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Part one: Reading comprehension Directions: Read the following passages and the items related to each carefully. Then, select the one response - , a, b, c or d, that best suits each question. Base your answers on the information giv~n in the passages only.

Passage one:

Educating people for health is clearly a major undertaking, and physicians can play a major role. Providers of "education for health" are not solely people formally trained as health educators. People in a variety of professions and organizations have opportunities to offer education for health, and physicians are certainly no exception. The key is to find those target groups that are best served by any profession whose members provide health education.

Surveys have shown considerable interest in health promotion among physicians and consensus on the health­promotion activities that are considered most important, and convincing arguments for physician involvement in health education have been made. However, preventive services are not uniformly distributed among physicians. Rather, health-promotion activities tend to be carried out by physicians who themselves have better health habits and who have positive attitudes toward consoling. This may not be too surprising, but health education practices by physicians also tend to be associated with such background characteristics as specialty and type of practice. In general, more prevention activities are carried out by non-surgeons, non-fee-for-service physicians, and women physicians.

121) According to the first paragraph, the "target groups" for health education ........... . a. are mostly physicians b. are frequently educated people c. can be taught by people in different professions d. should be located according to the physicians' recommendations

122) "t~rget groups" (line 4) refers to .......... . a. providers of education for health education b. physicians and patients c. those in need of health education d. people in a variety of professions and organizations

123) Research has revealed that generally physicians •.••••••••. in health education. a. are willing to participate b. have failed to achieve anything c. tend to be reluctant to get involved d. prefer to avoid full involvement

124) It is stated that ....•....•• are less active in health education. a. women physicians b. specialists and non-surgeons c. physicians working for money d. target groups with bad health habits

125) It is understood that the involvement of physicians in health education .......... . a. is independent of physicians' specialty and type of practice b. has an association with their own health habits c. can result in the unifonn distribution of health education d. is evenly distributed among physicians and throughout the community

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126) The information in the last sentence of this reading selection ••.••...•• the information in the preceding sentence. a. contradicts b. illustrates c. questions d. criticizes

Passage two:

As the fruits of the Human Genome Project continue to make headlines, a related field has been quietly gestating -genetic counselling. Its practitioners are hybrid professionals, combining expertise in human genetics with the ability to communicate their knowledge to patients and families. ''This profession is very much like a small, quaint community that is well known among some circles, but is on the verge of being discovered by the rest of the world," says Janey Youngblom, associate director for the master's degree program in genetic counselling at California State University. With the recent expansion of genetic-disease screening programmes in newborns and a slew of direct-to-consumer genetic-testing websites, genetic counselors are more in demand than ever. The term 'genetic counselling' was coined by geneticist Sheldon Reed in 194 7, referring to the advice he provided to physicians whose patients had inherited diseases. The field is still small. In Europe, the first genetic-counselling programme started in 1992, from the University of Manchester, UK, and 14 other nations are playing catch-up, with the most new efforts in Japan.

127) The first paragraph of the text is describing .....•...•. a. a new academic discipline b. professionals in the field c. the Human Genome Project d. well-known professional circles

128) It is implied that genetic counselling is .......... . a. popular worldwide b. yet to be known globally c. thoroughly developed internationally d. less in demand

129) According to the passage, .......... . a. genetic counselors have more access to the Internet at present b. genetic counselling is better appreciated by experts in the field c. looking after newborns is more improved than ever d. genetic diseases are more common now than ever

130) The author states that .......... . a. genetic counselling is a new development b. physicians are required to learn genetic counselling c. physicians should follow geneticists in their practice d. genetic counselling has been practiced for a long time

131) It is stated that ..•....•.•. a. Japan has been the last country to engage in genetic counselling b. 14 countries are competing with Japan in genetic counselling c. UK is a better place for genetic counselling in Europe d. genetic counselling is an expanded field in the world

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Passage three:

Many people confuse the common cold with influenza (the flu). Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, while the common cold general1y is not. While some of the symptoms of the common cold and influenza may be similar, patients with the common cold typically have a milder illness. Patients with influenza are usually sicker and have a more abrupt onset of illness with fever, chills, headache, body aches, dry cough, and extreme weakness. Though differentiating between the common cold and influenza can be difficult, there is laboratory testing available to confirm the diagnoses of influenza. . There is no cure for the common cold. Home treatment is directed at alleviating the symptoms associated with the common cold and allowing this self-limiting illness to run its course. Supportive measures for the common cold include rest and drinking plenty of fluids. Over-the-counter medications such as throat lozenges, throat sprays, cough drops, and cough syrups may also help bring relief. Decongestants such as Sudafed or antihistamines may be used for nasal symptoms. Saline sprays and a humidifier may also be beneficial.

132) Common cold and influenza are claimed to be •.....•...• a. etiologically different b. generated identical c. synonymous in meaning d. essentially similar

133) The text refers to laboratory testing as a method of •.•••••••••. a. identifying the severity of common cold b. removing complications related to common cold c. diagnosing influenza d. treating influenza

134) Common cold is allegedly a •••••••••• discomfort. a. symptom-free b. hospital-limited c. self-dilating d. self-healing

135)The medications indicated ...•••••.. the common cold. a. are essential for quick recovery from b. can be used to relieve symptoms of c. could exacerbate complications of d. are incapable of any relieving effects on

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Passage four:

Many forms of avian flu virus cause only insignificant symptoms in the birds or no symptoms at all. However, some of the viruses generate a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease, leading to a severe epidemic, and thereby devastate poultry business. On the other hand, the very atypical ability of avian flu viruses to contaminate humans, known as 'species jumping', throws up a distressing possibility. In such a case, a highly pathogenic avian flu virus merges with a human flu virus and creates a new virus that is easily passed along and gets rapidly fatal. If this happens, the result could be a flu pandemic. One means of species jumping is when a person carrying flu comes into close contact with birds having highly pathogenic avian flu. Here~ there is a tiny chance that the person could become infected with the avian flu virus and start carrying both the human and the avian flu virus, which could meet in the person's body and swap genes with each other and result in a flu pandemic. In the countries that have been affected by avian flu, governments have begun, as a remedy, to cull affected poultry stocks. By removing the potential for the virus to spread through the countries' chicken populations, it is hoped that the virus is contained and removed from circulation.

136) The words "epidemic" and "pandemic" in the first paragraph .•..•.•.•. a. refer to bird and human populations, respectively b. refer to human and bird populations, respectively c. both refer to the bird population d. both refer to the human population

137) According to the passage, all the following show the preconditions for a pandemic to take place except for ..•.........

a. a virus merge should happen b. species jumping should occur c. the original two viruses should be atypical d. the avian flu should be extremely pathogenic

138) We can infer from the passage that a pandemic is •..••• a. more common than the epidemic but Jess common than the usual avian flu b. less common than the epidemic but more common than the usual avian flu c. as common as the usual avian flu and the epidemic d. less common than both the avian flu and the epidemic

139) A flue species jumping may be the product of •.•.•.•.... a. an exchange of genes between the two virus types b. one gene type destroying the other one c. a third gene type having dominated the two gene types d. the mere carrying of the two gene types

·140 ) The word "cull" in the last paragraph most probably means •.......... a. study b. limit c. treat d. kill

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Passage five:

While it has been established that inflammation in the body plays an important role in the build-up of clogged arteries, this is the first study to investigate whether the number of times individuals brush their teeth has any bearing on the risk of developing heart disease. The authors analyzed data from over 11,000 adults who took part in the Scottish Health Survey about lifestyle behaviors such as smoking, physical activity and oral health routines. Nurses collected information on medical history (MH) and family history (FH) of heart disease, blood pressure and blood samples from consenting adults. The samples enabled the researchers to determine levels of inflammation in the body. The data gathered from the interviews were Jinked to hospital admissions and deaths in Scotland until December 2007. Once the data were adjusted for established cardio risk factors such as social class, obesity, smoking and family history of heart disease, the researchers found that participants who reported less frequent tooth brushing had a 70% extra risk of heart disease compared to individuals who brushed their teeth twice a day, although the overall risk remained quite low. Participants who had poor oral hygiene also tested positive for inflammatory markers such as the C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. "Our results confirmed and further strengthened the suggested association between oral hygiene and the risk of cardiovascular disease; furthermore, inflammatory markers were significantly associated with a very simple measure of poor oral health behavior," Watt said.

141) The results of this study showed that ••.•.•••.••• a. inflammation in the body may cause clogged arteries b. people with poor oral hygiene have an increased risk of heart disease c. there has been increased interest in the links between heart problems and gum disease d. medical history and family history of heart disease correlate with hypertension

142) The data gathered consisted of ....••.•.... a. FH, MH, and social history for thousands of people b. lifestyle behaviors and smoking among the English c. blood samples, blood pressure and interviews d. over 11,000 adults in the Scottish Health Survey

143) The study proved poor oral health behavior to be a(n) .••.••.... of cardiovascular disease. a.cause b. associate c. risk factor d. investigation

144) To find if there has been any inflammation in the body, ••••.••••• was used. a. poor hygiene b. C-reactive protein c. high blood pressure d. oral inflammatory marker

145) A good title for this passage is .....•..•.• a. Inflammation and Medical History b. Clogged Arteries and Heart Disease c. Oral Hygiene and Heart Disease d. Medical Research

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Part two: Vocabulary Directions: Read the following statements, then select the one response - a, b, c, or d, that best completes each one.

146) All cancer treatment in a hematological malignancy aims at complete •.•.•...•••

a. remission b. removal c. disappearance d. excision

147) A chronic disease which puts great stress on the family and the child may have ........ . emotional problems, particularly in adolescence.

a. ignorable b. neglected c. restricted d. considerable

148) When some typical signs and symptoms of a disease are incompletely developed or absent, a correct diagnosis may depend on .••.•.... ofless common manifestations.

a. deficiency b. awareness c. convenience d. perseverance

149) The increasing ..•.•.•••.• in medical care has/have caused a sharp drop in infant mortality rate.

a. constraints b. confusion c. sophistication d. complaints

150) Acute pain, occurring in the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery, is often difficult to ...••..•.• , and narcotics are seldom effective for all such pain.

a. conceive b. relieve c. retrieve d. perceive

151) An infant with diarrhea should not be fed milk, but should be given an electrolyte mixture to ..••...... lost water and salt.

a. induce b. elevate c. replace d. replicate

152) Replacement stem cells and tissues may be used to treat brain diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's by ......••... damaged tissue.

a. exacerbating b. multiplying c. augmenting d. replenishing

153) Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disease of the brain which eventually ••.••. social or occupational.functioning.

a. impedes b. urges c. craves d. subsides

154) The youth tendency to reject traditional values is sometimes related to being ......•.•. foreign life-styles.

a. suspicious of b. exposed to c. resistant to d. disgusted by

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155) When the natural fiber in apples •.••..•••• in the colon, it produces chemicals that help fight the formation of cancerous cells.

a. generates b. fertilizes c. germinates d. ferments

156) When •.•.•...•• a sick person, before prescribing any drug, doctors should identify the organism causing the disease.

a. abused by b. confronted with c. accompanied by d. presented to

157) Drugs can be used to relieve the symptoms of Parkinsonism for many years, but unfortunately the degeneration of brain cells in this condition cannot be .••••••••.

a. halted b. stimulated c. incited d. renewed

158) Internal parts are much less sensitive than the skin, and diseases in them usually ........•. a quite different sensation.

a. look into b. take up I

c. give rise to d. get rid of

159) Although there are complications •.••.•..•. diabetes, many subjects live to an old age.

a. associated with b. ruling out c. distanced from d. delving into

160) Any medication, especially •••••.•••• or over-the-counter ones, must have a label describing how to use them safely.

a. non-prescription b. illegitimate c. irregular d. non-pervasive

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