eklbmun Mggit+L}bàlne. KTS+

TLT+. =???+ TLT'TQLQ Ute}‐t Cuàe+ TLT @ktq`quqe@kd+. TLT Dlbput A}`ve. Dl}. KD =35<4+

Thunqz. Q+L+ lka E+ Thunqz. <060+ Etq`blq`gk gf }ubekb`d}gm`ln k`q}gcek m qh}ee lklnq`dln beqhgat+ J+

Al`} Td`+ 54: 38<"381+

Tiggc. A+L+. A+B+ Setq lka F+J+ Hgnne}. <00=+ Lklnq`dln

Dheb`tq}+ 6qh ea`q`gk+ Tlukae} Dgnnece _umn`th`kc+Kes Pg}i+

Tk`ffek. D+J+ lka _+H+ ]gm`ktgk. <083+ B`d}gm`ln c}gsqhlka fngs lt `kfnuekdea m aèql} blk`punlq`gkt+ J+

Al`} Td`+ 3?: 1=5"14=+

Tgbbl}q. I+. A+T+ _l}ie}. B+ Slklplq lka _+ ]gsn`ktgk.=???+ Fe}bekqlq`gk dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt lka b`d}gm`lnp}gqe`k tkqhet`t `k lk `k v`q}g ttqeb ut`kc dlttlvl.}`de tq}ls lka a}èa }uz` c}ltt lt tumtq}lqet+ Lt`lk"

Lutq+J+Lk`b+Td`+<4: <?81"<?04+

Tqlkqgk. Q+N+ lka J+ Sh`qqè}. =??6+ U}el lka K_K fg}dlqqne lka theep+ hqqp: ''sss+exq+dgngtqlqe+eau' _umt'n`vetqi'?<6?8+hqbn+ Y=5"?6"=??3R+

Q`nne J+B+ lka ]+T+ Qe}}. <060+ L qsg tqlce qedhk`|uefg} `k v`q}g a`cetq`gk gf fg}lce d}gpt+ J+ M}+

C}lttnlka Tgdèq <8(=): <?1"<<<+

Slklplq. B+ lka T+ Ihlbpl. =??3+ Effedq gf nevent gf tuppnebekqlq`gk gf dgkdekq}lqe dgkql`k`kc h`chnevent gf dlttlvl dh`p gk }ubek edgngc. b`d}gm`ln

K tuppn lka a`cetq`m`n`q gf kuq}èkqt `k meef dlqqne+ Lt`lk"Lutq+J+Lk`b+Td`+ =?: 35"8<+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ 1= — 10 Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇


1=

Hà}gn`t`t Mukci`n @kq` Tls`q ( Enle`t cu`keekt`t Jld|) gneh Ilplkc

Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` temlcl` _ekaec}lalt` _gn`tlil}àl Blkklk

(Ha}gnt`t gf _lnb Ie}ken Dlie ( Enle`t cu`keekt`t Jld|) m Fukc` Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` qhlq

Aec}laet Blkklk _gntlddhl}àet)

Ldhbla Jlenlk`<*. S`}lkal Cekq`k` _`n`lkc=. Tu}lhla`= alk @blk ]lhlu=

< Fliunqlt _e}qlk`lk Uk`ve}t`qlt @tnlb Iln`blkqlk. Mlkjl}blt`k = Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk @ktq`quq _e}qlk`lk Mgcg}. Mgcg}

LMTQ]LDQ: Qhe }etel}dh slt dgkaudqea qg tqua qhe c}gsqh dhl}ldqe}`zlq`gk gf Q}`dhgae}bl }eete`. qhe aec}lalm`n`q

gf blkklk pgntlddhl}àet f}gb _lnb Ie}ken Dlie (_ID) s`qh a`ffe}ekq dgkdekq}lq`gkt gf fukc` lka qh`dikett gf qhe _ID

beaùb lt senn lt. qhe `bp}gvebekq gf qhe kuq}`q`ve vlnue gf plnb ie}ken dlie+ Expe}`bekq <tq slt qg tqua qhe c}gsqh

dhl}ldqe}`zlq`gk gf Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` fgnngsea m qhe }ec}ett`gk e|ulq`gk gk qhe kubme} gf dgngk slt P 2 " ?+<315x=

=+=6<<x — ?+1600+ ]ec}ett`gk e|ulq`gk gk a`lbeqe} gf dgngk slt P 2 8+4314x <<+1=0 lka gpq`b`z`kc q`be slt gmql`kea

gk 4? hgu}t l}e <?=+80%+ Expe}`bekq =ka slt dgkaudqea ut`kc dgkdekq}lq`gkt gf fukc` (<?1. <?5. lka <?6 DFU dd"<)

lka qh`dikett gf qhe _ID beaùb (<. =. lka 4 db)+ Qh`t }etel}dh ut`kc m l dgbpneqen }lkagb`zea aet`ck s`qh fldqg}`ln 4

x 4+ Qhe q}elqbekqt clve t`ck`f`dlkq (_>?+?5) a`ffe}ekdet gk pH lka qebpe}lqu}e gf _ID beaùb. LAF. KAF. d}uaep}gqe`k. lka heb`dennungte+ Qhe}e se}e `kqe}ldq`gk effedq gk qhe dgkdekq}lq`gkt gf fukc` lka gk qhe qh`dikett gf _ID

beaùb (_>?+?5) gk KAF. d}uae p}gqe`k. lka heb`dennungtet (_>?+?5)+ Expe}`bekq 4}a slt dgkaudqea ut`kc _ID lka qhe

fe}bekqlq`gk gf _ID gk Q}ue Beqlmgn`zlmne Eke}c (QBE). qhe }eqekq`gk gf k`q}gcek. qgqln tucl} lka blkklk dgkqekq+

Alql se}e lklnzea ut`kc q qetq+ Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` `t lmne qg aec}lae blkklk pgntlddhl}àet gf _ID she}em qhlq QBE

lka qhe qgqln tucl} vlnue `kd}eltea. muq qhe k`q}gcek }eqekq`gk lka blkklk dgkqekq aed}eltea+

Ie Sg}at: Ha}gnt`t. plnb ie}ken dlie. Q}`dhgae}bl }eete`. blkklk pgntlddhl}àet

_ekalhunulk

@kagket`l be}uplilk kecl}l ieaul qe}metl}

teqenlh Blnlt`l alnlb bekchlt`nilk ienlpl tls`q+Nult l}eln pe}iemuklk ienlpl tls`q a` @kagket`l

plal qlhuk =??5 tei`ql} 5+???+??? heiql} aekclk

qgqln p}gauit` d}uae plnb g`n (D_G) tei`ql}

<1+5??+??? qgk (N]_@. =??6)+

Beku}uq T`kau (<000). }lql"}lql hlt`n ìuqlk

b`kli ienlpl tls`q lalnlh: mukci`n `kq` tls`q

tei`ql} ?.4—?.6 qgk. te}lq mulh tei`ql} <.5—4.5 qgk alk

nubpu} b`kli tls`q tei`ql} 4—6 qgk'hl

qlklblk'qlhuk+ Mukci`n `kq` tls`q ( plnb ie}ken

dlie'beln) be}uplilk hlt`n ìuqlk plal p}gtet

peb`tlhlk b`kli `kq` tls`q lkc a`pe}gneh tedl}l

i`b`ls` (exq}ldq`gk) lqlu aekclk p}gtet f`tì (expenne} ) (Dh k. =??=)+ Mukci`n `kq` tls`q (M@T)

bekclkaukc ilal} p}gqe`k nem`h }ekalh m`nl

a`mlka`kcilk aekclk mukci`n ieaene alk ildlkc

qlklh l`qu tei`ql} <5.34—<3.<0% (Dhgkc eq ln+.

<008)+

_ebme}`lk M@T plal qe}kli blt`h menub gpq`bln

il}ekl meme}lpl iekalnl tlnlh tlqukl lalnlh all

* Ig}etpgkaekt` pekun`t : e"bl`n sl}mg}Wlzi`lOlhgg+dgb

de}kl lkc }ekalh li`mlq q`kcc`kl ilkaukclk te}lq

iltl} l`qu me}i`tl} <=.13—<6.?0 % alk tei`ql} =3%

al}` mukci`n `kq` tls`q qe}tutuk lqlt heb`tengtl

a`blkl f}lit` pgn`tlil}àl blkklk lalnlh lkcqe}mlkli (Dhgkc eq ln+. <008)+

Igbpgkek blkklk plal mukci`n `kq` tls`q

be}uplilk igbpgkek pgn`tlil}àl aekclk fg}blt`

n`kè} me}mekqui i}`tqln lkc duiup q`kcc` aekclk

ìlqlk ν"(<"1) tun`q ukqui aàec}lalt`+ Me}altl} hln

qe}temuq pekaec}lalt` blkklk tedl}l qgqln hl}ut

blbpu bebedlh ìlqlk qe}temuq alk be}umlhkl

bekjla` gn`cgtlil}àl lqlu mlhilk bgkgtlil}àl

lkc bualh a`de}kl+ Tlnlh tlqu dl}lkl lalnlh

benlnu` hà}gn`t`t blkklk M@T aekclk bekccuklilk

bì}gml lkc mekl}"mekl} blbpu bekaec}lalt`

blkklk aekclk bekchlt`nilk meme}lpl ekz`b lkc

efeiq`f bekcu}lìlk igbpgkek blkklk l`qu ν—

blkklklte. μ"clnliqgtàlte alk ν"x`ngtàlte+

Me}altl}ilk hlt`n peken`q`lk Alua alk Jl}v`t

(<00=). jubnlh pe}tekqlte cunl teae}hlkl al}` qgqln

a`ka`kc ten mukci`n `kq` tls`q lkc aàeqeit` aekclk

H_ND a`pe}gneh blkkgtl temlkli 56.1?%. tenungtl

<=% alk xnlk 1%+ _gn`tlil}àl blkklk alk

tenungtl be}uplilk 05% al}` qgqln pgn`tlil}àl

mukci`n `kq` tls`q+



Hà}gn`t`t Mukci`n @kq` (Jlenlk` eq ln+) 14

_eb`n`hlk bì}gml pekaec}lalt` pgn`tlil}àl

blkklk hl}ut aàltl}ilk plal meme}lpl ieqekqulk

a`lkql}lkl qàli qgitì. bualh alnlb lpnìlt`.

m`ll bu}lh. alk p}gauit`kl duiup mlì+ Al}`

meme}lpl ieqekqulk qe}temuq. peb`n`hlk ilplkc

be}uplilk hln lkc pekq`kc+ Bì}gml pekaec}lalt`

pgn`tlil}àl blkklk qenlh a`qen`q` gneh Dgungbmen eq ln+ (<08<) aekclk bekccuklilk Tq}epqgbdet

gn`vgdh}gbgceket lkc a`qubmuhilk plal bea`l

lkc bekclkaukc clnliqgblkklk+ Ekz`b lkc

a`hlt`nilk blbpu bekchà}gn`t`t blkklk plal

igp}l bekjla` blkkg"gn`cgtlil}àl. blkkgm`gtl alk

blkkgtl+ ]eclnlag eq ln+ (<005) bebp}gauit` ekz`b

ν"blkklklte hlt`n fe}bekqlt` tgnà tumtq}lq al}`

n`bmlh `kautq}` igp` aekclk ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl

}eete`. tealkcilk Tlm`k` eq ln+ (=???) bekccuklilk

tumtq}lq _hqenephlt bld}gdl}pl (`vg} kuq)+

Aekclk a`hà}gn`t`tkl pgn`tlil}àl blkklk bekjla`

meme}lpl gn`cgtlil}àl'bgkgtlil}àl lkc bualh

a`de}kl'a`te}lp qumuh. hln `k` bekukjuiilk

qe}jla`kl pek`kcilqlk k`nl` kuq}`t` mlì al}` tec`

iede}kllk kuq}`t` (iuln`qlt). blupuk pek`kcilqlk

al}` tec` iulkq`qlq`f+

Qujulk _eken`q`lk `k` lalnlh ukqui bekceqlhu`

il}liqe}`tqì pe}qubmuhlk ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl

}eete`. bekceqlhu` teme}lpl metl} pe}umlhlk k`nl`

kuq}`t` mukci`n `kq` tls`q benlnu` hà}gn`t`t gneh

ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` aekclk me}mlcl` agt`t

ilplkc alk ieqemlnlk bea`l lkc me}meal te}ql

bekceqlhu` ieblbpulk ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete`

alnlb bekaec}lalt` pgn`tlil}àl blkklk plal

mukci`n kq` tls`q+

Beqgae _eken`q`lk

Qlhlp @+ Uj` _e}qubmuhlk Ilplkc_eken`q`lk a`nliuilk a` Nlmg}lqg}ùb M`gi`b`l.

F`t`gngc` alk Bì}gm`gngc` Kuq}`t` Fliunqlt

_eqe}klilk @_M+ @kgiunub bu}k` Q}`dhgae}bl }eete`

tq}l`k FKDD 6?<= a`pe}gneh al}` _utlq Lkql}

Uk`ve}t`qlt _lkclk alk C`z` Uk`ve}t`qlt Cljlh Blal

Pgcjlil}ql. alk a`pe}mlkli aekclk bekubmuhilk

plal bea`l _gqlqg Aexq}gte Lcl} (_AL) aekclk

peklbmlhlk kuq}èkq KH1KG4. IDn. FeTG1+3H=G

alk DuTG1 plal tuhu ilbl} (=8gD) tenlbl 3= jlb+

Mukci`n `kq` tls`q (M@T) a`pe}gneh al}` plm}ì

pekcgnlhlk D}uae _lnb G`n (D_G) a` Nlbpukc+

_eumlh lkc aùiu} ben`puq` jubnlh igngk`

gpq`bub. a`lbeqe} igngk` alk pe}tekqlte pe}umlhlk

igngk`+ Lalpuk ubu} pe}qubmuhlk ilplkc lkc

a`lblq` : =1. 4?. 46. 1=. 18. 51. 6?. alk 3= jlb+ Alql

a`lkln`t`t bekccuklilk Lkln`t`t ]ec}et` aekclk

ubu} pe}qubmuhlk ilplkc temlcl` p}eaìqg}. jubnlh

igngk` te}ql a`lbeqe} igngk` temlcl` }etpgk+

Qlhlp @@+ Agt`t Ilplkc alk Ieqemlnlk Bea`l

_eken`q`lk a`nliuilk a` Nlmg}lqg}ùb M`gi`b`l.

F`t`gngc` alk Bì}gm`gngc` Kuq}`t`+ Lalpuk lkln`tl

p}git`blq a`nliuilk a` Nlmg}lqg}ùb Kuq}`t` alkQeikgngc` _lilk Flpeq @_M+ _lal peken`q`lk `k`

a`cuklilk ]lkdlkclk Ldli Nekcilp pgnl Fliqg}`ln

4x4 aekclk fliqg} pe}qlbl agt`t ilplkc (=.<4 x <?19

=.<4 x <?59 =.<4 x <?6 DFU'dd). alk fliqg} ieaul

ieqemlnlk bea`l M@T (<. =. 4 db)+ Lalpuk peumlh

lkc a`lblq` alnlb peken`q`lk `k` ben`puq`: Tuhu alk

pH bea`l tenlbl fe}bekqlt`. ilkaukclk mlhlk

ie}`kc. p}gqe`k iltl}. KAF. LAF. alk heb`tenungtl.

plal lih`} fe}bekqlt` (LGLD. <081)+ Alql a`lkln`t`t

bekccuklilk Lkln`t`t ]lclb alk jìl hlt`nkl

me}meal klql. blil a`nlkjuqilk aekclk Uj` Jl}li

Me}clkal Aukdlk bekccuklilk p}gc}lb TLT ve}

6+<=+

Qlhlp @@@+ Aec}lalt` _gn`tlil}àl Blkklk_eken`q`lk a`nliuilk a` Nlmg}lqg}ùb Kuq}`t` alk

Qeikgngc` _lilk Flpeq @_M lalpuk `tgnlt` alk

lkln`tl pgn`tlil}àl blkklk a`nliuilk a`

Nlmg}lqg}ùb I`b`l _utlq _eken`q`lk I`b`l N@_@

Te}pgkc Qlkce}lkc+ _lal peken`q`lk `k` a`cuklilk

uj` q lik` bebmlka`kcilk M@T alk M@T hlt`n

fe}bekqlt` (M@TF) qe}hlalp meme}lpl peumlh hlt`n

aec}lalt` ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` lkc ben`puq` :

ilkaukclk cunl qgqln qe}nl}uq (Beqgae Aumg`t).

eke}c` beqlmgn`tbe tejlq` (Beqgae T`mmlna). }eqekt`

k`q}gcek tebu. alk ilkaukclk blkklk (Beqgae

Tlm`k` eq ln+. =???)+


Qlhlp @+ Uj` _e}qubmuhlk Ilplkc

Igngk` ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` me}sl}kl

h`jlu bual+ Tebli`k nlbl sl}klkl tebli`k h`jlu

qul. hln `k` tetul` aekclk X`gkc (=??1)+ ]lql"}lql

jubnlh igngk` ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete`

a`pe}n`hlqilk plal Qlmen <+A`lbeqe} pe}qubmuhlk ilplkc a`nliuilk

pekcuiu}lk teq`lp 6 jlb alk a`bunl` plal =1 jlb

pe}qlbl. il}ekl tlbpl` =1 jlb pe}qlbl menub

qe}n`hlq pe}qubmuhlk igngk` ilplkc lkc me}l}q`

(flte lalpqlt` alk pe}qubmuhlk lsln)+ Beku}uq

Fl}a`lz (<085) jubnlh lsln ten lkc q`kcc` lilk

bebpe}deplq flte lalpqlt`+ Lalpuk pe}tekqlte (%)

pe}umlhlk a`lbeqe} igngk` ilplkc pln`kc metl}



11 LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : 1= — 10

a`dlpl` plal ubu} pe}qubmuhlk 4? jlb+ A`t`k`

pe}qubmuhlk ilplkc bebltui` flte ngcl}`qbì

aekclk iedeplqlk pe}qubmuhlk pln`kc q`kcc`+

Jubnlh igngk` ilplkc bunl` igktqlk ( flte

tqlq`gkl}). a`dlpl` plal ubu} 6? jlb lik`

bekdlpl` jubnlh igngk` =.<4 x <?6 DFU'dd+

Aebì`lk punl hlnkl aekclk pe}umlhlk a`lbeqe}igngk` ilplkc. plal ubu} 6? jlb pe}tekqlte

pe}umlhlkkl tlkclq ied`n+ Hln `k` a`temlmilk

ilplkc tualh bebltui` flte tqlq`t+ _lal flte `k`

jubnlh pgpunlt` ten qeqlp il}ekl jubnlh ten lkc

qubmuh tlbl aekclk jubnlh ten lkc blq`+ Uiu}lk

ten plal flte `k` bekjla` nem`h ied`n il}ekl ten qeqlp

bebmenlh beti`puk kuq}`t` tualh hlm`t (Fl}a`lz.

<085)+ Me}altl}ilk alql plal Qlmen < qekqlkc

jubnlh igngk` (q}lkfg}blt` ngc) bekcìuq` pe}tlbllk

P 2 "?.<315x=

=.=6<<x — ?.1600+ Flte

pe}qubmuhlk igngk` ilplkc. tedl}l gpq`bln a`dlpl`

plal ubu} pe}qubmuhlk lkql}l 51"6? jlb+

A`lbeqe} igngk` ilplkc alplq aìeqlhu`

pe}tlblk }ec}et`kl lalnlh P 2 8.4314x <<.1=0+

_e}tlblk pgnkgb`ln ukqui pe}umlhlk a`lbeqe}

igngk` lalnlh P 2 "?.6?55x1

<4.<?6x4

— 06.13<x=

=63.?0x "<3=.05 (bekukjuilk ubu} pe}qubmuhlk)+

A`t`k` iu}vl lkc qe}mekqui me}upl iu}vl bgaen

ngcl}`qbì+

Qlhlp @@+ Agt`t Ilplkc alk Ieqemlnlk Bea`l

l+ pH Bea`l M@TpH bea`l tlkclq me}pe}lk alnlb me}nlkctukckl

p}gtet fe}bekqlt`+ Teq`lp ilplkc bebe}nuilk pH

bea`l qe}qekqu ukqui bebunl` fe}bekqlt`+ Ilplkc

bebpukl` pH gpq`bub lkql}l 5"3+ _e}umlhlk pH

tumtq}lq tenlbl fe}bekqlt` M@T gneh ilplkc Q+ }eete`

a`pe}n`hlqilk plal Clbml} <+

_lal peken`q`lk `k` pH lsln bea`l M@T lalnlh

5.01+ Tenlbl fe}bekqlt` qe}jla` pe}umlhlk pH alk

hlbp`} tenu}uh pe}nliulk bekukjuilk pgnl lkc

tlbl lik` qe}jla` peku}uklk pH plal =1 jlb ubu}

fe}bekqlt` ieduln` pe}nliulk T4A1 alk T<A5

me}qu}uq"qu}uq plal 18 jlb alk 06 jlb sliqu

fe}bekqlt`+ _eku}uklk pH qe}jla` il}ekl H

a`nepltilk tenlbl igktubt` KH1

alk aìgktubt`

tenlbl beqlmgn`tbe KG4

"

alk pekccukllk ltlblb`kg temlcl` tubme} il}mgk (]lhblk. <00=)+

Teqenlh sliqu qe}temuq qe}jla` ieklìlk pH tlbpl`

lih`} fe}bekqlt`+ Lalpuk pH lih`} fe}bekqlt` a`

mlslh pH lsln ieduln` pe}nliulk T4A1+

K`nl` pH ukqui pe}qubmuhlk bì}gml

bebpukl` humukclk aekclk tuhu pe}qubmuhlk+

Jìl tuhu pe}qubmuhlk klì. pH gpq`bub ukqui

pe}qubmuhlk jucl klì+ Qe}alplq kqe}lit` pgt`q`f

lkql}l ieqemlnlk bea`l M@T aekclk agt`t ilplkc

qe}hlalp pH bea`l plal tebul ubu} fe}bekqlt`

ieduln` plal ubu} 18 jlb+

m+ Tuhu Bea`l M@TMe}altl}ilk Clbml} = qe}n`hlq mlhsl pe}umlhlk

tuhu qe}q`kcc` plal sliqu fe}bekqlt` =1 jlb a`dlpl`

igbm`klt` pe}nliulk T=A6 lik` 4<.63gD+ Klbuk

tuhu qe}q`kcc` tenlbl fe}bekqlt` qe}jla` plal 06 jlb

sliqu fe}bekqlt` lik` a`pe}gneh plal pe}nliulk

T4A6 lik` bekdlpl` 45.63gD+ _e}umlhlk tuhu

tenlbl fe}bekqlt` tenu}uh pe}nliulk bekukjuiilk

pgnl lkc tlbl lik` qe}jla` ieklìlk tuhu h`kccl

plal 3= jlb ubu} fe}bekqlt` ieduln` pe}nliulk T4A5

alk T4A6 blt`kc"blt`kc plal 18 jlb sliqu

fe}bekqlt` alk 06 jlb sliqu fe}bekqlt`+ Ieklìlk

tuhu bea`l qe}jla` il}ekl plklt beqlmgn`tbe lkc

aìenul}ilk+ Hln `k` a`qlkal` aekclk qe}mekquikl

q`qì"q`qì l`} alk be}uplilk bltl i}`q`t alnlb iunqu}

bea`l plalq. teh`kccl lilk bek`bmunilk bltlnlh

qeik`t qekqlkc dl}l peb`kalhlk plklt (]lhblk.

<00=)+

Qlmen <+ Jubnlh alk a`lbeqe} igngk` ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` tenlbl pe}qubmuhlk

Ubu} pe}qubmuhlk

(jlb)

Jubnlh igngk` (DFU'dd) A`lbeqe} igngk` (bb) _e}umlhlk a`lbeqe}

igngk` (%)

=1 Menub qe}n`hlq <4.58 "4? =.?6 x <?5 =3.1< <?=.80

46 =.6= x <?5 48.<? 40.??

1= 4.44 x <?5 18.04 =8.1=

18 <.35 x <?6 51.01 <=.=851 =.?1 x <?6 66.<0 =?.18

6? =.<4 x <?6 34.38 <<.13

66 =.<4 x <?6 36.34 1.??

3= =.<4 x <?6 8?.?5 1.4=




Qlmen =+ Ilkaukclk mlhlk ie}`kc M@TF (%) plal me}mlcl` agt`t ilplkc alk qemln bea`l lkc me}meal

Ieqemlnlk bea`l (db)_e}tekqlte mlhlk ie}`kc plal me}mlcl` agt`t ilplkc (DFU'dd)

=.<4 x <?1 =.<4 x <?5 =.<4 x <?6

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" % """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

< 80.04 80.64 88.8=

= 0?.31 88.46 80.<1

4 80.48 88.0? 80.5<

5

5.=

5.1

5.6

5.8

6

6.=

? =1 18 3= 06 <=?

SLIQU FE]BEKQLT@ (JLB )

p H

B E A @ L

T<A1

T<A5

T<A6

T=A1

T=A5

T=A6

T4A1

T4A5T4A6

Clbml} <+ Iu}vl pe}umlhlk pH bea`l M@T tenlbl fe}bekqlt` gneh Q}`dhgae}bl }eete`Ieqe}lkclk : T< 2 ieqemlnlk bea`l < db A1 2 agt`t ilplkc =.<4 x <?1 DFU'dd

T= 2 ieqemlnlk bea`l = db A5 2 agt`t ilplkc =.<4 x <?5 DFU'dd

T4 2 ieqemlnlk bea`l 4 db A6 2 agt`t ilplkc =.<4 x <?6 DFU'dd

=?

=5

4?

45

1?

? =1 18 3= 06 <=?

SLIQU FE]BEKQLT@ (JLB )

T U H U

B E A @ L

( g D

T<A1

T<A5

T<A6

T=A1

T=A5

T=A6

T4A1

T4A5

T4A6

Clbml} =+ Iu}vl pe}umlhlk tuhu bea`l M@T tenlbl fe}bekqlt` gneh Q}`dhgae}bl }eete`Ieqe}lkclk : T< 2 ieqemlnlk bea`l < db A1 2 agt`t ilplkc =.<4 x <?1 DFU'dd

T= 2 ieqemlnlk bea`l = db A5 2 agt`t ilplkc =.<4 x <?5 DFU'ddT4 2 ieqemlnlk bea`l 4 db A6 2 agt`t ilplkc =.<4 x <?6 DFU'dd




Qlmen 4+ Ilkaukclk p}gqe`k iltl} (%) M@TF plal agt`t ilplkc alk ieqemlnlk bea`l lkc me}meal

Ieqemlnlk Agt`t ilplkc (DFU'dd) ]lqllk ¼ Ta

bea`l (db) =.<4 x <?1 =.<4 x <?5 =.<4 x <?6

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" % """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

< ==.64 =4.<6 =4.33 =1.?6L

¼ ?.31

= =4.65 =1.=5 =5.?= =1.4<L

¼ ?.34

4 =4.80 =4.05 =1.41 =4.<4M

¼ ?.68

]lqllk ¼ Ta =4.40 m ¼ <.?4 =4.30 lm ¼ ?.13 =1.43 l ¼ ?.30l.m. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal ml}`t lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5L.M. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal igngb lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5

Teqenlh sliqu qe}temuq qe}jla` peku}uklk tuhu

tlbpl` lih`} fe}bekqlt`+ Lalpuk tuhu lih`}

fe}bekqlt` me}lal a` lqlt tuhu lsln+ _lal pe}nliulk

ieqemlnlk tumtq}lq 4 db qe}klql p}gtet fe}bekqlt`

me}jlnlk duiup nlbl. hln `k` a`pe}n`hlqilk aekclk

pek`kcilqlk tuhu lkc duiup nlbl+ Hln `k`

a`temlmilk jubnlh bea`l lkc a`fe}bekqlt` duiupmlkli teh`kccl ukqui fe}bekqlt` h`kccl tlbpl`

mlslh pe}nu sliqu lkc lcli nlbl beti`puk

agt`tkl nem`h q`kcc` a`mlka`kc pe}nliulk nl`kkl+

Tebli`k qemln bea`l blil ukqui fe}bekqlt` gpq`bln

a`muquhilk agt`t ilplkc lkc nem`h mlkli alk tuhu

blit`bln lkc a`dlpl` plal p}gtet fe}bekqlt` lilk

nem`h nlbl+ Tuhu bebpekcl}uh` ef`tèkt` igkve}t`

tumtq}lq (il}mgk"eke}c`) bekjla` blttl ten+ _lal

ububkl igkve}t` blit`bub qe}jla` plal tuhu

lkc nem`h }ekalh al}`plal tuhu aekclk iedeplqlk

pe}qubmuhlk blit`bub+ Hln `k` pekq`kc alnlb

p}gtet gpq`blt` lkc a``kc`kilk l`qu iedeplqlk

pe}qubmuhlk blit`bub. muilk pe}qubmuhlk

blit`bub+

d+ Mlhlk Ie}`kc

Me}altl}ilk hlt`n lkln`t`t }lclb qe}klql qàli

qe}alplq pe}meallk lkc klql qe}hlalp ilkaukclk

mlhlk ie}`kc+ A`t`k`puk qàli qe}jla` `kqe}lit` lkql}l

qemln bea`l aekclk agt`t ilplkc qe}hlalp

ilkaukclk mlhlk ie}`kc+ Lplm`nl i`ql mlka`kcilk

aekclk ilkaukclk mlhlk ie}`kc M@T qe}klql qàli

qe}jla` pe}umlhlk lkc bekdgngi mlhilk }enlq`f

hlbp`} tlbl+ Mlhlk ie} kc e}lq il`qlkkl aekclk

ilkaukclk l`}+ _ekutuqlk me}lq tenlbl fe}bekqlt`li`mlq p}gtet beqlmgn`tbe me}i`tl} =.=1 — 3.<=%+

K`nl` `k` }enlq`f ied`n a`mlka`kc pekutuqlk me}lq

tenlbl pekce}`kclk alnlb gvek lkc me}i`tl} 6<.40

— 68.61%+

a+ _}gqe`k Iltl}Fliqg} agt`t ilplkc alk ieqemlnlk bea`l

me}pekcl}uh klql (_>?.?5) qe}hlalp ilkaukclk

p}gqe`k iltl} M@TF. klbuk qàli qe}jla` `kqe}lit`

lkql}l agt`t ilplkc alk ieqemlnlk bea`l qe}hlalp

ilkaukclk p}gqe k iltl} (_;?.?5)+ _lal Qlmen 4

qe}n`hlq mlhsl ilkaukclk p}gqe`k iltl} qe}q`kcc`

a`pe}gneh plal agt`t ilplkc =.<4 x <?6 DFU'dd

lik` =1.43%+ Hln `k` alplq a`blinub` mlhsl

tebli`k mlkli agt`t ilplkc blil iebukci`klkpe}qubmuhlk ilplkc plal bea`l M@T lilk nem`h

metl}+ A`n`hlq al}` ieqemlnlk bea`l qe}n`hlq mlhsl

plal ieqemlnlk bea`l = db alk 4 db me}meal klql

(_>?.?5) aekclk ieqemlnlk bea`l < db+ _lal

ieqemlnlk bea`l = db a`pe}gneh ilkaukclk p}gqe`k

iltl} qe}q`kcc lik` =1.4<%+ _lal ieqemlnlk bea l

4 db. ilplkc qàli alplq bekjlkcilu mlc`lk mlslh

bea`l teh`kccl qàli tenu}uhkl alplq a`}gbmli

aekclk tebpu}kl+

_lal Qlmen 4 ilkaukclk p}gqe`k iltl} M@T

<6.5?%+ Lplm`nl i`ql mlka`kcilk aekclk p}gqe`k

iltl} M@TF plal Qlmen 5 lkc me}i`tl} =4.40—

=1.43%. qe}jla` pek`kcilqlk lkc duiup me}l}q`+

@k`nlh lkc a`hl}lpilk teq`lp p}gtet pekcgnlhlk

plilk+ Ilkaukclk p}gqe`k iltl} lkc a`pe}gneh

nem`h q`kcc` al}` peken`q`lk Iegkc (=??1) tllq M@T

a`fe}bekqlt` gneh Q}`dhgae}bl igk`kc`` lkc

bekdlpl` 4<.=3%+

e+ Ilkaukclk KAF. LAF alk Heb`tenungtlAgt`t ilplkc alk ieqemlnlk bea`l bekukjuilk

pekcl}uh lkc klql (_>?.?5) qe}hlalp ilkaukclk

KAF. LAF alk Heb`tenungtl+ Ilkaukclk KAF

qe}q`kcc` a`pe}gneh pe}nliulk T=A6 lik` 3=.1=%+

Aebì`lk punl hlnkl aekclk heb`tennungtl.ilkaukclk qe}q`kcc` a`pe}gneh pe}nliulk T=A6 lik`

=4.40%+ Qe}alplq `kqe}lit` lkql}l qemln bea`l

aekclk agt`t ilplkc qe}hlalp ilkaukclk KAF alk

heb`tenungtl+

Qe}jla` pekcu}lkclk ilkaukclk LAF alk

heb`tenungtl. lilk qeqlp` ilkaukclk KAF qe}jla`

pek`kcilqlk+ Hln `k` aìl}eklilk mlhsl pek`kcilqlk

igbpgkek te}lq iltl} plal fe}bekqlt` M@T gneh




ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` lalnlh igbpgkek KAF+

Igbpgkek LAF blupuk heb`tenungtl mlkli

bekclnlb` aec}lalt` gneh ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl

}eete` bekjla` igbpgkek blkkgtl. cnuigtl. xngtl.

clnliqgtl+ Qe}alplq `kqe}lit` lkql}l qemln bea`l

aekclk agt`t ilplkc qe}hlalp ilkaukclk KAF alk

heb`tenungtl+_lal Qlmen 1 qe}n`hlq mlhsl plal igbm`klt`

tebul ieqemlnlk aekclk agt`t ilplkc <?5 DFU'dd

(T<A5. T=A5 alk T4A5) ilkaukclk heb`tenungtlkl

dekae}ukc beku}uk+ Hln `k` tetul` aekclk pekalplq

_u}slal}`l (=??=) lkc beklqlilk mlhsl peku}uk"

lk heb`tenungtl be}uplilk liq`f`qlt ekz`b

blkklklte+ Liq`f`qlt ilplkc plal sliqu fe}bekqlt`

nem`h dekae}ukc plal pebmekquilk tenungtl al}`plal

heb`tenungtl+ Nem`h nlkjuq _u}slal}`l (=??=)

beklqlilk mlhsl heb`tenungtl (blkklk) me}t`flq

nem`h qe}nl}uq al}`plal tenungtl teh`kccl liq`f`qlt

pekcu}l`lk blkklklte nem`h q`kcc` al}` tenunnlte+

Qlhlp @@@+ Aec}lalt` _gn`tlil}àl Blkklk

l+ ]eqekt` K`q}gcek Tebu

Me}altl}ilk hlt`n uj` q qetq. qe}klql qàli

qe}alplq pe}mealk lkc klql lkql}l M@T alk M@TF

qe}hlalp igktubt` p}gqe`k. eiti}et` p}gqe`kqe}ig}eit`. }eqekt` p}gqe`k qe}ig}eit`. igktubt`

k`q}gcek alk eiti}et` k`q}gcek+ Klbuk p}gqe`k iltl}

fetet M@TF nem`h q`kcc` a`mlka`kc M@T+ Aekclk hlt`n

qe}temuq bebme}ìlk pekcl}uh qe}hlalp }eqekt`

k`q}gcek tebu. l`qu plal llb lkc a`me}` mlhlk

plilk M@TF bebme}ìlk k`nl` }eqekt` k`q}gcek tebu

lkc nem`h }ekalh a`mlka`kc llb lkc a`me}` M@T+

Aàucl mlhsl beti`puk M@TF q`kcc` p}gqe`k

iltl}kl klbuk tun`q a`de}kl (p}gqe`k ilplkc q`kcc`

kuinegqàkl)+

Qlmen 1+ Ilkaukclk LAF. KAF alk Heb`tenungtl (%) M@TF plal agt`t ilplkc alk ieqemlnlk bea l lkc me}meal

_e}nliulk Ilkaukclk kuq}`t`

Qemln bea`l

(db)

Agt`t ilplkc

(DFU'dd)

KAF

(%)

LAF

(%)

Heb`tenungtl

(%)

<?1 66.48m

¼ <.=< 54.??l

¼ 4.68 <=.08a

¼ =.03

< <?5 50.1=da

¼ <.6? 15.=3d

¼ <.3= <1.<5a

¼ <.1=

<?6 58.53a

¼ ?.36 1?.51a

¼ 1.88 <8.?4m

¼ 1.13

<?1 66.66m

¼ <.4= 18.6<md

¼ ?.38 <8.?5m

¼ <.?6= <?5 6<.43 da ¼ ?.0? 16.<3 d ¼ <.30 <5.=? m ¼ ?.0<

<?6 3=.1=l ¼ <.54 10.15

m¼ ?.=? =4.40

l¼ <.61

<?1 65.84m

¼ <.65 16.?0d

¼ ?.65 <0.31m

¼ <.=<

4 <?5 64.<8 d ¼ <.?1 10.=6 m ¼ ?.84 <4.0= a ¼ <.?=<?6 68.6<

l¼ ?.56 5<.53

l¼ ?.08 <3.?1

md¼ ?.4=

l.m.d.a. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal igngb lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5

Qlmen 5+ Meme}lpl peumlh alnlb pekcuiu}lk aec}lalt` pgn`tlil}àl blkklk M@T

_eumlh

_e}nliulk

T`ck`fìlkt`

M@T M@TF

_}gqe`k iltl} fetet. % =8.51 ¼ ?.?6 44.63 ¼ ?.?< *

Igktubt` p}gqe`k. c 0.00 ¼ =.<6 <<.30 ¼ ?.13 qk

Eiti}et` k`q}gcek. c <.<? ¼ ?.<1 <.4= ¼ ?.<3 qk]eqekt` k`q}gcek tebu. % 55.64 ¼ ?.45 5?.3? ¼ 8.1= *

Eke}c` m}uqg plilk+ iiln'ic 4+068.?? ¼ <=1.=? 1+<?4.?? ¼ <54.3? *

Eke}c` m}uqg eiti}eql. iiln'ic 4+144.?? ¼ =85.6< 4+146.?? ¼ 3=.=? qk

Eke}c` beqlmgn`tbe tejlq`. iiln'ic <+8=1.4? ¼ =?5.8< <+04?.11 ¼ 14.<? *

Qgqln cunl qe}nl}uq. % <.=0 =.48 *

Ilkaukclk blkklk. ppb 8=0.0= <+54=.<6 *M@T 2 Mukci`n kq` tls`q9 M@TF 2 Mukci`n kq` tls`q fe}bekqlt`9 * 2 me}meal klql (_>?.?5)9 qk 2 qàli me}meal klql (_;?.?5)




m+ Eke}c` Beqlmgn`tbe Tejlq` (QBE)

Ukqui pekcuj`lk eke}c` beqlmgn`tbe tejlq`

i`qlpuk bebmlka`kcilk lkql}l llb lkc a`me}`

pe}nliulk plilk M@T alk M@TF+ Al}` hlt`n uj` q

qe}klql ilkaukclk QBE M@TF (<+04?+11 Iiln'ic)

nem`h q`kcc` a`mlka`kc M@T (<+8=1+<4 Iiln'ic)+ Hln

`k` aàucl mlhsl qe}jla` aec}lalt` pgn`tlil}àlblkklk lkc lal plal M@T gneh ilplkc

Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` bekjla` mekqui lkc nem`h

teae}hlkl (gn`cgtil}àl) lkc bekchlt`nilk k`nl`

eke}c` lkc duiup mlì a`mlka`kc alnlb mekqui

pgn`tlil}àl blkklk+

d+ Qgqln Cunl Qe}nl}uq_lal pekcuiu}lk qgqln cunl qe}nl}uq a`pe}gneh

pe}tlbllk iu}vl tqlkal} P 2 ?.?<=8x ?.??33

aekclk k`nl` ]=

2 ?.0853+ Ilkaukclk qgqln cunl

qe}nl}uq plal M@TF bekdlpl` =.48%+ M`nl

a`mlka`kcilk aekclk k`nl` qgqln cunl qe}nl}uq plalM@T lkc bekdlpl` <.=0% qe}jla` pek`kcilqlk k`nl`

qgqln cunl <=5.54% li`mlq fe}bekqlt` M@T+ Hln `k`

aàucl mlhsl ilplkc blbpu bekaec}lalt`

pgn`tlil}àl blkklk (Sl}}ek. =??49 Hlccnuka eq ln+.

=??4)+ Hln `k` jucl tetul` pekalplq Tlm k` eq ln+

(=???) lkc beklqlilk mlhsl ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl

}eete` blbpu bekaec}lalt` pgn`tlil}àl blkklk

bekjla` blkkgq}`gtl. blkkgm`gtl alk blkkgtl+

a+ Ilkaukclk BlkklkMe}altl}ilk hlt`n pekcuiu}lk a`pe}gneh

ilkaukclk blkklk plal M@T temetl} <+54=+<6 ppb+

Lalpuk ukqui blkklk plal M@TF 8=0+0= ppb+

A`t`k` qe}jla` peku}uklk ilkaukclk blkklk lkc

duiup metl} lik` tei`ql} 15.84%+ _}gtet peku}uklk

`k` a`temlmilk qe}aec}lalt`kl igbpgkek

pgn`tlil}àl blkklk gneh ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl

}eete` bekjla` igbpgkek gn`cgtlil}àl lkc nem`h

teae}hlkl+ Hln `k` tetul` aekclk pekalplq Tlm`k` eq

ln+ (=???) lkc bekccuklilk ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl

}eete` alk Dennv`m}`g jlpgk`dut (Hgcc eq ln+. =??4)

ukqui bekaec}lalt` blkklk. qe}klql mlhsl blkklk

lkc menub qe}aec}lalt` beb`nì` mekqui

bg}phgngc` pnlqeneq aekclk igkqu} lkc jenlt.

aekclk d}tqln blt`kc"blt`kc `ka`vàu beb`nì`}lql"}lql a`lcgkln qe}plkjlkc ?.8 µb alk mlc`lk

lkc qe}pekaei ?.1 µb+ Teqenlh qe}aec}lalt` igkqu}

pe}buillk qàli jenlt klbuk blt`h bebpe}n`hlqilk

mekqui lkc beblkjlkc+

Iet`bpunlk

Ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` beb`nì`

il}liqe}`tqì pe}qubmuhlk jubnlh igngk` alk

a`lbeqe} ilplkc qe}deplq teqenlh =1 jlb pe}qlbl alk

bebltui` flte tqlq`gkl} plal ubu} pe}qubmuhlk

6? jlb aekclk jubnlh igngk` gpq`bub =.<4 x <?6DFU'dd. a`lbeqe} igngk` 34.38 bb+ _e}tekqlte

pe}umlhlk a`lbeqe} igngk` qe}q`kcc` a`dlpl` plal

ubu} 4? jlb lik` <?=.80%+

Fe}bekqlt` gpq`bub ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete`

plal bea`l M@T a`pe}gneh plal agt`t =.<4 x <?6

DFU'dd alk ieqemlnlk bea`l = db alplq

bek`kcilqilk ilkaukclk p}gqe`k iltl}. LAF. alk

KAF+ Ilkaukclk heb`tenungtl qe}jla` peku}uklk.

tealkcilk ilkaukclk mlhlk ie}`kc }enlq`f qàli

qe}jla` pe}umlhlk lkc me}l}q`+

Ilplkc Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` blbpu

bekaec}lalt` blkklk M@T aekclk bek`kcilqklk`nl` eke}c` beqlmgn`tbe tejlq` (QBE). qgqln cunl

qe}nl}uq. klbuk temlnìkl qe}jla` peku}uklk plal

}eqekt` k`q}gcek alk ilkaukclk blkklk+

Alfql} _utqlil

L+G+L+D+. <081+ Beqhgat gf Lklnt`t+ <4qh ea+ Lttgd`lq`gk

gf Gff`d`ln Lc}`dunqu}ln Dheb`tq+ Slth`kcqgk A+D+

Dhek. P+. J+ Ngkc. N+ N`lg. P+ Zhlkc lka J+ Plkc. =??4+

Tqua gk qhe p}gaudq`gk gf meql"blkklklte m

mld`nnut B5?+ Se` Thekc Su Xue Mlg 1?(<): 6="68+

Dh`k. F+P+. =??=+ Uq`n`zlq`gk gf plnb ie}ken dlie (_ID) lt

feea `k Blnlt`l+ Lt`lk N`vetqgdi+ Vgn+ XXV@ Kg+

1+ Fgga Lc}`dunqu}ln G}clk`zlq`gk ]ec`gkln Gff`de+

Mlkcigi. Qhl`nlka

Dhgkc. D+H+. ]+ Mnl`}. @+ Zuni`fn` lka Z+L+ Jenlk. <008+

_ht`dln lka dheb`dln dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt gf Blnlt`lk

plnb ie}ken dlie (_ID)+ _}gdeea`kc =?qh BTL_

Dgkfe}ekde+ =3"=8 Jun+ _uq}ljll+

Alti`}lk. B+. ]+C+ Qeeqe}. A+ Fgace lka H+P+ Ht`lg.

=??1+ Lk evlnulq`gk gf ekag"ν"A"blkklklte

(Heb`denn) effedq gk m}g`ne} Dh`diek pe}fg}blkde

lka eke}c ute `k aèqt vl}`kc `k ν"blkklk dgkqekq+

Jgu}kln _gunq} Tdèkde 84: 66="668+

Alua. B+J+ lka B+D+ Jl}v`t. <00=+ Blkklk gf plnb

ie}ken+ Jgu}kln _hqgdheb`tq} 4<: 164"161+




Cgumeq. F+. _+ Jlditgk. B+ Aee} lka _+ Aup}ee. =??=+

_gntlddhl}àe lklnt`t ut`kc dl}mgha}lqe cen

enedq}gphg}et`t (_LDE): L beqhga qg tqua pnlkqdenn slnn pgntlddhl}àet lka pgn`tlddhl}àet

ha}gnltet+ Jgu}kln Lkln`q`dln M`gdheb`tq} 4?: 54"

68+

Hlccnuka. _+. Q+ E}ìttgk. L+ Dgnnek. S+ Ke}`kdix. B+Dnlettekt lka H+ Tqlnm}lka. =??4+ Dennungte"

m`ka`kc bgaune gf qhe Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` meql"

blkklklte Blk5L `kd}eltet qhe blkklk"ha}gnt`t

gf dgbpnex tumtq}lqet+ Jgu}kln M`gqedhkgngc

=3(<): 43"18+

Hgcc. A+. C+ _enn. _+ Aup}ee. F+ Cgumeq. T+ Bl}qh`k"g}ue.

T+ L}blka lka H+J+ C`nme}q. =??4+ Qhe bgaunl}

l}dh`qedqu}e gf Denv`m}`g jlpgk`dut blkklkltet `k

cndgtàe ha}gnlte flb`nèt 5 lka =6 pg`kqt qg

a`ffe}ekq `k qhe`} }gne `k blkklk aec}lalq`gk+

Jgu}kln M`gdheb`tq} 43<: <?=3"<?14+

Iegkc. K+S+. =??1+ ]etel}dh`kc qhe ute gf _lnb Ie}ken

Dlie `k L|uldunqu}e Feeat+ YQhet`tR F`th Kuq}`q`gk

Nlmg}lqg}. Tdhggn gf M`gngc`dln Tdèkdet.

Uk`ve}t`q` Tl`kt Blnlt`l. Blnlt`l+

YN]_@R Nebmlcl ]`teq _e}iemuklk @kagket`l. =??6+

_eblkfllqlk gnegi`b`l me}mlt`t b`kli tls`q+

Bea`l Igbukìlt` N`kciup Uk`q Ie}jl N]_@ + Vgn+=

Kg+ =. Mgcg}+

Bìigkek. I+. H+ Henek. ]+ Qlnjl. T+ S`nfg}. M+ Hgnbmgb

lka B+ Qekkliek. =??6+ M`gaec}lalmne gf Blkklk+

Aepl}qebekq gf Fgga Qedhkgngc. Uk`ve}t`q gf

Hent`ki`. Hent`ki`+

_e}ez. J+F+. L+C+ Ceblq lka J+C+ Bu}`nng. =???+ Qhe effedq

gf a`ffe}ekq neven gf plnb ie}ken beln `k nle} aèqt+

Jgu}kln _gunq} Tdèkde 30: 33"30+

_u}slal}`l. Q+. =??=+ Gpq`blq`gk gf blkklklte

p}gaudq`gk+ Y]etel}dh ]epg}qR Lk`bln ]etel}dh

@ktq`quqe+ D`ls` Mgcg}+

]lhblk. L+. <00=+ Qeikgngc` Fe}bekqlt`+ _eke}m`q L}dlk.

Jlil}ql+

]eclnlag. D+. N+B+ Ml}}e}l. C+M+E+ Lnbekaì}ez9 T+

Hue}ql"Gdhgl lka C+ Nôpez. <005+ _}gaudq`gk lka

p}gpe}qèt gf ν"blkklklte m tgnà tumtq}lqe

fe}bekqlq`gk gf tgnumne dgffee `kautq} sltqet ut`kc

Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` @B@ <0=656+ Aepq+ gf Fgga

]etel}dh lka _gtqc}laulqe Tquaèt. Fldunqla Ae

\uâb`dl. Uk`ve}tàla LuqôkgblAe \ue}àql}g+.

D+U+ De}}g Ae Nlt Dlbplklt. \}g+ 36?<?+ Bex`dg+

]gtt. T+L+D+. J+C+ Aukdlk. A+T+ _ltdg lka K+ _uch. =??1+@tgnlq`gk gf l clnldqgblkklk qhlq ekhlkde

bld}gphlce ldq`vlq`gk f}gb qhe ea`mne fukcut

Bg}dhennl etdunekql+ Jgu}kln Lc}`dunqu}ln Fgga

Dheb`tq} 5?: 5684"5685+

Tlm`k`. E+. I+T+ S`ntgk. B+ T`ìl"lhg. D+ Mg`tteq lka H+

Dhlkz. =???+ A`cetq`gk gf t`kcne d}tqlnt gf

blkklk @ m lk ekag"blkklklte f}gb Q}`dhgae}bl

}eete`+ Eu}gpe Jgu}kln M`gdheb`tq} =63: =41?"

=411+

Tlbgkqe. J+N+. =??4+ ν"blkkgtàlte ldq`v`q `kce}b`klq`kc dgdgkuq+ Dlv`qe: Ae Nl Tlnne

Uk`ve}t`q"Altbl}`klt

Tlkq`lcg. T+A+. D+]+ Cgkzlnez. M+C+ Lnbekal}ez. F+J+

Fe}klkaez. L+Q Ju}lag lka T+ Hue}ql"Gdhgl. =??6+

_ht`gngc`dln. bg}phgngcdln. lka blkklklte

p}gaudq`gk tquaèt gk Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} ulb"ct<

buqlk+ Enedq}gk`d Jgu}kln gf M`gqedhkgngc 0(<):

=<3"==6+

T`kau. L+. <000+ _eblkfllqlk n`bmlh ienlpl tls`q

temlcl` plilk qe}kli+ Ju}kln Tl`kt alk Qeikgngc`

<(4): 8="86+

Sl}}ek. ]+L+J+. =??4+ B`d}gm`ln ha}gnt`t gf

pgnntlddhl}àet+ Lkkuln ]evès gf B`d}gm`gngc

5?: <84"=<=+

X`gkc. H+. =??1+ _}gaudq`gk lka dhl}ldqe}`tq`zlq`gk gf

Q}`dhgae}bl }eete` lka Qhe}bgbdet nlkuc`kgtut

xnlkltet+ YA`tte}qlq`gkR+ Hent`ki` Uk`ve}t`q gf

Qedhkgngc. Hent`ki`+

Xu. M+V+. _+ Hlccnuka. H+ Tqlnm}lka lka J+D+ Jltgk. =??4+

Ekag"meql"<.1"blkklkltet f}gb mnue butten.

Bq`nut eaun`t: pu}`f`dlq`gk. dhl}ldqe}`zlq`k. lka

bgae gf ldq`gk+ Jgu}kln M`gqedhkgngc 0=: =63"

=33+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ 5? — 51 Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇


5?

Efei Tupnebekqlt` B`kli Nebu}u alk ZkTG1 plal ]lktub lkc

Bekclkaukc T`nlte _ga Ililg alk U}el qe}hlalp Lmtg}t` Zk

alk _e}qubmuhlk Tlp` Jlkqlk

(Effedq gf Nebu}u G`n lka ZkTG1 Tuppnebekqlq`gk `k qhe Aèq Dgkt`tqea gf Dldlg _ga T`nlce

lka U}el gk Z`kd Lmtg}pq`gk lka C}gsqh gf Munn Dlnvet)

E}kl Hl}qlq`*

Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk. Ju}utlk Kuq}`t` alk Blilklk Qe}kli. Uk`ve}t `qlt Kutl Dekalkl. Iuplkc

Jn+ La`tud`pqg. _ekfu`. Iuplkc. 85??<

LMTQ]LDQ: Lk expe}`bekq dgkaudqea qg tqua qhe effedq gk Z`kd. p}gtqlcnlka`k"E= (_CE=) dgkdekql}lq`gk. lniln`ke

phgtphlqlte ldq`v`qèt (L_L) `k qhe c}gsqh gf munn dlnvet fea dgdgl pga t`nlce aèq tuppnebekqea s`qh nebu}u g`n (NG)

lka ZkTG1+ Qhe lk`blnt se}e }lkagbn ltt`ckea `kqg qh}ee c}gup gf q}elqbekqt. `+e+:tuppnebekqlq`gk gf ?. =5. 5? lka

35 bc ic"<

aèq ZkTG1 lka ?. <+5 lka 4% ic"<

aèq NG+ Mltln aèq dgkt`tqea gf dgdgl pga t`nlce lka dgkdekq}lqe

dgkt`tqt gf shelq m}lk. dlttlvl sltqe. tgl melk beln `k qhe }lq`g <:4 sh`dh dgkql`kea 3?% Qgqln A`cetq`mne K`q}èkq

(QAK) lka <6% D_ lt p}etd}`mea m K]D (<088)+ Qhe aèq slt qhe tuppnebekqea s`qh <% u}el+ NG lka ZkTG1

tuppnebekqlq`gk `k qhe aèq slt t`ck`f`dlkqn `kd}eltea Z`kd lmtg}pq`gk (_>?+?<) lt senn lt `kd}eltea _CE= dgkd}eqlq`gk

(_>?+<1) `k qhe c}gsqh gf munn dlnvet+ ]enlq`gkth`p gf qhe }lqe gf lppl}ekq Z`kd Lmtg}pq`gk (Vl. bc+a"<

) s`qh qhe }lqe

Z`kd `kqlie (Vl. bc+a"<

). _CE= dgkdekq}lq`gk (bc+N"<

) lka V` `kqe}ldq`gk fg} qhe neven gf ?. <.5 lka 4% NG

tuppnebekqlq`gk se}e: Vl (?) 2 "5+60 ?+036 V` <+08 _CE= — ?+?855 V` _CE=9 Vl (<+5) 2 "=+6 ?+06= V` — <1+4

_CE= ?+145 V` _CE= lka Vl (4) 2 "5+60 <+?4 V` " ?+401 _CE= ?+<=5 V` _CE=+ Neven gf NG tuppnebekqlq`gk sltt`ck`f`dlkqn n`kè} `kd}eltea (_>?+?<) `k te}ub gf L_L+ ]enlq`gkth`pt gf Z`kd lmtg}pq`gk s`qh L_L fg} qhe neven gf ?.

<+5 lka 4% NG tuppnebekqlq gk slt t`ck`f`dlkqn (_>?+?<) `kd}eltea m qhe fgnngs`kc e|ulq`gkt: L_L (?) 2 4+0?560 —

?+?=?1 Vl9 L_L (<+5) 2 4+6<<<0 — ?+?<63 Vl lka L_L (4) 2 1+<81=< — ?+?<00 Vl+ Qhe lve}lce al`n cl`k gf qhe

lk`blnt (LAC. ic) dguna m tqlqe lt LAC 2 ?+6?4 ?+???=5 Zk ?+????1 Zk=

?+<<4 NG — ?+?=35 NG=

?+????= Zk

NG — ?+????< Zk=

NG=

(]=

2 ?+6549 Tm 2 ?+?0=6)+ @q dlk me dgkdnuaea qhlq tuppnebekqlq`gk gf NG g} ZkTG1 `k qhe aèqdlk `kd}eltea Z`kd lmtg}pq`gk `k qhe c}gsqh gf munn dlnvet s`qh qhe`} lve}lce al`n cl`k slt h`che} lq <+5% NG lka 35

bc ZkTG1 ic"<

aèq qhlk gqhe} nevent+

Ie Sg}at: Lmtg}pq`gk. z`kd. p}gtqlcnlka k"E=. phgtphlqlte lniln`ke. dlnvet

_ekalhunulk

Lmtg}pt` Zk tlkclq bekl}ì ukqui a`penljl}`

il}ekl fukct` alk pe}lklkkl alnlb qumuh tlkclq

pekq`kc mlc` tebul jek`t heslk l`qu qe}n`mlq alnlb

fukct` me}mlcl` ekz`b lkc lal humukclkkl aekclk

beqlmgn`tbe il}mghà}lq. eke}c`. aec}lalt` alk

t`kqet`t p}gqe`k (Q`nnblk eq ln+. <0849 N`kae}. <00=)+

Aef`tèkt` tekc alplq beku}ukilk nlju pe}qubmuhlk.

ef`tèkt` pekccukllk plilk alk bekeilk liq`v`qlt

lniln`k fgtflqlte pnltbl (BdAgsen. <00=)+Tebekql}l Kgh alk Igg (=??4) benlpg}ilk mlhsl

tqlqut tekc bebpekcl}uh` beqlmgn`tbe v`qlb`k L

plal qe}kli alk blkut`l+ ]ekalhkl v`qlb`k L

pnltbl a`temlmilk gneh ieqàliduiuplk v`qlb`k L

il}ekl heslk ieiu}lkclk tekc (Ukae}sgga alk

Tuqqne. =??<)+ Tenlkjuqkl a`nlpg}ilk punl mlhsl

* Ig}etpgkaekt` pekun`t e"bl`n : e+hl}qlqÒlhgg+dgb

il}mgit` pepqàlte L alk M be}uplilk beqlngekz`b

tekc lkc a`muquhilk ukqui hà}gn`t`t ltlb lb`kg

al}` pepqàe+ Gneh il}ekl `qu. alnlb utlhl

bek`kcilqilk p}gauit` tlp` lkc bekcigktubt`

plilk me}iuln`qlt }ekalh. tupnebekqlt` kuq}èk

qe}qekqu a`pe}nuilk ukqui bek`kcilqilk lmtg}pt` Zk+

_ga ililg lalnlh tlnlh tlqu tubme} plilk te}lq

lnqe}klq`f lkc duiup pgqekt`ln. klbuk beb`nì`

iuln`qlt }ekalh lkc qe}de}b`k al}` }ekalhkl

ilkaukclk p}gqe`k iltl}. temlnìkl ilkaukclk te}lq

iltl} alk n`ck`k q`kcc` l`qu blt`kc"blt`kc me}i`tl}lkql}l 6.6< — 8.35%. 4?.?3 — 44.<5% alk =?.<< —

=3.05% (Lb`}}geklt. <00?)+ A` tlbp`kc `qu

ilkaukclk nebli alk tekc jucl }ekalh l`qu <.56%

alk =? bc+ic"<

(Hl}qlq`. <008)+ Jubnlh qe}temuq jluh

nem`h }ekalh al}` ilal} lkc nlli a`tea`lilk alnlb

}lktub l`qu 4% nebli alk 1?"5? bc Zk (K]D.

<088)+ _lalhln Zk a`pe}nuilk ukqui me}mlcl`

liq`f`qlt ekz`b tepe}q` liq`f`qlt lniln`k fgtflqlte alk



Efei Tupnebekqlt` B`kli (Hl}qlq`) 5<

il}mgit` pepqàlte lkc blt`kc"blt`kc me}pe}lk

alnlb beqlmgn`tbe eke}c` alk p}gtet pekde}kllk

te}ql peke}lplk p}gqe`k (Bette} eq ln+. <039 Hume}

alk Ce}thgff. <034). tebekql}l nebli tenl`k

me}fukct` temlcl` tubme} eke}c`. il}è} v`qlb`k M

alk lcekt`l aefluklt` jucl me}pe}lk temlcl`

p}eiu}tg} p}gtqlcnlka`k"E= (I`ktennl eq ln+. <00?)lkc aàucl me}pekcl}uh qe}hlalp lmtg}pt` Zk+

Ukqui bekclqlt` a`f`tèkt` Zk pe}nu bebpe}"mlì`

tqlqut Zk benlnu` pek`kcilqlk lmtg}pt` Zk+

Lmtg}pt` Zk tenl`k gneh igktubt` Zk. jucl

aàucl a`pekcl}uh` gneh p}gtqlcnlka`k E= (_CE=)

lkc p}gauit`kl tlkclq qe}clkqukc plal ieduiuplk

ltlb l}lihàgklq (D=?:1k"6)+ B`kli nebu}u

(Tl}a`kennl nebu}u) temlcl` tubme} ltlb nebli

jekuh bljebui (_gn Uktlqu}lqea Flqq Ldà

2_UFL) bekclkaukc ltlb l}lihàgklq duiup q`kcc`

(=<+05%)+ Ltlb nebli qe}temuq alplq a`cuklilk

temlcl` p}eiu}tg} _CE= lkc agb`klk me}pe}lk

alnlb pek`kcilqlk lmtg}pt` Zk+ Tenl`k `qu b`kli

nebu}u jucl bekclkaukc ltlb nebli }lkql` plkjlkc

D=?:5k"4 (E`dgtl _ekqlekg`d Ldà 2E_L) alk D==:6

k"6 (Agdgtl Hlexlekg`d Ldà 2 AHL)+ Ltlb nebli

qe}temuq qàli bualh qe}hà}gceklt` a` alnlb }ubek

a`mlka`kcilk aekclk ltlb nebli me}lkql` D<8

(Lthet eq ln+. <00=)+ Gneh temlm `qu tenl`k

tupnebekqlt` Zk. plal }lktub bekclkaukc pga

dldlg bebe}nuilk tupnebekqlt` nebli alk tlnlh

tlqu tubme}kl lalnlh b`kli nebu}u+

Qujulk peken`q`lk lalnlh ukqui bebpe}mlì`

tqlqut tekc benlnu` tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alk

ZkTG1 plal plilk lkc bekclkaukc t`nlte pgaililg alk u}el ukqui bebldu pe}qubmuhlk tlp`

Hgntqe`k jlkqlk+

Beqgae _eken`q`lk

_e}dgmllk `k` bekccuklilk tlp` Hgntqe`k jlkqlk

ubu} 6"3 munlk me}mgmgq 0< ¼<<+3 ic+ ]lktub mltln

lkc a`cuklilk qe}a`}` lqlt =5% t`nlte pga ililg alk

35% igktekq}lq+ ]lktub qe}temuq bekclkaukc <%

u}el+ Igktekq}lq a`tutuk al}` gkccgi. pgnl} alk

mukci`n ieaene. teh`kccl }lktub bekclkaukc Qgqln A`cetq`mne Kuq}èkq (QAK) 3?% alk p}gqe`k iltl}

(_I) <6% me}altl}ilk }eigbekalt` K]D (<088)+

]lkdlkclk pe}dgmllk lkc a`cuklilk lalnlh

}lkdlkclk ldli iengbpgi pgnl fliqg}`ln 1x4+ Fliqg}

L lalnlh tupnebekqlt` Zk (ZkTG1) temlkli ?9=595?

alk 35 bc+ic"<

mlhlk ie}`kc alk fliqg} M lalnlh

tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u temlkli ?9 <.5 alk

4.?% ic"<

mlhlk ie}`kc+ Qe}kli a`mlc` bekjla` 4

iengbpgi temlcl` unlkclk alk pekcengbpgilkkl

aàltl}ilk plal mgmgq mlalk+ Igktekql}q a`me}ìlk

aul iln` tehl}`. tealkcilk pga dldlg alk l`} b`kub

a`tea`lilk teplkjlkc hl}`+

_eumlh lkc aùiu} lalnlh igktekq}lt`

p}gtqlcnlka`k E= (Lbe}thlb‽t _CE= lttl ttqeb

Kgbg} igae ]_L 54? aekclk q}lde}

<=5

@). ilal} Zk.liq`v`qlt lniln`k fgtflqlte alk pe}qlbmlhlk mgmgq

mlalk tlp`+ Alql lkc a`pe}gneh a`lkln`t aekclk

lkln`t`t }lclb alk uj` igkq}lt aekclk plieq p}gc}lb

TLT 6?8 S`k+


Tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alk ZkTG1 qàli

be}umlh igktekq}lt` Zk alnlb te}ub aekclk k`nl`

}lqllk temetl} <+?? ¼ ?+44 ppb. lilk qeqlp`

tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alplq be}umlh

igktekq}lt` p}gtqlcnlka`k. lmtg}pt` Zk alk liq`f`qlt

lniln`k fgtflqlte (Qlmen <)+ _lal qlmen qe}temuq alplq

a`n`hlq mlhsl tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alplq

bek`kcilqilk igktekq}lt` p}gtqlcnlka`k E= (_CE =)

tedl}l n`kè} (_>?.?5)+ Hlt`n peken`q`lk `k` jenlt

qe}n`hlq mlhsl lal humukclk lkql}l tupnebekqlt`

b`kli nebu}u aekclk igktekq}lt` _CE= alk

tenlkjuqkl aàucl me}pekcl}uh qe}hlalp lmtg}pt`

Zk+ Ukqui bekaucl pekcl}uh igktubt` Zk (V`)

qe}hlalp lmtg}pt` Zk (Vl). a`nliuilk pekaeilqlk

aekclk bgaen i`keqìl H`nn+ Ukqui blt`kc"blt kc

tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u ?9<.5 alk 4.?% lmtg}pt`

Zk qe}temuq bekcìuq` pe}tlbllk : Vl 2 6?V`

=+?1 '<5?? V`

=+?1. (}

=2?+0889 Tm 2 ?+?5<4)9 Vl 2 35

V`<+0<

'<=?? V`<+0<

. (}=

2 ?+0059 Tm 2 ?+?=03) alk Vl

2 85 V`<+35

'86=+4 V`<+35

(}=2 ?+0059 Tm 2 ?+?=31)+

Me}altl}ilk pe}tlbllk qe}temuq a`pe}gneh mlhsl

lmtg}pt` Zk plal tlp` lkc bekcigktubt` }lktub

qlkpl b`kli nebu}u lalnlh pln`kc }ekalh l`qu

60.8% al}` jubnlh lkc aìgktubt`+ Iebua`lk nlju

lmtg}pt` qe}q`kcc` a`dlpl` plal ql}lf tupnebekqlt`

b`kli nebu}u <.5% l`qu 38.8% al}` jubnlh lkc

aìgktubt` aekclk }lql"}lql lkc a`lmtg}pt` <8.?

bc. tealkcilk plal ql}lf 4.?% lmtg}pt` bunl` qu}uk

bekjla` 38.<% al}` jubnlh lkc aìgktubt` aekclk}lql"}lql lkc a` lmtg}pt` <6.3 bc+ Klbpli a`t`k`

nlju pek`kcilqlk lmtg}pt` Zk qe}temuq bekcìuq`

iu}vl t`cbgà l`qu lslnkl lmtg}pt` bek`kcilq

pe}nlhlk. iebua`lk nlju lmtg}pt` bek`kcilq qljlb

plal tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u <.5% alk plal

tupnebekqlt` 4.?% nlju lmtg}pt` bunl` benlbmlq+



5= LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : 5? — 51

Qlmen <+ Efei pe}nliulk qe}hlalp igktekq}lt` p}gtqlcnlka`k E=. lmtg}pt` Zk alk liq`v`qlt lniln`k

fgtflqlte

Tupnebekqlt` _eumlh lkc a`lblq`

B`kli

Nebu}u (%)

ZkTG1

(bc+ic"<

)

Igktekq}lt` _CE=

(pc+bN"<

)

Lmtg}pt` tekc

(bc+hl}`"<

)

Liq`v`qlt lniln`k

fgtflqlte (@µ+N"<

)

? <15.6?

m

¼ 0<.0?

<?=.=?

m

¼ =?.<?

01.0?

m

¼ <<.3?

<.5 =56.=?l

¼<51.1?

<=?.6?l

¼ 45.4?

<?8.??m

¼ =0.5?

4 =51.6?l

¼=54.??

<<0.5?lm

¼ =4.4?

=51.6?l

¼=54.??

? <1=.5?l

¼ 5?.0?

41.51a

¼ <5.0?

<1=.5?l

¼ 5?.0?

=5 <08.5? l ¼<?3.5? 84.8? m ¼ 4?.0? <08.5? l ¼<?3.5?

5? 4<?.??l

¼=64.3?

<45.8?d

¼ 1<.=?

4<?.??l

¼=64.3?

35 <08.4?l

¼<??.0?

=<5.<?l

¼ <6.0?

<08.4?l

¼<??.0?

l.m. d.a. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal igngb lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5

Ielallk `k` bekde}b`kilk mlhsl lal fliqg}

nl`k lkc me}pekcl}uh qe}hlalp lmtg}pt` Zk alk

fliqg} nl`k qe}temuq iebukci`klk p}gtqlcnlka`k E=+

Lplm`nl a`pe}h`qukcilk. blil qe}alplq `kqe}lit`

lkql}l igktubt` Zk aekclk _CE= qe}hlalp lmtg}pt`

Zk blt`kc"blt`kc ukqui tupnebekqlt` ?.<+5 alk 4%

bekcìuq` pe}tlbllk: Vl (?) 2 "5+688= ?+0358< V`

<+0364 _CE= "?+?855 V` _CE= (]=

2?+00169 Tm 2

?+06406)9 Vl (<+5) 2 "=+5065 ?+06=?6V` — <1+4<8

_CE= ?+145=< V` _CE= (]=

?+00069 Tm 2 ?+4?53)

alk Vl (4) 2 "5+<=13 <+?=634 V` — ?+4043 _CE=

?+<=151 V` _CE= (]=

2 ?+00839Tm 2 ?+5<?<1)+

Me}altl}ilk pe}tlbllk qe}temuq te}ql k`nl`

iee}lqlk humukclk lkql}l igktubt` Zk alk _CE=

qe}hlalp lmtg}pt` tekc. blil alplq a`t`bpunilk

mlhsl tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u <+5%

bebme}ìlk pekcl}uh lkc qe}mlì+ Hlt`n peken`q`lk`k` teiln`cut bebpe}qeclt hlt`n peken`q`lk `k v`q}g

lkc aìebuililk gneh Tgkc alk Lahlb (<030)

l`qu peklbmlhlk _CE= alplq bek`kcilqilk

lmtg}pt` Zk tlbpl` 51%+

Tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alplq punl

beklìlk liq`v`qlt ekz`b lniln`k fgnflqlte+ Ieklìlk

liq`v`qlt ekz`b qe}temuq bekcìuq` pgnl n`kè}

(_>?+??<9 ]= 2 ?+=340) aekclk pe}tlbllk : P 2

04+4? <<+34 X9 P lalnlh liq`v`qlt lnnln`k fgnflqlte

(@u+<"<

) alk X lalnlh ql}lf b`kli nebu}u (%+ic"<

}lktub)+ Hlt`n peken`q`lk `k` bebpe}n`hlqilk mlhsl

tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u tlbpl` ql}lf 4% blt`hqe}ut bek`kcilqilk liq`v`qlt lniln`k fgtflqlte lkc

iebukci`klk a`temlmilk gneh q`kcc`kl igktekq}lt`

ekz`b qe}temuq a` alnlb ten+ Hln `qu qe}jla` tenl`k

il}ekl ilkaukclk Zk alnlb }lktuk duiup. jucl

ilkaukclk nebli temlcl` tubme} ltlb nebli

etekt`ln duiup beblal` lkc qe}de}b`k alnlb

igbpgt`t` ltlb nebli fgtfgn`pà alc`kc (Qlmen =)+

Tenlkjuqkl aekclk ieduiuplk Zk alk nebli.

beqlmgn`tbe ltlb nebli clbln`kgneklq alplq nem`h

efeiq`f+ Ltlb nebli qe}temuq lilk bekclnlb`

aetlqu}lte alk engkclte }lkql` il}mgk bebmekqui

l}lihàgklq alk tenlkjuqkl qe}`kig}igpg}lt` alnlb

fgtfgngpà lqlu a`cuklilk temlcl` p}eiu}tg} _CE=+

Hg}bgk qe}temuq iebua`lk bek`kcilqilk lmtg}pt`

Zk (Tgkc alk Lahlb. <030) lkc a`pe}nuilk temlcl`

igvliqg} me}mlcl` ekz`b lkql}l nl`k lniln`k fgtflqlte

lkc me}pe}lk alnlb beqlmgn`tbe eke}c` alk

bukci`k il}mgit` pepqàlte lkc me}pe}lk alnlb

pekde}kllk alk lmtg}pt` p}gqe`k+

_ekcl}uh lmtg}pt` Zk (Vl) qe}hlalp liq`v`qlt

lniln`k fgtflqlte (LLF) ukqui blt`kc"blt`kc ql}lf

tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u ?. <.5 alk 4% tlkclq

klql (_>?.?<) alk liq`v`qlt ekz`b qe}temuq alpq

aàucl aekclk pe}tlbllk: LLF 24+0?560"?+?=?1 Vl

(}= 2?+144069TM 2 <+3=1664): LLF 2 4+6<<<0 —?+?<63 Vl (}

=2 ?+5<5619TM 2 <+=6=58) alk LLF 2

1+<81=<" ?+?<00 Vl (}=2 ?+610819 TM 2 <+?8=<8)+

Me}altl}ilk pe}tlbllk qe}temuq qe}klql tupne"

bekqlt` b`kli nebu}u qàli bekemlmilk

pe}umlhlk liq`v`qlt lniln`k fgtflqlte. mlhilk

dekae}ukc qu}uk tejlnlk aekclk pek`kcilqlk lmtg}pt`

Zk+ Liq`v`qlt lniln`k fgtflqlte qe}q`kcc` qe}jla` plal

lmtg}pt` Zk qe}ied`n alk iebukci`klk hln `k`

pe}qlkal mlì. il}ekl temekl}kl liq`v`qlt lniln`k

fgtflqlte qe}temuq qe}jla` a` alnlb ten+ Klbuk

aebì`lk liq`v`qlt ekz`b lniln`k fgtflqlte plal

peken`q`lk `k` (34"<54 @u'N) blt`h alnlb i`tl}lklkc qàli me}meal jluh aekclk hlt`n lkc

a`nlpg}ilk gneh peken`q` temenubkl l`qu 03"<3?

@u'N (C`}`ka}l. <083)+ Slnlupuk aebì`lk

pe}umlhlk lmtg}pt` Zk qàli butqlh`n alplq

bekcumlh liq`v`qlt ekz`b pekde}kllk p}gqe`k.

teh`kccl gmtg}pt` p}gqe`k jucl lilk qe}pekcl}uh

lkc qe}de}b`k al}` pe}qubmuhlk tlp` (Qlmen 4)+




Qlmne =+ Efei tupnebekqlt` b`kli Nebu}u qe}hlalp igbpgt`t` ltlb nebli fgtfgn`pà alc`kc

Tupnebekqlt` b`kli Nebu}u %Igbpgt`t` ltlb nebli fgtfgn`pà

? <.5 4.?

D+<8:? (Tqel}lq) ?.13 <=.5= =.4?

D+<8:< (Gnelq) k"6 =.80 1.45 <.<=+

D+<8:= k"6 (N`kgnelq) 0.6= <1.5= 6.8<D+<8:4 k"4 (N`kgneklq) <.<3 <.3< ?.60

D+=?:1 k"6 (L}lihàgklq) <.50 <.6= <.10

D+=?:5 k"4 (Eìgtlpekqlekglq)'E_L Qa =.53 ?.=3

D+==:6 k"4 (Agigtlheitlekglq)'AHL Qa ?.8= ?.?6

Qa 2 qàli qe}aeiqeit`+

Qlmen 4+ Efei tupnebekqlt` b`kli Nebu}u qe}hlalp pe}qlbmlhlk mgmgq mlalk hl}`lk (c+hl}`"<

)

Ql}lf b`kli Nebu}u %Ql}lf ZkTG1 (bc+ic"<

aaa eq)

? <.5 4.?

? 10? 35? 35?

=5 31? 36? 65?

5? 31? 36? 30?

35 30? <?68 88?

_e}umlhlk qe}temuq bebpe}n`hlqilk mlhsl

tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alk ZkTG1 tlkclq

me}pekcl}uh qe}hlalp pe}qlbmlhlk me}lq mlalk

(_MM. ic+hl}`"<

). te}ql lkql}l ieaul fliqg} pe}nliulk

qe}temuq tln`kc me}`kqe}lit` alk klql plal tekc

iula}lqì x b`kli nebu}u ilua}lqì (_>?+??69 ]=

2

?+654=)+ Me}l}q` lkql}l ieaul fliqg} pe}nliulkqe}alplq humukclk lkc duiup e}lq aekclk

pe}qlbmlhlk mgmgq tlp` (_MT9 ic+hl}`"<

) alk

humukclk qe}temuq aàucl aekclk pe}tlbllk 2

?+6?=08 ?+???=5 Zk ?+????1 Zk=

?+<<=0? BN —

?+?=310 BN ?+????= Zk=BN — ?+????< Zk

=BN

=9

Zk lalnlh ql}lf tekc (bc+ic"<

}lktub) alk BN

lalnlh ql}lf ìlk nebu}u (%+ic"<

}lktub)+ Hlt`n

peken`q`lk bekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}qlbmlhlk mgmgq

mlalk lkc qe}q`kcc` l`qu <+?68 ic+hl}`"<

a`dlpl`

plal tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alk tekc blt`kc"

blt`kc plal ql}lf <+5% alk 35 bc+ Hln `k`

a`temlmilk il}ekl lmtg}pt` tekc qe}q`kcc` a`dlpl`

plal ql}lf qe}temuq alk bukci`k qe}jla` liq`v`qlt

il}mgit` pepqàlte qe}q`kcc`. teh`kccl qe}jla` p}gtet

pe}de}kllk alk peke}lplk p}gqe`k tedl}l gpq`bln+

Aucllk qe}temuq aàuiukc gneh Tekqlkl (=??5)

mlhsl k`nl` }eqekt` K alk k`nl` hllq`kl bek`kcilq

plal qe}kli lkc bekalplq }lktub lkc ieduiuplk

Zk. teh`kccl k`q}gcek lkc a`cuklilk bek`kcilq

alk me}albpli plal pe}qubmuhlk+ Jucl a`pe}qeclt

punl gneh Hl}qlq` aii+ (=??3) mlhsl ieduiuplk Zk

bek`kcilqilk }eqekt` K alk ilal} lnlkqg`k u}`k lkc

bekde}b`kilk lalkl pek`bmuklk p}gqe`k lkc

me}albpli qe}hlalp pe}qlbmlhlk me}lq plalk tlp`

Mln` plal lih`} iemukq`kclk+

Iet`bpunlk

Tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alk tekc ie alnlb

}lktub lkc bekclkaukc t`nlte pga ililg alk u}el

alplq bek`kcilqilk igtekq}lt` _CE"=. lmtg}pt` Zk

alk liq`v`qlt lniln`k fgtflqlte+ _e}umlhlk qe}temuq

bekemlmilk pe}umlhlk plal pe}qubmuhlk tlp`

jlkqlk bual+ _lal peken`q`lk `k` a`hlt`nilk

pe}qlbmlhlk mgmgq mlalk qe}q`kcc` <+?68 ic+hl}`"<

a`dlpl` plal tlp` lkc bekalplq }lktub mltln

aekclk tupnebek b`kli nebu}u alk tekc plal ql}lf

<+5% alk 35 bc+ic"<

}lktub alk ieklìlk qe}temuq

51% nem`h q`kcc` a`mlka`kcilk aekclk }lktub qlkpl

tupnebek+

Temlcl` nlkcilh lsln alnlb peken`q`lk `k` jucl

a`pe}gneh hlt`n mlhsl }ub`klkt`l alplq

bebp}gauit` fgtfgn`pà alc`kc lkc bekclkaukc

ltlb nebli gbecl"4 me}lkql` plkjlkc l`qu E_L alk

AHL lkc pe}lkkl tlkclq peq`kc ukqui bekcu}lkc`

}etìg qe}te}lkc tli`q jlkqukc ig}gke} a`tlbp`kc

alplq bek`cilqilk @\ mlc` mln`ql+




Alfql} _utqlil

Lb`}geklt. E+ A+. <00?+ Buqu }lktub me}mekqui peneq

aekclk mlhlk te}lq m`gbltl pga dginlq (Qhegm}gbl

dldlg N) ukqui pe}qubmuhlk tlp` pe}lh jlkqlk+

YQet`tR+ _}gc}lb _ltdltl}jlkl. @_M+ Mgcg}+

Lthet. J+ ]+. M+ A+ Cunlq`. T+ I+ Duqhme}qtgk lka Q+ S+Tdgqq. <00=+ @kdg}pg}lq`gk gf s"4 flqq ldà g`n q`ttue

lka te}ub n`pàt gf }ub`klktqt+ N`pàt =3: 6=0"64<+

C`}`ka}l. L+. <038+ M`gi`b`l _lqgngc` Heslk+ @ktq`quq

_e}qlk`lk Mgcg}+

Hl}ql}q`. E+. <008+ Tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alk tekc

ie alnlb }lktub lkc bekclkaukc t`nlte pga ililg

alk u}el ukqui bebldu pe}qubmuhlk tlp` Hgntqe`k

jlkqlk+ YA`te}qlt`R+ _}gc}lb _ltdltl}jlkl+ @_M+

Mgcg}+

Hl}ql}q`. E+. =???+ Tupnebekqlt` b`kli nebu}u alk tekc

ie alnlb }lktub lkc bekclkaukc t`nlte pga ililgalk u}el qe}hlalp igktekq}lt` lteqlq alk p}gp`gklqe

te}ql p}gauit` beqlk+ Ju}kln nnb`lh Kutl Dekalkl+

Ea`t` @nbu _ekceqlhulk Lnlb+ <: <4="<46+

Hl}qlq`. E+. K+C+F+ Ilq`plkl alk L Tlneh. =??3+ Blkfllq

plilk plalq c`z` (__C) lkc bekclkaukc b`kli

nebu}u alk tekc ukqui pe}mlìlk buqu fgequt tlp`

Mln` plal lih`} iemukq`kclk+ YNlpg}lk _eken`q`lkR+

Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk. UKALKL. Iuplkc (qàli

a`pumnìltìlk)+

Hume}. L+ B+ lka T+ K+ Ce}tthgff+. <034+ Effedq gf aèql}

z`kd+ Z`kd gf z`kd ekzbet `k qhe }lq+ Jgu}kln gf

Kuq}`q`gk <?4: <<35"<<8<+

I`ktennl. J+ E+. M+ Ngieth lka ]+ L+ Tqgke+. <00?+ aèql}

k"4 pgnuktlqu}lqea flqq ldàt lka lben`g}lq`gk gf

dl}a`gvltdunl} a`telte+ Lb+ J+ Dn`k+ Kuq} + 5=: <"=8+

N`kae}. B+ D+. <00=+ M`gi`b`l Kuq}`t` alk Beqlmgn`tbe+

Uk`ve}t`qlt @kagket`l _}ett+ Jlil}ql+

Bd Agsenn. N+]+. <00=+ B`ke}ln `k Lk`bln lka Hublk

Kuq}`q`gk+ Ldlaeb`d _}ett. @kd+. Ngkagk+

Bette}. H+ H+. P+ Thlk` lka A+ H+ Dgpp. <035+Tq`bunlq`gk LQ_ gf lniln`ke fgtflqlte `k pnldekqln

bebm}lket+ M`gdh`b+ M`gpht+ Ldql+ 40<: 6<"66+

YK]DR Klq`gkln ]etel}dh Dgukd`n+. <088+ Kuq}èkq gf

Al`} Dlqqne+ 6qh

}ev`tea ea+ Klq`gkln Ldlaeb _}ett.

Slth`kcqgk+

Kgh. T+I+ lka T+@+ Igg. =??4+ Ngs z`kd `kqlie aed}eltet

qhe nbphlq`d guqpuq gf }eq`kgn `k qhe }lq `kfutea

`kq}laugaeklnn s`qh Meql"dl}gqeke+ Jgu}kln gf

Kuq}`q`gk lka M`gdheb`tq} <1: <13"<54+

Tekqlkl. _+. =??5+ _e}mlìlk tqlqut kuq}`t` plal tlp` Mln`

mukq`kc alnlb upll bek`kcilqilk mgmgq nlh`} alk

pe}qubmuhlk peaeq p}ltlp`h temlcl` pekchlt`n

alc`kc me}buqu+ _}gtà`kc Teb`kl} Klt`gkln

_eqe}klilk+ 13"56+

Tgkc. B+ I+ lka K+ F+ Lahlb. <030+ Eavàekde fg} lk

`bpg}qlkq }gne gf p}gtqlcnlka`kt E= lka F= `k qhe

}ecunlq`gk gf z`kd q}lktpg}q `k qhe }lq+ Jgu}kln gf

Kuq}`q`gk <?0: =<5="=<50+

Q`nnblk. L+ A+. H+ Hl}qla`. T+ ]eitga`p}gajg. T+

_}ls`}giutubg alk T+ Nemagtgeigjg. <084+ @nbu

Blilklk Qe}kli Altl} + Cljlh Blal Uk`ve}t`q

_}ett+ Jgclil}ql+

Ukae}sgga . E+J+ lka K+F+ Tuqqne. =??<+ Qhe B`ke}ln

Kuq}`q`gk gf N`vetqgdi+ 4 }a ea+ DLM _umn`th`kc+

Slnn`kcfg}a+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ 55 — 50 Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇


55

_ekcl}uh Q`kcilq _ekccukllk Dlbpu}lk Mukci`n @kq` Tls`q alk

Gkccgi lkc A`fe}bekqlt` aekclk Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} alnlb _lilk

qe}hlalp Mgmgq alk Mlc`lk"Mlc`lk Il}ilt M}g`ne}

(Qhe Effedq gf Utlce Neven gf _lnb Ie}ken Dlie"Dlttlvl Mp}gaudq B`xqu}e Fe}bekqeamp Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} `k ]lq`gk gk Se`chq lka dgbgkekq gf Dl}dltt gf M}g`ne})

Ku}hllq`*

Ju}utlk _eqe}klilk _gn`qeikì Kece}` Nlbpukc

LMTQ]LDQ: Qh`t expe}`bekq slt dgkaudqea qg evlnulqe qhe effedq gf qhe a`ffe}ekq d}uae p}gqe`k lka d}uae f`me} dgkqekq

dlutea m utlce neven gf plnb ie}ken dlie (_ID) lka dlttlvl mp}gaudq b`xqu}e fe}bekqea m Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} `k }lq`gk

gk dl}dltt se`chq lka `qt dgbpgkekq (qh`cht lka m}eltq. c`mneq. lka lmagb`kln flq) gf m}g`ne}+ Qh`t }etel}dh utea 06 AGD

m}g`ne} gf Nghblk _nlq`kub BM=?=+ Qhe dh`diekt se}e }el}ea `k n`qqe} fngg} pek lka slt fea ? (_?). <? (_<). =? (_=). lka

4?% (_4) gf qhe fe}bekqea _ID"dlttlvl mp}gaudq b`xqu}e `k qhe qgqln }lq`gk+ Qhe m}g`ne}t se}e }el}ea fg} 6 seeit lka

fea }lq`gk lka slqe} la n`m`qub+ Qhe expe}`bekq slt aet`ckea ut`kc Dgbpneqen ]lkagb`zea Aet`ck s`qh fgu} }lq`gk

q}elqbekq lka fgu} }epn`dlq`gkt lka eldh }epn`dlq`gk dgkt`tqea gf t`x dh`diekt+ Qhe alql gf qhe expe}`bekq se}e lklnzea.lka qhek dgkq`kuea s`qh Aukdlk‐t Bunq`pne ]lkce Qetq+ Qhe }etunq thgsea qhlq qhe a`ffe}ekq d}uae p}gqe`k lka d}uae f`me}

dgkqekq dlutea m utlce neven gf qhe fe}bekqea _ID"dlttlvl mp}gaudq b`xqu}e `k m}g`ne} }lq`gk lffedqea (_>?+?5) se`chq

gf dl}dltt. c`mneq. lka lmagb`kln flq. muq aà kgq lffedq (_;?+?5) ea`mne belq (qh`cht lka m}eltq)+ Dl}dltt lka `qt

dgbpgkekq gk utlce neven gf fe}bekqea _ID"dlttlvl mp}gaudq b`xqu}e ukq`n 4?% `k qhe }lq`gk slt meqqe} qhlk dgkq}gn+

Ie Sg}at: _lnb ie}ken dlie. dlttlvl mp}gaudq. fe}bekqlq`gk. dl}dltt. m}g`ne}

_ekalhunulk

Mukci`n `kq` tls`q alk gkccgi be}uplilk mlhlk

plilk n`bmlh lkc bebpukl` k`nl` kuq}`t` }ekalh+

Upll ukqui bek`kcilqilk iuln`qlt mlhlk n`bmlhbekjla` mlhlk plilk lkc me}k`nl` kuq}`t` q`kcc`

alplq benlnu` p}gtet fe}bekqlt`+ Evlnult` ilkaukclk

kuq}èk al}` me}mlcl` `bmlkclk dlbpu}lk mukci`n

`kq` tls`q (M@T) alk gkccgi lkc a`fe}bekqlt`

bekccuklilk Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} temenubkl qenlh

a`qen`q` gneh Ku}hllq` eq ln+ (=??6) alk a`nlpg}ilk

mlhsl fe}bekqlt` aekclk `bmlkclk dlbpu}lk

mukci`n `kq` tls`q 35% alk gkccgi =5% be}uplilk

`bmlkclk lkc bekchlt`nilk k`nl` kuq}`t` qe}mlì

a`mlka`kcilk aekclk `bmlkclk lkc nl`k (<??%

M@T. 5?% M@T : 5?% gkccgi. =5% M@T : 35%

gkccgi. alk <??% gkccgi)+ Hln `k` a`muiqìlk

aekclk bek`kcilqkl ilkaukclk p}gqe`k iltl}

temetl} <<0.80% (al}` <=.0=% bekjla` =8.1<%)

te}ql beku}ukkl ilkaukclk te}lq iltl} alk nebli

iltl} blt`kc"blt`kc temetl} <4.3<% (al}` <3.5<%

bekjla` <5.<<%) alk 8?.=4% (al}` <<.54% bekjla`

=.=8%)+ Ilkaukclk p}gqe`k lkc q`kcc` alk blt`h

q`kcc`kl ilkaukclk te}lq iltl} hlt`n fe}bekqlt` k`

* Ig}etpgkaekt` pekun`t : e"bl`n khq<03?Opnltl+dgb

lilk bebpekcl}uh` mgmgq alk mlc`lk"mlc`lk il}ilt

m}g`ne}+ Tenl`k `qu. mlhlk fe}bekqlt` blt`h

bekclkaukc p}gm`gqì lkc alplq bebldu

pe}mlìlk beqlmgn`tbe plilk plal p}gtet

pekde}kllk+_lilk lkc bekclkaukc p}gqe`k iltl} q`kcc`

lilk bek`kcilqilk igbpgkek alc`kc alnlb il}ilt+

Temlnìkl q`kcc`kl ilkaukclk te}lq iltl} plilk

lilk beku}ukilk igbpgkek nebli il}ilt+ Gneh

il}ekl `qu. peken`q`lk `k` me}qujulk ukqui

bekcevlnult` pekccukllk mlhlk fe}bekqlt` lkc

bekclkaukc p}gqe`k alk te}lq iltl} q`kcc` qe}hlalp

mgmgq alk mlc`lk"mlc`lk il}ilt m}g`ne}+

Beqgae _eken`q`lk

_eken`q`lk a`nliuilk a` Ilkalkc Qe}kli b`nì Mlpli Tupl}blk. Aetl Hlj`bekl Iedlblqlk Klql}

Nlbpukc Tenlqlk+ Blqe}` peken`q`lk lkc a`cuklilk

lalnlh AGD m}g`ne} temlkli 06 eig} Tq}l`k Nghblk

_nlq`kub BM =?=. mlhlk dlbpu}lk 35% M@T alk

=5% gkccgi lkc a`fe}bekqlt` aekclk Ltpe}c`nnut

k`ce} beku}uq p}gteau} fe}bekqlt` Ku}hllq` (=??5)+

Tutuklk mlhlk alk ilkaukclk kuq}èk plilk

pe}dgmllk a`tljìlk plal Qlmen < h`kccl Qlmen 1+



56 LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : 55 — 50

Qlmen <+ Tutuklk plilk pe}dgmllk pe}`gae tql}qe}

_lilk pe}nliulk (%)Mlhlk plilk

_? _< _= _4

_lilk igktekq}lq 1? 1? 1? 1?

Jlcukc 6? 5? 1? 4?

Mlhlk fe}bekqlt` ? <? =? 4?Qgqln <?? <?? <?? <??

Qlmen =+ Tutuklk plilk pe}dgmllk pe}`gae f`k`the}

_lilk pe}nliulk (%)Mlhlk plilk

_? _< _= _4

_lilk igktekq}lq 4?.? 4?.? 4?.? 4?.?

Jlcukc 53.5 13.5 43.5 =3.5

Meilqun <?.? <?.? <?.? <?.?

Mlhlk fe}bekqlt` ?.? <?.? =?.? 4?.?

B`kli =.5 =.5 =.5 =.5

Qgqln <??.? <??.? <??.? <??.?

Qlmen 4+ Ilkaukclk kuq}èk plilk pe}`gae tql}qe} plal blt`kc"blt`kc pe}nliulk

Ilkaukclk kuq}èkq*_e}nliulk

_I (%) BE (iiln'ic) NI (%) TI (%) Dl**(%) _**(%)

_? =<.53 4+=53.=? 4.1= 4.6? <.?= ?.65

_< =4.18 4+=10.05 4.<8 1.0< <.?1 ?.60

_= =5.40 4+=1=.60 =.01 6.== <.?3 ?.34

_4 =3.4< 4+=45.11 =.60 3.54 <.?0 ?.33

* Nlmg}lqg}ùb Kuq}`t` alk Blilklk Qe}kli Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk Uk`m}ls

** qe}tea`l

Qlmen 1+ Ilkaukclk kuq}èk plilk pe}`gae f`k`the} blt`kc"blt`kc pe}nliulk

Ilkaukclk kuq}èkq*_e}nliulk

_I (%) BE (iiln'ic) NI (%) TI (%) Dl**(%) _**(%)

_? <8.10 4+=5<.65 1.=4 4.35 ?.33 ?.63

_< =?.1? 4+=11.1? 4.00 5.?6 ?.8? ?.3?

_= ==.4< 4+=43.<1 4.31 6.43 ?.8= ?.31

_4 =1.=4 4+==0.80 4.5? 3.68 ?.85 ?.38

* Nlmg}lqg}ùb Kuq}`t` alk Blilklk Qe}kli Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk Uk`m}ls** qe}tea`l

M}g`ne} a`pen`hl}l alnlb ilkalkc n`qqe} lkc

a`teilq tetul` iemuquhlk aekclk uiu}lk <x< b=

ukqui teq`lp peqli temlkli <6 peqli+ Teq`lp

iengbpgi llb pe}nliulk (tenl`k tlqu iengbpgi

igkq}gn 2 =1 eig} lkc a`me}` plilk pe}nliulk _?)

a`me}` plilk pe}nliulk aekclk q`kcilq pekccukllk

dlbpu}lk M@T"gkccgi fe}bekqlt` l`qu <? (_<). =?

(_=). alk 4?% (_4) al}` qgqln plilk+

Llb a`pen`hl}l tenlbl 6 b`kccu lkc a`me}`

plilk alk b`kub tedl}l la n`m`qub+ _lilk pe}nliulk

ukqui llb ubu} ?"4 b`kccu (pe}`gae tql}qe} ) alk

ukqui llb ubu} 1"6 b`kccu (pe}`gae f`k`the} )

me}mekqui qepukc (blth)+

]lkdlkclk pe}dgmllk lkc a`cuklilk lalnlh

]lkdlkclk Ldli Nekcilp aekclk 1 pe}nliulk alk 1

unlkclk te}ql q`lp uk`q unlkclk me}`t` 6 eig} llb+



_ekcl}uh Q`kcilq _ekccukllk (Ku}hlplq`) 53

_eumlh lkc a`lblq` lalnlh mgmgq il}ilt. alc`kc

plhl alk alal. c`mneq. alk nebli lmagb`kln+ Alql

a`lkln`t`t aekclk lkln`t`t }lclb. alk lplm`nl qe}alplq

pekcl}uh lkc klql plal ql}lf 5% alk lqlu <%

blil a`nlkjuqilk aekclk AB]Q (Tqeen alk Qg}}è.

<08?)+


Hlt`n pe}dgmllk qekqlkc pekcl}uh me}mlcl`

q`kcilq pekccukllk dlbpu}lk M@T"gkccgi

fe}bekqlt` qe}hlalp mgmgq alk mlc`lk"mlc`lk il}ilt

m}g`ne} alnlb peken`q`lk k` a`tljìlk plal Qlmen 5+

Mgmgq il}ilt lalnlh mgmgq il}ilt teqenlh

aìu}lkc` igbpgkek kgk il}ilt tepe}q` ieplnl. ili`.

al}lh. munu. alk tenu}uh `t` }gkccl alal alk }gkccl

pe}uq + _lal Qlmen 5 qlbpli mlhsl mgmgq il}ilt

tedl}l me}u}uqlk al}` lkc qe}q`kcc` tlbpl` qe}ekalh

lalnlh pe}nliulk _= (068.35 c). _< (011.48 c). _4

(806.=5 c). alk _? (8<3.64 c)+ Hlt`n lkln`t`t }lclb

bekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}nliulk me}pekcl}uh klql

(_>?.?5) qe}hlalp mgmgq il}ilt+ Hlt`n uj` AB]Q

bebpe}n`hlqilk mlhsl _= klql nem`h q`kcc`

(_>?.?5) al}` _?. te}ql qàli me}meal klql aekclk _<

alk _4 (_;?.?5)+ Tenlkjuqkl _? qàli me}meal

aekclk _< alk _4+

Mgmgq il}ilt plal _= nem`h q`kcc` a`mlka`kcilk

_?. _<. alk _4+ Q`kcc`kl mgmgq il}ilt plal _=

tejlnlk aekclk mgmgq hàup lkc a`pe}gneh tenlbl

peken`q`lk+ Beku}uq A`slkqg eq ln+ (<08?) lkc

a`t`qlt` gneh Pgqgnebmlh (=??4) mlhsl mgmgq il}ilt

a`pekcl}uh` gneh fliqg}"fliqg} temlcl` me}ìuq: tq}l`k.

mgmgq hàup. iuln`qlt alk iulkq`qlt plilk. alk mgmgq

kgk il}ilt+

Tenl`k `qu. ilkaukclk p}gqe`k plal pe}nliulk

plilk _= lkc nem`h q`kcc` al}`plal pe}nliulk _< alk

_? alk a``bmlkc` eke}c` lkc duiup alk hlbp`}

bekaeilq` `bmlkclk p}gqe`k"eke}c` lkc

a`}eigbekaltìlk gneh Tdgqq eq ln+ (<08=) lkc

a`t`qlt` gneh Lb}unnlh (=??4) (=6% : 4=?? iiln

ukqui llb ubu} ?"= b`kccu alk ==% : 4=?? iiln

ukqui llb ub} ="6 b`kccu) bekcli`mlqilk llb

bekalplqilk ltuplk p}gqe`k alk eke}c` lkc duiup

ukqui bekchlt`nilk mgmgq il}ilt+ Ilkaukclk te}lq

iltl} plal pe}nliulk _= blt`h bekaeilq` tqlkal}a

TI plilk m}g`ne} (5"6%) alk menub bekchlbmlq

iede}kllk p}gqe`k alk eke}c`. tealkcilk ilkaukclkTI lkc q`kcc` (3.54"3.68%) plal _4 tualh

bekchlbmlq iede}kllk p}gqe`k alk eke}c`+ Hln `k`

m`tl a`n`hlq al}` alql igktubt` plilk (Ku}hllq`.

=??3). l`qu aekclk pek`kcilqlk mlhlk fe}bekqlt`

alnlb plilk lkc a`ìuq` aekclk pek`kcilqlk

igktubt` plilk (_? 2 =+0=1.0< c. _< 2 4+<6<.== c. _=

2 4+1<=.84 c. _4 2 4+6<0.55 c). qe}klql qàli a`ìuq`

pek`kcilqlk mgmgq il}ilt plal _4+ Mgmgq il}ilt

qe}q`kcc` hlkl tlbpl` pekccukllk mlhlk fe}bekqlt`

temlkli =?% alnlb plilk (_=)+ @k` me}l}q` q`kcc`kl

igktubt` plilk plal _4 lkc a`ìuq` aekclk

q`kcc`kl igktubt` TI bekemlmilk qe}hlbmlqkl

pebmekquilk il}ilt+

Beku}uq Slhju (<00=) mlhsl ilkaukclk BE

alnlb plilk bekekquilk pe}fg}blkt m}g`ne}

bekc`kclq ilkaukclk eke}c` e}lq il`qlkkl aekclk

igktubt` plilk+ Beku}uq Neetgk eq ln+ (<00<)

mlhsl tenl`k eke}c`. p}gqe`k jucl a`pe}nuilk alnlb

plilk m}g`ne}+ _}gqe`k me}fukct` ukqui bekutuk

g}clk qumuh. gqgq. alk mlc`lk nl`k al}` qumuh

teh`kccl tlkclq bekekquilk pe}qubmuhlk alk

pe}fg}blkt lkc a`hlt`nilk+

_e}nliulk _4 beb`nì` mgmgq il}ilt nem`h }ekalh

a`mlka`kcilk _< alk _=+ ]ekalhl mgmgq il}ilt `k`

a`temlmilk gneh ilkaukclk TI lkc q`kcc` alnlbplilk+ Ilkaukclk TI lkc q`kcc` alnlb plilk

bekemlmilk }ekalhkl pekde}kllk alk peke}lplk

kuq}èk teh`kccl kuq}èk mete}ql TI mlkli qe}qlhlk

a` tlnu}lk pekde}kllk Slhju (<00=)+ Aekclk

aebì`lk. igka`t` `k` alplq bekcli`mlqilk

bek`kcilqkl mgmgq tlnu}lk pekde}kllk mete}ql

`t`kl lkc plal lih`}kl alplq beku}ukilk mgmgq

il}ilt+

Qlmen 5+ ]lqllk mgmgq hàup. mgmgq il}ilt. alc`kc plhl alk alal. c`mneq. nebli lmagb`kln

_e}nliulk plilkVl}`lmen

_? _< _= _4

Mgmgq hàup. c <+=58.4?l

<+166.5?m

<+5?3.04m

<+115.4<m

Mgmgq il}ilt. c 8<3.64l

011.48lm

068.35m

806.=5lm

Mgmgq alc`kc plhl alk alal. c 1<?.=6l

18=.06l

188.00l

155.04l

Mgmgq c`mneq. c 6?.3?l

66.=0lm

68.15m

3=.18m

Mgmgq nebli lmagb`kln. c =5.58d

=<.38m

<0.06m

8.11l

l.m.d. Tupe}ti}`p lkc me}meal plal ml}`t lkc tlbl bekukjuiilk lal pe}meallk plal _>?.?5



56 LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Vgn+ <?. Kg+ <. =??8 : 55 — 50

Mgmgq il}ilt plal pe}nliulk _? nem`h }ekalh

a`mlka`kcilk _4. _<. alk _=+ Hln `k` a`temlmilk gneh

}ekalhkl pebekuhlk iemuquhlk p}gqe`k plal plilk

_?. teh`kccl kuq}èk lkc a`cuklilk ukqui

pebmekquilk il}ilt me}iu}lkc+

Hlt`n Qlmen 5 qlbpli mlhsl }lqllk mgmgq alc`kc

plhl alk alal tedl}l me}u}uqlk al}` lkc qe}q`kcc`

tlbpl` qe}ekalh lalnlh pe}nliulk _= (188.00 c). _<

(18=.06 c). _4 (155.04 c). alk _? (1<?.=6 c)+ Hlt`n

lkln`t`t }lclb bekukjuiilk mlhsl pe}nliulk

me}pekcl}uh qàli klql (_;?.?5) qe}hlalp mgmgq

alc`kc plhl alk alal+ Hln `k` me}l}q` pekccukllk

dlbpu}lk M@T"gkccgi fe}bekqlt` tlbpl` 4?% alnlb

plilk bekchlt`nilk mgmgq alc`kc plhl alk alal

lkc }enlq`f tlbl+

Mgmgq c`mneq lalnlh mgmgq c`zzl}a alk hlq`+ _lal

Qlmen 5 qlbpli mlhsl }lqllk mgmgq c`mneq tedl}l

me}u}uqlk al}` lkc qe}q`kcc` tlbpl` qe}ekalh lalnlh

pe}nliulk _4 (3=.18 c). _= (68.15 c). _< (66.=0 c).

alk _? (6?.3? c)+ Hlt`n lkln`t`t }lclb bekukjuiilk

mlhsl pe}nliulk me}pekcl}uh klql (_>?+?5)

qe}hlalp mgmgq c`mneq+ Hlt`n uj` nlkjuq

bebpe}n`hlqilk mlhsl _4. _=. alk _< qàli me}meal

(_;?.?5). mec`qu jucl _< alk _? jucl qàli me}meal+

Lilk qeqlp` _4 alk _= klql nem`h q`kcc` (_>?.?5)

al}`plal _?+

Mgmgq c`mneq a`pekcl}uh` gneh peklbmlhlk

mlhlk fe}bekqlt` alnlb plilk+ Tebli`k mlkli

mlhlk fe}bekqlt` lkc a`qlbmlhilk alnlb plilk

bekcli`mlqilk mgmgq c`mneq lkc tebli`k q`kcc`+ Hln

`k` a`temlmilk gneh ilkaukclk TI plilk lkctebli`k q`kcc` aekclk lalkl peklbmlhlk mlhlk

fe}bekqlt`+ Te}lq iltl} alplq bekcìlq ltlb ebpeau

alnlb tlnu}lk pekde}kllk temenub bekjlnlk`

fukct`kl bebmlkqu peke}lplk nebli alk

iebua`lk aìenul}ilk al}` qumuh me}tlbl fetet

(Nlqèf eq ln+. <000)+ Aekclk aebì`lk. TI lkc

q`kcc` alnlb plilk bekemlmilk qe}pldukl g}clk

hlq` ukqui bebp}gauit` ltlb ebpeau tedl}l qe}ut

beke}ut teh`kccl bekcli`mlqilk pebmekcililk+

Tenl`k `qu. TI lkc q`kcc` alnlb plilk alplq

bekcliq`filk c`zzl}a ukqui bekde}kl TI+ @k`

bekcli`mlqilk c`zzl}a bekclnlb` pebmekcililklqlu h`pe}q}gp`+

Mgmgq nebli lmagb`kln lalnlh mgmgq nebli

(aàlplq al}` nebli lkc qe}alplq a` teien`n`kc

c`zzl}a alk nlp`tlk lkc bekebpen lkql}l gqgq

lmagb`kln alk utut hlnut)+ _lal Qlmen 5 qlbpli

mlhsl }lqllk mgmgq nebli lmagb`kln tedl}l

me}u}uqlk al}` lkc qe}q`kcc` tlbpl` qe}ekalh lalnlh

pe}nliulk _? (=5.58 c). _< (=<.38 c). _= (<0.06 c).

alk _4 (8.11 c)+ Hlt`n lkln`t`t }lclb bekukjuiilk

mlhsl pe}nliulk me}pekcl}uh klql (_>?.?5)

qe}hlalp mgmgq nebli lmagb`kln+ Hlt`n uj` AB]Q

bebpe}n`hlqilk mlhsl _? klql nem`h q`kcc`

(_>?.?5) al}` _<. _= alk _4. klbuk _< qàli me}meal

klql (_;?.?5) aekclk _=+ Tenlkjuqkl _

<alk _

=

klql nem`h q`kcc` al}` _4+

Mgmgq nebli lmagb`kln a`pekcl}uh` gneh

peklbmlhlk mlhlk fe}bekqlt` alnlb plilk+ Tebli`k

mlkli mlhlk fe}bekqlt` lkc a`qlbmlhilk alnlb

plilk lilk tebli`k bebpe}ied`n mgmgq nebli

lmagb`kln+ Te`}`kc aekclk tebli`k bek`kcilqkl

peklbmlhlk mlhlk fe}bekqlt` alnlb plilk alplq

bekcli`mlqilk pek`kcilqlk TI alnlb plilk+ TI

lkc me}ltln al}` plilk teqenlh aìgktubt` llb

lilk bekcìlq ltlb ebpeau tetlbpl`kl a` tlnu}lk

pekde}kllk+ Igka`t` qe}ìlqkl ltlb ebpeau aekclk

TI bekemlmilk fukct` ebpeau ukqui bebmlkqu

peke}lplk nebli lilk qe}hlbmlq+ Tenlkjuqkl ltlb

ebpeau lkc tualh qe}ìlq gneh TI lilk aìenul}ilk

al}` qumuh alnlb mekqui fetet teh`kccl

bekcli`mlqilk peku}uklk aepgt`t` nebli

lmagb`kln+

Iet`bpunlk

Ilkaukclk p}gqe`k iltl} alk te}lq iltl} lkc

me}meal alnlb plilk temlcl` li`mlq q`kcilq

pekccukllk mlhlk dlbpu}lk mukci`n `kq` tls`q alk

gkccgi fe}bekqlt` alnlb plilk bebpekcl}uh`mgmgq il}ilt. c`mneq. alk nebli lmagb`kln. qeqlp`

qàli bebpekcl}uh` mgmgq alc`kc plhl alk alal+

Mgmgq il}ilt alk mlc`lk"mlc`lk il}ilt plal

pekccukllk dlbpu}lk mukci`n `kq` tls`q alk gkccgi

fe}bekqlt` tlbpl` 4?% alnlb plilk nem`h mlì

al}`plal igkq}gn+

Alfql} _utqlil

Lb}unnlh. @+I+. =??4+ Kuq}`t` Llb M}g`ne} + Nebmlcl

Tlqu Cukukcmua`+ Mgcg}+

A`slkqg. I+. B+ Tlm}lk` alk _+ T`qg}ut. <08?+ Evlnult`

me}lq il}ilt alk ef`tèkt` f`klkt`ln qujuh tq}l`k llb

pealc`kc+ Muneq`k Nebmlcl _eken`q`lk _eqe}klilk

<6: =1"=0+

Nlqèf. L+. F+ Blk`k alk T+ Tl}`f. <000+ _ekcl}uh

_ekccukllk Iun`q L}` M`j` Ieaenl` Fe}bekqlt` alnlb

]lktub qe}hlalp Ilal} Ignetqe}gn Llb M}g`ne}+



_ekcl}uh Q`kcilq _ekccukllk (Ku}hlplq`) 53

YNlpg}lk _eken`q`lkR+ Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk+

Uk`ve}t`qlt Jlbm`+ Jlbm`+

Neetgk. T+. J+A+ Tubbe}t lka N+J+ Dltqgk. <00<+ Aèq

a`nuq`gk lka dgbpektlqg} c}gsqh `k m}g`ne}t+

_gunq} Tdèkde 3?: 863"834+

Ku}hllq`. =??5+ Evlnult` Kuq}`t` Dlbpu}lk Mukci n @kq`Tls`q alk Gkccgi lkc A`fe}bekqlt` Bekccuklilk

Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} temlcl` Mlhlk _lilk Lnqe}klq`f+

YQet`tR+ _}gc}lb _ltdltl}jlkl+ Uk`ve}t`qlt

Ml}s`jll+ Blnlkc+

Ku}hllq`. G+ Tjgfjlk alk Igekqjgig. =??6+ Iuln`qlt

kuq}`t` dlbpu}lk mukci`n `kq` tls`q alk gkccgi lkc

a`fe}bekqlt` bekccuklilk Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} +

Ju}kln _ekcebmlkclk _eqe}klilk Q}gp`t 4<(4):

<3="<38+

Ku}hllq`. =??3+ _ekcl}uh q`kcilq pekccukllk dlbpu}lk

mukci`n `kq` tls`q alk gkccgi qe}fe}bekqlt` gneh

Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} alnlb plilk qe}hlalp peklbp`nlk

llb pealc`kc+ Ju}kln _ekcebmlkclk _eqe}klilk

Q}gp`t 4=(<): =8"4=+

Tdgqq. B+N+. B+D+ Kethe`b lka ]+J+ Pgukc. <08=+

Kuq}`q`gk gf qhe Dh`diekt+ 4}a

ea+ @qldhl. Kes Pg}i+

Tqeen. ]+C+A+ lka J+H+ Qg}}è. <08?+ _}`kd`pnet lka _}gdeau}et gf Tqlq`tq`dt. L M`gbeq}`dln Lpp}gldh+

@kqe}klq`gkln Tquaekq ea+ BdC}ls"H`nn+ Igcliuthl

N`b`qea. Qgig+

Slhju. J+. <00=+ @nbu Kuq}`t` Ukcclt+ Clajlh Blal

Uk`ve}t`q _}ett+ Pgclil}ql+

Pgqgnebmlh. L+. =??4+ _ekcl}uh _ekccukllk Iunqu}

Ltpe}c`nnut k`ce} alk Mld`nnut tpp+ te}ql

Igbm`klt`kl temlcl` @bmuhlk _lilk qe}hlalp

_e}fg}blkt Llb _ealc`kc+ YQet`tR+ _}gc}lb

_ltdltl}jlkl Uk`ve}t`qlt _lajlajl}lk Mlkaukc+



LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK LK@BLN _]GAUDQ@GK . Jlkul}` =??8. hnb+ 6? — 66 Vgn+<? ◇ Kg+< ◇ @TTK <1<< — =?=3 ◇ Qe}li}ea`qlt` Kg+56'A@IQ@'Iep'=??5

6?

Effedqt gf A`ffe}ekq Feea`kc F}e|uekd gf Flml Melkt gk ]ubek

Aec}lalq`gk Dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt gf Glqek Hl `k qhe ]ubek gf Theep

(_ekcl}uh _e}meallk F}eiuekt` _ebme}`lk M`j`lk Flml qe}hlalp Il}liqe}`tqì

Aec}lalt` H`jlulk Glq plal ]ubek Agbml)

Ltbuaa`k Klqt`}*

Ju}utlk Kuq}`t` alk Blilklk Qe}kli Fliunqlt _eqe}klilk. Uk`ve}t`qlt Hltlkuaa`k. Blilttl}. 0?=15

LMTQ]LI : Tulqu peken`q`lk a`nlitlklilk aekclk qujulk ukqui bekceqlhu` pekcl}uh f}eieuekt` pebme}`lk lkcme}meal al}` m`j`lk flml qe}hlalp il}liqe}`tqì aec}lalt` h`jlulk glq plal }ubek qe}kli agbml+ Ebplq eig} qe}kli agbml jlkqlk iltq}lt` lkc qenlh a`nekcilp` aekclk ilkunl plal }ubek. aekclk mgmgq mlalk }lql"}lql 85 ¼ 5.5 ic. a`cuklilkalnlb pe}dgmllk `k`+ Igbm`klt` (85:<5%) lkql}l h`jlulk glq alk lnflnfl a`cuklilk temlcl` }lktub mltln tenlbl tqua`+M`j`lk flml a`cuklilk temlcl` plilk tupnebek a`me}ìlk plal neven ?.5% al}` mgmgq hàup+ _eken`q`lk a`nlitlklilkme}altl}ilk pgnl }lkdlkclk muju} tlkcil} nlq`k 1 x 1+ Teq`lp pe}`gae me}nlkctukc tenlbl =? hl}`+ _lal blt`kc"blt`kcpe}`gae. teq`lp qe}kli bekalplqilk tlnlh tlqu al}` 1 bldlb }lktub pe}nliulk. lik` Q? 2 }lktub mltln qlkpl tupnebek.Q<2 Q? FM lkc a`me}ìlk teiln` alnlb tehl}` plal plc` hl}`. Q= 2 Q? FM lkc pebme}`lkkl a`mlc` aul alk a`me}ìlk

plal plc` alk tg}e hl}`. alk Q4 2 Q? FM lkc pebme}`lkkl a`mlc` lqlt 8 mlc`lk lkc tlbl alk a`me}ìlk teq`lp q`cl jlb+ Hlt`n lkln`t`t tqlq`tqì bebpe}n`hlqilk mlhsl tupnebekqlt` bek`kcilqilk (_>?.?5) ilal} KH4 alk VFL }ubek+]lqllk ilal} KH4 }ubek ukqui blt`kc"blt kc pe}nliulk lalnlh <6=.1?9 =61.159 4?<.359 alk =04+?? bc'n. alk ilal}VFL }ubek }lql"}lql ukqui teq`lp pe}nliulk lalnlh 65.8<9 86+??9 33.64 alk 86+36 bbgn'n+ Lilk qeqlp`. pe}nliulk qàli me}pekcl}uh klql (_;?.?5) qe}hlalp pH }ubek. aekclk }lqllk 6.469 6.?59 6.<59 alk 6.<? ukqui blt`kc"blt`kc pe}nliulkQ?. Q<. Q=. alk Q4+ Mec`qupunl. pebme}`lk tupnebek m`j`lk flml qàli me}pekcl}uh (_;?.?5) qe}hlalp il}liqe}`tqì aec}lalt` h`jlulk glq alnlb }ubek qe}kli agbml+ Iet`bpunlk. tupnebek m`j`lk flml klql bebpe}mlì` pgnl fe}bekqlt`}ubek qe}kli agbml. alnlb hln pek`kcilqlk ilal} KH4 alk VFL }ubek. qeqlp` pH }ubek alk il}liqe}`tqì aec}lalt`}ubek al}` h`jlulk glq qàli a`pekcl}uh` gneh pebme}`lk tupnebek m`j`lk flml+

Ilql Iukd`: Feea`kc f}e|uekd. flml melkt. }ubek aec}lalq`gk dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt. theep

@kq}gaudq`gk

Lbgkc p}gqe`k tgu}det. qhe exqekq gf aec}lalq`gk

`k qhe }ubek vl}èt c}elqn. }lkc`kc f}gb nett qhlk

5?% qg lt h`ch lt <??%+ Flml melkt (V`d`l flml) l}e

necube teeat. sh`dh l}e pl}q`dunl}n h`ch `k d}uae

p}gqe`k dgkdekq}lq`gkt (=5"1=%) (Dgqqne. <00<9

_eqqe}tgk lka BldI`kqgth. <0019 Pu eq ln+. =???).

bli`kc qheb pgqekq`lnn utefun p}gqe`k tuppnebekqt

`k }ub`klkq aèqt+ Hgseve}. qhe`} }lpà lka

exqekt`ve aec}lalq`gk (85"0?%) (Pu eq ln+. <000) m

}ub`kln b`d}gmet dlk }etunq `k tumtqlkq`ln lka

ukaet`}lmne K ngtt f}gb qhe }ubek+ @f lk `bmlnlkde

meqseek }lqe gf feea p}gqe`k m}eliagsk lka }lqe gf

b`d}gm`ln p}gqe`k tkqhet`t `t uklvgàlmne. uq`n`tlq`gklt l p}gqe`k tuppnebekq fg} }ub`klkqt `t kgq eff`dèkq+

Qg gve} dgbe qh`t p}gmneb. qhe necube teeat

bl me p}eq}elqea e`qhe} dheb`dlnn. tudh lt m fg}"

blnaehae q}elqbekq (V`}i eq ln+. <0019 Qeslq`l eq

* Ig}etpgkaekt` pekun`t : ebl`n ltbuaa`kOukhlt+ld+àQenp+ 6= 1<< 583<=6. Hp+ 6=8<514<5?838

ln+. <005). g} pht`dlnn. tudh lt m a} }gltq`kc (Pu

eq ln+. <000. =???) mefg}e me`kc gffe}ea qg qhe lk`bln+

Qhe bl`k pu}pgte gf qhete q}elqbekqt `t qg }eaude qhe

h`ch aec}lalq`gk }lqe gf p}gqe`k lka tql}dh `k qhe

}ubek lka blie qheb bg}e lvl`nlmne fg} pgtq"}ub`kln a`cetq`gk. dgkfe}}`kc mekef`qt fg} qhe hgtq

lk`bln+

Lkgqhe} lpp}gldh qhlq `t pgtt`mne qg lppn `t qg

lnqe} qhe feea`kc f}e|uekd+ Gffe}`kc qhe flml melkt

`k tblnne} pg}q`gkt bg}e f}e|uekqn qhlk c`v`kc gkde

pe} al dlk `bp}gve qhe q`be }enlq`gkth`pt fg}

lvl`nlm`n`q gf k`q}gcek }eneltea f}gb qhe flml melkt

lka eke}c }enelte f}gb aec}lalq`gk gf mgqh }ela`n

fe}bekqlmne dl}mgha}lqet f}gb qhe tuppnebekqt lkaf`m}e f}gb qhe mltln aèq (}guchlcet)+ Qh`t sguna `k

qheg} m}`kc dgka`q`gkt dngte} qg qhe gpq`bub fg}

b`d}gm`ln p}gqe`k tkqhet`t `k qhe }ubek (Gsekt eq

ln+. <081)+ @k laa`q`gk. f}e|uekq p}gv`t`gk gf flmlmelkt dlk }eaude qhe h`ch lbpn`quae gf fnudqulq`gkt

gf }ubek dgka`q`gkt tudh lt pH lfqe} feea`kc+

_}gvà`kc qhe lk`blnt s`qh nl}ce lbgukqt gf }ela`n

fe}bekqlmne dl}mgha}lqe `k gke }lpàn `kcetqea



Effedq gf A`ffe}ekq Feea`kc (Klqt`}) 6<

beln p}gaudea a}lblq`d dhlkcet `k }ubek dgka`q`gkt

lka qhe t`ck`f`dlkq aed}elte `k }ubek pH bl}ieanlffedqea f`m}e aec}lalq`gk+

Qhe gmjedq`ve gf qh`t tqua slt qg qetq qhe

hpgqhet`t qhlq gffe}`kc flml melkt lt l tuppnebekq

bg}e qhlk gkde l al qg theep }ede`v`kc l

dgbm`klq`gk gf glqek dhlff lka nude}ke dhlff lt lmltln aèq s`nn `bp}gve }ubek dgka`q`gkt lka `k qu}k

s`nn `kd}elte qhe aec}lalq`gk }lqe gf }guchlce (glqek

dhlff)+

]eltel}dh Beqhgat

Lk`bln lka Feea`kcFgu} blqu}e be}`kg theep (lnn seqhe}t) s`qh

ex`tq`kc }ubek dlkkunl (`kqe}kln a`lbeqe} 1? bb)se}e utea fg} qh`t tqua+ Qhe lve}lce mga se`chq.

MS ¼ TA. slt 85 ¼ 5+5 ic+ Qhe theep se}e pekkea

lka fea `ka`vàulnn `k qhe Lk`bln Hgute. Tdhggn gf Lc}`dunqu}e lka Fgga ttqeb. @ktq`quqe gf Nlka lka

Fgga ]etgu}det. qhe Uk`ve}t`q gf Benmgu}ke.

_l}iv`nne. V`dqg}`l. qh}guchguq qhe tqua+ Qhe

lk`blnt se}e dl}ea fg} lddg}a`kc qg qhe cuàen`ket gk

lk`bln dl}e etqlmn`thea lt tqlkal}a gpe}lq`kc

p}gdeau}e m KH&B]D'DT@]G+L dgbm`klq`gk (85%:<5%) gf glqek dhlff lka

nude}ke dhlff slt c`vek qg qhe lk`bln lt qhe mltln

aèq qh}guchguq qhe tqua+ Qh`t aèq slt dlndunlqea qg

dgkql`k <= c K'ic AB lka slt aet`ckea qg t`bunlqe

feea ukae} c}lz`kc dgka`q`gkt au}`kc qhe tubbe}"luqubk pe}`ga+ FM se}e utea lt l tuppnebekq lq qhe

}lqe gf lpp}gx`blqen ?+5% gf n`ve mga se`chq+ Qhe

mltln aèq slt c`vek gkde pe} al lq ?0:?? `k qhe

bg}k`kc (=?% `k exdett gf qhe p}ev`gut al‐t `kqlie)

sh`ne FM se}e aen`ve}ea lddg}a`kc qg qhe q}elqbekql}}lkcebekq s`qh }guchlce lka tuppnebekqt fea `k

tepl}lqe feeae}t+ Feea }efutlnt se}e dgnnedqea lq

?0+??al`n. se`chea lka tlbpnet muniea fg}

tumte|uekq lklnt`t+ Kg tuppnebekql} v`qlb`kt lka

b`ke}lnt se}e c`vek lka lk`blnt hla l f}ee lddett qgslqe}+ Qhe aèql} `kc}eaèkqt utea `k qh`t

expe}`bekq se}e pu}dhltea f}gb l dgbbe}d`ln

dgbplk (Ettekagk _}gaude. Ettekagk. V`dqg}`l)+

Qhe dgbpgt`q`gk gf aèql} `kc}eaèkqt `t thgsk `kQlmne <+

Expe}`bekqln Aet`ck

Qhe expe}`bekq slt dgkaudqea lddg}a`kc qg nlq`kt|ul}e aet`ck (1 x 1. Tqeen lka Qg}}è. <08<)

dgkt`tq`kc gf fgu} q}elqbekqt lka fgu} pe}`gat+ @k

eve} pe}`ga. eldh lk`bln }ede`vea gke gf fgu}

q}elqbekqt: Q? 2 mltln aèq s`qhguq tuppnebekq. Q< 2Q? FM c`vek gkde pe} al. Q= 2 Q? FM sh`dh slt

a`vàea `kqg qsg e|uln pg}q`gkt. lka Q4 2 Q? FM

sh`dh slt a`vàea `kqg 8 e|uln pg}q`gkt+ Qhe lk`bln

`k Q? }ede`vea gkn qhe mltln aèq+ Fg} lk`bln `k Q<.

15? c (l`} a} mlt`t) FM slt c`vek `k qhe bg}k`kc(?0:??) lq qhe tlbe q`be lt qhe mltln aèq slt

gffe}ea+ Fg} Q=. ==5 c FM slt c`vek lq ?0:?? lka qhe

gqhe} ==5 c lq <5:??+ Fg} qhe lk`bln }ede`v`kc Q4. lk

e|uln lbgukq gf 58+= c gf FM slt aen`ve}ea qg qhe

lk`bln eve} 4 h tql}q`kc lq ?0:?? ut`kc lk luqgblq`d

feeae}+ Eldh expe}`bekqln pe}`ga nltqea =? alt. `ksh`dh qhe nltq qh}ee alt gf eldh pe}`ga se}e

lnngdlqea fg} `k tlddg expe}`bekq lka fg} qli`kc

}ubek fnuà tlbpn`kc+

Qlmne <+ Dheb`dln dgbpgt`q`gk gf qhe expe}`bekqln aèqt

Beltu}ebekq Glqek dhlff Nude}ke dhlff Flml melkt

AB (c'ic) 83<+= 835+0 80<+<Dgbpgt`q`gk (c'ic AB)

Lth 68+8 <?4+4 =8+8

GB 04<+= 806+3 03<+=D_ 10+5 =?<+0 =65+<KAF 3<1+8 1<0+= =6?+6LAF 1<4+3 44=+4 <16+6

*BE (BJ'ic AB) 6+8 8+5 <=+8

*Vlnuet f}gb LF]D (n004)+




@k Tlddg Expe}`bekq]ubek aec}lalq`gk dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt gf glqek dhlff

`k qhe }ubek gf theep se}e aeqe}b`kea ut`kc qhe `k

tlddg beqhga aetd}`mea m Ø}tigv eq ln+ (n08?)+ Mlct

se}e blae f}gb l k`q}gcek"f}ee. sgvek pgnetqe}

dngqh. hlve helq"telnea eacet. pg}e t`ze 45"65 µbs`qh guqe} a`bekt`gkt gf 5 x <= db (Lkigb

qedhkgngcèt. UTL)+ _}`g} qg `kdumlq`gk. qhe kngk

mlc tlbpnet se}e p}epl}ea m dgl}ten b`nn`kc `q

qh}guch l hlbbe} b`nn qg pltt l 4"bb td}eek+ Qhe

se`chq gf qhe dnelk. a}. lka nlmennea kngk mlc slt

}edg}aea mefg}e q}lktfe}}`kc lpp}gx`blqen =+5 c gf

l`}"a} tlbpne `kqg eldh mlc+ L aupn`dlqe mlc fg}eldh q}elqbekq slt `kdumlqea `k qhe }ubek gf eldh

lk`bln+

L tn`chq bga`f`dlq`gk slt `kq}gaudea `k

dgkaudq`kc `kdumlq`gk `k qhe }ubek qg gmv`lqe tgbe

a`ff`dunqèt fldea shek }ebgv`kc qhe mlct f}gb qhe

}ubek. etped`lnn qhgte }ebgvea lfqe} `kdumlq`gk fg}

qhe }enlq`ven thg}q pe}`gat (6 lka <= h)+ _VD pnltq`dqumet (lpp}gx+ 45 db ngkc). `ktqela gf kngk dg}a.

se}e utea qg p}evekq qlkcn`kc au}`kc qhe `kdumlq`gk

gf qhe mlct `k qhe }ubek+ L qgqln gf 5 _VD qumet fg}

eldh lk`bln. s`qh = mlct lqqldhea qg eldh qume. se}e

t`bunqlkegutn `kdumlqea `k qhe }ubek gf eldh theep

jutq mefg}e qhe bg}k`kc feea`kc+ Mlct hena m`ka`vàuln qumet se}e qhek }ebgvea f}gb qhe }ubek

lq 6. <=. =1. 18. lka 3= h lfqe} dgbbekdebekq gf

`kdumlq`gk+ @bbea`lqen lfqe} s`qha}lsln. qhe}ebgvea mlct dgkql`k`kc qhe }etàuet se}e }`ktea

ukae} dgna }ukk`kc qlp slqe} qg }ebgve exdett}ub`kln dgkqekqt lka b`d}gg}clk`tbt gk qhe tu}flde

gf qhe mlct lka qhek iepq `k qhe f}eeze} ("=?GD) fg}

nlqe} lklnt`t+

Lfqe} dgbpneq`kc qhe `kdumlq`gk p}gc}lb. lnndgnnedqea mlct se}e slthea `k slth`kc bldh`ke

s`qhguq tp`kk`kc fg} lmguq <5 b`kuqet lka qhek a}èa

lq 55g D fg} 18 h qg aeqe}b`ke a} se`chq gf qhe

}etàue `k eldh mlc (LGLD. <00?)+ Qg aeqe}b`ke

qhe ze}g q`be ngtet. aupn`dlqe mlct dgkql`k`kc qhe

tlbe tlbpnet se}e tgliea `k sl}b qlp slqe} (40g D)

fg} < h fgnngsea m slth`kc lka a}`kc lt mefg}e+

]ubek Fnuà Tlbpn`kc]ubek dgka`q`gkt gf qhe theep se}e bgk`qg}ea

m qli`kc }ubek fnuà tlbpnet f}gb eldh lk`bln lfqe}

dgbpneq`kc qhe `k tlddg expe}`bekq+ L pnltq`d qume

s`qh lk lqqldhea t}`kce dgve}ea m kngk dngqh slt

`kte}qea qh}guch qhe dlkkunl `kqg qhe bà vekq}ln

}ec`gk gf qhe }ubek+ ]ubek fnuà tlbpnet se}e

s`qha}lsk lq ?h (mefg}e bg}k`kc feea`kc) lka lq 4.

6. 0. <= h lka =1h fg} qh}ee dgkteduq`ve alt+ Qhefnuà slt s`qha}lsk ut`kc l"=? bn a`tpgtlmne

t}`kce+ Gk eldh tlbpn`kc q`be. qhe f`}tq <? bn gf

qhe fnuà slt a`tdl}aea+ Lpp}gx`blqen 1? bn gf qhe}ubek fnuà slt dgnnedqea f}gb eldh theep. =? bn gf

qh`t fnuà slt a`tpektea `kqg l qume lka `bbea`lqen

qetqea fg} pH (beltu}ea s`qh`k < b`kuqe) ut`kc l

pg}qlmne pH beqe} (H@ 81=1. Hlkkl @ktq}ubekqt T}n.

@qln). lka qhe }etq fg} }ubek fnuà tlbpnet qliek lq ?

lka 6 h slt ldà`fèa s`qh 5"6 a}gpt gf H=TG1

dgkdekq}lqe mefg}e f}eez`kc `q fg} nlqe} lklnt`t fg}

}ubek KH4 lka VFL+

Nlmg}lqg} Lklnt`t_}`g} qg dheb`dln lklnt`t lnn tlbpnet (aèqt lka

`k tlddg tlbpnet) se}e c}guka qg pltt l <"bb

td}eek+ Tlbpne AB dgkqekq slt aeqe}b`kea m

a}`kc lq <??gD `k qhe gvek fg} =1 h+ Qhe pe}dekqlce

gf lth slt aeqe}b`kea m dgbmutq`gk gf tlbpnet fg}

6 h lq 55?gD+ G}clk`d blqqe} (GB) slt dlndunlqea lt<??"%lth (AB mlt`t)+ Qgqln K dgkqekq slt

aeqe}b`kea m qhe Ijenalhn p}gdeau}e (LGLD. <00?)

lka pe}dekqlce gf d}uae p}gqe`k (D_) slt dlndunlqea

lt qgqln K*6+=5+ F`m}e dgbpgt`q`gk (KAF lka LAF)

slt lklntea lddg}a`kc qg qhe p}gdeau}e gf Cge}`kc

lka Vlk Tgetq (<03?)+Qgqln K dgkqekq gf feeat & }ubek fnuà tlbpnet

se}e aeqe}b`kea m qhe Ijenalhn p}gdeau}e (LGLD.

<00?) s`qh luqgblq`d q`q}lq`gk (]la`gbeqe}.Dgpekhlcek. Aekbl}i) sh`ne }ubek VFL

dgkdekq}lq`gk slt lklntea m l clt dh}gblqgc}lph(CD9 Hesneqq"_ldil}a. Bgaen 580?. Te}èt @@)+

Dlndunlq`gk gf ]ubek Aec}lalq`gk

Dhl}ldqe}`tq`dtLklnt`t gf }ub`kln aec}lalq`gk plqqe}k fg} AB

slt pe}fg}bea m f`qq`kc qhe aec}lalq`gk vlnuet qg

qhe e|ulq`gkt gf ∅}tigv lka BdAgklna (n030):

_ 2 l m (< —e"dq ). she}e

p 2 }ubek aec}lalq`gk lq q`be q.

l 2 `kqe}depq. sh`dh `t h`chn dg}}enlqea s`qh qhe

slqe} tgnumne f}ldq`gk (STF).

m 2 qhe pg}q`gk gf feea AB (gqhe} qhlk STF) sh`dh`t aec}laea `k q`be q.

d 2 qhe aec}lalq`gk }lqe gf qhe `ktgnumne (m) f}ldq`gk

(%'h).

q 2 `kdumlq`gk q`be.

@k laa`q`gk. l m (ltbpqgqe) thgst qhe vlnue gf

}ubek pgqekq`ln aec}lalm`n`q+




Qhe dlndunlq`gk gf qhe }ubek aec}lalq`gk

dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt slt pe}fg}bea ut`kc qhe p}gc}lbKESLP EXDENN (Dhek. <003)+

Tqlq`tq`dln Lklnt`tLnn alql se}e tumjedqea qg lklnt`t gf vl}`lkde

fg} l Nlq`k t|ul}e aet`ck (1 x 1) ut`kc qhe Ceke}lnN`kel} Bgaen (CNB) p}gdeau}e gf B@K@QLM fg}

S`kagst }en+<4+< (B`k`qlm @kd+. =???)+ Qhe

a`ffe}ekde lbgkc qhe q}elqbekq belkt slt

aeqe}b`kea m Quie qetq (Tqeen lka Qg}}è. <08<)+

]etunqt lka A`tdutt`gk

Fe}bekqlq`gk Dgka`q`gkt lka Aec}lalq`gk

Dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt]ubek fe}bekqlq`gk plqqe}k slt bgk`qg}ea m

beltu}`kc }ubek pH. }ubek KH4 lka }ubek VFL+Qhe lve}lce vlnuet fg} qhgte pl}lbeqe}t l}e

p}etekqea `k Qlmne =+ Lklnt`t gf vl}`lkdet `ka`dlqea

qhlq }ubek pH slt t`b`nl} (_;?+?5) lbgkc qhe

q}elqbekqt. lve}lc`kc 6+<6 ld}gtt q}elqbekqt+

Hgseve}. }ubek KH4 lka }ubek VFL se}e lffedqea

(_>?+?5) m tuppnebekqlq`gk+ Qhe lve}lce }ubek

KH4 slt =86+1 bc'n fg} tuppnebekqea c}gup

dgbpl}ea qg <6=+1 bc'n fg} dgkq}gn c}gup+ T`b`nl}n.}ubek VFL fg} tuppnebekqea c}gup slt =3% h`che}

qhlk qhe dgkq}gn c}gup (84+16 vt 65+8< bbgn'n)+

@k ceke}ln. qhe dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt gf }ubek

aec}lalq`gk pl}lbeqe}t gf glqek dhlff (Qlmne 4) se}ekgq lffedqea (_;?+?5) m qhe q}elqbekqt+ Qhe lve}lce

vlnuet fg} qhe slqe} tgnumne f}ldq`gk (l). qhe pg}q`gk

gf `ktgnumne f}ldq`gk (m). aec}lalq`gk }lqe gf `ktgnumne

f}ldq`gk (d). lka pgqekq`ln aec}lalm`n`q (l m)

ld}gtt q}elqbekq slt =0+53%. 40+8<%. ?+?506%'h.lka 60+48% . }etpedq`ven+

@q `t senn ikgsk qhlq qhe blx`bub }lqe gf

}ub`kln aec}lalq`gk gf fg}lce a} blqqe} lka

pl}q`dunl}n f`m}gut dgktq`quekqt dlk me ldhèveashek qhe }ubek dgka`q`gkt l}e kgq l n`b`q`kc fldqg}

fg} }ubek b`d}gm`ln ldq`v`qèt+ ]ubek pH. }ubek

KH4 lka }ubek VFL l}e `ka`dlqg}t dgbbgkn utea

qg bgk`qg} }ubek fe}bekqlq`gk plqqe}k+ @k qh`tpl}q`dunl} expe}`bekq. qhe lve}lce }ubek pH fg}

dgkq}gn c}gup slt 6+46 dgbpl}ea qg 6+<? fg} qhe

tuppnebekqea c}gup+ Qh`t vlnue slt budh nett qhlk

qhe }lkce gf pH 6+5 " 3+? }epg}qea fg} gpq`bub f`m}e

a`cetq`gk `k v`q}g (Tqesl}q. <0339 H`nqke} lka

Aehg}`q. <0849 ]uttenn lka S`ntgk. <006) lka `k

v`vg (Bguna lka Ø}tigv. <084)+ Hgseve}. qhe

lve}lce }ubek pH `k qh`t expe}`bekq slt }enlq`ven

t`b`nl} qg qhlq }edgbbekaea m A`xgk lka Tqgdalne

(n000) fg} gpq`bub f`m}e a`cetq`gk gf pH 6+=?+

Bg}egve}. qhe lve}lce }ubek pH slt tn`chqn h`che}

qhlk }ubek pH gf 6+?. sh`dh `t }ecl}aea lt

‒f`m}gnq`d qh}ethgna‒ (Bguna lka Ø}tigv. <084)+

Qlmne =+ ]ubek fe}bekqlq`gk plqqe}k gf theep lddg}a`kc qg qhe q}elqbekqt

Q}elqbekqtBeltu}ebekq

Q? Q< Q= Q4 Belkt

]ubek pH 6+46 6+?5 6+<5 6+<? 6+<6

]ubek KH4 (bc'n) <6=+1?l =61+15m 4?<+35m =04+?? m =55+1?

]ubek VFL (bbgn'n) 65+8<l 86+??m 33+64m 86+36m 30+?5l.m Belkt thl}`kc t`b`nl} tupe}td}`pq lq qhe tlbe }gs se}e a`ffe}ekq (_ > ?+?5)

Qlmne 4+ ]ubek aec}lalq`gk dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt gf AB gf glqek dhlff lddg}a`kc qg qhe q}elqbekq

Q}elqbekqtAec}lalq`gkpl}lbeqe}t Q? Q< Q= Q4 t+e+b*

A`ff+(_>)

l ?+4==1 ?+=50= ?+=860 ?+4<14 ?+?=1 ?+4=0

m ?+434= ?+1=84 ?+1?<? ?+4800 ?+?=1 ?+188

l m ?+6056 ?+6836 ?+6830 ?+3?1= ?+??6 ?+=54

d ?+?655 ?+?554 ?+?58< ?+?505 ?+??1 ?+184

*) t+e+b 2 tqlkal}a e}}g} gf belkt




Qhe `bpg}qlkde gf }ubek pH fg} }ubek

beqlmgn`tb `t a`ff`dunq qg lttett. lka aepekat gk qhe

}enlq`ve `bpg}qlkde gf b`k`bub pH. belk pH g} qhe

nekcqh gf q`be qhlq pH }ebl`kt mengs l d}`q`dln vlnue+

De}ql`kn. dennungnt`t `t ikgsk qg me tekt`q`ve qg pH9

l vlnue gf 6+? `t f}e|uekqn tuccetqea lt qheb`k`bub mengs sh`dh dennungnt`t bl me `kh`m`qea

(Bguna lka Ø}tigv. <084) lka bgtq dunqu}lmne

dennungnq`d }ubek b`d}gmet s`nn delte ldq`v`q mengs

l pH gf 5+5 (Vlk Et. <084)+ Hgseve}. `k tgbe`ktqlkde. KAF `k f}eth pltqu}e `t h`chn a`cetq`mne

(Vlk Vuu}ek eq ln+. <00=) lka `k v`q}g tquaèt qhlq

hlve `kdumlqea h`chn a`cetq`mne pltqu}e `ka`dlqe qhlqqhete pltqu}et bl hlve l dennungnq`d qh}ethgna

ngse} qhlk 6 (Ae Veqh lka Ingve}. <000)+Qhe pu}pgte gf gffe}`kc flml melkt `k tblnne}

pg}q`gkt bg}e f}e|uekqn qhlk gkde pe} al `t

`kqekaea qg `bp}gve qhe q`be }enlq`gkth`pt fg}

lvl`nlm`n`q gf k`q}gcek }eneltea f}gb qhe flml melktlka eke}c }enelte f}gb aec}lalq`gk gf mgqh }ela`n

fe}bekqlmne dl}mgha}lqet f}gb qhe tuppnebekqt lka

f`m}e f}gb qhe mltln aèq (}guchlcet)+ F}e|uekq

p}gv`t`gk gf flml melkt. }lqhe} qhlk p}gvà`kc `q lq

gkde. dlk }eaude qhe h`ch lbpn`quae gf fnudqulq`gkt

gf }ubek dgka`q`gkt tudh lt pH lfqe} feea`kc+ Qhe

`kfnuekde gf nl}ce lbgukqt gf }ela`n fe}bekqlmne

dl}mgha}lqe c`vek qg qhe lk`bln `k gke }lpàn

`kcetqea beln p}gaudea a}lblq`d dhlkcet `k }ubekdgka`q`gkt lka qhe t`ck`f`dlkq aed}elte `k }ubek pH

aue qg lddubunlq`gk gf VFL (Bguna eq ln+. <0849

Dhlbme}nl`k lka S`ni`ktgk. <0069 Meludheb`k.=???9 Klqt`} eq ln+ =??=9 Klqt`}. =??1. =??5)+ @k qh`t

expe}`bekq. qhlq pu}pgte slt |uèq ldhèvlmne+

]ubek pH gf theep }ede`v`kc flml melkt `k tblnne}

pg}q`gk bg}e qhlk gkde pe} al expe}èkdea thg}qe}

pe}`ga she}e }ubek pH a}gppea mengs qhe qh}ethgna

pg`kq gf 6+?+

T`b`nl} }ubek pH ld}gtt q}elqbekqt `t b`chq me

gke }eltgk sh qhe }ubek aec}lalq`gk dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt

fg} glqek dhlff lbgkc q}elqbekqt l}e kgq a`ffe}ekq.

evek qhguch gqhe} }ubek fe}bekqlq`gk pl}lbeqe}t.`+e+ KH4 lka }ubek VFL l}e h`che} fg} lk`blnt

}ede`v`kc tuppnebekqt+ @bp}gvea nevent gf }ubekKH4 lka }ubek VFL dgkdekq}lq`gk gk qhe lk`blnt

}ede`v`kc flml melkt tuppnebekq l}e kgq exp}ettea

fu}qhe} `k qe}bt gf `bp}gvea }ubek aec}lalq`gk

dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt. `+e+ }ubek pgqekq`ln aec}lalm`n`q lka

aec}lalq`gk }lqe gf glqek dhlff+ Gke gf pgtt mne

}eltgk `t qhlq dgkdekq}lq`gk gf }ubek KH4 fg} dgkq}gn

c}gup `t ln}ela tuff`dèkq qg tuppg}q gpq`bubc}gsqh fg} }ubek b`d}gg}clk`tbt+ Mltea gk qhe

pumn`thea sg}i. lnn aèqt utea `k qh`t expe}`bekq.

`kdnua`kc qhe dgkq}gn gke. sguna hlve p}gvàea

tuff`dèkq }ubek KH4"K qg tuppg}q cgga nevent gf

b`d}gm`ln ldq`v`q t`kde qhe lve}lce }ubek KH4"K

dgkdekq}lq`gk exdeeaea qhe qh}ethgna pg`kq gf 5?"8?

bc'n `ka`dlqea lt l tuff`dèkd neven (Tlqqe} lkaTnqe}. <031). lka tq`nn `k lc}eebekq s`qh lkgqhe}

tqua }epg}qea qhlq qhe b`k`bub }ubek KH4"K

}e|u`}ea fg} gpq`b`t`kc }ubek b`d}gm`ln

fe}bekqlq`gk slt `k qhe }lkce gf <?? qg =?? bc K'n(_e}agi eq ln+. <088)+ Ute gf glqek dhlff b`xea s`qh

l tblnn lbgukq gf nude}ke dhlff (<5% gf qhe qgqln

}guchlce) qhut teebt qg me tuff`dèkq qg d}elqe ltguka }ubek ekv`}gkbekq `k qe}bt gf lvl`nlm`n`q gf

}ubek KH4"K qg tuppg}q b`d}gm`ln tkqhet`t+

Dgkdnut`gk

Evek qhguch p}gv`t`gk gf flml mlkt tuppnebekqt

gk qhe }lqe gf ?.5% gf mga se`chq gf theep dguna

`bp}gve }ubek dgka`q`gkt gf theep `k qe}bt gf

h`che} }ubek KH4 lka }ubek VFL. muq `q aà kgq

c`ve lk mekef`qt `k `bp}gv`kc }ubek aec}lalq`gk

dhl}ldqe}`tq`dt gf glqek dhlff. tuccetq`kc qhlq

dgbm`klq`gk gf glqek dhlff (ngs |uln`q }guchlce)

s`qh tblnn pg}q`gk gf nude}ke dhlff (beaùb |uln`q}guchlce) slt tuff`dèkq `k d}elq`kc l tguka }ubek

dgka`q`gkt fg} }ubek b`d}gg}clk`tbt+

Ldikgsneacbekqt

Qhe luqhg} `t c}lqefun fg} qhe f`klkd`ln tuppg}q

f}gb qhe cgve}kbekq gf Lutq}ln`l qh}guch qheLutq}ln`lk Aevengpbekq Tdhgnl}th`p au}`kc h`t

pgtqc}laulqe tqua lq qhe Uk`ve}t`q gf Benmgu}ke.

Benmgu}ke. Lutq}ln`l+ Sl}b lpp}ed`lq`gkt l}e lntgexqekaea qg B}+ Lka}e Qhlnek. Lk`bln Hgute

Blklce} lka Bt+ Flh` Kgsk`lz. Lk`bln _}gaudq`gk

Nlmg}lqg} Blklce} . @ktq`quqe gf Nlka lka Fgga

]etgu}det. Benmgu}ke Uk`ve}t`q. fg} qhe`}

`kvlnulmne qedhk`dln ltt`tqlkdet au}`kc qhe tqua+

]efe}ekdet

YLF]DR. <004+ Eke}c lka _}gqe`k ]e|u`}ebekqt gf

]ub`klkqt+ DLM @kqe}klq`gkln. Slnn`kcfg}a+

YLGLDR. <00?+ Gff`d`ln Beqhgat gf Lklnt`t+ <5qh ea+Lttgd`lq`gk gf Gff`d`ln Lklnq`dln Dheb`tqt.Slth`kcqgk. AD+




Meludheb`k. I+L+. =???+ Blklc`kc }ubek fe}bekqlq`gk`k ml}ne"mltea aèqt: Mlnlkde meqseek h`chp}gaudq`gk lka ldàgt`t+ Lavlkde `k Al`}

Qedhkgngc Vgn+ <=: <?0"<=5+

Dhlbme}nl`k. L+Q+ lka J+B+ S`ni`ktgk. <006+ Feea`kc qheAl`} Dgs+ Dhlndgbme _umn`dlq`gkt. Senqgk.

N`kdgnk+

Dhek. X+M+. <003+ Kesl Exdenn. l uq`n`q fg} p}gdett`kcalql gf feea aec}lalm`n`q lka `k v`q}g cltp}gaudq`gk+ Ve}t`gk 5+ XMD Nlmg}lqg}. ]gseqq]etel}dh @ktq`quqe. Lme}aeek+

Dgqqne. A+J+. <00<+ Lutq}ln`l Theep lka Sggn Hlkamggi+@kilql _}ett. Benmgu}ke+

Ae Veqh. B+J+ lka E+T+ Ignve}. <000+ _ltqu}e a`cetq`gk `k}etpgkte qg dhlkce `k }ub`kln pH+ _}gd+ KZ Tgd+

Lk`b+ _}ga+ 50: 66"60+

A`xgk. ]+B+ lka D+]+ Tqgdialne. <000+ Lttgd`lq`veeffedqt meqseek fg}lcet lka c}l`kt: dgkte|uekdet fg}feea uq`n`tlq`gk+ Lutq+ J+ Lc}`d+ ]et+ 5?: 353"334+

Cge}`kc. H+I+ lka _+J+ Vlk Tgetq. <03?+ Fg}lce F`m}eLklnt`t (Lppl}lqut. }elcekqt. p}gdeau}et. lka tgbelppn`dlq`gk)+ Lc}`d+ hlkamggi 430. L]T+. UTAL+.Slth`kcqgk. AD+

H`nqke}. _+ lka M+L+ Aehg}`q. <084+ Effedqt gf tgnumnedl}mgha}lqet gk a`cetq`gk gf dennungte m pu}edunqu}et gf }ubek mldqe}`l+ Lppn+ Ekv`}gk+

B`d}gm`gn+ 16: 61="618+

B`k`qlm. =???+ B`k`qlm Tqlq`tq`dln Tgfqsl}e fg} S`kagst]en+ <4+<+ B`k`qlm @kd+

Bguna. F+N+ lka E+]+ Ø}tigv. <084+ Blk`punlq`gk gf }ubek fnuà pH lka `qt `kfnuekde gk dennungnt`t `k

tlddg. a} blqqe} aec}lalq`gk lka qhe }ubekb`d}gfng}l gf theep gffe}ea e`qhe} hl g}dgkdekq}lqe+ Lk`b+ Feea Td`+ lka Qedhkgn+ <?: <"<1+

Bguna. F+N+. E+]+ Ø}tigv lka T+G+ Blkk. <084+Lttgd`lq`ve effedqt gf b`xea feea+ @+ Effedqt gf qpelka neven gf tuppnebekqlq`gk lka qhe `kfnuekde gf qhe}ubek fnuà pH gk dennungnt`t `k v`vg lka a}blqqe} a`cetq`gk gf vl}`gut }guchlcet+ Lk`b+ Feea

Td`+ Qedhkgn+ <?: <5"4?+

Klqt`}. L+. L+]+ Eclk lka M+J+ Neu}. =??=+ Effedqt gf b`d}gslve }la`lq`gk gk pht`dg"dheb`dln p}gpe}qètlka `k v`q}g a`cetq`m`n`q gf ml}ne tq}ls+ Lk`b+ _}ga+

Lutq+ Vgn+ =1:<54"<56+

Klqt`}. L+. =??1+ Eff`dèkq Uq`n`zlq`gk gf F`m}e `k Aèqt gf ]ub`klkqt+ YA`tte}qlq`gkR+ qhe Uk`ve}t`q gf Benmgu}ke. Benmgu}ke+

Klqt`}. L+. =??5+ Effedqt gf lm}upq dhlkce f}gb }guchlcemltea feea`kc qg h`ch c}l`k gk }ubek fe}bekqlq`gkplqqe}k lka }ubek aec}lalq`gk }lqe gf ml}ne tq}ls+ Muneq`k @nbu _eqe}klilk alk _e}ìlklk Vgn+ @X(<):=<"4=

Gsekt. F+K+. A+D+ Selin lka L+N+ Cgeqtdh. <081+

Bga`f`dlq`gk gf }ubek fe}bekqlq`gk qg `kd}elteeff`dèkd gf fe}bekqlq`gk lka a`cetq`gk `k qhe}ubek+ pp+ 145"151+ @k F+B+ C`ndh}`tq lka ]+@+Bldiè (Eat+) He}m`vg}e Kuq}`q`gk `k qhe Tumq}gp`dtlka Q}gp`dt+ Qhe Tdèkde _}ett _q Nqa+. D}l`chlnn+

∅}tigv. E+]+. F+A+ Aem+ Hgvenn lka F+ Bguna. <08?+ Qheute gf kngk mlc qedhk`|ue fg} evlnulq`gk gf feeatqufft+ Q}gp+ Lk`b+ _}ga+ 5: <05"=<4+

∅}tigv. E+]+ lka @+ BdAgklna. <030+ Qhe etq`blq`gk gf p}gqe`k aec}lalm`n`q `k qhe }ubek fg} `kdumlq`gkbeltu}ebekq se`chea lddg}a`kc qg }lqe gf plttlce+ J+ Lc}`d+ Td`+ (Dlbm+) 0=: 100"5?4+

_e}agi. H+M+. ]+L+ Nekc. T+H+ M`}a. C+ Hlm`m lka B+ VlkHguqe}q. <088+ @bp}gv`kc n`vetqgdi p}gaudq`gk f}gbtq}ls mltea aèqt+ pp+ 8<"0<+ @k E+F+ Qhgbtgk lkaF+T+ Qhgbtgk (Eat+) @kd}elt`kc tblnn }ub`klkqp}gaudq`v`q `k teb` l}à l}el+ @DL]AL. T}`l+

_eqqe}tgk. A+T+ lka J+M+ Bldi`kqgth. <001+ Qhe dheb`dlndgbpgt`q`gk lka kuq}`q`ve vlnue gf Lutq}ln`lk c}l`knecubet+ C}l`k ]etel}dh lka AevengpbekqDg}pg}lq`gk+ Dlkme}}l+ pp+<4"<6+

]uttenn. J+M+ lka A+M+ S`ntgk. <006+ Sh l}e }ub`klndennungnq`d mldqe}`l uklmne qg a`cetq dennungte lq ngs

pH7+ J+ Al`} Td`+

30: <5?4"<5?0+

Tlqqe}. N+A+ lka N+N+ Tnqe}. <031+ Effedq gf lbbgk`ldgkdekq}lq`gk gk }ubek b`d}gm`ln p}gqe`k p}gaudq`gk`k v`q}g + M}+ J+ Kuq}+ 4=: <01"=?8+

Tqeen. ]+C+A+ lka J+H+ Qg}}è. <08<+ _}`kd`pnet lka_}gdeau}et gf Tqlq`tq`dt+ L M`gbeq}`dln Lpp}gldh+=ka ea+ BdC}ls"H`nn @kqe}klq`gkln Mggi Dgbplk.Kes Pg}i+

Tqesl}q. D+T. <033+ Fldqg}t lffedq`kc qhe dennungnq`dldq`v`q gf }ubek dgkqekqt+ Lppn+ Ekv`}gk+

B`d}gm`gn+ 44: 103"5?=+

Qeslq`l. M+T+. V+I+ Ihlqql. L+T+ V`}i lka _+D+ Cupql.<005+ Effedq gf fg}blnaehae"q}elqea flml melkt(V`d`l flml) gk pe}fg}blkde gf nldqlq`kc cglqt+ Tblnn

]ub`klkq ]et+ <6(=): <?3"<<<+

Vlk Et. L+J+H+. <084+ Qhe `bpg}qlkde gf gpq`blnfe}bekqlq`gk `k al`} dgs kuq}`q`gk+ pp+ <4"==+ @k A+J+ Fl}}enn lka _+ Vgh}l (Eat+) ]edekq Lavlkdet `kLk`bln Kuq}`q`gk `k Lutq}ln`l+ Uk`ve}t`q gf KesEkcnlka _umn`th`kc Uk`q. L}bàlne. KTS+




Vlk Vuu}ek. L+B+. F+I}gn"A}lbe}. ]+L+ Vlk ae} Nee lkaH Dg}m`jk. <00=+ _}gqe`k a`cetq`gk lka `kqetq`klnlb`kg ldàt `k al`} dgst fea f}eth Ngnùbpe}ekk`ln s`qh a`ffe}ekq k`q}gcek dgkqekqt+ J+ Al`}

Td`+ 35: ==<5"===5+

V`}i. L+T+. V+I+ Ihlqql. M+T+ Qeslq`l lka _+D Cupql.<001+ Effedq gf fg}blnaehae"q}elqea flml melkt(V`d`l flml) gk kuq}èkq uq`n`zlq`gk lka c}gsqhpe}fg}blkde gf cglq iàt+ Tblnn ]ub`klkq ]et+ <1(<): <0"=4+

Pu. _+. L+]+ Eclk lka M+J Neu}. <000+ _}gqe`k evlnulq`gkgf a} }gltqea shgne flml melkt (V`d`l flml) lkashgne nup`kt teeat ( Nup`kut lnmut) m qhe kes Audhp}gqe`k evlnulq`gk ttqeb: qhe AVE'GEM ttqebt+ Lt`l"Lutq+ J+ Lk`b+ Td` <=: 83<"88?+

Pu. _+. J+G+ Cgenebl lka T+ Qlbb`kcl. =???+ Ut`kc qheAVE'GEM bgaen qg aeqe}b`ke gpq`bln dgka`q`gktfg} p}ettu}e qgltq`kc gk hg}te melkt (V`d`l flml) fg}qhe al`} feea `kautq}+ Lk`b+ Feea Td`+ Qedhkgn 86:<65"<36+

journal of animal production (jap) vol. 10 (1) januari 2008

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