herald 14 mandic

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UDC 908:502.131.1(497.6 BARDAA) 1

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Original scientic papersMira Mandic3

SETTLEMENT NETWORK IN THE TERMS OF SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT OF BARDACA4

Summary:

This paper analyzes the deployment and structure of the settlement network as a specic development-functional systems in the swamp-pond complex of Bardaca. Contemporary socio-geographic prosesses in de-mographic, functional and morphophysiognomic characteristics of the settlement have positive and negativetendencies that can affect upon the valorization of Bardaca, so they are considered through the development-functional aspect in order to achieve sustainable development.

Key words:settlement network, settlement system, swamp-pond complex, demographic processes, functions, infra-

structure, sustainable development.

1 , , , 2 - ,

( : 06/0-020/961-87/08, 24.10.2008. )

3Ph.D. Assistant Professor, - Faculty of Science, University of Banja Luka.4The study is the result of a scientic project named, Integral planning and management of the sustainable development

of the Bardaca area, whic was nanced by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Republika Srpska (contract no. 06/0-020/961-87/08, from october 10, 2008)

DOI 10.7251/HER1014071M


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MIRA MANDIC

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INTRODUCTION

Locality of Bardaca presents a relic of the oncevast swamps that by the beginning of the 20thCen-tury covered the low parts of Posavina around themouths of major rivers into the Sava River. In thenarrow sense, the notion of Bardaca involves thehomonymous settlement and protected swamp-pondarea.1 In the broader sense, this swamp-pond, colo-nial and development-functional complex includescadastral municipalities and settlements of Bardaca,Batajnica, Dugo Polje (Long Field) and Gaj, andeven cadastral municipalities of Glamocani. Theabove mentioned region is situated to about 3 500hectares, which makes the oody plain of the north-eastern part of Lijevce polje, between the rivers ofSava, Vrbas and their tributaries. All human activitiesthat take place in the area of mentioned cadastral mu-

nicipalities, as well as other induced processes, havereected on the protected area, which is why the sus-tainable development of the Bardaca complex mustbe viewed in the context of the wider area.

The locality of Bardaca is a well-known habitatof migratory birds swamp-birds and one of the mostfamous orintological sites in Europe. In the terms ofmodern development in which preserved ambientalenvironment disappears, there is a growing need forspace and natural sites which include the locality ofBardaca as a unique natural reserve.

The development of settlement network and nu-

merous human activities in the last century, manily inthe period of industrialization and urbanization, havechanged the natural environment and eco-system ofswamp areas of Posavina by transforming them intoa space of intensive, primarily agrarian work. In theterms of contemporary development, Bardaca, as thelast relict of swamp-pond eco-system on the territoryof Lijevce polje, should be considered as a uniquenatural, colonial and economic complex that withthe optimum development and rational planning can

1 The region of Bardaca, as a rare example of preserved nature,

has been under protection from 1969 by the Republic Institute forPreservation of Cultural and Nature Monuments of Bosnia andHerzegovina as a special reserve of nature. Under the RamsarConvention from 2007, the locality of Bardaca has been declaredswamp area of international signicance. This is the second areaof such kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina, after the site of HutovoBlato (Huts Mud), and the rst and only site in the Republic ofSrpska. Unlike from Hutovo blato (Huts Mud), the hunting andshing are allowed (controlled) on Bardaca, which along withothers activitied opens the possibilities of hunting and shingtourism.


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From the aspect of trafc-geographical accessi-bility, this area has the best characteristics in termsof the regional position in relation to the local. Corri-dors that connect Pannonian region with the AdriaticBasin are passing by in the immediate surroundingsof the area. The Main Regional Road M-14.1, Der-venta Srbac-Nova Topola, is situated 1.5 kilometresfrom the protected area and it is the trafc skeletonof the Srbac Municipality. In Nova Topola is furtherconnected with the highway that in the process ofconstruction, Gradiska-Banja Luka, through which itexits to the highway Zagreb-Belgrade and a networkof European routes. The area is 15 kilometres awayfrom the municipal center of Srbac, 30 kilometresfrom the airport Mahovljani, and 51 kilometre fromBanja Luka. Relative proximity to road and railwaycommunication lines, as well as the possibility of airtrafc with a wider geographic space, makes Bardaca

available, which is why we can say that, although itdoes not have the road connection, it has a favorablegeo-strategic position. The Sava River is the limit-ing factor in connecting Bardaca with Croatia, but italso opens up wider possibilities in the valorizationof this area by activating the Sava River waterway.Disadvantages of the local trafc and geographicalposition are reected in the scarce and non-qualita-tive network of local roads that are sometimes unus-able due to ooding. Hydrological characteristics ad-versely affected to the development of transportationnetworks, so the major roads are going eastwards and

southwards of this area.


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SETTLEMENT NETWORK IN THE TERMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF BARDACA

.1. , 1:100 000 ,

, 1984. 4

Attachement no.1 - Complex of Bardaca - topographic map, 1:100 000, the Military- Geographical Institute,

Belgrade, 1984, Nova Gradiska, Paper no. 4


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valorization of, by that time swampy and unpopulatedareas, began with the above mentioned actions. In theperiod from the late 19th to late 20th 3 Century, landreclamation measures (the system of canals, buildingdykes and pumping stations) created conditions forthe development of the settlement network, but simul-tanuously this has altered the natural complex, wherethe waters declined, and biogeographic characteristicswere partially modied. By settling of the area and thedevelopment of settlements and agricultural activities,the primary vegetation is replaced by ploughlands andgardens, and in the structure of area there was a reduc-tion of forest and oodable surfaces.

The dykes present the most highest points thatwere not exposed to the periodic ooding, and so theyare the trafc skeleton of the space and the assump-tion of a more secure settlement network developmentand agrarian functions. The system of population den-

sity shows a complex character: concentrated, semi-crowded and dispersed or scattered. The gathering ofthe line type is caused by anthropogenic activities andit is following the physical infrastructure, especiallydykes, where the roads go, and partialy the river ca-nals. Semi-crowded and dispersed or scattered typesof the settlement forms are manifested in the spacelika a hamlets and lonesome households formed onthe higher terrains the beams. Morphostructure ofthe space expressed through the relationship betweenbeams and depressions, compositions and structureof the parent litosphere substrate and the nearness of

surface waters play an important role in the valoriza-tion of geographic space and the organization of settle-ments. For this reason, the whole area is characterizedby alternating deployments of old river beds, forest ar-eals, pastures, plough land and farmsteads. Heteroge-neity of the structure of areas and their complexity, andpartially scattered population, indicate to the complex-ity of natural conditions, opportunities and the way ofeconomy, but also to the complex problem of protect-ing ecosystems and their sustainability.

Environmental factors offer the possibility of di-verse way of economy, but they simultanuously hinder

3 The rst hydro-technical works were carried out at the timeof the Austro-Hungarian administration by building of the SavaRiver embankment in 1901, when Bardaca settlement wasfounded in the area of forest Jovac and the building of sh pondsstarted. The work was continued by construction of the Vrbasdams, digging canals and building pumping stations by the endof 80s in last century. The established system of defense againstwater is still not satisfactory, so that this area is periodicallyooded, which negatively affects the economic activity andcondition of existing ecosystems.


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MIRA MANDIC

, - . 80 - , - , . 4. . , , 11 , 667 ha .

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4 , , , . , , 1956. 1988.. : , .( , 2004).

the organization of life and valorization opportunitiesof the area. Hydrological characteristics are the poten-tial and the limiting factor of development. Therefore,they are an important factor in the overall geographicvalorization of the geospace of Bardaca and Lijevcepolje. However, since the mid 80s of the last century,there is a relatively satisfactory system of river canals,but in the rainy periods and during the snow melting,Sava and Vrbas Rivers ood the area. Floods are themost threatening for settlements of Gaj and Batajnici.4The system of canals and dikes cuts the studied area,forming smaller geospatial units with favorable hydro-logical conditions, and Bardaca in the center of this.Between Matura and Brzaja Rivers, on topographi-cally lower terrain, 11 articial lakes are formed in thetotal area of 667 hectares on which the sh farming isdone.

In the last two decades, the existing hydrotechni-

cal system is not properly maintained, which adverselyreects on economic activities and settlement devel-opment, and may endanger the environment and thesurvival of Bardaca complex.

Basic characteristics of spatial-functional

organization of the settlement network in terms

of sustainable development of Bardaca

The swamp-pond complex of Bardaca is sur-rounded by settlements Gaj, Bajinci, Dugo polje (Long

Field), part of the settlement Glamocani and hamletsDrenovljani-Mokres and Petrovic village street. Onseveral basis, the area makes the unique geospatial,physical-geographic and spatial-functional whole con-ditioned by hydrographic characteristics and hydro-geographical structure as a primary element and fac-tor of the overall spatial valorization and organization.In the earlier historical periods, hydrological featuresof the space were signicant limiting factor for a con-stant population density and soundness of the settle-ment network. As a result of the border position andunstable political situation, dynamic migration of thepopulation have contributed to the scarce population

4Land reclamation measures have been carried out on smallerriver ows, such as Matura, Brzaja, Stublaja, Adzaba and Kraljica(Queen). Protection against external waters is solved by buildingthe embankment of the Sava and Vrbas Rivers, and against theinternal by construction of three pumping stations, and by thusin the period from 1956 to 1988 three ameliorated parts wereestablished: the part around the rivers of Dolina and Matura andBajinci settlement, within which the studied area is placed (TheLife in the Swamp , 2004).


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density. Settlement network of Bardaca complex andits environment were formed in the last hundred yearsalong with the stabilization of political situation andchanges in the hydrographic conditions by extensivehydro-technical works. This reduced the oodable sur-faces and placed them into the development function(sh ponds). The part of the oodable areas has beentransformed into agrarian land and areas suitable fordevelopment of settlements.5

Bardaca settlement was founded in 1901, afterthe formation of the embankment and sh ponds. Itis formed by deforestation on the territory of Bajincisettlement and populated with inhabitants from thesettlements of Gaj and Obrubica and wider surround-ings. The settlement is road-plain type, with less popu-lation density. It consists out of three small hamlets:Maric, Buvac and Pjanic. The north and west side ofthe area is made out of sh ponds that occupy most

of the surface, the southern oodable areas around theow of Stublaja River, and the eastern is covered withpastures and meadows. This village is a central part ofthe protected area and is directly involved in all activi-ties important for its promotion and development6, andit has achieved a certain level of tourism valorization.

Settlements of Bajinci and Gaj cover the north-eastern part of Lijevce polje and are often exposed tooods due to ooding of the Vrbas River. The roadstowards ferries across Sava River to Slavonia ledthrough the territory of these places in the past. Theinuence of Slavonia is seen in the physiognomy of

some rural households. The settlement of Gaj is on thethree sides surrounded by the Sava River meander, andon the south by Matura River and sh ponds, whichis why barren and swampy soil make more than 40%of the area. After major ood in 1974, the populationmoved out from the area, and at the 1991 Census, therewere three houses and ve residents. The part of the

5 At the end of the 19th Century, Austro-Hungary has madethe internal displacement of the Muslims and at the early 20thCentury an external colonization, and by thus on the area oftodays municipality of Srbac arrived thousands of foreignsettlers: Czechs, Poles and Ukrainians. They established their

settlements and passed knowledge in agriculture and construction,which signicantly affected the domicile population and thetransformation of the whole area (Dusan Drljaca, 1985)

6 At the area of Bardaca, there are several facilities that arenot fully utilized, but which are important for its development.These are in the property of Scientic-Research Centre of

Natural Sciences of the University of Banja Luka, motel andsports-recreational center. Various cultural events are held here,including the Art-Ecological Colony, the October nights ofshing, eco-weddings, and others that promote ecological andtourist value of Bardaca.


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MIRA MANDIC

1991. . -. . - 2003. . 80 - ( , , , 2004, .42). , .

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. XVIII , 7. - . , , , . -

. -, , - . . , - , . , 45% . - 50 % - ( 1.). -

7 . . . 1879. . , . (Statistika mjesta i kuanstva BiH 1879. Sarajevo,1880.)

inhabitants settled in the area of Bajinci on the otherside of embankment. In 2003, 80 people lived in thenewly founded settlement (Zdravko Marijanac, TheLife in the Swamp, 2004, page 42). By transferringthe settlement to a new location, there was the reduc-tion in economic activities of the old area, and thetransformation of the natural foundations of the newarea has been intensied, and achieved greater func-tional connection with other areas.

Bajinci settlement was established along the em-bankment, the settlement of the road type and is com-posed of several hamlets: Gornjani, Sredjani, Donjaniand Bukvic, which does not signify their topographicposition, but position along the embankment. Landutilization structure is characterized by the dominanceof pastures, which means the development of a goodcattle breeding manifested a larger number of cattlefarms. The land is very fertile. It belongs to the mid-

size settlement and has the highest demographic po-tential.

The area of Dugo polje (Long Field) settlementis located between river ows of Matura and Sublajaand sh ponds. Settled in the early 18thCentury, but asadministratively independent settlement it was men-tioned in the second half of last century.7On this areapopulation density type is dispersed or scattered withsporadical concentration at the higher beams. The halfof the area is covered with meadows and pastures,while the plough land, gardens, reed land, swamps andponds are equally represented. It also has relatively

good trafc connection with the surrounding.The part of the cadastral municipality and settle-ment of Glamocani, located northwards of the canal,gravitates towards the protected area. Vrbas Riverpresents the eastern border. Trafc infrastructuremakes the skeleton of the settlement, and therefore hasthe character of the village road type of smaller densi-ty, but there is also a partial fragmentation in the area.Northern and central part of the area, around the owof Stublaja River is swampy and occupies over 45%of area. The southern area is made out of plough landand gardens that cover over 50% of area (Table no.

7For a long time, Dugo polje was mentioned in the context ofStapari. At the time of Ottoman rule, the area between the Savaand Vrbas Rivers up to the present Kocicevo settlement wascalled Stapari. It generally coincides with todays Razboj Lijevcesettlement. In the rst census conducted by the Austro-HungarianEmpire in 1879, only the settlements of Bajinci and Gaj werereferred to as independent, but other settlements of the studiedarea were hamlets of other larger towns or they were foundedafterwards such as Bardaca (Statistical Places and Households,Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, 1880).


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14.1, , - .

1 -

8

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, , 2004. , . 65

8 .

3,5 2 . .

1). Glamocani are exiting to the regional road M 14.1,and with the local road they are connected to Bardaca,which realizes the exit for access to the roads of higherrank through this area.

Table no. 1The structure of agricultural land

according to the cadastral municipalities8

Source: Mihajlo Markovic, The Soils of Bardaca, Monog-

raphy The Life in the Swamp, Urban Institute of the

Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, 2004, page 65.

8 Above mentioned soil structure is related to cadastralmunicipality of Gaj in the composition of which is a village intermination with three households and ve residents. Gaj is anewly founded settlement in domain of cadastral municipalityof Bajinci and it has surface of 3.5 km2, mainly plough land andgardens.

Total area

Bajinci Bardaca Dugo polje Gaj GlamocaniTotal number of

Bardaca zones

ha%

Hectares

%

379100

540100

424100

221100

132100

1696100

Ploughland

and gardens

92,37

142,59

6515,33

114,98

6851,52

1679,84

Orchars0

0,000

0,001

0,240

0.000

0,001

0.05

Vineyards0

0,00

0

0,00

0

0,00

0

0,00

0

0,00

0

0,00

Meadows4

1,0622

4,07

20347,88

00,00

21,52

23113,62

Pastures236

62,272

0,3729

6,8495

42,991

0,76363

21,40

Fish ponds0

0,00408

75,561

0,240

0,000

0,00409

24,11

Reed land

and ponds

00,00

101,85

358,25

00,00

00,00

452,65

Forest land3

0,7929

5,3713

3,0721

9,500

0,0066

3,89

Barren land127

33,5155

10,1977

18,1694

42,5361

46,21414

24,41


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Although they do not belong to the protectedarea, the settlements in the direct surroundings havethe important inuence to its preservation, becausethey are the part of the same natural complex. Theseare the settlement of Orubica northwards from Barda-ca and hamlets of Drenovljani Mokres and Petrovicvillage street southwestwards and northwestwardsfrom Bardaca.9In the territorial-administrative sense,they belong to the Glamocani Municipality, whichmakes it difcult to control the integral developmentof Bardaca. The hamlet of Drenovljani - Mokres isseparated by Matura River and canal from the shponds of Bardaca, where is in direct contact with theprotected area. Considering the hydrological charac-teristics of space, certain types of economic activityin the area can affect upon the water complex. Thehamlet of Petrovic village street is the only part ofthe Donja Dolina settlement which, because of its

proximity, can affect to the environment state of Bar-daca complex. Several houses make the settlement.Due to the weakening of demographic basis of thissettlement, even the agricultural valorization of thearea has been reduced, which minimizes the potentialecological risks.

By its location, size and developmental process-es, Bosnian Orubica settlement looks like the Gajsettlement, it is in the stage of termination/vanishing.The Sava River ow surrounds it on three sides, andon the south it is bordering with water complex ofBardaca (Attachement no. 1). The area of this set-

tlement is getting back to the primary vegetation.Because of the absence of human activity, it doesnot threaten the swamp-pond complex of Bardaca.Change in ownership and land utilization could in-directly affect the environmental quality and sustain-ability of Bardaca. At the same time, by dying outof the activities and population density, the protectedzone could be expanded on the territory of this areathat is relatively preserved in the natural-geographicsense and can functionally complement the tour-ist offer of Bardaca. In developmental projects, it istreated as inundation area suitable for developmentof hunting tourism (The Life in the Swamp, Urban-istic Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka,2005, page 162).

Dominant agricultural features with elements of

9 Mentioned settlements and hamlets belong to the GradiskaMunicipality. Orubica is a settlement in the process ofspontaneous closure. Hamlet of Drenovljani - Mokres is a part ofLaminci-Jaruzani settmelent, and Petrovic village street is a partof Donja Dolina settlement.


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. , , .- 10. , , - -. , .

XX - , - .

- . .- , - . 1953. , 2 000 11. , - ( .2) - .

10 , , , . , .

11 ,

1953. , 1961.. 1948. (882) 1961..(506 ) . 9,4 % 2003.. 1991. .( , , , 1995. ; , , , 2004, 42- 43)

intensive production (farming and cattle breeding)can affect the changes in the existing eco-system, in-dicating a need for its monitoring and guidance. Ac-cording to the centrality and functional orientation,mentioned settlements are agrarian villages of pri-mary type. They are characterized by the minimumsupplied public utilities and services.10Therefore, inthe functional organization of the space, they form anetwork of primary settlements, and thereby in satis-fying the basic necessities they depend upon the ser-vice of larger settlements in the region. The lack ofsettlements with constructed external functions andgreater centrality in the zone of protection imposesthe necessity for functional development of settle-ments in accordance with the needs of local peopleand function of Bardaca complex.

Until the beginning of the 20thCentury, the areaof Bardaca complex and its direct surrounding envi-

ronment were rarely inhabited, and the valorizationtook place in the exploitation of forests and creationof plough land by melioration measures. Processingthe land in the traditional manner was no threat to theenvironment. In the structure of the way of economy,cattle breeding at the open dominated for a long time.Hydro-technical works and construction of water in-frastructure have created the conditions for agrarianway of economy and settlement, so the populationnumber is constantly increasing. Demographic maxi-mum was reached in 1953, when the mentioned areahad a population of 2 000.11Settlement system is con-

sisted out of demographically undersized, small andmedium-sized areas (Table no. 2), which are in theprocess of demographic stagnation and depopulation.

10Local communities are located in settlements of Dugo poljeBajinci and Gaj, the fth grade Elementary Schools are situatedin settlements of Bardaca and Bajinci, and every settlement has agrocery store and restaurants. They dont have medical functions,not even a primary health care.

11 Settlements of Bardaca, Bajinci and Guy had a demographic

maximum in 1953, and Dugo Polje in 1961. The settlement ofGlamocani reached its demographic maximum in 1948 (882inhabitants), and the depopulation process lasted until 1961 (506

people), when driven by construction of hydro-technical andtrafc infrastructure demographic recovery began, and by thuscreated more favorable conditions for development. In 2003,the observed area had less population by 9.4% in comparisonto 1991 (The Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, EthnicComposition of the Settlements, Zagreb, 1995. Central Bureauof Statistics; Zdravko Marijanac - Population, The Life in theSwamp, 2004, pages 42-43)


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MIRA MANDIC

. 2- ,

: , , -

, ,

.., , 2004. , . 42- 43.

, 1995, ,

, - - . - , . - 80 (, , , ) - 12. - - , ,

. , - , - -

12 ,

, . .

Table no. 2 The surface of the area, population

migrations and population density in the settlements

of protected zone of Bardaca

Source: Zdravko Marijanac, Population Monographie,

Urbanistic Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Banja

Luka, 2004, pages 42-43. Population of Bosnia and

Herzegovina Population Composition by Settlements,

Zagreb, 1995, The Republic of Croatia, State

Institute of Statistics.

Incomplete building of the system for the ooddefense, the processes of industrialization and ur-banization have contributed to the emigration of thepopulation in a settlements nearer to the main com-munications and suitable for economy. Settlementsof Orubica, Gaj and Mokres had the most dynamicmigrations. The construction of physical infrastruc-ture, by the end of 80s of the last century (roads,canals, dykes, pumping stations), affected the popu-lation density along the lines of their rendering. Pop-ulation census in the coming period was stagnatingand declining, and the total number of households

was growing, which increased the proportion ofland under the constructed objects. The increase ofthe number of households, unresolved problems ofwater supply, removal of surface waters and wastewater and disposal of rubbish increased the numberof pollution and surfaces exposed to degradation.12

12 The largest population density is along the canals of DugoPolje and Brzjan, and Vrbas dyke, and settlements of Dugo Polje,

Settlement

2

/Surface in square

kilometers

Population

number

Population density

(inhabitants/km)

1991. 2003. 1991. 2003.

Bardaca 7,83 269 232 34,3 29,6

Bajinci 10,49 900 780 85,7 74,3

Dugo Polje 7,37 332 280 45,1 37,9

( )

Donja Dolina (Petrovic

village street)4,87 8 14 1,7 2,8

() Gaj (the new one) 3,50 5 80 1,4 22,8

()

Drenovljani Mokres(a part)

6,20 52 49 8,3 7,9

Glamocani 5,49 617 627 112,3 114,2

TOTAL 45,75 2181 2059 47,2 45,0


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-, ( .1). . - , , -

. 36% . - , , - . - -

, - .

14

., , , - (- )

13 , . 40 , 34 126 ( , ,, 2005). ,

. , .

14 , , ,

(: , 22.12. 2010).

The agricultural development began from the 80sof the last century by the reduction of pasture areasfor the benet of farming and by modernization ofagricultural production (use of machinery, chemicalplant protection and the use of fertilizers), but it alsosharply intensied the negative impact of man on theenvironment state.13

The land utilization is an indicator of natural re-sources based on climate, hydrological and pedologi-cal conditions and economic evaluation (Table no.1). The land is suitable for growing different crops.Relative proximity of major urban areas as majorcustomers, as well as the possibility of exportingproducts to other markets in the food processing in-dustry and consumption environment through tour-ism, has a stimulating effect on the development ofagriculture. Around 36% of the land are meadowsand pastures. There is mainly extensive type of cattle

breeding, but in the last two decades the proportionof the cattle, pig and poultry farms is growing, andthey are the characteristic of the whole area of SrbacMunicipality. Although, in economic terms, it is anexample of modernization and transition to a produc-tion market and processing industry, in environmen-tal terms, it is a serious problem. Inadequate disposalof organic waste can be seen through several illegaldump sites and pollution of waters and soils, andit imposes the need for urgent decision making onthe municipal level.14Agriculture, with a dominantshare of grains, is characterized by small property,

which is the prevailing traditional way of economy(poly-cultural farming, mainly for own use), and in-stitutional disorganization (mutual incoherence of

Glamocani and Bajinci are developing around them. The largestpopulation density is followed by the biggest environmentaldegradation.

13Water supply net is poorly developed, and the water supplyis carried out by individual wells. Only 40 households in thesettlement of Bardaca, along with 34 households in the settlementof Dugo Polje and 126 households in settlement of Glamocani(Socio-economic Analysis of Srbac Municipality, Faculty ofEconomics, University of Banja Luka, Srbac, 2005). The sewernetwork is not built, the waste waters are discharged directly into

water ows, and illegal dumps are located along the bed of theriver ow of Matura, canals and on farms, so they pose a directthreat to the degradation of soils and water.

14Due to the above mentioned reasons, the inhabitants of velocal communities of Srbac Municipality, and among them thesettlements of Bardaca, Glamocani and Dugo Polje, turned toLocal Government of Srbac and Resour Ministry of the Republicof Srpska with a request to suspend the issuance of documentationand permits for construction of new farm of Perutina from Ptuj,with the argument that the ecological damage is greater thaneconomic benets. (Source: Blic, dated on 22.12.2010.)


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MIRA MANDIC

( - ). , . , - .

- , ,, (,, , , ).

-.

2003. 2059 663 -. 3,1 , 0,7 20 . - (119); , .

3-

2003..

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, , 2004. .46 - 47

individual manufacturers and disconnection with in-dustrial processors into a single agro-industrial com-plex). Fragmented property impedes the applicationof modern machinery and the use of modern agro-chemical means, which makes it unprotable in theconditions of modern way of economy. At the sametime, this kind of land structure within the narrowarea of protected zone is much more acceptable thanlarge estates with monoculture production because ofits ecological and landscape features.

The area of Bardaca settlement has favorablecharacteristics for the development of agriculture,cattle breeding, fruit growing, sh farming and tour-ism (rural, ecological, ethno-tourism, hunting, rec-reation and event tourism). Utilization of naturalresources is limited by small investments and rela-tively unfavorable demographic indicators. In 2003,population of

2 059 lived in 663 households on the complex ofBardaca. The average household has 3.1 members,of whom 0.7 are younger than 20 years. Processesof land reclamation measures and deruralization arereected through the large number of abandonedhouseholds (119), displaced, elderly, closed house-holds and households whose owners went abroad.

Table no. 3 - Age and socio-economic structure of the

population of Bardaca complex in 2003 (excluding re-

search of settlements, except Glamocani)

Source: Zdravko Marijanac (poll results), The Life in the

Swamp, Urbanistic Institute of the Republic of Srpska,

Banja Luka, 2004, pages 46-47.

19 The share of young population under 19

23,8%

65 The proportion of the population older than 65 years

16,0%

The share of active population in total population

65,2%

The proportion of working-age population in total population

62,4%

The share of active working age population

48,9%

The share of agricultural population in total population

14,5%

10 The proportion of illiterate population aged above 10 years

15.2%


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- , , - . - . - , 15. , ( , , - ).

- . - , , .

-

- - , - -

, .

, , - , . -, -

15

1961- 1991. . 44,6% 25,6%, 2003. 23,8. 6,5% 16%. 2003. . 935 , 656 70,2%. 72% (,, ), 195 , 9% . 119 . ( 1961. 1991, 2003. , , , .43 - 49)

The process of reducing the average number ofhousehold members and their aging, as well as thelarge number of illiterate population, is not a satisfac-tory basis for a complex development. The greaterincrease in the number of ever present populationcould inuence on the change of protected areasvalorization and threaten its viability. Due to this, de-mographic stagnation is not a big obstacle to the de-velopment as the change in the quality of its structurein the direction of rapid aging and reduction of thehouseholds and their activities.15Unemployed work-ing-age population is potentially a new contingent ofemigration, and its inclusion in the construction ofcomplex functions of Bardaca area is the imperativeof its development (healthy food production, spaceplanning, traditional crafts, environmentally friendlyforms of tourism supply, etc.). A small proportion ofemployees in the tertiary sector points out to poorly

developed service functions and unexploited op-portunities of tourism development. In despite offavorable conditions of natural environment, socialsustainability of the area is questionable because ofthe incomplete valorization and irresponsible attitudetowards the natural and cultural heritage.

Advantages and disadvantages of the existing

settling system. Development of the settlement net-work in the direction of regulated settlement systemof the protected area of Bardaca, imposes the needfor recognizing the differences in geo-hydrologicalcharacteristics of the area and the type of population

which cause different problems and approaches in or-der to achieve optimal solutions.The concentrated type of settlement population

is characterized by the presence of larger number ofinhabitants, greater population density, more intenseexploitation of soil and waters, numerous sourcesof pollution and bigger risks of violation of existingstate of the environment. Simultaneously, this type ofpopulation has the possibility of better infrastructureconstruction, uniform enforcement of land protec-

15In the period 1961 -1991, the proportion of young population

decreased from 44.6% to 25.6%, and in 2003 to 23.8%. At thesame time, the proportion of old population increased from 65to 16%. On the basis of the survey in 2003, out of 935 working-age population 656 or 70.2% has been continually employed. Inthe structure of working population, the primary sector prevailswith 72% (agriculture, forestry, sh farming), 195 employeesare the secondary sector, and 9% in the tertiary and quaternary.119 workers are employed abroad (The Statistical Yearbooksof Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1961 and 1991, Survey in 2003- Zdravko Marijanac - The Population, The Life in the Swamp,

pages 43-49).


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MIRA MANDIC

, , , , . - - , - . . -. - . ( , ...), - . , - -

, , . -, - .-, , 16.

- ,

- . - , - - .

- - - -.

16 1992.- 2002..

tion, water, ora and fauna, construction and mainte-nance of canals and dykes, and easier monitoring ofenvironmental state. The dispersed population typeof settlement, functionally and infrastructurally, pres-ents unarranged system of individual farms, unbur-dened by the infrastructure context, with less trans-formed natural environment. This type which haspreserved traditional village values is less economi-cally viable. He is usually characterized by neglectand decay. At the same time, due to inadequate in-frastructure, it presents so-called dotted sources ofpollution (septic tanks, illegal dumps, etc.), which aremore difcult to control and connect into a single sys-tem. Concentrated type of settlement population hasgreater functional development, higher demographiccapacity and economically more cost-effective in-vestment opportunities, easer entering to the market,but it is environmentally riskier. It is characterized by

unplanned, uncontrolled construction in which existsthe lost of identity and authentic environment of ruralsettlement, which are attraction in the tourist sense.In general, the settlements of this area are situated onthe boundary between commercial and architecturaldeterioration and unfocused development and con-struction, which requires the need for planned guid-ance of development.16

Functional-physiognomic specicity of eachtype of population contributes to the heterogeneityof the settlement system of Bardaca and has a rolein the complex valorization of protected area. The

lack of settlement with stronger functional power hasa negative effect on the overall development of theBardaca complex, and initiates the need to encouragethe developmental functions of the settlements fromits immediate environment.

Conclusion

The development of Bardaca should be based onpreserving and upgrading this area as a nature reservein accordance with the basic principles of environ-mental protection and with modern concepts of de-velopment and management of the protected area. Itis necessary to consider all natural and anthropogenicresources and connect them into an integrated sys-

16An example of unplanned development followed by disruptingthe natural balance of ambience and natural balance of Bardacais Stublaja pile dwelling weekend village built in the period from1992-2002.


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-, , , . - - . - . , - , , - . ,

- -.

/ Literature and Sources

1. , , - , , 2010.

2. - , Bardacha /Hunting and Turism Oasis, Feasibility Study, -

, , 2006.3. ,

, - , ,1985.

4. , - , 2005.

5. , Life in Wetland, - , , 2004.

6. , , , ,1998.

7. , -, , 1995.

tem of tourist offer, which is, along with the develop-ment of agriculture, basic developmental ability ofthis area. Establishing services of monitoring of allnatural-geographic and socio-geographic processesis crucial in order to avoid conicts and to focus thedevelopment of nature reserve and its surroundingsettlements. For the protection and development ofBardaca area, more legal and planning documents areissued, but their implementation has not yet been re-alized. Considering that the degradation of the area isfaster than the implementation of planned activitiesof protection and development, it is necessary to viewthe potentials, constraints, active participants andpossible steps in order to achieve the developmentbalance along with the active involvement of localcommunities. The development of the Bardaca settle-ment network in the direction of a uniform systemof functional, social and environmental sustainability

must begin by emphasizing pre-existing advantagesand higher quality spatial-functional organization.

8. , , - , , 2002.

9. Ljubljana Decleration on Territorial Dimnsionof Sustinaible Development, CEMAT-Ljubljana,2003.

10. , 2005 2015.11. . , -

, .LIV, , -, 2010.

12. Stanovnitvo BiH, Narodnosni sastav ponaseljima, Zagreb, 1995. Republika Hrvatska,Dravni zavod za statistiku

13. Statistiki godinjak BiH, 1961. Sarajevo14. Statistiki godinjak 1991. Sarajevo15. Statistika mjesta i kuanstva BiH 1879.

Sarajevo, 1880.

herald 14 mandic

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