Eelizbar elizbaraSvili nikoloz sulxaniSvili

globaluri ekologia

Tbilisi 2009

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Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti

e.elizbaraSvili, n.sulxaniSvili

globaluri ekologia

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo

Tbilisi 2009

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Uuak 57.026: 551.5 Ddamxmare saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi Seesabameba

moqmed saswavlo programebs da gankuTvnilia sabunebismetyvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo specialobebis studentebisaTvis. is agreTve gamoadgeba globaluri ekologiis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul doqtorantebs, maswavleblebs da sazogadoebis farTo wreebs.

redaqtori: geografiis mecnierebaTa doqtori m.elizbaraSvili

rezenzentebi: geografiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

l.qarTveliSvili

soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa kandidati m.melaZe

ISBN 978-9941-0-1587-8

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Sinaarsi gv.

Gglobaluri ekologiis sagani ----------------------------------5 Tavi 1. biosfero da geografiuli garsi -----------------8 1.1. sicocxlis warmoSoba dedamiwaze. biosferos warsuli ------------------------------------------------8 1.2. biosferos struqtura ------------------------------------------11 1.3. geografiuli garsis mTlianobis kanoni ------------17 1.4. biosferos momavali --------------------------------------------20 Tavi 2. ekologiuri faqtorebi -------------------------------23 2.1. ekologiuri faqtorebi da mcenareuli safari---23 2.2. ekologiuri faqtorebi da cxovelTa samyaro ---26 2.3. biocenozebi -----------------------------------------------------------29 Tavi 3. atmosferos ekologiuri problemebi ----------30 3.1. garemos gamWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa buneba da Tvisebebi --------------------------------------------------------------30 3.2. atmosferos gaWuWyianebis gavlena adamianze, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroze -----------------------32 3.3. atmosferos globaluri daWuWyianeba ------------------34 3.4. atmosferos gaWuWyianeba moZravi wyaroebidan ----35 3.5. qalaqis klimatis antropogenuri cvlilebebi ---37 Tavi 4. hidrosferos ekologiuri problemebi -------39 4.1. wylis ZiriTadi momxmareblebi -----------------------------39 4.2. sameurneo moRvaweobis gavlena xmeleTis wylebze --------------------------------------------------40 4.3. msoflio okeanis dabinZurebis wyaroebi da saxeobebi -------------------------------------------------------------42 4.4. msoflio okeanis wylebis gaWuWyianebis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba ------------------------------------44 Tavi 5. liTosferos ekologiuri problemebi -------46 5.1. sameurneo moRvaweobis gavlena niadagebze -------46 5.2. niadagebis radiaqtiuli gaWuWyianeba ---------------47 5.3. Rvarcofuli procesebi ---------------------------------------49 Tavi 6. globaluri daTboba da gaudabnoeba ---------52 6.1.globaluri daTboba --------------------------------------------52 6.2.gaudabnoeba da masTan brZolis konvencia -------- 53 6.3.gaudabnoebis ZiriTadi raionebi ----------------------------55 6.4.gaudabnoebis ZiriTadi bunebrivi faqtori – gvalva ---------------------------------------------------------------------57 6.5.gaudabnoebis anTropogenuri faqtorebi ---------------60

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6.6.gvalvebi da gaudabnoebis problema saqarTveloSi ------------------------------------------------------61

Tavi 7. garemos dacva ------------------------------------------------65 7.1 .biosferos regulirebis problema --------------------65 7.2. zedapriuli wylebis dacva gaWuWyianebisagan -67 7.3. zRvis garemos dacva gemebis eqspluataciis dros -------------------------------------------------------------------69 7.4. mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi zRvis garemos dacvis dargSi ---------------------------70 7.5. niadagis radiaqtiur gaWuWyianebasTan brZolis meTodebi ---------------------------------------------72 7.6. gvalvasa da gaudabnoebasTan brZolis meTodebi73 literatura ------------------------------------------------------------76

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Gglobaluri ekologiis sagani ekologia berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa,

„oikos“_niSnavs sacxovrebel adgils. es termini 1869 wels Semoitana gamoCenilma biologma e.hekelma. dRes ekologiis qveS igulisxmeba mecniereba organizmebis da garemos urTierT mimarTebaTa Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare ekologiuri problemebiT dainteresebulni arian sxvadasxva dargis specialistebi - botanikosebi, zoologebi, niadagmcodneebi, geografebi, paleontologebi, geofizikosebi, geoqimikosebi da sxva. Tu aRniSnul urTierTmimarTebas ganvixilavT globalur masStabSi, anu ganvixilavT urTierTmimarTebas sazogadoebasa da geografiul garemos Soris maSin saqme gveqneba globalur ekologiur problemebTan, romlebic uSualod exeba geografiul sivrces, geografiul garss, mTlianad dedamiwas, mis biosferos, mosaxleobas, yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifos da bolos dedamiwaze mcxovrebi yvela admianis interesebs. es problemebi dedamiwis ekologiis, anu geoekologiis problemebs warmoadgens.

samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis pirobebSi gauTvaliswinebeli maStabebi miiRo biosferos gaWuWyianebam. gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa mravali saxeoba, maT Soris metalebi, mtveri, pesticidebi, radiaqtiuri nivTierebani, atmosferos da hidrosferos cirkulaciuri procesebis Sedegad scildeba regionalur dones da vrceldeba globaluri maStabebiT. amiT Cveni planeta gadaiqmneba erTian teqnobiologiur sistemad. aseTi gardaqmnebi biologiur garemoSi ukvalod ar Caivlis adamianebisaTvis. medikosebis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad samrewvelo sawarmoTa gamonabolqvebi Seicaven 150-mde nivTierebas, romlebic seriozul zians ayeneben adamianis janmTelobas. adamianis mravali dRevandeli daavadeba ukavSirdeba bunebriv garemoSi qimiuri warmoebis produqtebis da satransporto saSualebebis gamonabolqvebis arsebobas. amasTanave gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa did nawils axasiaTebs mutagenuri

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Tvisebebi, romelTac unari aqvT gavlena moaxdinon adamianis STamomavlobaze.

globaluri masStabiT garemos gauaresebis mizezebi amiT ar amoiwureba. SeiZleba CamoiTvalos uamravi, maT Soris rogorc antropogenuri, ise bunebrivi faqtori, romlebic uaryofiT gavlenas axdenen garemoze da globalur ekologiur problemebs qmnian. Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ekologiuri problema globaluri daTbobaa.

amrigad, adamianis mier bunebis arasworma eqspulataciam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo, anu sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, sistemam „adamiani_buneba“ funqcionalurad Caketili saxe miiRo. buneba gadaamuSavebs adamianis sameurneo moRvaweobis Sedegebs axal faqtorebad, romlebic SemdgomSi gvevlinebian adamianis sazianod. amitom, didi mniSvneloba aqvs zogadi samecniero koncefciis SemuSavebas, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda ganxorcieldes mizandasaxuli procesi sazogadoebis da bunebis urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb Tavisi optimaluri SedegebiT. swored am Teoriuli ganzogadebis konceptualuri safuZveli unda Seqmnas integralurma samecniero mimarTulebam- globalurma ekologiam.

amrigad globaluri ekologiis ZiriTadi mizania sazogadoebis da garemos urTierTqmedebis procesis ganviTarebis da srulyofis optimaluri gzebis gansazRvra adamianis mavne zemoqmedebis minimumamde dayvaniT. aqedan gamomdinare savsebiT gasagebia Tanamedrove periodSi ekologiuri ganaTlebis gazrdili mniSvneloba. amaze miuTeTebda jer kidev 1977 wels TbilisSi iuneskos xaziT Catarebuli specialuri konferenciis dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmadac mudmivi ekologiuri ganaTleba da aRrzda unda danergiliyo dawyebuli sabavSvo baRebidan , saSualo da umaRles skolebSi, agreTve umaRlesi kvalifikaciis kadrebis gadamzadebis gziT. dRes ekologiuri momzadeba esaWiroeba rogorc rigiT, ise xelmZRvanel muSakebs da specialistebs, ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela dargis sferoSi. samwuxarod saWiro raodenobis gamocdili momzadebuli pedagogiuri kadrebis ukmarisoba da

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Sesabamisi saxelmZRvaneloebis ar arseboba xels uSlis mosaxleobas ekologiur ganswavlulobaSi.

saqarTveloSi ekologiuri ganaTlebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi mcdeloba iyo Telavis i.gogebaSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetSi geografia-ekologiis specialobis gaxsna. universitetma am specialobis 10-ze meti gamoSveba ganaxorciela, ramac dadebiTi roli Seasrula regionis Sesabamisi samsaxurebis maRalkvalificiuri kadrebiT dakompleqtebis saqmeSi.

zogadi geoekologiis kursi Telavis i.gogebaSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetSi ikiTxeba geografia-ekologiis specialobis gaxsnis dRidan meore kursis pirvel da meore semestrebSi. amJamad globaluri ekologia amJamad ikiTxeba rig sabunebismetyvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo specialobebze. avtorebis mier sagnis wlebis manZilze wakiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli gamocdileba daedo safuZvlad winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenas.

avtorebi acnobiereben, rom damxmare saxelmZRvanelo ar aris moklebuli xarvezebs da siamovnebiT miiReben SeniSvnebs da rCevebs, rac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba misi Semdgomi gamocemis dros.

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Tavi 1. biosfero da geografiuli garsi 1.1. sicocxlis warmoSoba dedamiwaze. biosferos

warsuli biosfero berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs

”sicocxlis garss“. is gulisxmobs da aerTianebs atmosferos qveda nawils, hidrosferos mTlianad da liTosferos zeda nawils, romelic dasaxlebulia cocxali organizmebiT..

biosfero warmoiSva dedamiwaze cocxali organizmebis warmoSobisTanave, daaxlovebiT 3,5-3,8 miliardi wlis ukan. misi warmoSobis sakiTxi jer kidev ar aris srulad Seswavlili. dReisaTvis cnobilia mravali hipoTeza, romlebic pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad _ sicocxlis kosmosur da miwier warmoSobis hipotezebad. pirvels miekuTvneba mosazrebebi, romelTa mixedviTac cocxali organizmi dedamiwaze Semovida kosmosidan, xolo meore jgufs miekuTvneba hipotezebi imis Sesaxeb, rom sicocxle warmoiSva uSualid dedamiwaze.

sicocxlis warmoSobis kosmosuri hipotezebi gabatonebuli iyo XIX saukuneSi da mas mxars uWerdnen iseTi cnobili mecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen kelvini da helmholci. isini Tvlidnen, rom cocxali organizmebi dedamiwaze Semoitana meteoriteebma. ra Tqma unda am hipotezas obieqturi safuZvlebi ar gaaCnda da is miviwyebul iqna, Tumca dResac, civilizaciis Tanamedrove pipobebSi am mimarTulebiT axleburad daisva sakiTxi, kerZod, xom ar SeiZleba cocxali organizmebi Semosulyvnen dedamiwaze sxva civilizaciis kosmosuri xomaldebis saSualebiT?

kosmosuri sicocxlis Zieba intensiurad mimdinareobs dedamiwis pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavris gaSvebis dRidan. amis paralelurad tardeba agreTve radio informaciis miRebis cdebi aramiwieri civilizaciebidan, am mizniT gamoyenebuli cdebis arsebuli istoria imdenad xanmoklea, rom TviTon es droc ar aris sakmarisi radiotalRuri signalebis gasacvlelad dedamiwasa da Cveni galaqtikis sxva planetebs Soris, amitomac akademikosi m.budiko aRniSnavs, rom “Znelia iTqvas amomwuravi

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pasuxi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, radganac Cven ar gagvaCnia dedamiwaze ciuri sxeulebidan sicocxlis Semotanis raime konkretuli faqti, Tumca arc misi sawinaaRmdego faqti gvaqvs”.

hipotezebis meore jgufis Tanaxmad sicocxlis warmoSoba dedamiwaze dakavSirebulia aracocxali nivTierebebis gardaqmnasTan cocxalSi. am azrs iziarebdnen XIX saukunis gamoCenili mecnierebi lamarki, darvini da sxvebi. am hipotezis detaluri damuSaveba mogvca akademikosma a.oparinma. man dauSva dedamiwaze iseTi pirveladi organizmebis arseboba, romelTaTvisac nivTierebaTa cvla mimdinareobda Jangbadis monawileobis gareSe, maT ewodaT anairobuli baqteriebi. a.oparinis mier moyvanili mosazrebebi Tanamedrove periodSi ukve damtkicda eqsperimentuladac.

varaudoben, rom uZveles biosferos ekava gansazRvruli adgili dedamiwaze da Sedgeboda e.w. “sicocxlis kunZulebis” jgufisagan, sadac primitiuli organizmebi poulobdnen Tavisi arsebobisaTvis keTilsasurvel pirobebs. am kunZulebisaTvis gavrcelebis adgilebi dRemde ucnobia. geoqronologiuri skalis Tanaxmad sicocxlis warmoSoba dedamiwaze TariRdeba 3.8 miliardi wlis win. uZveles cocxal arsebaTa ricxvs miekuTvnebodnen baqteriebi da wyalmcenareebi.

kambriul periodamde warmoiSva sxvadasxva saxis mcenareebi da frinvelebi, maT Soris mravalujrediani formebi. varaudoben, rom kembriulamdeli periodis cocxali organizmebi cxovrobdnen mxolod hidrosferoSi. kambriul periodSi, daaxlovebiT 570 milioni wlis ukan moxda cocxali bunebis radikaluri cvlileba. am dros warmoiSva pirveli xerxemliani cxoveli. amis Semdeg paleozouri eris pirvel naxevarSi fauna da flora TandaTanobiT ivseboda sxvadasxva saxis axali formebiT. amasTan erTad iwyeba am formebis gavrceleba xmeleTze da haerSi. kerZod, am dros gaCndnen sxvadasxva saxis qvewarmavlebi da giganturi mwerebi. am eris meore naxevarSi ukve didi

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farTobebi ekava maRali xeebisagan Semdgar tyeebs. izrdeboda xegvimrebi, Svitebi da likopodiumebi.

mezozouri eris dasawyisi(230 mln wlis ukan) xasiaTdeba SedarebiT Raribi mcenareuli safariT da cxovelTa samyaroTi. amis mizezi iyo klimaturi pirobebis mkveTri cvlileba. kerZod, paleozouri eris dasasruls moxda gamyinvareba. amis gamo amowyda cxovelTa mravali saxeoba da ganadgurda mcenareuli safari. mezozouri eris ganmavlobaSi moxda frinvelebis da ZuZumwovrebis gaCena. zRvebSi binadrobdnen didi mtaceblebi _ iqtiozavrebi. xmeleTze binadrobdnen udidesi dinozavrebi, xolo haerSi dafrinavdnen didkbila xvlikebi.

mezozouridan kainozourSi gardamavali periodi(70-80 mln wlis ukan) kritikuli aRmoCnda. am dros Seesabameba cocxali organizmebis, maT Soris dinozavrebis, masobrivi amowyveta. aRniSnuli movlena ukavSirdeba bunebrivi pirobebis mkveTr cvalebadobas, kerZod, temperaturis dawevas da haerSi Jangbadis raodenobis Semcirebas. miuxedavad amisa, akademikos m.budikos azriT, msgavs pirobebs ar SeeZlo gamoewvia cocxali organizmebis masobrivi amowyveta, radganac es procesebi mimdinareobda milioni wlebis manZilze da mas TandaTan unda Seguebodnen cocxali organizmebi. amitom am movlenebs ukavSireben e.w. vulkanur da meteoritul hipotezebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac romelime mZime asteroidis dacema dedamiwaze gamoiwvevs misi qerqis dazianebas mniSvnelivan sivrceze, ris Sedegadac mosalodnelia vulkanuri movlenebis gaaqtiureba. es ukanaskneli ki gamoiwvevs dedamiwis temperaturis mkveTr dacemas. aseTi azri gamoTqmuli iyo 1981 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da 1983 wels dasavleT berlinSi Catarebul specialur samecniero TaTbirebze.

mesameuli periodis dasawyisSi momravlda ZuZumwovrebi da frinvelebi, gamoCndnen daTvebis, antilopebis, irmebis pirveli saxeobebi, amave dros warmoiSva adamianis msgavsi maimuni.

TviT adamians da mis winapars miakuTvneben hominidTa ojaxobas. sxvadasxva qveynebSi aRmoCenilia hominidTa ojaxis naSTebi, romlebic cnobilia

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avstralopitebis saxeliT. isini iTvlebian adamianis uSualo winaprebad, maTi asaki daaxlovebiT 5 milioni welia.

evoluciis Semdgom etapze moxda avstralopitekebis dayofa masiur avstralopitekebad, romlebic SemdgomSi mTlianad amowydnen da homonidebad, kerZod homo gabilis da homo ereqtus saxiT. pirveli Sromis iaraRebis povna ukavSirdeba swored homo gabiliss da daaxlovebiT 2-2,2 mln wlis asakisaa. evoluciis Semdgom etapze Camoyalibda Tanamedrove adamiani(homo sapiens). es moxda 40 aTasi wlis win. swored aqedan iwyeba adamianis aqtiuri zemoqmedeba biosferoze.

adamianis sameurneo saqmianobam, gansakuTrebiT gasul saukuneSi, mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda biosferoze-gaanadgura cocxali organizmebis mravali saxeoba, gaizarda atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis koncentracia, Seicvala hava.

1.2.biosferos struqtura atmosfero. atmosfero warmoadgens dedamiwis

airovan garss. atmosfero dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobisaTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. igi saWiroa ara marto cocxali organizmebisaTvis, aramed is icavs dedamiwas gadaxurebisagan, gacivebisagan, meteoruli sxeulebisagan da kosmosuri sxivebisagan. dedamiwis Tanamedrove atmosfero warmoadgens pirvelyofili, dedamiwis zedapirze daaxloebiT 3-4 miliardi wlis win dawyebuli evoluciis saboloo Sedegs. am periodis ganmavlobaSi mravaljer Seicvala atmosferos Tvisebebi da Sedgeniloba.

dedamiwis atmosferos parametrebis gazomvis istoria moicavs mxolod ukanasknel or saukunes, amitom Znelia vilaparakoT misi warmoSobis da ganviTarebis yvela detalze. dReisaTvis cnobilia ramodenime hipoTeza pirveladi atmosferos Tvisebebisa da Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb. erTerTi pirveli hipoteza gamoTqva l.pasterma XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi. man dauSva, rom pirveladi atmosfero ar Seicavda Jangbads

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da Cven planetaze cocxali organizmebis pirvel saxeobas warmoadgendnen anairobuli baqteriebi, romelTaTvisac nivTierebaTa cvla mimdinareobda Jangbadis monawileobis gareSe. anairobuli baqteriebis mravali saxeoba dResac arsebobs.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT pirvelad dedamiwa warmoadgenda gavarvarebul planetas, romelzec moqmedebda uamravi vulkani, saidanac amoifrqveoda wylis orTqli da kidev uamravi sxva nivTiereba. wylis orTqlis kondensaciis Sedegad modioda naleqi da grovdeboda wyali. yofili sabWoTa mecnierebis mier damuSavebuli hipoTeza uaryofda am azrs, maTi SexedulebiT dedamiwa arasodes yofila gavarvarebuli planeta, aramed is Tavidan Seiqmna, rogorc civi sxeuli, romelic TandaTan Tbeboda radiaqtiuri elementebis daSlis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbos xarjze. maTi azriT atmosferos Camoyalibeba daiwyo dedamiwis CamoyalibebasTan erTad, vardnili meteoritebisa da kosmosuri sxeulebidan gamoyofili airebis xarjze.

meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ingliselma biologma i.heldenma daadgina, rom pirvelyofili atmosfero Seicavda wylis orTqls, naxSiroJangs da amiaks. misi azriT es nivTierebebi warmoadgenen pirveli organuli SenaerTebis warmoqmnis safuZvels. garda amisa arsebobda kidev sxva Sexedulebebi pirvelyofili atmosferos warmoSobis da ganviTarebis irgvliv. kerZod, heldenis Sexedulebebs ar iziarebda a.oparini, romlis azriTac Tavdapirvelad atmosferos SemadgenlobaSi iyo wyalbadi, wylis orTqli, amiaki da metani. gansxvavebul azrs gamoTqvamdnen agreTve sxva mecnierebic. magaliTad p.abelsoni Tvlida, rom Tavidan atmosfero mdidari iyo azotiT, wyalbadiT da naxSirorJangiT. isini ultraiisferi sxivebis moqmedebiT urTierTqmedebden erTmaneTTan, ramac gamoiwvia pirveladi organuli nivTierebis warmoqmna. am procesebis Sedegad, romelTa buneba, jerjerobiT, gaurkvevelia warmoiqmna SedarebiT rTuli ujredebi, romlebic mogvevlina, rogorc sicocxlis sawyisi.

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akademikos k.kondratievis azriT atmosferos SemadgenlobaSi Tavdapirvelad Sedioda wyalbadi,naxSirorJangi, naxSirbadi, gogirdwyalbadi, inertuli gazebi, amiaki da meTani. dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobisTvis saWiro Jangbadi warmoiSva da dagrovda ufro mogvianebiT. varaudoben, rom igi warmoiqmna wylis molekulebis da mzis radiaciis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. es urTierTqmedeba iwvevda wylis molekulebis gaxleCvas wyalbadis da Jangbadis molekulebad, ris gamoc Tavisufali Jangbadi grovdeboda atmosferoSi. zogierTi mecnieri ar eTanxmeba am Sexedulebas, aramed isini Tvlian, rom Jangbadi aris dedamiwis zedapirze mimdinare fotosinTezis Sedegi. amrigad, rogorc Cans Tanamedrove atmosfero principulad gansxvavdeba pirvelyofili atmosferosagan.

Tanamedrove atmosferos Tvisebebi da Sedgeniloba kargadaa Seswavlili. atmosferos SemadgenlobaSia 4 ZiriTadi da ramodenime meorexarisxovan airi, agreTve sxvadasxva minarevi, romelTac miekuTvneba wylis orTqli,ozoni, naxSirbadi, amiaki, sxvadasxva marilebi, mtveri da sxv.

yvelaze didi raodenobiT atmosferoSi aris azoti. misi Semcveloba atmosferos qveda fenebSi 78%-ia. azots didi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelTa samyarosa da mcenareul safarSi nivTierebaTe cvlisaTvis.

biologiuri TvalsazrisiT atmosferos yvelaze aqtiuri airi Jangbadia. misi Semcveloba atmosferoSi 21%-s Seadgens. argonis Semcveloba Seadgens 0,93%-s, xolo naxSirorJangis-0,03%-s. maT garda atmosfero Seicavs bevr nivTierebas myar da Txevad mdgomareobaSi-sxvadasxva mikroorganizmebs, marilis nawilakebs, mtvers da a.S.

atmosferos saerTo masa 5,27*10.18 kg-ia. misi udidesi nawili moTavsebulia uSualod dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos. atmosferos masis naxevari moqceulia daaxlovebiT 5,5 km simaRlemde, misi 75%-11 km simaRlemde,xolo 95%-20 km simaRlemde.

atmosferoa ar gaaCnia gamokveTili zeda sazRvari, is TandaTan gadadis saplanetaTaSoriso sivrceSi.

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atmosferos meteorologiur sazRvrad pirobiTad miRebulia 1000-1200 km.

atmosfero Tavisi aRnagobiTac ar aris erTgvarovani. fizikuri Tvisebebis, ZiriTadad temperaturis cvlilebis mixedviT, vertikaluri mimarTulebiT ganasxvaveben atmosferos xuT fenas:troposferos, stratosferos, mezosferos, Termosferos da egzosferos.

troposfero vrceldeba dedamiwis zedapiridan daaxlovebiT 8-16 km simaRlemde. aq moTavsebulia atmosferos 75-80%. haeris temperature simaRlis mixedviT yovel km-ze ecema 5-6 –iT da troposferos zefa sazRvarze Seadgens ekvatorTan mcirdeba 60-mde, xolo polusebTan-45-mde.

troposferos zemod ganlagebulia stratosfero, romelic vrceldeba daaxlovebiT 50 km-mde. aq temperature simaRlis mixedviT iwyebs matebas, risi mizezic aris ozonis warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebuli mimdinare qimiuri reaqciebi. ozoni warmoadgens warmoadgens Jangbadis gansakuTrebul formas. Jangbadis Cveulebrivi oratomiani molekulisagan gansxvavebiT(O2), ozoni Sedgeba misi samatomiani molekulisagan(O3). ozonis ZiriTadi masa Tavmoyrilia daaxlovebiT 25 km simaRleze. ozonis arsebobas atmosferoSi Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac is icavs dedamiwaze cocxal organizmebs mzis ultraiisferi sxivebis mavne da damRupveli moqmedebisagan.

stratosferos zemod daaxlovebiT 80 km simaRlemde ganlagebulia mezosfero, anu saSualo fena. aq temperature simaRlis mixedviT klebas iwyebs.

mezosferos cvlis Termosfero. TermosferoSi temperature simaRlis mixedviT Tavdapirvelad mkveTrad izrdeba, Semdeg ecema -100-mde, ris Semdegac kvlav iwyebs zrdas. Termosfero vrceldeba daaxlovebiT 600-800 km simaRlemde.

atmosferos zeda fenas egzosfero warmoadgens. is yvelaze naklebad aris Seswavlili. Teoriuli gaangariSebebis Tanaxmad temperature simaRlis zrdiT

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izrdeba da daaxlovebiT 2000-mde aRwevs. egzosfero TandaTanobiT saplanetaTaSoriso sivrceSi gadadis.

atmosferos zeda sam fenas aerTianeben erTi saxelwodebis qveS da uwodeben ionosferos. ionizaciis mizezi aris sxvadasxva airebis atomebis mier mzis energies STanTqma. ionosfero xasiaTdeba maRali eleqtrogamtareblobiT.

Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT atmosferoSi ganasxvaveben or fenas-homosferos, romelic daaxlovebiT 100 km-mde vrceldeba, da heterosferos. pirvel maTganSi ZiriTadi airebis procentuli Sedgeniloba simaRlis mixedviT ar icvleba, mudmivi rCeba agreTve haeris molekuluri masa. meoreSi –haeris molekuluri masa simaRlis mixedviT mcirdeba.

hidrosfero. hidrosfero dedamiwis wylis garsia. is moicavs msoflio okeanesa da kontinentur wylebs. msoflio okeanes ukavia dedamiwis Zedapiris farTobis 71%, anu 361 mln.kv.km. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi msoflio okeanes ukavia 61%, xolo samxreTsi-81%. okeanis wylebis saerTo masa Seadgens 1300 mln.kub.km-s.

msoflio okeane 4 nawilad iyofa: CrdiloeT yinulovani okeane, atlantikis okeane, indoeTis okeane da wynari okeane. amaTgan yvelaze didi, zedapiris farTobiT da siRrmiT aris wynari okeane. misi zedapiris farTobi 179 mln.kv.km-ia, saSualo siRrme 4 km, xolo maqsimaluri siRrme 11,22 km. mas mosdevs atlantikis okeane, misi farTobi 93 kv.km-ia, saSualo siRrme _ 3,5 km, xolo maqsimaluri 9 km-ia. momdevnoa indoeTis okeane, farTobiT 75 mln.kv.km, saSualo siRrme 2,9 km, maqsimaluri siRrme 7,4 km. yvelaze patara ki CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanea, farTobiT 13 mln.kv.km, saSualo siRrme 1,2 km, maqsimaluri siRrme 5,2 km.

TiToeul okeanes gaaCnia Tavisi nawilebi: zRvebi da yureebi. zRvebi Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis, hidrologiuri reJimis da kidev sxva maCveneblebis mixedviT iyofa Sida, naxevrad Caketil da Caketil zRvebad. ufro xSirad ki geografiuli mdebareobis mixedviT zRvebs yofen or did jgufad: Sida da ganapira zRvebad. Sida zRvebi metnaklebad Rrmad arian

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SeWrilni kontinentebSi, xolo ganapira zRvebi ki okeaneebs gamoeyofian kunZulebiT.

hidrosferos miekuTvneba agreTve zedapiruli wylebi, miwisqveSa wylebi, wyaroebi, myinvarebi, mdinareebi da tbebi.

myinvarebi Seicaven daaxloebiT 24 mln.kub.km wyals. misi daaxloebiT 90% modis antarqtidaze. wylis daaxlovebiT igive raodenobas warmoadgens miwisqveSa wylebi. msoflio wylis maragis yvela danarCeni mdgeneli gacilebiT naklebia. magaliTad. wylis maragi tbebSi Seadgens 0,18 mln.kub.km, mdinareebSi _ 0,002 mln.kub.km da a.S.

varaudoben, rom hidrosferos wyali warmoiSva liTosferoSi mimdinare procesebis Sedegad. dedamiwam geologiuri istoriis manZilze gamoyo wylis orTqlisa da Txevadi wylis didi raodenoba. okeanis wyali warmoadgens Zalian rTul qimiur xsnars. igi Seicavs 60-ze met sxvadasxva komponents. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT Seicavs qlors, natriums, magniums da gogirds. mineraluri nivTierebebis msgavsad igi Seicavs organul nivTierebebsac, romlis Semcvelobac 1l-Si 2 mlgr-ia. okeanis wyalSi gaxsnilia agreTve sxvadasxva saxis gazebi. am airebs Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Jangbadi da naxSirbadi. ukanasknelis (C) raodenoba okeaneSi 60-jer aRemateba misive raodenobas atmosferoSi. msoflio okeanis wylis saSualo wliuri temperatura Seadgens 17,8&-s, rac daaxloebiT 3&-iT maRalia haeris saSualo temperaturaze. amrigad zemoT Tqmulidan gamodis, rom okeane agrovebs siTbos did raodenobas, xolo acivebis Semdeg gadascems atmosferos. kontinenturi wylebi did gavlenas axdenen liTosferos zeda fenebze. upirveles yovlisa wyali warmoadgens fizikuri da qimiuri gamofitvis udides faqtors, amave dros didia misi gavlena kontinenturi gamyinvarebis zedapiris formis CamoyalibebaSi.

liTosfero. liTosfero warmoadgens dedamiwis xmeleTis garss, magram biosferos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis ara mTliani liTosfero, aramed misi zeda nawili, romlis sisqec ar aRemateba ramodenime metrs. swored am fenaSia moTavsebuli cocxali organizmebis

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ZiriTadi masa. cnobilia, rom niadagebi yalibdeba mTis qanebis ngrevisgan warmoqmnili mineraluri nivTierebebis da organuli nivTierebebis Serevisa da urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze. am urTierTqmedebiT niadagSi warmoiSoba: fosfori, kaliumi, magniumi, natriumi, naxSirbadi da kidev sxva elementebi. organul nivTierebaTa niadagSi daSlis meore mniSvnelovani Sedegia is, rom am procesis dros gamoyofili naxSiroJangiT maragdeba atmosfero da hidrosfero.

cocxali organizmebi. biosferos mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen cocxali organizmebi. amJamad cnobilia mcenareTa daaxloebiT 500 000 da cxovelTa 1 500 000 saxeoba misi gavrceleba ara Tanabaria. umTavresad isini koncentrirebulni arian dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos. magaliTad, okeaneSi cocxali organizmebis umravlesoba gvxvdeba wylis zeda fenaSi, sadac aRwevs mzis radiacia, niadagSi da mis zedapirzec sadac aris cxovrebis damakmayofilebeli pirobebi.

amave dros dedamiwaze gvxvdeba yinuliT dafaruli raionebi, sadac cocxali organizmebis raodenoba farTis erTeulze Zalian mcirea. aseT adgilebSi mxolod SemTxveviT Tu moxvdeba cocxali organizmi, xolo rac Seexeba mudmiv sicocxles iq ar aris.

1.3. geografiuli garsis mTlianobis kanoni

geografiul sivrces yofen oTx nawilad:

1) axlo kosmosi _ misi qveda sazRvari dedamiwis zedapiridan 1500_2000 km-ze mdebareobs. aq aRiniSneba kosmosuri faqtorebis, dedamiwis magnituri da gravitaciuli velebis urTierTqmedeba.

2) maRali atmosfero _ qvemodan SemosazRvrulia stratopauziT, zemodan axlo kosmosiT. aq xdeba kosmosuri sxivebis Sekaveba da gardaqmna. am fenaSi fiqsirdeba ozonis fena, romelic gvicavs

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mzis ultraiisferi gamosxivebis damRupveli dozebisagan.

3) landSafturi garsi, igi moicavs sivrces stratopauzidan liTosferos zedafenis CaTvliT.

4) qvefenili qerqi, romelsac ukavia miwis qerqis momdevno fenebi. rogorc am dayofidan Cans geogrefiuli garsi

warmoadgens garss, romelSic erTmaneTs exeba, erTmaneTSi aRwevs da urTierTqmedebs liTosferos zeda nawili, atmosferos qveda nawili da hidrosfero.

geografiuli garsis yoveli komponenti anu Semadgeneli nawili _ reliefi, niadagi, wylebi da organuli samyaro arsebobs da viTardeba sakuTari kanonebis mixedviT da am ganviTarebis procesSi TiToeuli maTgani ganicdis danarCeni komponentebis gavlenas. amrigad, geografiuli garsis arcerTi komponenti ar arsebobs da ar viTardeba izolirebulad, aramed isini erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi imyofebian. yvela komponentebis urTierTqmedeba aerTianebT maT erTian materialur sistemad, romeli sistemis yvela nawili erTimeorezea damokidebuli da gavlenas axdens erTmaneTze. am sistemas specialistebi geokompleqss uwodeben.

sistemis erTianoba imdenad didia, rom Tu geokompleqsSi an landSaftur garsSi romelime komponenti Seicvala, maSin masTan erTad yvela danarCenebic daiwyeben Secvlas. swored amaSi mdgomareobs geografiuli garsis mTlianobis kanoni.

ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi: gamyinvarebis periodi, rodesac iqmneba uzarmazari myinvaruli safarebi, umTavresad msoflio okeanedan aorTqlebuli tenis xarjze, bunebrivia rom xdeba msoflio okeanis donis daweva. es ki Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens mTel dedamiwaze, rogorc pirdapir ise iribad. pirdapiri gavlena mdgomareobs mniSvnelovani ubnebis amoSrobaSi ris Sedegadac

zedapirze amodis kontinenturi TavTxelis garkveuli nawili. izrdeba materikebis farTobi, arqipelagebi gardaiqmnebian kunZulebad, erTiandebian

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kunZulebi, materikebi da a.S. aman SesaZloa gamoiwvios cxovelTa da mcenareTa migracia.

O okeanis donis dawevis arapirdapiri anu iribi gavlena imaSi mdgomareobs, rom es procesi iwvevs am okianeebSi Camdinare mdinareebis siRrmiTi eroziis gaZlierebas. kerZod, xeobebis gaRrmavebas da saerTod xmeleTis reliefis intensiur danawevrebas.

Tbil, anu gamyinvarebaTa Soris epoqaSi myinvarebi ukan ixeven da nadnobi wyali brundeba okianeebSi. amis Sedegad xdeba misi donis aweva, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs kontinentebisa da kunZulebis danawevrebas, mdinareTa eroziis bazisiis awevas zeviT da garkveul wilad izRudeba xmeleTis florisa da faunis migracia. A amrigad, rogorc davinaxeT geografiuli garsi warmoadgens saocrad agebul meqanizms, sadac erT cvlilebas aucileblad moyvebaa meore anu warmoiSveba “jaWvuri reaqcia”. geografiuli garsis mTlianobis kanonidan gamomdinare aucilebelia amaTuim teritoriaze raime sameurneo zemoqmedebis dawyebamde winaswar da detalurad SeviswavloT mocemuli teritoriis geografiuli struqtura da misi SesaZlo Sedegebi. mag: vidre daviwyebdeT wyalsacavis mSeneblobas, saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT misi aSenebis da eqspluataciaSi Sesvlis Semdeg SesaZlo cvlilebebi, kerZod, warmoqmnili datborili farTobis maStabebi, gruntis wylebis wyalsacaviT Segubebis Sedegebi, havis SesaZlo gardaqmnebi da sxva.

literaturuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom wyalsacavis gavlena mimdebare teritoriis havaze SesaZlebelia gamovlindes: 1) uyinvo periodebis xangrdlivobis erTidan sam

kviramde gazrdaSi. 2) temperaturis zrdaSi saSualod 0,5 _ 2,5C-iT. 3) absoluturi sinotivis gazrdaSi daaxloebiT 1-9 mm-

iT. 4) qaris siCqaris gazrdaSi 30% -iT da zogjer metiT. 5) sxvadasxva efeqtebSi, romlebic vrceldebian 0,5-dan

5-7 km-mde da metzec. jvarSi adgilobrivi klimaturi cvlilebebi

emTxveva jvris wyalsacavis eqspluataciis dasawyiss 1982

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wels. wyalsacavebis gamaTbobeli efeqti aRiniSneba seqtember-oqtomberSi da ar aRemateba saSualo Tviuri temperaturis 0,5C-s, xolo gamacivebeli efeqti aRiniSneba april-maisSi da Seadgens 0,5_0,7C-s.

sionis wyalsacavTan gamacivebeli efeqti vlindeba wyalsacavis Seqmnidan (1963 w.) cota mogvianebiT 1966 wels. aRsaniSnavia, rom jvris wyalsacavTan SedarebiT es efeqti umniSvneloa da 0,2C-s Seadgens, xolo gamaTbobeli efeqti aRiniSneba noember-dekemberSi, dawyebuli 1962 wlidan, e.i. wyalsacavis eqspulataciamde erTi wliT adre. es SesaZlebelia gamowveuli iyos tyeebis gaCexviT da idev sxva samSenebli samuSaoebis Catarebis gamo. aRsaniSnavia, rom es gavlena gamacivebelze ufro umniSvneloa 0,1_0,3C. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom bunebis Segnebulad gardaqmna dauSvebelia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT geografiuli garsis mTlianobis kanons, aramed msgavsi problemebis gadawyvetas yovelTvis win unda uZRodes dasabuTebuli ekologiuri eqspertizebis Catareba.

1.4. biosferos momavali bevr mkvlevars dRemde ver gaucia pasuxi kiTxvaze

Tu ra moelis biosferos momavalSi. biosferos momavali damokidebulia Semadgeneli garsebis ganviTarebaze, gansakuTrebiT ki atmosferos evoluciaze da adamianebis sameurneo saqmianobaze. Cven vnaxeT, rom atmosferos evolucia adamianebis sameurneo saqmianobebis mizeziT uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT xdeba, rac gamoixateba intensiuri tempebiT havis gaTbobaSi. gamoTvlebma aCvena, rom arsebuli tendenciebis SenarCunebiT mosalodnelia mivideT iseT klimatur pirobebTan, rogoric arsebobda mesameuli periodis meore naxevarSi. akademikos budikos Tanaxmad aseT klimatur pirobebs SesaZlebelia mivuaxlovdeT am saukunis 50-iani wlebisaTvis. amrigad mimdinare procesi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc biosferos klimatis bunebrivi pirobebis aRdgena. Tu procesi warimarTeboda neli tempebiT, maSin SegveZlo gvefiqra, rom is keTilsasurvel gavlenas moaxdenda kacobriobaze. magram procesis didi siCqare qmnis mTel rig sirTuleebs, romlebic Zalze Zneli gadasaWrelia.

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daTbobis procesi dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis mosavlianobaze. samagierod Semciedeba naleqebis saerTi raodenoba da Semcirdeba mdinareTa Camonadeni. amrigad, moxdeba arqtikuli yinulis gadnoba da amis Sesabamisad moimatebs mtknari wylis maragi. amave dros myinvaruli safaris gadnoba gamoiwvevs msoflio okeanis donis daaxloebiT 90m-iT awevas, ris Sedegadac wyliT daifareba xmeleTis mniSvnelovani nawili, sadac ganlagebulia msoflios udidesi qalaqebi. havis aseT mkveTr cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT dgeba biosferos SenarCunebis umTavresi problema, kerZod cxovelTa da mcenareTa mravali saxeobis SenarCuneba. biosferos ufro Soreuli momavali dakavSirebulia uamrav sxavdasxva faqtorebTan.

dReisaTvis sxvadasxva meTodebiT sakmao sizustiT aris SesaZlebeli mzesTan dakavSirebiT dedamiwis zedapiris mdgomareobis gamoTvla Soreul momavalSi. aseTi gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad daxloebiT 5000 wlis Semdeg zomier ganedebSi mosalodnelia radiaciis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios axali myinvaruli epoqis dadgoma, msxvili kontinenturi myinvaris ganviTareba.

varaudoben, rom dReisaTvis arsebuli tendenciebis SenarCunebiT mzis radiaciis Semcireba da gamyinvaebis epoqis dadgoma SesaZloa aseuliaTasi wlebis Semdeg. aseT pirobebSi adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis SemcirebasTan erTad Semcirdeba atmosferoSi naxSiroJangis raodenobac da gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad naxSiroJangis koncentraciis Semcirebas im donemde, rodesac SesaZlebelia planetis sruli gamyinvareba dasWirdeba ramdenime milioni weli. cxadia, rom sruli gamyinvareba dedamiwaze gamoiwvevs biologuri ganviTarebis Sewyvetas. biosfero ukve iyo axlo daRupvasTan bolo gamyinvarebis epoqaSi, magram gamyinvarebam ar miaRwia im kritikul ganedebs, ris Semdegac yinuli vrceldeba ekvatoris mimarTulebiT. dedamiwis klimatis modelirebam aCvena, rom aseTi gamyinvareba SesaZloa dairRves dedamiwis saSualo temperaturis ramdenime gradusiT awevisas, rac albaT

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SesaZlebelia vulkanuri moqmedebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad.

akademikosi m.budiko varaudobs, rom dedamiwis sruli gamyinvareba SeiZleba dairRves mzis gamosxivebis gazrdis Sedegad, rasac dasWirdeba ramdenime miliardi weli. amasTan haeris temperatura dedamiwaze gaizrdeba 80&-mde. temperaturis Semdgomma gazrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios msoflio okeanis amoSroba da yovelive amis Semdeg atmosferos qimiuri Sedgeniloba da dedamiwis hava aRmoCndebian planeta venerasTan arsebul pirobebTan axlo.

peterburgis hidrologiur institutSi Catarebuli gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad biosferos SedarebiT Soreul momavalSi mzis gamosxiveba SesaZlebelia Sewydes da dedamiwis temperatura daecema absolutur nulamde. biosferos arsebobis drois gaxangrZlivebis sakiTxebze muSaobdnen sxvadasxva mecnierebi. isini mividnen daskvnamde, rom biosferos gaxangrZlivebis erTerTi saSualeba aris noosferos, anu gonebis sferos Seqmna.

noosferos Seqmna gulisxmobs adamianis mier garemomcveli bunebis safucvlian gardaqmnas, rasac udavod dasWirdeba kolosaluri energia. es idea, noosferos Sesaxeb, dakavSirebulia globaluri maStabiT klimatis regulirebasTan, kacobriobis interesebis Sesabamisad. amis ganxorcieleba mcire maStabiT SesaZlebelia Tanamedrove teqnikis pirobebiT. mag.: cnobilia, rom stratosferoSi TviTmfrinavebma da gogirdis dawvam unda Seamciros atmosferos gamWvirvaloba da temperatura dedamiwaze, agreTve stratosferoSi sxvadasxva airebis gavrcelebiT, romlebic STanTqaven grZeltalRian radiacias, SeiZleba mivaRwioT temperaturis gazrdas.

dedamiwis zedapirze amJamad mimdinare naxSiroJangis koncentraciis xSiri zrda atmosferoSi gamoricxavs myinvaruli epoqebis ganviTarebas, romlebsac araerTxel miayenes ziani. biosferos aseve didi energiis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia asteroidebis orbitis Seqmna, rac gamoricxavs dedamiwaze cocxali organizmebis masobriv amowyvetas. dReisaTvis kacobriobis pirvelxarisxovani amocanaa TermobirTvuli

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omis SeCereba, dedamiwaze dagrovili TermobirTvuli iaraRis saerTo energia milionjer aRemateba xirosimaSi afeTqebuli atomuri bombis afeTqebas.

gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad aseTi energiis moqmedebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios biosferos daRupva. es afeTqeba SeiZleba SevadaroT dedamiwaze dacemuli didi asteroidis Sedegs, amitom cxadia, rom biosferos SenarCunebisTvis saWiroa mSvidobis SenarCuneba.

Tavi 2. ekologiuri faqtorebi

2.1. ekologiuri faqtorebi da mcenareuli safari garemo, sadac arsebobs mcenare araerTgvarovania da

Seicavs uamrav elements, anu faqtors, romlebic gavlenas axdenen mcenareulobaze. maT ekologiur faqtorebs uwodeben. ekologiur faqtorebs miekuTvneba: sinaTle, siTbo, wyali, niadagi, mineraluri nivTierebebi da a.S. isini, yvela erTad, Seadgenen mcenaris arsebobis pirobebs. TviToeuli ekologiuri faqtori xasiaTdeba mniSvnelobaTa gansazRvruli diapazoniT. amasTan dakavSirebiT miRebulia faqtoris intensivobis gansazRvruli 3 kardinaluri mniSvneloba:

1. minimumi, 2. maqsimumi, 3.optimumi. midamoebs, optimumsa da minimums Soris da agreTve

optimumsa da maqsimums Soris, sadac daikvirveba faqtoris deficiti an piriqiT siWarbe, uwodeben ”pesimumis zonebs“. am zonebSi mcenareTa ganviTareba uaresdeba. mcenareTa saukeTeso ganviTarebis pirobebi Seesabameba faqtoris optimalur mniSvnelobebs. ekologiur faqtorebs yofen 3 jgufad:

1. abioturi, 2. bioturi 3. anTropogenuli abiotur faqtorebs miekuTvneba: klimaturi

pirobebi, niadagi, hidrologiuri da orografiuli faqtorebi.

bioturi faqtorebia: cocxali organizmebis zemoqmedebis faqtorebi, mag. cxovelTa nawili ikvebeba mcenareebiT, cxivelebi da mwerebi avrceleben mcenareul Teslebs da a.S.

anTropogenuli faqtori uSualod adamianis zemoqmedebis faqtoria. masSi igulisxmeba tyeebis gaCexva, cxovelTa daxocva da sxva.

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dawvrilebiT SevCerdeT zogierT faqtorze. abioturi faqtorebi sinaTle. mas didi fiziologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs

mcenareebisaTvis. sinaTlesTan damokidebulebis mixedviT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben 3 jgufs:

1. sinaTlis moyvarulebi _ tundris, udabnos da stepis mcenareuliba, utyeo mTaTa mwvervalebi da ase Semdeg.

2. CrdilgamZle mcenareuloba, romlebSic umTavresad igulisxmeba velebze gazrdili mcenareebi.

3. Crdilmoyvaruli mcenareulobis jgufi, maT miekuTvneba tyis mcenareebi, romlebic mxolod CrdilSi izrdebian.

siTbo. siTbo aucilebelia mcenareTa ganviTarebisTvis, fotosinTezisaTvis, mcenareTa sunTqvisaTvis, transpiraciisTvis, zrdisTvis da a.S. mis ganawilebas dedamiwaze ZiriTadad gansazRvravs mzis sxiuri energia da dedamiwis forma. swored amis gamo dedamiwaze yalibdeba sxvadasxva siTburi sartyelebi.

wyali. mas mcenareuloba Rebulobs niadagidan fesvebis daxmarebiT. Semdeg igi gadaecema Reros, foTlebs da aqedan orTqldeba. mcenaris foTlebidan wylis aorTqlebis process ewodeba transpiracia. wyali niadagSi ZiriTadad xvdeba naleqebis saSualebiT. Cven Tu naleqebis ganawilebis rukas mcenareulobis ganawilebis rukas SevadarebT, davinaxavT garkveul kanonzomierebas. tropikuli tyeebi Seguebulia 2000-1200 mm naleqebs, evraziis zomieri tyeebi 500-700 mm-s, udabnoebi maqsimum 250 mm-s.

niadagi. misi umTavresi Tviseba aris nayofiereba. sxvadasxva mcenare kmayofildeba nayofierebis sxvadasxva xarisxiT. amis mixedviT mcenareulobaSi ganasxvaveben 3 jgufs: 1. evtrofebi, 2. oligotrofebi da 3. mezotrofebi. 1. evtrofebi moiTxiven niadagebis maRal

nayofierebas. maT miekuTvneba: stepis, tyestepis da farTo foTlovani tyeebi.

2. oligotrofebi. izrdebian Rarib niadagebze. maT miekuTvneba: qviSiani niadagebis da Waobis niadagebis mcenareuloba.

3. mezotrofebs ki Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukaviaT am ors Soris.

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orografia. xmeleTis reliefi did gavlenas axdens mcenareuli safaris ganviTrebaze, radganac is ganapirobebs siTbosa da tenis ganawilebas. mag. samxreTiT orientirebuli ferdobebi ufro Tbilia da notio, vidre CrdiloeTiT orientirebulni, amitom samxreTis ferdobebze ufro siTbos moyvaruli mcenareebi gvxvdeba. gansakuTebiT didia mTebis mniSvneloba. mTebSi viciT, rom aRiniSneba simaRlebrivi sartyeluroba e.i. simaRlis mixedviT icvleba siTboc da naleqebic. es ki gavlenas axdens mcenareulobis gavrcelebaze. garda amisa didi mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTve TviTon reliefis formas, kerZod, uaryofiTia Tu dadebiTi.

bioturi faqtorebi bioturi faqtorebidan ganvixiloT erTi saxis

mcenareulobis gavlena meore saxis mcenareulobaze. am SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben mcenareTa urTierT kavSiris ramodenime tips: 1. butualizmi 2. komensalizmi 3. parazitebi da 4. konkurencia.

1. “mutuas” – laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs “urTierTs”. mutualizmis dros mcenareebi erTad arsebobis pirobebSi Rebuloben sargeblobas. es urTierTkavSiri aucilebelia maTi normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis.

2. rac Seexeba komensalizms, igi mcenareTa urTierTobis iseTi formaa, rodesac erTad arseboba xelsayrelia mxolod erTi maTganisaTvis, xolo meoresTvis amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi erTma mcenarem SesaZlebelia gamoiyenos meore mcenare mimagrebis obieqtad.

3. parazitizmi urTierTobis gansxvavebuli formaa. mcenare paraziti cxovrobs sxva mcenaris xarjze. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac parazitul mcenares gaaCnia mwvane Seferiloba, e.i. ganicdis fotosinTezss, maSin mas naxevrad parazits uwodeben.

4. konkurencia warmoiqmneba mcenareTa Soris arsebobisTvis brZolaSi. es brZola gamoixateba mcenaris tanis ganviTarebaSi,

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sakveb nivTierebebze, sinaTleze da a.S. am dros orive konkurenti mcenare erTmaneTze uaryofiTad moqmedebs.

anTropogenuri faqtorebi adamianebi odiTganve axdenen zemoqmedebas garemoze

da bunebrivia mcenareul safarzec. es gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia Cvens droSi.

adamianis gavlena garemoze SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.

pirdapiri gavlenaa mosavlis aReba, tyis gaCexva, yvavilebis da kvirtebis gakrefa da a.S. aseTi gavlena bunebrivia uaryofiTad moqmedebs garemoze da iwvevs zogierTi saxis mcenareulobis Semcirebas da ganadgurebasac ki.

iribi gavlena gamoixateba mcenareTa arsebobis pirobebis SecvlaSi. mas miekuTvneba yvelanairi irigaciuli samuSaoebi. kerZod, morwyva, Waobebis amoSroba da sxva.

mcenareulobaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs agreTve adamianTa mier atmosferos da niadagebis dabinZureba, rac xSirad iwvevs mcenareTa zogierTi saxeobebis sruliad ganadgurebas. 2.2.ekologiuri faqtorebi da cxovelTa samyaro

mcenareTa analogiurad am SemTxvevaSic ganixileba cxovelTa arsebobis ekologiuri faqtorebi. kerZod, abioturi, bioturi da anTropogenuli. zustad analogiurad ganiazRvreba nebismieri faqtoris minimumi, maqsimumi da optimumi, Tavisi Sesabamisi pesimumebiT.

abioturi faqtorebi siTbo. cnobilia, rom swored siTbo gansazRvravs

dedamiwaze cxovelTa gansaxlebas. cxovelebi siTbos amtanobis mixedviT iyofa 2 ZiriTad jgufad _ evriTermebi da stenoTermebi.

“evri” berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs “farTos”. aqedan gamomdinare evriTermul jgufs miekuTvnebian cxovelebi, romlebic itanen temperaturis did cvalebadobas.

“stenoc” berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs “viwros”, amitom am jgufs miekuTvneba iseTi cxovelebi, romlebic

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ver itanen temperaturis did ryevas da damokidebulni arian mxolod garkveuli, dabali an maRali temperaturis pirobebze. gamomdinare aqedan stenoTermul jgufSi ganasxvaveben cxovelTa 2 saxeobas: civ da Tbil garemoSi misaxleebi. pirveli saxeoba qmnis sicivis moyvarulTa jgufs, xolo meore siTbos moyvarulTa jgufs.

sicivis moyvarulTa jgufidan aRsaniSnavia: TeTri daTvi, selapi, pingvini, CrdiloeTis iremi da a.S.

siTbos moyvarulTa jgufSi: adamianis msgavsi maimunebi, Jirafebi, qvewarmavlebi da a.S.

Tbilsisxliani cxovelebi ufro metad evriTermulebi arian, amitom maTi gansaxleba umetes SemTxvevaSi araa dakavSirebuli temperaturaze.

civsisxlianTa gansaxleba ki mniSvnelovnadaa dakavSirebuli temperaturaze, amitom maT Soris umetes SemTxvevaSi gvxvdebian stenoTermuli cxovelebi.

wyali. cnobilia, rom wyali warmoadgens erTerT mniSvnelovan faqtors cxovelTa samyaroSi. zogierTi cxovelis umetesi nawili 50-90% wyals Seicavs. mag. meduzis sxeuli 98% wyals Seicavs. organizmSi wylis nawilobrivi daklebis Tanave cocxali organizmi avaddeba da xSirad iRupeba, magram zogierT cxovels didxans SeuZlia uwylod gaZleba. aseT cxovelebs miekuTvneba aqlemi, mravali mRrRneli da a.S.

haeris sinotives didi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelTa gansaxlebaSi. zogierTi cxoveli saWiroebs Warb sinotives da misi mcired Semcirebisas iRupebian. samxreT afrikaSi gvalvebis dros, rodesac mdinareebi da wylis udidesi nawili faqtiurad Sreba, am dros mniSvnelovnad ecema haeris sinotive da am ori faqtoris gamo masiurad iRupebian Sinauri cxovelebi da mosaxleobas didi ziani mosdis. amaT paralelurad arseboben iseTi cxovelebic, romlebic sinotivis daklebas advilad itanen.

sinotivisa da wylis moTxovnilebis mixedviT cxovelebs yofen 2 jgufad: evrihidrobiontebi da stenohidrobiontebi.

pirvels miekuTvneba iseTi formebi, romlebic kargad itanen sinotivisa da wylis did meryeobas.

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aseTebia: ZuZumwovarTa umravlesoba da frinvelTa didi nawili.

meoreni saWiroeben an simSrales, an sinotivisa da wylis siWarbes. amasTan dakavSirebiT maT Soris ganasxvaveben simSralis da sinotivis moyvarulebs.

Tovlic mniSvnelovani faqtoria cxovelTaTvis. kerZod, rodesac niadagi Tovlis safariTaa dafaruli zogierTi cxoveli veRar moipovebs sakvebs da iRupeba.

sinaTle. misi, rogorc erTerTi ekologiuri faqtoris mniSvneloba zRvebSi da xmeleTze mobinadre cxovelebisTvis gansxvavebulia. zRvas ganaTebulobis mixedviT yofen sam zonad: yvelaze metad ganaTebulia zRvis zedapiridan 30 m-mde zona, romelsac polifotur, anu evfotur zonas uwodeben. zogierT SemTxvevaSi misi siRrme vrceldeba 50-80 m-mde. am zonis momdevno fena vrceldeba 200 m-is siRrmemde. is evfoturTan SedarebiT naklebad gnaTebulia da mas uwodeben mezofotur anu disfotur zonas. zogjer es Sre vrceldeba 400-500 m-mde. es aris praqtikulad sazRvari, romlis qvemoTac fotofirfita reaqcias aRar Rebulobs da praqtikulad aRar gvxvdebian wyalmcenareebi. mis Semdeg vrceldeba Sre, TiTqmis fskeramde da mas afoturi zona ewodeba. igi xasiaTdeba mudmivi wyvdiadiT.

Cvens mier CamoTvlili zonebis Sesabamisad erTmaneTisgan ansxvaveben: polifotur, disfotur da afotur cxovelebs. siRrmis cxovelebs absoluturi wyvdiadis pirobebSi uxdebaT arseboba. amasTan dakavSirebiT mraval siRrmis cxovels axasiaTebT manaTobeli organoebi. zigierTi maTgani brmaa, xolo zogi xasiaTdeba teleskopuri TvalebiT.

xmeleTze mzis sxivi TiTqmis yvelgan aRwevs, garda uRranisa da swored amitom xmeleTis cxovelebSi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian sinaTlis da sibnelis moyvarulebi. pirvels miekuTvneba: ZuZumwovrebi, frinvelTa didi nawili da sxva. meore jgufs ki: Ramis mtacebeli frinvelebi, Cliqosnebis didi nawili, mRrRnelebi da sxva.

Jangbadi. misi moTxovnilebis mxriv cxovelebi nawildebian 2 jgufad, esenia: evrioqsidiontebi da stenooqsidiontebi. pirvels miekuTvnebian isini,

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romlebic Jangbadis saerTo raodenobis cvalebadobas advilad itanen. es jgufi mcirericxovania da maT miekuTvneba kobrisebrTa ojaxis da karasis saxeobebi. danarCenebi ki warmoadgenen stenooqsidiontebs.

amrigad, Cven davinaxeT, rom cxovelTa esaTuis saxeoba egueba garemos garkveul faqtorTa metnakleb amplitudas. cxovelTa calkeuli saxeobis unarianobas garemos faqtorTa meryeobis amtanianobisadmi, ekologiuri anu zoologiuri valentovneba ewodeba. rac ufro didia igi, miT ufro farTo gavrceleba axasiaTebT.

aseT formebs, rogorc viciT evribiontebi ewodebaT, xolo mcire ekologiuri valentovnebis mqone cxovelebi warmoadgenen stenobiontebs.

2.3. biocenozebi kavSiri mcenareulobasa da cxovelebs Soris

ormxrivia. kerZod, cxovelebi mcenareulobidan Rebuloben organul nivTierebebs, xolo mcenareebi Tavis mxriv cxovelebidan iReben azots. aseTi urTierT kavSiri miuTiTebs imaze, rom ar SeiZleba saubari calke mcenareTa da calke cxovelTa arsebobaze, aramed arsebobs mcenareTa da cxovelTa garkveuli dajgufebebi, romelTac biocenozebs uwodeben. biocenozi warmoadgens istoriulad, ekologiurad da fiziologiurad dakavSirebul formaTa kanonzomier kompleqss. yovel biocenozs ukavia biosferos garkveuli adgili anu biotopi. biocenozebi iqmneba evoluciis procesSi bunebrivi SerCevis safuZvelze. msgavsad geografiuli garsisa Tu SevcvliT biocenozis romelime rgols, Seicvlebian sxva danarCeni rgolebic. am mxriv gvaqvs sruli analogia geografiul garsTan. xmeleTze biocenozis struqturaSi, rogorc wesi batonoben mcenareebi, xolo zRvebsa da okeaneebSi ki cxovelebi. saxeobaTa simdidre biocenozebSi sxvadasxvaa. polarul qveynebSi, udabnoebSi da maRalmTian raionebSi is SedarebiT Raribia. ufro metia tyeebSi da gansakuTrebiT mravalferovania tropikul tyeebSi. yovelive es ganisazRvreba niadagklimaturi da sakvebi pirobebiT.

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biocenozebi sakmaod mdgradi warmonaqmnia, Tu mas davarRvevT gaaCnia aRdgenis unari. Tavisi ganviTarebis procesSi biocenozis erTi mdgradi tipi icvleba meore mdgradi tipiT. am Secvlis process ewodeba sukcesia. igi warmoadgens biocenozis cvlilebis gamomwvevi Sinagani da garegani mizezebis Serwymis rTul Sedegs. garegan mizezss miekuTvneba biocenozSi axali cxovelebis da mcenareebis SeRweva, havis Secvla, adamianTa sameurneo moRvaweoba da sxva.

Sinagani mizezebia niadagebis evolucia, brZola biocenozis SigniT arsebul organizmTa Soris da kidev sxva mravali.

Tavi 3. atmosferos ekologiuri problemebi 3.1.garemos gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa

buneba da Tvisebebi adamiani Tavisi sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad

aWuWyianebs atmosferul haers, rac Tavis mxriv uaryofiTad ubrundeba TviT adamians. garemos dabinZurebis wyaroebs Soris pirvel adgilzea naxSirbadebis wiaRiseuli. maT miekuTvneba naxSiri, navTobi da gazi. maTi wvis Sedegad gamoyofili narCenebi aWuWyianeben atmosferos da uaryofiT gavlenas axdenen adamianis organizmze. atmosferos gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebi adamianis organizmze moqmedebis TvalsazrisiT axdenen fizikur da qimiur zemoqmedebas. fizikur zemoqmedebas axdens radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi, siTburi gaWuWyianeba(temperaturis gazrda), xmauri da dabalsixSiriani vibraciebi. qimiur zemoqmedebas axdens Txevadi naxSirwyalbadebi, sarecxi saSualebebi, plastmasebi, pesticidebi da sxva sinTeTikuri nivTierebebi, azotis da gogirdis narCenebi, mZime metalebi, ftoris SenaerTebi, myari minarevebi, organuli nivTierebebi.

warmoSobis mixedviT atmosferuli haeris gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebi iyofa bunebrivi da xelovnuri (antropogenuri) warmoSobis minarevebad. bunebrivi warmoSobis minarevebi atmosferoSi xvdeba vulkanuri moqmedebis, niadagisa da mTis qanebis

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gamofitvis, tyeebis xanZris, meteoritebis wvis Sedegad. antropogenuri warmoSobis minarevebi warmoiqmneba upirveles yovlisa sawvavis wvis procesSi – Sida wvis ZravebSi, Tboeleqtro sadgurebSi, gamaTbobel sis temebSi da agreTve samrewvelo da yofiTi narCenebis wvis, birTvuli afeTqebebis da sxv. Sedegad.

erT weliwadSi atmosferoSi moxvedrili msoflio samrewvelo yofiTi gamonabolqvebis saerTo masa daaxlovebiT 600 gega tonas Seadgens. gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi atmosferoSi moxvda 1,35 mega t kremniumi, 1,5 mega t miSiaki, 1mega t-ze meti nikeli 0,6 mega t cinki.

Semadgenlobis mxriv atmosferoSi moxvedril minarevebs Soris ganasxvaveben airovans, myars da Txevads. amasTan airovan nivTierebaTa wilze 90% modis. mas miekuTvneba naxSirbadis oqsidi, gogirdis dioqsidi, azotis oqsidebi, naxSirwyalbadebi. myar minarevebze-mtveri, mZime metalebi,mineralebi da organuli SenaerTebi, radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi modis daaxlovebiT 10%. Txevadi minarevebis masa (gogirdmJava) airovan da myar minarevebs Soris Zalze mcirea.

atmosferos yvelaze gavrcelebuli gazia naxSirbadis oqsidi (CO). misi ZiriTadi masa warmoiQmneba saTbobis wvis Sedegad, xolo ZiriTadi wyaro Sida wvis Zravaa. aSS-i avtomanqanebi yovelwliurad gamoabolqveben 120 mega tona naxSirbadis oqsids. misi maqsimaluri mniSvneloba warmoiqmneba Zravas gaxurebis procesSi.

meore, masis sididiT, atmosferos gamaWuWyianabel nivTierebaTa Soris gogirdis dioqsidia(SO2). is ZiriTadad warmoiqmneba naxSiris wvis Sedegad. gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad yovelwliurad atmosferoSi xvdeba 145 mega tona gogirdis dioqsidisa. amave dros am gamonabolqvebis 70% warmoiqmneba naxSiris, xolo 16%-Txevadi saTbobis, ZiriTadad mazuTis wvis Sedegad.

SO2-is daSla atmosferoSi xdeba masze ultraiisferi radiaciis moqmedebis Sedegad, rac ganapirobebs gogirdis angidridis(SO3) warmoqmnas. gaWuWyianebul notion atmosferoSi reaqciebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba agreTve gogirdmJava(H2SO4). atmosferoSi xvdeba agreTve gogirdwyalbadi(H2S), romelic warmoiqmneba niadagis mikroorganizmebSi da zRvis garemoSi.

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benzinisa da dizelis wvis Sedegad Sida wvis ZravebSi warmoiqmneba azotis oqsidi da dioqsidi. azotis dioqsidi atmosferoSi rCeba daaxlovebiT 3 dReRamis ganmavlobaSi. wylis orTqlTan reaqciis Sedegad is gardaiqmneba azotmJavad da sxva nitratebad, romlebic, naleqebTan erTad, ubrundebian niadags. azotis dioqsidi iSleba agreTve ultraiisferi radiaciis zemoqmedebad da gardaiqmneba NO–d. misi daSla xdeba agreTve maRali temperaturebis (600-ze meti) dros.

naxSirwyalbadis warmoqmnis ZiriTadi wyaro mcenareebia, antropogenuri wyaro-avtotransporti. naxSirwyalbadebs miekuTvneba naxSirbadis da azotis oqsidebi.

atmosferoSi, rogorc bunebrivi, ise antropogenuri procesebis Sedegad xvdeba agreTve myari nawilakebi, anu aerozolebi. maT gansxvavebuli formebi aqvT. gaWuWyianebis ZiriTadi wyaroa saSeni masalebis mopovebasTan da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli mrewveloba. kerZod qanebis xerxva karierebSi, cementis damzadeba da sxva. myari nawilakebis did raodenobas-cinks, spilenZs, tyvias da alumins gamoabolqvebs feradi metalurgia.

3.2. atmosferos gaWuWyianebis gavlena adamianze, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroze atmosferoSi moxvedrili nivTierebaTa umravlesoba

uaryofiT gavlenas axdens adamianis organizmze. isini xvdebian adamianis organizmSi sasunTqi organoebidan. nawilakebis 50% aRwevs filtvebSi da ileqeba. organizmSi SeRweuli nivTierebebi iwveven toqsikur efeqts. dadgenilia sakmaod kargi statistikuri kavSiri haeris daWuWyianebis donesa da iseT daavadebaTa Soris, rogorebic aris zeda sasunTqi organoebis daavadeba, gulis ukmarisoba, bronqiti, asTma, pnevmonia, filtvebis emfizema da sxva. Cven ganvixilavT zogierTi mavne nivTierebebis uSualo gavlenis Sedegebs cocxal organizmebze.

CO naxSirbadis oqsidis maRali koncentracia romelic aRemateba dasaSveb zRvars iwvevs adamianis

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organizmSi fiziologiur cvlilebebs, xolo zogjer sikvdilsac. es aixsneba imiT, rom CO advilad uerTdeba hemoglobins. am SeerTebis dros warmoiqmneba karboqsilgemoglobini, rac iwvevs mxedvelobis daqveiTebas, gulis da filtvebis moqmedebis gauaresebas, Tavis tkivils, spazmebs, sunTqvis darRvevasa da sikvdils. CO-s gavlena organizmze fasdeba ara mxolod misi koncentraciiT, aramed misi moqmedebis xangrZlivobiT anu eqspoziciiT. sabednierod karboksilgemoglobinis warmoqmnis procesi Seqcevadia. gazis SesunTqvis SeCerebis Semdeg iwyeba misi TandaTanobiTi gamosvla sisxlidan.

gansakuTrebiT mavne gavlenas adamianebze da

cocxal organizmebze axdens SO₂ da SO₃. maTi moqmedebiT aRiniSneba daavadebulTa da sikvdilianobis swrafi zrda, mcenareTa foTlebis dazianeba da sxva.

mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens radiaqtiuri nivTierebani, isini daSlis Sedegad masaSi klebuloben da usasrulod didi drois Semdeg Teoriulad unda gaqrnen. im dros, romlis ganmavlobaSic radiaqtiuri elementis masa mcirdeba 2-jer, naxevardaSlis periods uwodeben. sxvadasxva nivTierebis naxevardaSlis periodi sxvadasxvaa da icvleba ramodenime saaTidan, ramodenime miliard wlamde.

gansakuTrebiT saSiSia iseTi radiaqtiuri nivTierebani, romelTa naxevardaSlis periodi ramodenime kviridan ramodenime wlamdea. es dro sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom radiaciam SeaRwios mcenareTa da cxovelTa organizmSi. kvebis produqtebis saSualebiT radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi xvdebian adamianis organizmSi, grovdebian da garkveuli dozis miRwevis Semdeg zians ayeneben mis janmrTelobas. radiaciT dasxivebis simZime damokidebulia organizmis mier STanTqmul energiaze. am energiis erTeulad miRebulia 1 radi. is warmoadgens dasxivebis dozas,

rodesac cocxali nivTierebis erTi grami STanTqavs 10⁻¹ j energias. dadgenilia, rom Tu adamiani miiRebs dozas _ 1000 rads, igi iRupeba. 700 radis SemTxvevaSi sasikvdilo Sedegia 90%, 200 radis dros 10%-ia, xolo 100 radis SemTxvevaSi adamiani cocxali rCeba, magram

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mniSvnelovnad izrdeba misi kiboTi daavadebis da sruli paralizebis albaToba.

3.3.atmosferos globaluri gaWuWyianeba

sxvadasxva wyaroebidan gamoyofili atmosferos gamaWuWyialebeli nivTierebebi gadaitanebian haeris masebis mier da vrceldebian sakmaod did manZilebze. aseTi gziT warmoiqmneba atmosferos globaluri daWuWyianeba. am gaWuWyianebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili miekuTvneba radiaqtiur minarevebs, radganac swored isini warmoadgenen udides saSiSroebas. atmosferos radiaqtiuri gaWuWyianeba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda 20sk-is 50-60-ian wlebSi, rac dakavSirebuli iyo birTuli iaraRis masobriv gamocdebTan. 1963 wels bieTvuli iaraRis gamocda atmosferosa da kosmosSi akrZaluli iqna, Tumca zogierTi qveyana (CineTi, safrangeTi da sxva) ar SeuerTda am konferencias da ganagrZo iaraRis gamocda. swored amitom, atmosferos radiaqtiuri gaWuWyianebis problema dResac inarCuebs aqtualurobas. radiaqtiuri minarevebis atmosferoSi moxvedris 4 wyaroa da amis Sesabamisad maT yofen 4 jgufad: I-s miekuTvneba dedamiwis qerqis zogierTi radiaqtiuri elementis eminaciebi da maTi daSlis produqtebi. II-s qmnian kosmogenuri izotopebi, romlebic warmoiqmnebian haeris atomebis kosmosur sxivebTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. III jgufs qmnian birTvuli afeTqebis produqtebi, xolo IV-s ki atomuri mrewvelobis narCenebi.

gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad dadgenilia, rom birTvuli afeTqebebi iwveven ara mxolod lokaluri masStabis Sedegebs, aramed seriozul, globalur darRvevebs, ramac SesaZloa migviyvanos havis Seuqcevad cvlilebamde, dedamiwis ozonis fenis garRvevamde da biosferos arsebiT gardaqmnamde. birTvuli afeTqebis dros warmoiqmneba gavarvarebuli cecxlovani sfero, romelic warmoadgens sinaTlis gamosxivebisa da dartymiTi talRis wyaros. afeTqebis momentSi gavarvarebuli sferos emperature Seadgens ramodenime million graduss. afeTqebidan daaxloebiT 10-15 wamis Semdeg temperatura ecema 2000-3000-mde da amave dros cecxlovani sfero kargavs sikaSkaSes. erTmaneTisagan

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ganasxvaveben: sahaero, miwiszeda da miwisqveSa an wyalqveSa birTvul afeTqebebs.

sahaero afeTqebis dros cecxlovani sfero ar exeba dedamiwis zedapirs da mTeli radiaqtiuri mtveri Sedgeba mxolod bombis radiaqtiuri narCenebisagan, kerZod namsxvrevebisagan. isini afeTqebis dros orTqldebian, xolo Semdgomi gacivebisas ganicdian kondensacias.

miwiszeda afeTqebis dros cecxlovani sfero exeba dedamiwis zedapirs, ris gamoc is itacebs gruntis mniSvnelovan masas. am dros gruntis zedapiruli fena, ramodenime aseuli metris radiusSi orTqldeba da ereva afeTqebis radiaqtiur produqtebs. gacivebis Sedegad warmoqmnili myari nawilakebi warmoadgenen radiaqtiurobis ZiriTad gadamtanebs. rodesac sfero kargavs sikaSkaSes warmoiqmneba TeTri an nacrisferi radiaqtiuri Rrubeli, is Rebulobs sokosmagvar formas da TandaTan zemoT miiwevs. am Rrublis aRmasvla grZeldeba manam, sanam misi temperatura ar gautoldeba garemos temperatures. amis Semdeg Rrubelis moZraoba damokidebulia or ZiriTad faqtorze: I _ simZimis Zalis moqmedebaze haeris winaaRmdegobis ZalebTan erTad da II _ qaris velze.

pirveli faqtoris moqmedebiT xdeba nawilakebis daSveba, xolo meores moqmedebiT _ Rrublis gadatana horizontaluri mimarTulebiT. radiaqtiuri produqtebis daSvebis saerTo dro, saSualo da didi simZlavris bombebisaTvis Seadgens 6-8 saaTs, xolo maTi horizontaluri gavrcelebis zomebi icvleba did sazRvrebSi, romelic dakavSirebulia qaris siCqareze da misi simaRlis cvlilebaze.

3.4.atmosferos gaWuWyianeba

moZravi wyaroebidan avtotransportis da aviaciis ganviTarebam

arsebiTad gazarda maTgan gamonabolqvi airebis wili atmosferoSi. Sefasebebi gviCvenebs, rom saSualo raodenobis mosaxleobis samrewvelo qalaqSi avtotransportis wilze modis gamonabolqvis saerTo masis 30-70%. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

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damaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebis 40% modis moZravi wyaroebis gamonabolqvze, maT Soris satvirTo da samgzavro avtomobilebze, orTqmavlebze da sahaero transportze. ZiriTadi wili moZravi wyaroebidan atmosferos dabinZurebaSi modis benzinze momuSave avtomobilebze. a.S.S.-Si maTi xvedriTi wili Seadgens 75%-s, TviTmfrinavebis gamonabolqvisa _ 5% da a.S.

ZiriTadi gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebia naxSirbadis oqsidi, naxSirwyalbadebi da azotis oqsidebi. naxSirwyalbadebisa da naxSirbadis oqsidis udidesi gamonabolqvi aRiniSneba avtotransportis damuxruWebisa da Tavisufali svlis dros, xolo azotis oqsidisa Seesabameba did siCqareebs. saerTod avtomobilebi Zlier AaWuWyianeben haers gaCerebisa da daZvris dros. dizelis Zravebi SedarebiT ekonomiuria da gamoabolqveben zogierTi nivTierebis SedarebiT nakleb raodenobas, magram dizelis Zrava didi raodenobiT gamoabolqvebs dauwvav naxSirbads, amitom isini ufro metad aWuWyianeben garemos da ufro cudad moqmedeben adamianis janmrTelobaze. TviTmfrinavis gamonabolqvebi naklebad moqmedeben qalaqis haerze, is ZiriTad gavlenas axdens haeris gaWuWyianebaze mxolod aeroportis raionSi. Sefasebulia, rom sawvavis 42% ixarjeba TviTmfrinavis gamoyvanaze asafren bilikamde da Seyvanaze misi dajdomis Semdeg. am dros dauwvavi da atmosferoSi gamonabolqvi sawvavi gacilebiT metia vidre mTeli frenis ganmavlobaSi.

zogierTi siCqaris TviTmfrinavebi da kosmosuri xomaldebi aWuWyianeben stratosferos azotisa da gogirdmJavas moqmedebiT, agreTve aluminis oqsidis nawilakebiT. isini uaryofiTad moqmedeben ozonis fenaze da haeris globalur temperaturaze. qlor-ftor meTanebi, freoni 11, freoni 12, isini warmoadgenen gazs, romlebic warmoiqmnebian im aerozoluri preparatebis aorTqlebisas, romlebic gamoiyeneba Tmebis SesaRebad. aRniSnuli gazebi vrceldebian da xangrZlivad arseboben troposferoSi.

freonebi aZliereben saTburis efeqts, gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad daaxloebiT 2030 wels freonebis gavlenis Sedegad ozonis saerTo raodenoba Semcirdeba 18%-iT,

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xolo qveda stratosferoSi 40 %-iT. yovelive amis saboloo Sedegad, globaluri miwispira temperatura gaizarda 12-21C-iT.

atmosferos mavne gamWuWyianebelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba agreTve xmauri, is gamaRizianeblad moqmedebs adamianze, misi gavlena damokidebulia mis intensivobaze, mis speqtralur Sedgenilobaze da moqmedebis xangrZlivobaze. adamianze gansakuTrebiT moqmedebs xmauri 3000-5000 herci sixSiris diapazoniT. xmauri damRupvelad moqmedebs sasmen aparatze, centralur da vegetatur nervul sistemaze da gulis muSaobaze. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavebis xmauri, igi iwvevs xmis talRis dartymas da vibraciebs aeroportis axlos ganlagebul binebSi. Tanamedrove zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavebi gamoscemen xmas, romlis intensivobac gacilebiT aRemateba dasaSveb normebs.

3.5.qalaqis klimatis antropogenuri cvlilebebi

qalaqis sahaero sivrceSi moxvedrili gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebani atmosferuli da sxva procesebis urTierTqmedebiT arsebiT gavlenas axdenen qalaqis da misi Semogarenis mikro- da mezoklimatur reJimze. am gavlenis Sedegad qalaqSi xdeba garkveuli cvlilebebi temperaturis, sinotivis, qaris siCqaris, radiaciis, mxedvelobis, naleqebis, Rrublebis da nislis ganawilebaSi.

qalaqisa da mis Semogarens Soris temperaturaTa sxvaobis Sesaxeb miuTiTa ingliselma mecnierma louk houardma jer kidev 1820 wels. misi monacemebiT londonSi saSualo Tviuri temperatura zogjer 1,2-iT aRemateba temperaturas mis SemogarenSi. didi qalaqis mikroklimati ganisazRvreba mTeli

rigi faqtorebiT: 1. gamonabolqvebisa da mtvris arsebobiT, rac

cvlis radiaciul reJims da wylis orTqlis kondensaciis pirobebs;

2. qvefenili zedapiris TaviseburebiT, romelic xasiaTdeba kargi siTbogamtarobiT;

3. qalaqis Zlier danawevrebuli reliefiT(quCaTa qseli, moednebi, skverebi,

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parkebi, nagebobebi), rac ganapirobebs qaris siCqaris da mimarTulebis, agreTve turbulenturi cvlis intensivobis Secvlas.

qalaqi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens radiaciul reJimze. centraluri evropis did qalaqebSi Catarebuli dakvirvebebis Sedegad dadginda, rom atmosferos gaWuWyianebis Sedegad mzis radiaciis nakadi qalaqSi mis SemogarenTan SedarebiT Semcirebulia 29-36%-mde. gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebani ara mxolod ancireben mzis radiaciis nakads, aramed cvlian mis speqtralur Sedgenilobas. magaliTad parizSi jamuri radiaciis nakadSi ultraiisferib radiaciis wilze modis 0,3%, qalaqgareT ki-3% da a.S.

radiaciuli balansis Secvla da siTbos damatebiTi modena atmosferoSi ganapirobebs qalaqis maRal temperaturul fons. o.drozdovis Tanaxmad saSualo wliuri temperaturebi gareubanTan SedarebiT moskovsa da TbilisSi momatebulia 0,80-iT, parizsa da stokholmSi-0,70-iT, milanSi-1,30-iT, xolo niu-iorkSi-1,80-iT.

qalaqis rolis gavlena haeris temperaturaze gansakuTrebiT didia gazafxulze, rac am dros turbulenturi cvlis gaaqtiurebis Sedegia.

qalaqis gavlena SeiniSneba agreTve Rrublianobisa da naleqebis mniSvnelobebSic. qalaqis Tavze haeris swrafi gaTbobis, turbulentobis gaZlierebis da anTropogenuli warmoSobis aerozolebis koncentraciis gazrdis gamo warmoiqmneba Rrublebis ganviTarebis xelsayreli pirobebi. amitom Rrublianoba da naleqebi qalaqis centrSi izrdeba. sxvaoba udidesia zafxulis TveebSi, rac konveqciuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas da turbulenturi cvlis gaZlierebas ukavSirdeba.

did gavlenas atmosferos gaWuWyianebis doneze axdens qari. sacxovrebeli da samrewvelo nagebobani cvlian haeris nakadis siCqares da mimarTulebas. amiT isini gavlenas axdenen qalaqSi gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa ganlagebaze. qalaqis atmosferos gaWuWyianeba xels uwyobs mxedvelobis gauaresebas, nislis sixSiris gazrdas.

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Tavi 4. hidrosferos ekologiuri problemebi 4.1.wylis ZiriTadi momxmareblebi wylis resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebisaTvis

upirvelesyovlisa saWiroa vicodeT Tu misi ra raodenobaa saWiro yvela momxmareblis dasakmayofileblad ara mxolod dRevandel pirobebSi, aramed perspeqtivaSic. meurneobis dargebs wylis resursebTan mimarTebaSi hyofen or kategoriad:wylismomxmareblebad da

wylisgamomyeneblebad. wylismomxmareblebi wyals gamoiyeneben samrawvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis Sesaqmnelad, xolo wylisgamomyeneblebi wyals gamoiyeneben, rogorc garemos (wylis transporti, meTevzeoba) an rogorc energiis wyaros (hidroeleqtrosadgurebi).

wylis resursebis Tanamedrove kompleqsuri gamoyenebis etapze zRvari am or kategorias Soris iSleba da orives uwodeben wylismomxmareblebs. qvemod ganvixilavT wyalmomxmareblobis ZiriTad saxeobebs.

mosaxleobis wyalmomarageba. es dargi dakavSirebulia wylis sasmelad da komunalur-sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebiT gamoyenebasTan. am miznebisaTvis saWiro wylis raodenoba dakavSirebulia mosaxleobis raodenobasTan. mag.: moskovsa da niu-iorkSi xvedriTi wyalmomarageba Seadgens daaxloebiT 600 litrs erT kacze (dRe-RameSi), parizsa da sankt peterburgSi _ 500 l, londonSi _ 300 l da a.S.

mrewvelobis wyalmomarageba. mrewvelobaSi saWiro wylis momarageba damokidebulia TviT mrewvelobis dargze, am mrewvelobaSi arsebul teqnologiebze, wyalmomaragebis sistemebze, klimatur pirobebze da a.S.

XX sk xasiaTdeba mrewvelobaSi wylis gamoyenebis mzardi tempebiT. mag.: 1900 wels mTels msoflioSi mrewvelobis miznebisTvis gamoiyeneboda 30kub.m wyali. 1950 wels _ 190kub.m, 1970 w-s _ 510kub.m, xolo 2000 wlisTvis 1900kub.m-s miaRwia. es aixsneba rogorc saerTod mrewvelobis swrafi ganviTarebiT, agreTve iseTi axali wyaltevadi warmoebis swrafi ganviTarebiT, rogoricaa navTobqimiuri mrewveloba, Tboenergetika da sxva. Tboenergetika moiTxovs wylis did raodenobas

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agregatebis gasaciveblad. wylis ufro met raodenobas saWiroebs atomurieleqtrosadgurebi da sxva.

wylis momxmarebloba soflis meurneobis mier. soflis meurneoba wylis moxmarebis erTerTi ZiriTadi dargia. sarwyavi miwebis farTobi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. Tu XX sk-is dasawyisSi mTels msoflioSi sarwyav miwebs ekava 40 mln ha, 1970 wels igi gaizarda 235 mln ha-mde, xolo 2000 wlisaTvis am miwebis miaxloebiTi farTi 420 mln ha-s Seadgenda.

wyalsacaveebic wylis erTerTi momxmarebelia da maTi raodenoba mTels msoflioSi ganuwyvetlad izrdeba. wylis moxmareba wyalsacavebis mier Seadgenda

1970 wlisaTvis 70kub.km-s, xolo 2000 wlisaTvis 240 k-s. jamuri wylis momxmarebloba. mTeli msoflios

mdinareTa Camonadeni Seadgens daaxloebiT 44 540kub.m-Si. 2000 wlisTvis kacobrioba iyenebda am Camonadenis 12-13%-s. calkeul kontinentebs Soris yvelaze didi momxmarebloba aqvs evrazias, romlis wyalmomxmarebloba Seadgens 10-22%-s, xolo yvelaze naklebi aqvs samxreT amerikas 10-dan 3 %-mde.

4.2. sameurneo moRvaweobis gavlena xmeleTis wylebze xmeleTis wylebis resursebis intensiuri

gamoyenebis Sedegad icvleba ara mxolod wylis raodenoba, aramed icvleba agreTve wylis balansis mdgenelebi, wylis obieqtebis hidrologiuri reJimi da TviTon wylis xarisxic. wylis resursebis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv cvlilebebze gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdenen sameurneo moRvaweobis iseTi saxeobebi, rogorebicaa wyalmomxmarebloba, samrewvelo da komunaluri miznebisaTvis, agreTve urbanizacia, wyalsacavebis Seqmna, morwyva amoSroba da sxvadasxva agromelioraciuli samuSaoebi.

ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi ramdenadme detalurad. mrewveloba. wylis xarisxobrivi cvlileba

umTavresad gamowveulia mrewvelobis iseTi dargebis mier, rogoricaa metalurgiuri, qimiuri, organuli sinTezis da kidev sxva dargebis mier gadamuSavebuli wyali bunebrivia icvlis Sedgenilobas da binZurdeba.

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ZiriTad damaWuWyianebel nivTierebebs am wyalSi Seadgenen navTobi, feradi metalebi, fenolebi, rTuli qimiuri SenaerTebi da sxva. yovelive es gavlenas axdens biocenozze, moqmedebs bunebis ganviTarebaze da axdens biologiuri procesebis darRvevas. calke unda aRiniSnos e.w. siTburi dabinZureba, mag. Tu temperatura ar aRemateba 26C-s biocenozze mavne zemoqmedeba ar aRiniSneba, Tu temperatura 26_30C-mdea, maSin es uaryofiTad moqmedebs Tevzebis sicocxlis unarianobaze, xolo 30C-is zeviTaa, aRiniSneba mavne zemoqmedeba biocenozze.

sameurneo_sayofacxovrebo anu komunaluri Camonadeni wylebi. am wylebis gamo Tanamedrove pirobebSi did mdinareebzec ki, didi qalaqebis maxloblad aRiniSneba intensiuri gaWuWyianeba. sayofacxovrebo Camonadeni wylebi Seicaven sxvadasxva saxis baqteriebs, sakmaod didi raodenobiT, ris gamoc SeiZleba gaxdes infeqciur daavadebaTa warmoqmnis mizezi.

urbanizacia. urbanizaciis qveS igulisxmeba mosaxleobis da sawarmoo Zalebis qalaqSi koncentracis procesi. igi mWidrod ukavSirdeba mosaxleobis zrdas da mecnierebis da teqnikis swraf ganviTarebas. am procesis intensivoba mkveTrad gaizarda XX sk-is II naxevridan da 2000 wels mTeli dedamiwis mosaxleobis didi nawili cxovrobda qalaqSi. yovelive es iwvevs urbanizebul teritoriaze wylis moxmarebis zrdas, rogorc mosaxleobis, ise mrewvelobis mxriv, rac Tavis mxriv zrdis samrewvelo Tu sayofacxovrebo Camonadenebs da Sesabamisad iwvevs maTi xarisxis cvlilebebs, romlebic bunebrivia uaryofiTad moqmedeben garemoze.

samelioracio RonisZiebebis gavlena zedapirul wylebze. morwyvac da amoSrobac arsebiTad moqmedeben samelioracio teritoriebis wylebis bunebriv resursebze. rwyvis Sedegad icvleba teritoriis saSualo wliuri Camonadeni, misi Sida wliuri ganawileba, Camonadenis eqstremaluri , sarwyavi masivebidan gamotanili marilebis xarjze xdeba mdinareebis wylis mineralizaciis zrda, misi qimiuri Sedgenilobis cvlileba mdinareebSi moxvedrili

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marilebis raodenoba aRwevs aTeulobiT, xolo Zlier damlaSebuli niadagebis SemTxvevaSi ki aseul tonasac 1 ha-dan.

amoSrobis gavlena vlindeba gruntis wylebis donis dacemaSi, niadagis tenis maragis cvlilebaSi da saerTod teritoriis wylis balansis cvlilebaSi.

wylis xarisxis cvlileba wyalsacavebSi. wyalsacavebis Seqmna iwvevs wylis hidroqimiuri reJimisa da xarisxis cvlilebas im mdinareTa mimarT, romelzedac aigebian. erTi wyalsacavis hidroTermel reJimze gavlenas axdens am wyalsacavSi wylis cvlilebis intensivoba, romelic gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT: k=wsr|wwl, wsr aris wyalsacavis moculoba, xolo wwl aris konkretuli mdinaris wliuri Camonadeni. rac metia Camonadeni, miT naklebia wyalsacavSi wylis mineralizaciis cvlileba da es damokidebuleba saSualebas iZleva wyalsacavis daproeqtebis fazaSive gamoviangariSoT masSi wylis mosalodneli mineralizacia. wylis xarisxis cvlileba wyalsacavSi ganpirobebulia, rogorc wylis reJimis cvlilebiT, ise Sida biologiuri procesebiT: dinebis siCqaris cvlileba, gamWvirvaleobis gazrda, organuli da biologiuri nivTierebebis gazrda, romelic gamowveulia samrewvelo, komunaluri da sasoflo komunaluri CamonadenebiT iwvevs biogenuri nivTierebebiT gamdidrebul wyalSi fotoplanqtonis gaZlierebas. Tu wyalSi gaCndnen lurji an mwvane wyalmcenareebi, maSin am wyalSi warmoiqmnebian toqsikuri nivTierebebi da bunebrivia wylis xarisxi uaresdeba. am process uwodeben meorad anu biologiur gaWuWyianebas.

4.3. msoflio okeanis dabinZurebis wyaroebi da saxeobebi

msoflio okeanis damaWuWyianebel ZiriTad nivTierebebs warmoadgenen navTobi da navTobproduqtebi, pesticidebi, sinTeturad aqtiuri nivTierebebi, mZime metalebi (vercxli, tyvia, cinki, kadmiumi, spilenZi da sxva.). garda amisa msoflio okeanes abinZureben agreTve teqnogenuri warmoSobis radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi. SevCerdeT zogierT maTganze.

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navTobi da navTobproduqtebi. navTobis ZiriTadi komponentebia naxSirbadebi. maTi xvedriTi Sedgeniloba 98%-mdea. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben navTibis 4 klass, esenia parafinebi, cikloparafinebi, aromatikuli naxSirbadebi da olefinebi. navTobi Seicavs agreTve gogirds, Jangbads, azotur SenaerTebs, kobalts, nikels da a.S.

navTobi da navTobproduqtebi erTerTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli damabinZurebeli nivTierebebia msoflio okeaneSi. isini wyalSi sxvadasxva gziT xvdebian, magram navTobis gansakuTrebiT didi raodenoba msoflio okeaneSi xvdeba misi transportirebis dros. wyalSi moxvedrisas navTobi warmoqmnis zedapirul apks, am apkis Seferilobis mixedviT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT misi sisqe.

pesticidebi warmoadgenen xelovnurad Seqmnil nivTierebebs, romlebic gamoiyenebian mavneblebisa da mcenareTa daavadebebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Tanamedrove pirobebSi pesticidebis daaxloebiT 1.5 mln tona nivTierebaa moxvedrili miwiszeda da okeanur ekosistemebSi. pesticidebi did zians ayeneben organizmebs da aqveiTeben bunebrivi biocenozebis janmrTelobas.

sinTetikuradurad aqtiur nivTierebebs Seicaven sinTetikuriuri sarecxi saSualebebi. isini xvdebian zedapirul wylebSi da saboloo jamSi ki okeaneebSi. sinTeturi sarecxi saSualebani Seicaven natriumis polifosfatebs, silikatebs da kidev sxva wylis organizmebisaTvis momwamlav nivTierebebs.

mZime metalebs miekuTvnebian iseTi saxis nivTierebebi, romlebic warmoadgenen toqsikur gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebebs. mZime metalebi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sawarmoebSi da miuxedavad gamwmendi saSualebebisa maTi garkveuli nawili xvdeba Camonaden wylebSi. am SenaerTebis didi nawili okeaneSi xvdeba atmosferodan da unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom biocenozebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSia vercxli, tyvia da kadmiumi.

teqnogenuri warmoSobis radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis, ZiriTadad ki uranisa da plutonis daSlis produqtebis

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okeaneSi didi raodenobiT moxvedra daiwyo 1945 wlis Semdeg. es dro emTxveva birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis da atomuri mrewvelobis ganviTarebis dasawyiss. marto 1948-1962 wlebSi Catarebuli iyo 450 atomuri bombis afeTqeba, romlis Sedegadac atmosferoSi aerozolebis saxiT gavrcelda radiaqtiuri mtveri. atmosferoSi arsebuli radiaqtiuri mtveri haeris masebTan erTad gadaitaneba did manZilze da ileqeba. maTi didi naWili ileqeba Cr. ganedis 450-sa da samxr. ganedis 450-s Soris. wyalqveSa xomaldebze damontaJebuli atomuri energetikuli danadgarebi, agreTve aWuWyianeben okeanes, amas emateba avariebis Sedegad gamoyofili radiaqtiuroba da a.S.

4.4. msoflio okeanis wylebis gaWuWyianebis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba

uamravi eqspediciis Catarebis safuZvelze miRebulia daskvnebi msoflio okeanis dabinZurebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. upirveles yovlisa dadgenilia, rom daWuWyianeba mravali komponentis mxriv iRebs globalur xasiaTs. dadgenilia aseve ZiriTadi cirkulaciuri sistemebis da SedarebiT mdgradi zonebis roli gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebis gadanawilebasa da dagrovebaSi. ase magaliTad, golfstrimis da Cr. atlantikuri dinebis wylebi intensiurad WuWyiandebian CrdiloeT amerikis da evropis sanapiroebTan, samagierod norvegiisa da barenciis zRvebSi isini ganitvirTebian. amrigad arqtikuli raioni, zemoT dasaxelebuli zRvebis CaTvliT, warmoadgens mavne nivTierebaTa akumulators.

Cven ganvixilavT mxolod zogieraTi mavne komponentis ganawilebas.

navTobis naxSirwyalbadebiT gaWuWyianebis raionebi Seesabameba Selfur wylebs, navTobis gadazidvisa da intensiuri mimosvlis raionebs. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia trasebi axlo aRmosavleTidan da indoneziidan iaponiis mimarTulebiT. gaWuWyianebis maRali doniT gamoirCeva iaponiisa da samxr. CineTis zRvebi, wiTeli zRva, sparseTis yure da kidev sxva adgilebi. wylis dinebebis saSualebiT navTobi da navTobproduqtebi gadaitaneba norvegiisa da barenciis zRvebSi. am produqtebis siRrmiT ganawilebas Semdegi

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saxe aqvs, navTobis naxSirwyalbadebis maqsimaluri koncentracia aRinSneba wylis zeda fenebSi, xolo 500 m-is qvemoT isini, rogorc wesi aRar gvxvdebian.

pesticidebis ganawileba msoflio okeaneSi araTanabaria. am mxriv aRiniSneba gazrdili, Semcirebuli da nulovani koncentraciis zonebis monacvleoba. gazrdili koncentraciis lokaluri ubnebi aRiniSneba ara mxolod daWuWyianebis wyaroebTan ganlagebul zonebSi, aramed maTgan sakmaod daSorebul adgilebSi, rac atmosferuli gadatanisa da dinamiuri movlenebis Sedegia. pesticidebis Semadgenloba okeanis wylebSi, rogorc wesi 0-dan 100 m siRrmemde sakmaod erTgvarovania, xolo 500 m-ze mcirdeba orjer.

sinTetikurad aqtiur nivTierebaTa ganawilebaSi aRiniSneba gaWuWyianebis velebis lokalizacia Cr. amerikis, das. evropis da afrikis Selfur zonebSi. Ria okeaneSi maTi koncentracia mcirdeba, maTi fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis gamo umetesi raodenoba Tavs iyris wylis zedapirul fenaSi. amave dros nivTierebaTa mniSvnelovani xsnadoba da wylebis vertikaluri moZraobebi xels uwyoben maT SeRwevas Rrma fenebSi.

toqsikuri metalebis ganawilebaSi aRiniSneba maTi maqsimumi Selfur raionebSi da Sida zRvebSi, xolo minimumi Ria okeaneSi. gansakuTrebiT didi kontrastia tyviis da cinkis ganawilebaSi. tyviis didi koncentracia aRiniSneba baltiis zRvaSi, SedarebiT naklebi CrdiloeTis zRvaSi. cinkis koncentracia gansakuTrebiT maRalia wynari okeanis Cr.das. nawilSi, xolo dabalia samxr. atlantikaSi.

radiaqtiuri gaWuWyianeba, mravalricxovani birTuli afeTqebis Sedegad, wynar okeaneSi ufro maRalia, vidre atlantis okeaneSi. gansakuTrebiT maRali radiaqtiuroba iyo aRniSnuli 1954-58 ww-Si atomuri afeTqebebis dros. am dros dafiqsirda Tevzebis didi raodenobiT daRupva. Cr.aRm. atlantikis radiaqtiurobaSi didi wvlili Seaqvs islandiis zRvaSi didi britaneTis mier CaSvebul narCenebs. vertikalur ganawilebaSi maTi maqsimumi aRiniSneba 100-700 m siRrmeze, minimumi zedapirul fenaSi, xolo 700 m-is qvemoT koncentracia swrafad mcirdeba fskeris mimarTulebiT.

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Tavi 5. liTosferos ekologiuri problemebi 5.1. sameurneo moRvaweobis gavlena niadagebze

biosferos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis liTosferos zeda fena, romlis sisqec ramodenime metrs Seadgens. Swored am fenaSi, anu niadagebSi aris moTavsebuli cocxali organizmebis ZiriTadi masa.

niadagebis cvlilebebze gavlenas axdenen sameurneo moRvaweobis iseTi saxeobebi, rogorebicaa urbanizacia, sasoflo sameurneo samuSaoebi, wyalsacavebis Seqmna, morwyva, amoSroba da sxva agromeloraciuli samuSaoebi. mokled ganvixiloT es samuSaoebi.

1. niadagis gaWuWyianeba atmosferodan. niadagis gaWuWyianeba uSualod ukavSirdeba atmosferuli haeris gaWuWyianebas, am ukanasknelis mdgomareoba ki zemoT iyo ganxiluli Cvens mier. ar gavimeorebT ra monacemebs maTi bunebisa da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, mxolod CamovTvliT, rom maT miekuTvnebian bunebrivi da anTropogenuli warmoSobis iseTi minarevebi, romlebic warmoiSvebian vulkanuri moqmedebis, mTis qanebisa da niadagis gamofitvis, tyis xanZrebis, meteoritebis wvis, saTbobis wvis, birTvuli afeTqebebis Sedegad da a.S. es minarevebi haeris dinebaTa saSualebiT gadaitanebian did manZilebze da Semdeg ileqebian niadagebze.

2. sasoflo sameurneo samuSaoebi. am samuSaoebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs pesticidebis gamoyeneba. pesticidebi warmoadgenen xelovnurad Seqmnil nivTierebebs, romlebic gamoiyenebian mcenareTa daavadebebTan da mavneblebTan sabrZolvelad. ekonomistebis gamoangariSebiT, TiToeuli sabWoTa maneTis danaxarji pesticidebze uzrunvelyofs marcvleuli kulturebidan daaxloebiT 10 man, xolo teqnikuri kulturebidan _ 30 man mogebas. amave dros ekologiuri gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom pesticidebi, anadgureben ra mavneblebs, did zians ayeneben organzmebs da bunebriv biocenozebs. soflis meurneobaSi ukve didi xania dgas problema mavneblebTan brZolis qimiuri meTodebidan ekologiurad sufTa biologiur meTodebze gadasvlisa.

3. samelioracio RonisZiebebi. ukanasknel wlebSi sul ufro farTovdeba samelioracio RonisZiebaTa

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moculobebi, rac dakavSirebulia axali miwebis gamoyenebasTan. Samelioracio RonisZiebebi, maT Soris morwyva da amoSroba, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen niadagebis bunebriv resursebze.

amJamad muSavdeba xmeleTis saerTo farTobis 1/3, xolo irwyveba mxolod 4%. morwyva moxmedebs niadagis adiaciul da siTbur balansze, cvlis mis temperaturul reJims. morwyvis dros xdeba marilebis gamotana niadagebidan, rac gavlenas axdens mis qimiur Sedgenilobaze.

Waobebisa da daWaobebuli miwebis saerTo farTobi Seadgens mTeli xmeleTis 5%. maTi amoSroba warmoadgens bunebrivi pirobebis mizandasaxul gardaqmnas adamianis sakeTildReod. amoSrobis gavlena upirveles yovlisa gamoixateba mocemuli teritoriis wylis balansis SecvlaSi. kerZod icvleba Camonadenis pirobebi, klebulobs gruntis wylebis done, icvleba produqtiuli tenis maragis dinamika da a.S. amave dros matulobs niadagis temperatura, rac xels uwyofs mcenareTa siTboTi uzrunvelyofas.

4. wyalsacavebis mSenebloba. miuxedavad mTeli rigi keTilsasurveli efeqtebisa, rasac axdens xelovnuri wyalsacavi mimdebare teritoriaze, arsebobs azri imis Sesaxeb, rom xelovnuri wyalsacavis Seqmna uayofiT efeqtsac iZleva. aseT efeqtTa ricxvs miekuTvneba zarali (rasac vaxsenebT garemos, sarwyavi miwebis, uZvelesi soflebis Tu tyeebis ganadgurebiT) dakvirvebaTa safuZvelze wyalsacavebis eqspluataciis pirobebSi dadgenilia daWaibebis procesebis gaZliereba, hidrologiuri procesebis gardaqmna, mwvane zonebis daRupva.

yovelive es Tavismxriv gavlenas axdens Tbo da tenbrunvis cvlilebaze, rogorc wyalsacavSi, ise mimdebare teritoriaze.

5.2. niadagebis radiaqtiuli gaWuWyianeba rogorc cnobilia xelovnuri radiaqtiuli

nivTierebani xvdebian biosferoSi, maT Soris niadagebSi, birTvuli afeTqebebis, atomuri danadgarebis avariebis da atomuri mrewvelobis sawarmoTa narCenebis gziT.

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niadagebSi radiaqtiuli daWuWyianebis done ramdenadme SesamCnevi gaxda 1945 wlidan, rac emTxveva birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis periods. niadagebi, iseve rogorc atmosfero da hidrosfero, SedarebiT naklebad binZurdeba atomuri industriis narCenebiT.

dakvirvebaTa masalebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis maqsimaluri koncentracia niadagebSi aRiniSneba, rogorc Crdilo, ise samxreT naxevarsferoebSi 40-50º ganedebSi. Absoluturi maqsimumi Cr. naxevarsferoSi 3-4-jer metia vidre samxreTSi. Cr. ganedis 20-60º intervalSi, sadac Tavmoyrilia msoflio mosaxleobis 80%-ze meti. niadagebis radiaqtiuli daWuWyianeba 2-jer aRemateba mis saSualo mniSvnelobas. minimaluri dabinZureba aRiniSneba ekvatorul zolSi.

niadagi warmoadgens im garemos, romelic radiaqtiuri daSlis produqtebiT kvebavs mcenareul da cxovelur organizmebs. amitom didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mTel rig sakiTxebs, romelTaganac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Semdegi ori. 1. radio izotopebis sorbcia, anu unari maTi niadagSi

yofnisa. 2. radiaqtiuri produqtebis niadagSi migraciis anu

transportirebis unari. radiaqtiuri produqtebis niadagSi sorbciis

sakiTxs didi mniSvneloba aqvs. is damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, gansakuTrebiT ki niadagis qimiur da mineraligiur Semadgenlobaze. Didi mniSvneliba aqvs radiaqtiuri izotopebis STanTqmisaTvis niadagis mJavianobis xarisxs, amave dros gavlenas axdens niadagis meqanikuri Semadgenloba da sxva.

radioizotopebis niadagSi migraciis aRniSnuli Tvisebebis garda efeqti damokidebulia meteorologiur pirobebze, naleqebis raodenobaze da a.S. magaliTad dadgenilia, rom niadagis zedapirze moxvedrili stronciumi SesaZloa wvimis Sedegad gamorecxil iqnas niadagidan. amave dros misi gadaadgileba niadagis ufro Rrma fenebSi pirdapir proporciulia naleqebis raodenobisa. dadgenilia agreTve, rom es procesi Zalze xangrZlivia da

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stronciumi 15 sm siRrmeze SesaZloa gaiJonos mxolod mcire raodenobiT, Tanac ramodenime wlis Semdeg.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mag. qviSaSi, romelic xasiaTdeba kargi filtraciuli TvisebebiT, Tavsxmas swrafad Caaqvs stronciumi niadagis siRrmeSi. Sxva SemTxvevaSi ki rodesac niadags susti filtraciuli Tvisebebi gaaCnia, mTeli stronciumis koncentrireba xdeba mxilid zeda fenebSi. literaturuli monacemebis Tanaxmad mTeli stronciumis 80% moTavsebulia niadagebis zeda 5 sm-ian fenaSi.

5.3. Rvarcofuli procesebi Rvarcofi ewodeba zogierTi mTis mdinaris uecar

da Zalian swraf adidebas, rac warmoiSoba gansakuTrebul geomorfologiur, geologiur da hidroklimatur pirobebSi. upiratesad Tavsxma wvimebis dros, zogjer Tovlisa da yinulis swrafad dnobis an Segubebuli xeobis zRudis gangreviT. Rvarcofi Seicavs didi raodenobiT myar masalas, zogjer 90 %-mde. mas aqvs didi siswrafe da ngreviTi Zala. Rvarcofebi warmoqmnian maTTvis damaxasiaTebel gamonatans. igi saxalxo meurneobas da mosaxleobas did zians ayenebs. arsebobs ori tipis Rvarcofi _ struqturuli, anu Sekruli da turbulenturi, anu denadi. ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani Rvarcoful nakadebs Soris maTSi myari masalis %-uli Sedgenilobaa. struqturuli Rvarcofi, romelic Seicavs 70-80 % myar masalas, warmoiSveba gazafxul zafxulis sazRvarze 5-15 weliwadSi erTxel an ufro gvian. igi viTardeba gansakuTrebul geomorfologiur, liTologiur da klimatur pirobebSi. swored amitom struqturuli Rvarcofi gvxvdeba mxolod zogierTi mdinaris zemo welSi an SemdinareSi. am tipis Rvarcofi gamozidvis konusamde iSviaTad aRwevs da wyalmovardnis nakadis Serevis gamo saxesac icvlis.

turbulenturi Rvarcofi romelSic 20-30 %-ze meti myari Rvarcofuli masalaa didad gavrcelebulia. igi warmoiqmneba SigniT kaxeTis umTavres mdinareebSi da xSirad gamozidvis konusamde da mis periferiebamde aRwevs. maTi dacxroma umetesad gamozidvis konusze xdeba. Rvarcofis es tipi warmoiSveba sam weliwadSi

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erTxel, gazafxulobiT da Semodgomaze, xandaxan ki zafxulSi. RvarcofebSi gamoiyofa ramodenime saxis nakadi. esenia: talaxiani nakadi, talax-qviSiani, qviSian-talaxiani, talax-qviani, qviSian-qviani, qva-talaxiani, qva-qviSiani da wyal-qviani.

SigniT kaxeTSi, gansakuTrebiT kavkasionisa da gomboris qedebis mTis Zirobebze, Rvarcofebs ZvelTaganve qonda adgili. adamiansa da Rvarcofebs Soris mudmivi brZola arsebobda. adreul periodSi Rvarcofebi imarjvebdnen da adamians axalaxal savargulebs arTmevdnen, xolo ukanasknel periodSi SedarebiT ukeT SeswavlaSi da RvarcofsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis, teqnikis gamoyenebis Sedegad, Rvarcofis sakmaod didi nawili alagmuli an Sesustebulia. RvarcofebiT dakavebuli aTasobiT heqtari, kerZod gamozidvis konusebi aTvisebulia da adamianis sasikeTod aris gamoyenebuli. kaxeTSi Rvarcofebis Seswavla da maT winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebis dasaxva me-19-e sk-is dasawyisamde primitiul xasiaTs atarebda. pirveli didi samamulo omis Semdgom kvlevam gegmazomieri, magram calmxrivi xasiaTi miiRo. stiqiur-damangreveli geomorfologiuri procesebi, maT Soris Rvarcofebi, bunebis mravali faqtoriT ganpirobebuli Zalian rTuli movlenebia, romelTanac faqtorebis saxiT genetur kavSirSia geografiis, nawilobriv geologiis, geofizikisa da biologiis iseTi dargebi, rogorebic aris geomorfologia, klimatologia, hidrologia, liTologia, Tanamedrove teqtonikuri moZraoba, botanika da sxva. Rvarcofebis winaaRmdeg saqarTveloSi dRemde Catarebuli RonisZiebebi saTanado doneze ar idga. mag., kaxeTSi zemo alaznis sistemis mSeneblobisas alaznis vakis marjvena mxaris Rvarcoful xevebs TiTqmis yvela mdinaris gaswvriv orive mxareze gaukeTda aluviol yrilebi. magram igi vargisi gamodga mxolod wyalmcirobis periodSi. mZlavri Rvarcofebis dros nakadi TiTqmis yvela mdinaris kalapotidan gadavarda da soflebi da savargulebi waleka. Semdeg kvlav ganmeorda napirebis am meTodiT dacva da Rvarcofebisgan maTi walekva. am meTodma ar gaamarTla. Rvarcofi warmoiqmneba RvarcofwarmomSobi mTavari faqtorebis: reliefis,

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liTologiisa da havis zegavleniT. Tu romelime maTgani, rogorc RvarcofwarmomSobi faqtori, monawileobas ar iRebs Rvarcofi ar warmoiqmneba. mdinaris xeobaSi Tavs iCens, rogorc geomorfologiuri, agreTve hidrologiuri movlenebi. mdinareebSi mimdinare procesebi Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba, mdinaris Rvarcoful tipebSi geomorfologiuri procesebis Sedegad vRebulobT struqturul anu Sekrul Rvarcofebs da turbulentur anu denad Rvarcofebs.

mdinaris hidrologiuri reJimis tipebSi, hidrologiuri procesebis Sedegad, viTardeba 1) wyaldidoba da 2) wyalmovardna.

wyalmovardna, romelSic myari masala mxolod 3-4 %-ia, Rvarcofidan wayaldidobaze gardamaval movlenas warmoadgens. Tu wyalmovardna gaZlierda da maTSi myari masalis raodenoba gaizarda igi miiRebs Rvarcofis saxes, xolo Tu Sesustda da procesi gaxangrZlivda igi Rebulobs wyaldidobis saxes. Rvarcofuli procesebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavari sazrunavia garantirebuli RonisZiebebis dasaxva da Sesruleba. SigniT kaxeTSi adre Catarebulma RonisZiebebma, romlebic saproeqto organizaciebma SeimuSaves, ver aRmofxvres Rvarcofuli procesebi, amitom isini jer kidev did zarals ayeneben saxalxo meurneobas. es faqti ganpirobebulia imiT, rom Rvarcofebisadmi miZRvnil saproeqto angariSebSi mocemuli ar aris procesis arc sistemuri kvleva da arc garantirebuli prognozuli SefasebiTi sinTezi.

Rvarcofebis kvlevisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Rvarcofwarmomqmnel faqtorebs, anu garemos, romelic Rvarcofis warmoSobas, sivrciT gavrcobas da intensivobas gansazRvravs. Rvarcofebis warmoSobas gansazRvravs 3 umTavresi faqtori. esenia, I _ morfologiuri, II _ liTologiur-teqtonikuri, III _ klimatur-hidrologiuri faqtori.

am sami faqtoridan Tu erTerTi faqtori xels ar uwyobs, Rvarcofi ar warmoiqmneba. garda amisa, Rvarcofebze did gavlenas axdenen agreTve niadaguri, mcenareuli, anTropogenuli da geomorfologiuri faqtorebi.

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Tavi^6. globaluri daTboba da gaudabnoeba 6.1. globaluri daTboba

ukanasknel wlebSi mecnierTa yuradReba miipyro im garemoebam, rom atmosferos Semcveli komponentebi ganicdian cvlilebebs, ramac SesaZloa gamoiwvios klimatis globaluri Secvla. es cvlilebebi ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba adamianTa sameurneo saqmianobas da vlindeba ZiriTadad naxSiroJangis raodenobis da atmosferuli aerozolebis koncentraciis gazrdaSi. saTbobis wvis Sedegad atmosferoSi naxSiroJangis raodenobis zrdis SesaZlebloba jer kidev 30-ian wlebSi ivarauda gamoCenilma mecnierma kolenderma, romlis varaudic SedarebiT mogvianebiT dadasturda eqsperimentul masalebze dayrdnobiT.

dagenilia, rom naxSiroJangis balansi atmosferoSi Tanamedrove periodSi ufro metadaa damokidebuli anTropogenur faqtorze, vidre bunebriv pirobebze. adamianTa mier naxSiris, navTobis da sxva sawvavi masalebis moxmareba xels uwyobs naxSiroJangis koncentraciis mniSvnelovan zrdas atmosferoSi. aseTi gziT atmosfero katastrofulad binZurdeba. dadgenilia, rom Tu naxriroJangis koncentracia dRevandelTan SedarebiT 2-jer gaizrdeba, es gamoiwvevs dedamiwaze temperaturis 3&-iT gazrdas. garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdis agreTve Jangbadis koncentraciac, romlis Semcvelobac atmosferoSi bolo saukunis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.

adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba xels uwyobs atmosferuli aerozolebis koncentraciis gazrdasac. Tanamedrove gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad yovelwliurad atmosfero Rebulobs 200-dan 400 mln tonamde atmosferul aerozols, rac atmosferos saerTo masis 10%-20% Seadgens. amasTan erTad dadgenilia isic, rom atmosferuli aerozolebis umravlesoba warmoiSoba didi samrewvelo qalaqebis maxloblad da vrceldeba sakmaod did manZilze. amrigad atmosferos ganviTareba Tanamedrove epoqaSi grZeldeba erTismxriv im procesebis gavleniT, romlebic moqmedebdnen warsulSi da meores mxriv, atmosferoze moqmedebs adamianis saqmianoba. amitom atmosferos Semdgomi ganviTareba damokidebuli iqneba

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swored am ori- bunebrivi da anTropogenuli faqtorebis erTdroul moqmedebasTan.

nax.6.1. globaluri temperaturis cvlileba

XIX saukunis dasasruls daiwyo cnobili “arqtikis daTboba”, ramac maqsimums gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi miaRwia. daTboba gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo gamoxatuli maRali ganedebis atlantikur seqtorSi. Uufro mZlavri aRmoCnda ukanaskneli daTboba, dawyebuli 80-iani wlebidan (nax. 6.1). Ggaeros egidiT Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad am procesis Sedegad gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwis globaluri temperatura gaizarda daaxloebiT 0,50C-iT. globalurma daTbobam gamoiwvia regionaluri klimatebis cvlilebebi, moxda naleqebis gadanawileba.

6.2.gaudabnoeba da masTan brZolis konvencia

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis gaudabnoebasTan brZolis konvenciis Tanaxmad “gaudabnoeba” niSnavs miwis degradacias aridul, naxevrad aridul da mSral subhumidur raionebSi, gamowveuls sxvadasxva faqtorebiT, maT Soris klimaturi cvlilebebiT da adamianis saqmianibiT.

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gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom ukanasknel aTwleulebSi atmosferos zogadma cirkulaciam evropul seqtorSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. atmosferos wneva maRal ganedebSi Semcirda, dabal da zomier ganedebSi gaizarda da centri gadaadgilda samxreT-aRmosavleT-afrikis centralur raionebSi da saxelis zonaze.

wnevis gazrdam da anticiklonebis gaZlierebam dabal ganedebSi xeli Seuwyo Tbili zamTrebisa da gvalvebis ganmeoradobaTa gazrdas, gaudabnoebis arealis gafarToebas. amrigad klimatis cvlilebis bunebriv procesebma gaaqtiura gaudabnoebis procesebi evraziis vakeebze, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, dasavleT da aRmosavleT cimbirSi. CamoTvlili regionebi SemdgomSic gaudabnoebis intensiur zonaSi iqnebian moqceulni.

arsebuli mravalricxovani literaturis Tanaxmad ukanasknel 10-wleulebSi TiTqmis yvela kontinentze aRiniSneba gansakuTrebiT mkacri gvalvebi. 1972 wels daiwyo da TiTqmis saukunis dasasrulamde gagrZelda erT-erTi yvelaze katastrofuli sudano-saxelis gvalva. imave wels daiwyo da 1975-1976 w.w. piks miaRwia xangrZlivma gvalvebma dasavleT evropaSi. zogierTi monacemebiT es iyo yvelaze mkacri gvalva dawyebuli 1698 wlidan.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1977 wlis gvalva yvelaze mkacri iyo 40 wlis periodis ganmavlobaSi, xolo kanadaSi XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze mkacri gvalvebi aRiniSna 1984 da 1988 wlebSi.

ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gvalvebi gaaqtiurda agreTve CrdiloeT afrikaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, cimbirSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, centralur aziaSi, kavkasiaSi.

dendroklimaturi informacia saSualebas gvaZlevs davakvirdeT gvalvebis ganmeoradobis dinamikas ukanaskneli 300 wlis ganmavlobaSi. monacemebi adastureben gvalvianobis gaaqtiurebas TiTqmis yvela kontinentze. gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad ukanaskneli 70-80 wlis ganmavlobaSi gvalvebis ganmeoradoba 2 jer gaizarda, rasac kargad eTanxm,eba

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amave periodSi tbebis donis dacema da teritoriebis gaudabnoebis saerTo zrda.

gaudabnoeba ukve didi xania, rac msoflios mTeli rigi qveynebis ZiriTad ekonomikur, socialur da garemosdacviT problemad iqca. amitomac jer kidev 1977 wels gaeros specialurma konferenciam miiRo gaudabnoebasTan brZolis samoqmedo gegma. miuxedavad amisa 1991 wels gaeros garemosdacviTi programis daskvnis Sesabamisad miwebis degradaciis problema ufro gamwvavda. amasTan dakavSirebiT 1992 wels rio-de-JaneiroSi gamarTul konferenciam TxovniT mimarTa gaeros generalur asambleas, raTa momzadebuliyo gaudabnoebasTan brZolis konvencia. 1994 wlis 17 ivniss parizSi miRebul iqna aRniSnuli konvencia. amJamad mas xeli moawera 160-ze metma saxelmwifom.

saqarTvelom aRniSnul konvencias xeli moawera 1994 wels, xolo ratifikacia moaxdina 1999 wlis 23 ivliss, riTac valdebuleba aiRo SeimuSavos gaudabnoebasTan brZolisa da gvalvis Sedegebis Semcirebisaken mimarTuli saTanado RonisZiebebi.

6.3.gaudabnoebis ZiriTadi raionebi

nax.6.2.-ze warmodgenilia gaeros mier gavrcelebuli gaudabnoebis saSiSroebis qveS arsebuli msoflios gvalviani raionebis ruka. rukaze naCvenebia sakuTriv gvalviani, naxevradgvalviani da mSrali subhumiduri raionebi.

rukidan Cans, rom gaudabnoebis saSiSroeba moelis xmeleTis zedapiris sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils. sadReisod planetaruli masStabiT gaudabnoebas ganicdis sarwyavi miwebis 80%-ze meti, urwyavi miwebis 170 milioni heqtari. gaudabnoeba yovelwliurad ukargavs da gamousadegars xdis 6 milion heqtar farTobs. gaudabnoebiT aqtiurad xelyofil miwebze mosaxleobs msoflios 110 qveynis 860 milioni kaci, anu mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 25^%.

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Nnax.6.2.. gaudabnoebis raionebi: 1-sakuTriv gvalviani; 2-naxevradgvalviani; 3-mSrali subhumiduri

rukaze naCvenebia sakuTriv gvalviani, naxevradgvalviani da mSrali subhumiduri raionebi.

rukidan Cans, rom gaudabnoebis saSiSroeba moelis xmeleTis zedapiris sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils. sadReisod planetaruli masStabiT gaudabnoebas ganicdis sarwyavi miwebis 80%-ze meti, urwyavi miwebis 170 milioni heqtari. gaudabnoeba yovelwliurad ukargavs da gamousadegars xdis 6 milion heqtar farTobs. gaudabnoebiT aqtiurad xelyofil miwebze mosaxleobs msoflios 110 qveynis 860 milioni kaci, anu mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 25^%.

warmodgenil rukidan Cans agreTve, rom aziaSi gaudabnoebis yvelaze aqtiuri kerebi kontinentis centralur nawilSia da ukavia yazaxeTis, uzbekeTis, yirgizeTis, TurqmeneTis da tajikeTis teritoriebi. am qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tbili hava da atmosferuli naleqebis mcire raodenoba, ris gamoc xSiria xangrZlivi gvalviani periodebi. aseT gvalvian ekosistemebs gaaCnia gaudabnoebis maRali riski, rasac

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unaleqobasTan erTad xels uwyobs gaiSviaTebuli mcenareuli safari, agreTve qviSiani da damlaSebuli niadagebi.

gaudabnoeba did zarals ayenebs CineTs. qveynis pirdapiri finansuri danakargebi gaudabnoebis gamo weliwadSi 2-3 miliard dolars Seadgens, xolo 170 milionze meti adamiani rCeba yovelgvari saarsebo saSualebebis gareSe. qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi yovelwliurad gaudabnoeba vrceldeba daaxloebiT 210 aTas ha farTobze. amJamad gaudabnoebulia 20 milionamde ha teritoria da analogiuri procesi viTardeba kidev 14 miln ha farTobze.

yvelaze gvalvian kontinentad avstraliaa miCneuli, radganac iq gvalvas da gaudabnoebas ganicdis kontinentis teritoriis daaxloebiT ori mesamedi. calkeul raionebSi finansuri danakargebi yovelwliurad Seadgens 30-40%-s. didi zarali aqvs miyenebuli kontinentisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mdidar biomravalferovnebas.

6.4.gaudabnoebis ZiriTadi bunebrivi faqtori –

gvalva gaudabnoebis bunebrivi faqtorebidan ZiriTadia

klimaturi faqtori – gvalva. s.xromovisa da l.mamontovas ganmartebis Tanaxmad “gvalva aris xangrZlivi periodi gazafxulsa da zafxulSi, romlis drosac naleqebi normaze gacilebiT dabalia, haeris temperatura ki maRali, ris gamoc niadagSi arsebuli tenis maragi Sreba da iqmneba mcenaris normaluri zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobebi, mindvris kulturebis mosavlianoba ki ecema an mosavali iRupeba”.

gvalva miekuTvneba klimatis katastroful movlenaTa ricxvs. xSirad moicavs aTasobiT kilometr teritoriebs. gvalvis dros iRupeba, rogorc bunebrivi, ise kulturuli mcenareuloba. cxovelTa nawili iRupeba, xolo nawili gafdasaxldeba sxva raionebSi.

Kkontinentebis mxriv gvalvian raionebs yvelaze didi teritoria aziaSi ukavia. AaseTi raionebis saerTo farTobi iq aRemateba 1,8 miliard heqtars, saidanac 1,4

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miliardi ha ganicdis mniSvnelovan gvalvianobas. AfrikaSi gvalvian raionebs ukavia 1,4 miliardi ha farTobi, aqedan mniSvnelovan gvalvas ganicdis 1 miliard ha-ze meti farTobi. AvstraliaSi gvalviani raionebi moicavs 0,7 miliard ha-s, mniSvnelovnad gvalviani ki –0,4mlrd. ha-s. CrdiloeT amerikaSi Sesabamisad gvaqvs 0,6 da 0,4 mlrd. ha, samxreT amerikaSi –0,4 da 0,3 mlrd.ha, xolo evropaSi- 0,17 da 0,1 mlrd.ha.

Mmkacri gvalvebi ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebul qveynebSi iwveven mosaxleobis masobriv sikvdilianobas da epidemiebs. aseTi katastrofuli gvalvebis magaliTebia saxelis, eTiopiis, sudanisa da sxva cnobili gvalvebi.

Kkatastrofuli gvalvebi aRiniSneba evraziis teritoriazec. magaliTad 1976 wels gvalvam moicva mTeli dasavleTi evropa da didi zarali miayena mTel rig qveynebs. gvalvebma Zlieri xanZrebi gamoiwvies safrangeTSi. ganadgurda tyeebis didi masivebi. inglisSi gvalvebis Sedegad wylis maragi Semcirda 40-70 %-mde. parlamenti iZulebuli gaxda gamoeca kanoni sasmeli wyliT sargeblobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb.

gvalva gansakuTrebiT saSiSia zafxulSi. maRali temperatura, haeris dabali tenianoba da Zlieri aorTqleba aSrobs niadagis zeda fenebs, aferxebs vegetatiuri masis dagrovebas, amcirebs mcenaris kvirts da zrdis fesvebs, saerTo jamSi ki amcirebs yvela sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis mosavlianobas.

cnobilia gvalvianobis mTeli rigi agrometeorologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. magaliTad, jer kidev XIX saukunis dasasruls v.dokuCaevma gvalvianobis Sesafaseblad SemoiRo atmosferuli naleqebis da aorTql;ebadobis Tanafardoba. aorTqlebadoba niSnavs potenciurad SesaZlo aorTqlebas. b.livingstonma 1921 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis klimatis simSralis gamosakvlevad gamoiyena naleqebis Sefardeba aorTqlebasTan. 1934 wels r.davidma am miznebisaTvis daasabuTa haeris sinotivis deficitis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. g.selianinovma SemoiRo e.w. hidroTermuli koeficienti, romelic ganisazRvreba,

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rogorc naleqebis Sefardeba temperaturebis jamTan. 1948 wels v.popovma havis simSralis dasaxasiaTeblad Semoitana e.w. efeqturi naleqebis cneba, es naleqebis is nawilia, romelic gamoiyeneba mcenaris mier. n.bovam gvalvianobis indeqsis gansazRvrisas naleqebsa da temperaturasTan erTad formulaSi gaiTvaliswina niadagSi arsebuli produqtiuli tenis maragic. Tornveitis indeqsi, romelmac farTo gamoyeneba hpova 50-60ian wlebSi, Seicavs aorTqlebadobas, wylis deficits da wylis siWarbes. gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gvalvebis intensivobis dasaxasiaTeblad sanqt-peterburgis a.voeikovis saxelobis mTavar geofizikur observatoriaSi Semotanili iyo e.w. bunebrivi meteorologiuri kompleqsebi.

Mmiuxedavad gvalvebis agrometeorologiuri maxasiaTeblebis didi simravlisa, gvalvis yvelaze saimedo maCveneblad miCneulia niadagis tenianoba, kerZod gazafxulze tenis maragi niadagis fesvTa warmomqmnel SreSi. teritoriis teniT uzrunvelyofis kritikul normad miRebulia naleqebis jami savegetacio periodSi 150-200 mm. farglebSi.

DdReisaTvis Seqmnilia gvalvebis mTeli rigi katalogebi, romlebic axasiTeben gvalvianobis intensivobas dedamiwis sferos sxvadasxva raionSi. erT-erTi aseTi katalogi, romelic damuSavda sanqt-peterburgis mTavar geofizikur observatoriaSi, moicavs saukunovan informacias (1891-2000w.w)gvalvebis Sesaxeb evropaSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, kanadaSi, indoeTSi, meqsikaSi, saxelSi da avstraliaSi.

gvalva yovelwliurad aRiniSneba CrdiloeT da ukidures samxreT afrikaSi, centralur aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, dasavleT avstraliaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi – kldovan mTebSi, samxreT amerikaSi – CileSi. ramdenadme naklebia gvalvebis ganmeoradoba (80%) xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi, samxreT cimbirSi, dasavleT evropaSi.Ggvalva TiTqmis 2 weliwadSi erTxel mosalodnelia evraziis teritoriis did nawilze, CrdiloeT amerikis dasavleT nawilSi, samxreT amerikaSi (amazonis auzis gamoklebiT), da avstraliis aRmosavleT nawilSi.

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6.5.gaudabnoebis anTropogenuri faqtorebi kacobriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi mSrali

miwebis degradacia mudmivad mimdinareobda. Soreul warsulSi is SemTxveviT xasiTs atarebda da SemoisazRvreboda mcire teritoriebiT. dawyebuli XVI saukunidan, mas Semdeg rac mTel msoflioSi gavrceleba daiwyo dasavleT evropisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma warmoebis, finansuri urTierTobebis da vaWrobis Tanamedrove sistemam, miwebis degradaciis tempi swrafad gaizarda TiTqmis yvela gvalvian regionSi. ra Tqma unda es ar aixsneba mxolod klimaturi faqtorebiT, mas mniSvnelovan wilad ganapirobebdnen globaluri da adgilobrivi xasiaTis socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi.

aqadis imperia, romelsac Cvens welTaRricxvamde XXVI-XXIII saukuneebSi ekava Tanamedrove mesopotamiis teritoria, daeca okeanuri dinebebis gaTbobis Sedegad gamowveuli xangrZlivi gvalvebis gamo. imperiaSi Seqmnili mkveTri socialuri danawevreba da centraluri ekonomikuri sistema uZlurni aRmoCndnen am stiqiuri movlenis winaSe. xmelTaSuazRvis auzis qveyanebSi miwebis degradacia aqtiurad mimdinareobda romis imperiis epoqaSic. Aamis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo mosaxleobis da armiis mier tyis da sanovagis mudmivad mzardi gamoyeneba. albaT igive mizezis gamo daecnen indielebis cnobili qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi.

200 aTasze meti adamiani daiRupa cnobili saxelis gvalvebis dros afrikaSi 1968-1974 wlebSi. Tavdapirvelad SimSilis mizezi iyo gvalva, magram tragediis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia socialurma faqtorebma. meurneobis arasworma warmarTvam da agreTve sabazro da politikuri Zalebis zemoqmedebam gaaqtiura miwebis degradaciis procesi.

msoflios mTel rig qveynebSi miwebis degradaciis ZiriTadi mizezi adamianis moRvaweobaa, rac gamoixateba araracionalur miwaTsargeblobaSi da mcenareuli safaris ganadgurebaSi. am mizezebis gamo CineTis

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samxreTis 11 provinciaSi wylismieri erozia gavrcelda daaxloebiT 48,11 mln.ha-ze, romelTaganac 6,8 mln.ha mTlianad ganadgurda. es niSnavs, rom TviTeuli heqtari yovelwliurad kargavs 50-80 tona niadags.

centralur aziaSi miwebis degradaciis ZiriTadi mizezi wylis resursebis araracionaluri gamoyeneba da mcenareulobis saTbobad gamoyenebaa. Aaralis zRvis auzSi ori didi mdinarea amudaria da sirdaria, magram dawyebuli 1987 wlidan maT arc erTi wveTi wyali ar CaaqvT aralis zRvaSi. mdinareebis wyali mTlianad ixarjeba morwyvaze. amis gamo varaudoben, rom 2020 wlisaTvis aralis zRvis farTobi 40780kv.km dan Semcirdeba 94 00 kv.km.mde.

miwebis degradcias mniSvnelovnad xels uwyobs agreTve anTropogenuri mizeziT gamowveuli qarismieri erozia, sarwyavi miwebis damlaSeba da teqnogenuri gaudabnoeba. miwebis degradaciis Sedegad gardauvalia biologiuri mravalferovnebis cvlileba, rac gamoixateba ekosistemebis produqtiulobis SemcirebaSi da saerTo gaRaribebaSi. mcenareTa Zvirfasi saxeobebi ganidevnebian sarevelebis mier. mxolod kopetdaRSi gasul saukuneSi gaqra “wiTel wignSi” Setanili mcenaris sami Zvirfasi saxeoba. amJamad centralur aziaSi ganadgurebis saSiSroebis qveS imyofeba mcenareTa 70-ze meti iSviaTi saxeoba.

anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad Raribdeba damaxasiaTebeli fauna. centralur aziaSi ganadgurebis saSiSroeba moelis cxovelTa 10 adgilobriv saxeobas, maT Soris jeirans.

6.6.gvalvebi da gaudabnoebis problema saqarTveloSi didi qarTveli mamuliSvili, gamoCenili

geografi, istorikosi da mogzauri vaxuSti batoniSvili XVIII saukuneSi werda, rom ivris zeganze icis “... zafxuli cxeli, xaSmiani, gauZlisi”

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xaSmi niSnavs adgils cudi da mavnebeli haeriT, arajansaRi haviT. vaxuStis aseTi daxasiaTeba miuTiTebs imaze, rom ivris zegani da misi mimdebare teritoriebi gausaZlisi, gvalviani zafxuliT xasiaTdebodnen.

gvalvis Camoyalibebas ZiriTadad sami faqtori ganapirobebs – unaleqoba (an mcire naleqebi), maRali temperaturuli foni da niadagSi produqtiuli tenis maragis deficiti. samive faqtoris analizi gviCvenebs, rom rogorc naleqebis simciris, ise maRali temperaturebis da niadagSi tenis deficitis mxriv swored ivris zegani da qvemo qarTli gamoirCeva.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jamebi did farglebSi icvleba – 400-dan 4500 mm-mde. umciresi naleqebi swored ukidures aRmosavleT raionebSi modis. Siraqis vakeze zogjer mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 100 mm-ze meti naleqi ar modis. gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad yvelaze xangrZlivi unaleqo periodebic swored aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aRiniSneba, kerZod gardabnis, dedofliswyaros, gurjaanis, sagarejos da sxva raionebSi. magaliTad Tu unaleqo periodis uwyveti xangrZlivoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar aRemateba 15 dRes, zemoT CamoTvlil raionebSi es xangrZlivoba 25 dReze metia.

temperaturuli fonic yvelaze maRali ivris zeganze da qvemo qarTlSia, aq ivlisis saSualo temperatura 250-s aRemateba. maRali temperaturebis uwyveti xangrZlivobac gacilebiT metia, vidre saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi.

saqarTvelos niadagSi arsebuli produqtiuli tenis maragis dinamikis gamokvlevis safuZvelze gamoyofilia 5 agrohidrologiuri zona: Zlieri gawylierebis, zomieri gawylierebis, susti gawylierebis, kapilaruli datenianebis da gazafxulis sruli dasvelebis. TviToeuli zona xasiaTdeba produqtiuli tenis maragis Taviseburi dinamikiT. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gvalvasaSiS raionebSi gavrcelebulia niadagebis kapilaruli datenianebis da gazafxulis sruli dasvelebis tipebi. pirveli maTganis SemTxvevaSi

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niadagis 1 metrian fenaSi produqtiuli tenis maragi Seadgens 100-200mm-s, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi 50-150mm-s, maSin rodesac dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli tipebisaTvis tenis maragi 400mm-s aRemateba.

amrigad zemoT ganxiluli gvalvis formirebis ZiriTadi faqtorebis analizidan gamomdinare saqarTveloSi yvelaze gvalvasaSiS raionebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mTlianad aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, xolo gansakuTrebiT gare kaxeTi da qvemo qarTli. am daskvnas kargad Seesabameba nax.6.3.-ze warmodgenili saqarTveloSi mkacri gvalvebis ganmeoradobis erTad-erTi ruka. mkacrad miCneulia gvalva, romlis drosac savegetacio periodSi naleqebis jami ar aRemateba 150mm-s. rukis ganxilvidan gamomdinareobs, rom gvalvebis ganmeoradoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriis did nawilze 10%-s aRemateba, maqsimaluri ki qvemo qarTlSi da ivris zeganzea sadac aRemateba 30-40%-s. dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvalva iSviaTia. gvalvis albaToba 2-3 wlis Semdeg SedarebiT naklebia, vidre erTi wlis Semdeg.AalbaTobis ramdenadme zrda aRiniSneba 4 wlis Semdeg. Semdeg albaToba mcirdeba da momdevno maqsimumebi emTxveva 8-13 da 16 wlebs. gvalvis albaTobis msgavs svlaze miuTiTebda jer kidev g.selianinovi. analogiuri cikluroba gamovlenil iqna o. drozdovis mier centraluri ruseTis vakisaTvis da yazaxeTisaTvis.

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nax.6.3.. mkacri gvalvebis ganmeoradoba (%)

saqarTveloSi gvalvebisadmi miZRvnil specialur monografiaSi (e.elizbaraSvili, z.WavWaniZe; gvalvebi, unaleqo da naleqiani periodebi saqarTveloSi. mecniereba, 1991) zemoT ganxiluli gvalvebis klimatologiuri maxasiaTeblebis garda, gamokvleulia maTi formirebis sinoptikur-aerologiuri pirobebi. dadgenilia, rom gvalvebi umTavresad polaruli da Sereuli tipis sinoptikuri procesebis ganviTarebisas yalibdeba.

saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros oficialuri cnobiT saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTSi TiTqmis 3000kv.km farTobis teritoria, romelic moqceulia naxevradudabnos zonaSi, ganuwyvetliv ziandeba gvalvebisa da qarismieri eroziisagan – ganicdis gaudabnoebas. amas Tan sdevs negatiuri socialuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri funqciebis aqtivizacia. gaudabnoebis zona mWidrod esazRvreba meCxer tyeebs. gaudabnoebis procesi kargad aris gamoxatuli qiziySi, gare kaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi. imave saministros cnobiT dedofliswyaros raionSi ziandeba 120 aTasamde ha, siRnaRis da sagarejos raionebSi TiToeulSi 47 aTasamde ha,

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gardabnis raionSi –32 aTasi ha, xolo marneulis raionSi –30 aTasi ha. Tu rogor ganviTardeba gaudabnoebis procesi am raionebSi SegviZlia vimsjeloT klimatis kvlevis erovnuli programis Sesabamisad Catarebuli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze. gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad gasul saukuneSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi globalur daTbobasTan dakavSirebiT haeris temperatura izrdeboda. saSualo wliuri temperaturis zrdis siCqare yovel 10 weliwadSi gardabanSi Seadgenda 0,070, marneulSi – 0,060-s, SiraqSi 0,030-s, sagarejoSi 0,020-s. msoflios meteorologiuri organizaciis egidiT SemuSavebulia mimdinare saukuneSi temperaturis SesaZlo cvlilebis A,B,C da D scenarebi. A scenaris Tanaxmad XXI saukuneSi temperaturis zrdis siCqare yovel 10 weliwadSi iqneba 0,30C, B scenaris Tanaxmad – 0,20C, C da D scenarebis Tanaxmad 0,10 C-ze meti da 0,10C–is toli Sesabamisad. am scenarebis gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelos semiaridul landSaftebSi, romlebic ganicdian gaudabnoebas temperatura ufro swrafad gaizrdeba, vidre semihumidur da humidur landSaftebSi. temperaturis gazrda da naleqebis Semcireba qvemo qarTlSi gamoiwvevs simSralis gaZlierebas da Sesabamisad sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis produqtiulobis Semcirebas. ivris zeganze ukanasknel wlebSi aRiniSneba naleqebis umniSvnelo zrda. Tu es tendencia SenarCunebuli iqneba mimdinare saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi, aman SeiZleba dadebiTi roli iTamaSos aq gaaqtiurebul gaudabnoebis procesebis Sesustebaze. am SemTxvevaSi gaudabnoebis intensivoba upirveles yovlisa anTropogenur faqtorebze iqneba damokidebuli.

Tavi 7. garemos dacva

7.1.biosferos regulirebis problema samecniero-teqnikuri revolucis Sedegebi saxaven

persoeqtivas regulirebadi globaluri ekologiuri sistemis SeqmnisaTvis da biosferos gardaqmnisaTvis noosferod. noosferos erTerTi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani unda iyos misi mdgradoba gareSe faqtorebis

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zemoqmedebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic biosferos miayenebdnen mniSvnelovan zians. ganvixiloT biosferos regulirebis problemis zogierTi sakiTxi.

ramodenime aTaswleulis Semdeg mosalodnelia axali myinvaruli epoqis warmoqmna. amis sawinaamRdegod saWiro iqneba dedamiwis saSualo temperaturis gazrda, es ki SesaZlebelia ukve Tanamedrove pirobebSi adamianis sameurneo moRvaweobis tempebis gazrdis Sedegad.

momavlisaTvis energiis warmoebis mniSvnelovani zrdis Sedegad mecnierebi varaudoben atmosferos qveda fenebis temperaturis arsebiT gazrdas. amis Sedegad havis arasasurveli Sedegebis acilebisaTvis mizanSewonili iqneba stratosferos gamWvirvalobis Semcireba, rac Tavidan agvacilebda `saTburis efeqts". amisaTvis farTo gamoyeneba SeiZleba miiRos stratosferulma aviaciam. kerZod Sesabamisi reagentebis SetaniT stratosferoSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba iq arsebuli aerozolebis STanTqma an ganbneva da atmosferos gamWvirvalobis gazrda.

saerTod stratosferuli aviacia perspeqtivaSi SeiZleba ganxilul iyos, rogorc havis globaluri regulirebis erTerTi elementi.

biosferosaTvis gacilebiT realur saSiSroebas warmoadgens anTropogenuli ekologiuri krizisi, romelic SeiZleba gamowveul iqnas TermobirTvuli Setakebebis Sedegad. arsebuli amoTvlebis Tanaxmad SesaZlo TermobirTvuli omis Sedegad daiRupeba kacobriobis mniSvnelovani nawili. mosalodneli, ufro Soreuli Sedegebi gacilebiT SemaSfoTebelia. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom cocxali bunebisaTvis gansakuTrebul saSiSroebas warmoadgens atomuri omis Sedegad gamowveuli havis globaluri cvlileba.

mravalricxovani birTvuli afeTqebebis Sedegad atmosferoSi moxvdeba aerozolebis didi raodenoba, rac arsebiTad Seamcirebs atmosferos gamWvirvalobas. aseTi nawilakebis Camoyalibebis procesi xangrZlivia, maTi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba Seadgens erTi or wels.

gamTvlebis Tanaxmad atmosferos gamWvirvalobis Semcireba gamoiwvevs mzis pirdapiri radiaciis Sesustebas da Sesabamisad temperaturis dacemas dedamiwaze 5-10º-iT.

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msgavsi aciveba ki gamoiwvevs cxovelTa umavlesi saxeobis amowyvetas.

amrigad birTvuli Setakebis Sedegad gamowveuli havis cvlileba SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc udidesi klomaturi katastrofa, romelic Tavisi masStabebiT SeiZleba gautoldes geologiuri warsulis klimatur katastrofebs.

cxovelTa da mcenareTa mravali saxeobis amowyvetasTan erTad aseTi katastrofa ganixileba rogorc axali ubedureba kacobriobis im nawilisaTvis, romelic gadaurCa atomur oms. mZime Sedegebia mosalidneli sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis sistemaSi.

TermobirTvuli Setakebis Sedegad Semcireba atmosferoSi arsebuli ozonis Semadgenloba 30-60%-iT. ozonis ekranis Semcireba gamoiwvevs mzis ultraiisferi radiaciis gazrdas dedamiwaze, rac Tavis mxriv ganapirobebs iseTi specifiuri daavadebis gazrdas, rogoric aris kibo.

ganxiluli anTropogenuli ekologiuri krizisis Tavidan asacileblad aucilebelia SeiaraRebis donis mkveTri Semcireba. mxolod am ukanasknel RonisZiebas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos regulirebadi globaluri ekologiuri sistemis gegmebis ganxorcieleba da biosferos xangrlivi arseboba.

7.2.zedapriuli wylebis dacva gaWuWyianebisagan zedapiruli wylebis dacvis sxvadasxva RonisZiebaa

cnobili, ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani. 1. wylebis dacvis sainJinro meTodebi. wylebis dacvis sainJinro meTodebi Seicaven Camonadeni wylebis gasufTavebis meTodebis SemuSavebas da warmoebis teqnologiis srulyofas, romelic Seamcirebs an mTlianad aRmofxvris wylis obieqtebis daWuWyianebas.

Camonadeni wylebis gasufTavebis Tanamedrove meTodebi SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad: xelovnur pirobebSi gasufTavebis meTodebi da bunebriv pirobebSi gasufTavebis meTodebi.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi wylis gasufTaveba xorcieldeba specialurad Seqmnil nagebobebis, danadgarebi gamoyenebiT. am SemTxvevaSi ganasxvaveben gasufTavebis 4 ZiriTad

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saxeobas: meqanikurs, qimiurs, fizikur-qimiurs da bioqimiurs.

meqanikuri gasufTaveba gamoiyeneba Camonadeni wylebidan organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis msxvil dispersiuli da gauxsnadi minarevebis amosaRebad filtraciis an sxva gziT. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konstruqciebi.

qimiuri da fizikur-qimiuri gasufTaveba gamoiyeneba Camonadeni wylebidan araorganuli da organuli nivTierebebis wvril dispersiuli da gaxsnadi minarevebis amosaRebad bioqimiuri, fizikuri da qimiuri meTodebis saSualebiT.

bioqimiuri gasufTaveba gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Camonadeni wylebidan ukve amoRebulia msxvil dispersiuli minarevebi. es meTodi emyareba mikroorganizmebis zogierTi saxeobis unars sakvebad gamoiyenon Camonaden wylebSi arsebuli nivTierebani _ organuli mJavebi, cilebi, naxSirbadebi da a.S.

bioqimiuri gasufTavebis meTodi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas, rogorc bunebriv (bologiur filtrebSi), ise xelovnur pirobebSi (mindvrebze, arxebSi da a.S.). 2. samelioracio samuSaoebi xels uwyoben wylis resursebis dacvas gaWuWyianebisagan. ganasxvaveben tyis, agroteqnikur da hidroteqnikur samuSaoebs.

satyeo melioracia gulisxmobs xeebis dargvas mdinareTa auzebis zemo da Sua wylebSi, rac amcirebs zedapirul Camonadens da asustebs wylis eroziis procesebs.

agroteqnikuri melioracia moicavs niadagis wylis da sahaero reJimis regulirebas sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosayvanad, maT Soris niadagis dacvas sakveb nivTierebaTa gamorecxvisagan.

kompleqsuri samelioracio samuSaoebis Catareba uzrunvelyofs bunebrivi wylebis daWuWyianebis arsebiT Sesustebas. 3. bunebrivi wylebis TviTgawmendis procesebi. gauwmendavi da nawilobrivad gawmendili Camonadeni wylebi, xvdebian ra wylis obieqtebSi, iwveven maTi

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fizikuri Tvisebebis da qimiuri Semadgenlobis cvlilebebs, cvlian wylis xarisxs, aWuWyianeben mas.

gaWuWyianebuli wylis obieqtebSi mimdinareoben rTuli procesebi mdinaris, tbis an wyalsacavis bunebivi mdgomareobis aRsadgenad. hidrodinamikuri, bioqimiuri, qimiuri da fizikuri procesebis erTobliobas, romlebic ganapirobeben nivTierebebis koncentraciis Semciebas, uwodeben wylis masebis TviTgawmendas. imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli nivTierebani da ra fazur mdgomareobaSi xvdebian wyalsatevebSi, TviTgawmendis procesSi Warbobs hidrodinamikuri, qimiuri an biologiuri procesis roli, mag. Tu Camonaden wylebSi Warbobs msxvil dispersiuli nivTierebani, TviTgawmendis procesSi arsebiTi roli miekuTvneba fskerze daleqvis procesebs, e.i. fizikur da hidrodinamikur procesebs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom bunebrivi wylebis TviTgawmendis procesi imdenad rTulia, rom jerkidev ar aris srulyofilad Seswavlili misi yvela detali, amasTan dakavSirebiT gaWuWyianebis da TviTgawmendis procesebis Seswavlisas gamoyofen Semdeg ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.

1. Serevis procesebis Seswavla hidrologiuri da hidrodinamikuri faqtorebis cvalebadibis gaTvaliswinebiT.

2. wylis xarisxis damokidebulebis dadgena Camonadenis hidrologiuri reJimisa da gamoTvliTi maxasiaTeblebisan damokidebiT.

3. gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebis qimiuri da fizikur - qimiuri gardaqmnebis Secvla.

4. gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa transformaciis bioqimiuri procesebis gamokvleva.

7.3. zRvis garemos dacva gemebis

eqspluataciis dros zRvis garemos gaWuWyianebis wyaroebs gemebis

eqspluataciis dros warmoqdgens energetikuli danadgarebis mier gamomuSavebuli airebi, saTbobis da zeTis narCenebi, reaqtoruli danadgarebis gamonabolqvebi, sayofacxovrebo Camonadeni wylebi, yovelmxrivi sayofacxovrebo da samrewvelo nagavi. am SemTxvevaSi

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gaemos dacvis amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ar davuSvaT gaWuWyianebis kritikuli done.

gamonabolqvi airebisagan zRvis garemos gasufTavebisa da neitralizaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi meTodebi: 1. katalizuri neitralizatorebi. maT, rogorc wesi amontaJeben gamomSveb koleqtorebSi. neitralizatoebis moqmedeba emyareba arasruli wvis produqtebis ualo Jangvas. 2. aalebadi neitralizatorebi. isini warmoadgenen specialur kameras sadac xdeba gamomuSavebuli airebis sruli wva 700-850º-is pirobebSi. 3. kombinirebuli sistemebi. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba neitralizaciis sxvadasxva xerxi.

gemidan Camonadeni wylebis neitralizaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba sami ZiriTadi meTodi:

1. biologiuri, romelic emyareba narCenebis bioqimiur Jangvas.

2. fizikuri- Seicavs filtracias, daleqvas da a.S. 3. fizikur-qimiuri, uzrulvelyofs wvril

dispersiuli nawilakebi koagulacias, adsorbaciad da Jangvas.

navTobis produqtebis mosacileblad Camonadeni wylebisagan gamoiyeneba gawmendis uxeSi da zusti sistemebi. uxeSi gawmenda gulisxmobs navTobproduqtebis msxvil dispersiuli nawilakebisagan ganTavisuflebas, xolo zusti _ danarCeni nawilakebisagan.

7.4.mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi

zRvis garemos dacvis dargSi zRvis garemos dacvis problemebis warmatebiT

gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod yovelmxrivi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis safuZvelze. is iTvaliswinebs yvela saxelmwifos, maT Soris did da pataras, ganviTarebulis da ganviTarebadis, zRvispira da maTi, visa car aqvs gasasvleli zRvaze, aqtiur monawileobas.

pirveli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba saxelmwifoTa Soris msoFlio okeanis dacvis Sesaxeb navTobisa da sxva saSiSi mavne nivTierebebisagan dadebuli iqna londodSi

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1954 wels.am konvenciam gansazRvra navTobis daRvris akrZaluli zonebi-CrdiloeTis da baltiis zRvebi, 1969 wels maT daemata Savi da azovis zRvebi, xolo Semdeg –mTeli msoflio okeanes akvatoria.

1972 wels aseve londonSi 80 saxelmwifos monawileobiT SemuSavda konvevcia , romlis danarTic Seicavda “Sav sias”-im nivTierebaTa nusxas, romelTa CaSvebac okeaneSi ikrZaleboda. maT miekuTvneba qlororganuli SenaerTebi, vercxlis wyali da misi SenaerTebi, kadmiumi da misi SenaerTebi, navTobi da navTobproduqtebi da sxv.

1973 wels londonSi Catarebul konferenciaze miiRes axali axali saerTaSoriso konvencia, romlis Tanaxmadac narCenebis CaSveba dasaSvebia aranakleb 12 milis manZilze napiridan aranakleb 25 m siRrmeze. gansakuTrebul raionebSi, maT Soris Sav zRvaSi aikrZala narCenebis yovelgvari CaSveba.

analogiuri saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi daido zRvis garemos radiaqtiuri da baqterialuri gaWuWyianebisagan dacvis dargSi.

pirveli mravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba zRvis radiaqtiuri gaWuWyianebasTan dakavSirebiT aris Jenevis 1958 wlis konvencia.

1963 wels moskovSi daido saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis Sesaxeb atmosferoSi, kosmosur sivrcesa da wyalSi. amis Sedegad, dawyebuli 1964 wlidan aRiniSneba dadamiwaze radiawtiurobis mkveTri daqveiTeba.

mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso aqti iyo gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asambleis 25-e sesiaze(1970w) miRebuli xelSekruleba okeaneebisa da zRvebis fskerze birTvuli da masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva iaraRis ganlagebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.

1971 wels imave gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam miiRo konvencia baqteriologiuri da toqsikuri iaraRis damuSavebis, warmoebis da Senaxvis Sesaxeb.

1982 wels Catarda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis me-3 konferencia. masSi monawileoba miiRo 156 saxelmwifom. konferenciam miiRo axali konvevcia sazRvao

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samarTlis Sesaxeb. am konvevciis Tanaxmad is saxelmwifoebi, romelTa iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeba wylebi valdebulni arian miiRon zomebi, raTa gaWuWyianeba ar gavrceldes maTi suverenuli uflebebis qveS myofi raionebis gareT.

msoflio okeaneSi dadgenilia 200-miliani ekonomikuri zona sanapiro saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri interesebis dacvis mizniT. am zonaSi saxelmwifos miniWebuli aqvs suverenuli uflebebi bunebrivi resursebis Ziebis, mopovebisa da damuSavebisaTvis. amave dros ekonomikuri zonaSi yvela sxva saxelmwifos ufleba eZleva gaataros Tavisi wylis da saaviacio transporti.

7.5.niadagis radioaqtiur gaWuWyianebasTan brZolis

meTodebi niadagis raioaqtiur gaWuWyianebasTan brZolis

meTodebs Soris yvelaze aRsaniSnavia 3 _ qimiuri, eleqtruli da biologiuri meTodebi.

brZolis qimiur meTods safuZvlad udevs radioaqtiuri produqtebis sorbciuli Tvisebebi. kerZod, am SemTxvevaSi niadagis gasufTaveba xdeba Sesabamisi xsnarebiT misi garecxvis Sedegad. am dros radoizotopebi niadagis saxnavi fenidan xelovnurad transportirdebian ufro Rrma fenebSi. savele cdebis pirobebSi gamrecxi nivTierebebis rolSi gamoiyeneboda qloristuli kalciumis, qlorisTuli natriumis, qloristuli rkinis, gogirdis da marilmJavas koncentrirebuli xsnarebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom recxvis meTodi zogierTi radioizotopisaTvis gamodga araperspeqtiuli, amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod nawilobrivi desorbciis Sesaxeb.

savsebiT efeqturi gamodga niadagis eleqtrodezaqtivaciis meTodi, am SemTxvevaSi xdeba niadagis eleqtruli gasufTaveba radioaqtiuri gaWuWyianebisagan. meTods safuZvlad udevs ionebis eleqtro gadatanis procesi, anu eleqtruli vels moqmedebiT ionebis difuziis procesi. am meTodis arsebiTi naklia procesis naklebi siCqare.

aRsaniSnavia niadagis gasufTavebis biologiuri meTodi, radioaqtiurad gaWuWyianebul niadagze Tesaven

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iseT mcenareebs, romlebic fesvTa sistemis saSualebiT intensiurad STanTqaven radioaqtiur nivTierebebs da amiT asufTaveben niadags. SemdgomSi am mcenareTagan miRebul mosavals wvaven, xolo niadagi ukve momzadebulia sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis dasaTesad.

7.6.Ggvalvasa da gaudabnobasTan brZolis meTodebi

cnobilia gvalvebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mravali meTodi, maT Soris yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven:

atmosferuli naleqebis srul racionalur gamoyenebas, Tovlis da Tavsxma naleqebis Sekavebis gziT;

niadagebis struqturis gaumjobesebas, droul Tesvas da sasuqis Setanas saTanado agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis Catarebas.

niadagis zedapiridan araproduqtiuli aorTqlebis Semcirebis mizniT mindvris damcavi tyis zolebis gaSenebas;

Sesabamisi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis SerCevas; xelovnuri morwyvis yovelmxriv ganviTarebas (maT

Soris xelovnuri dawvimeba, wveTovani morwyva) optimaluri datenianebis mdgradobis uzrunvelsayofad. morwyvis formis reJimis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli meTodebis danergvas.

swored gaeros gaudabnoebasTan brZolis konvenciis miRebis Semdeg moxerxda gvalvebTan brZolis zemoT CamoTvlili da sxva meTodebis erTian, saxelmwifoebriv CarCoebSi moqceva. konvencia mouwodebs gvalvian raionebSi ganlagebuli qveynebis mTavrobebs, rom Seqmnan sakonsultacio komitetebi da valdebuleba aiRon stiqiiT dazaralebul raionebSi mosaxleobis gadasarCenad, maTi cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. konvencia saSualebas aZlevs qveynebs TavianTi ganviTarebis nacionalur programebSi CarTon gvalvasTan da gaudabnoebasTan brZolis RonisZiebebi.

gaudabnoebasTan brZola dakavSirebulia garemos dacvis da regulirebis yvela aspeqtebTan. mTavari roli masSi miekuTvneba wylis racionalur gamoyenebas.

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swored melioraciis gziT ukanasknel aTwleulebSi CineTis CrdiloeT raionebSi aRorZinda gaudabnoebuli miwebis daaxloebiT 10%, xolo miwebis 12% teritoriaze gaudabnoebis procesi SeCerda. Sua aziis qveynebma Seqmnes aralis zRvis gadarCenis fondi, TiToeulma saxelmwifom valdebuleba aiRo gadaricxos am fondSi erovnuli Semosavlis 1%.

avstraliis nacionalur programaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia gaudabnoebasTan brZolas. programaSi minawileobs fermerTa ojaxebis TiTqmis mesamedi.

saxelSi moqmedebs Sveciis mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli mcenareuli safaris aRdgenis programa. programis ZiriTadi mizania bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis regulireba da srulyofa. is emyareba ekologiuri, ekonomikuri, saorganizacio da socialuri problemebis erTobriv analizs.

1999 wlis noemberSi israelSi Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia “gaudabnoebasTan brZola mcenareebis daxmarebiT”. cnobilia, rom xe-mcenareebi ufro naklebad arian mgrZnobiareni klimatis cvlilebis mimarT vidre erTwliani kulturebi, romlebic tens moiTxoven simwifis fazaSi. amitom mecnierTa azriT sxvadasxva jiSis xe-mcenareebi SeiZleba meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani faqtori iyos. xeebis mTeli rigi jiSebi iyo gamoyenebuli israelis naxevradudabnoebsa da udabnoebSi, maT Soris finikis palma, leRvi, apelsini, mandarini, mango, qacvi da sxv. es gamocdileba saintereso iqneba sxva qveynebisaTvis, romlebic ganicdian gaudabnoebas.

saqarTveloSi gvalvasTan brZolis istoriuli gamocdileba arsebobs. aq srulyofili irigaciuli sistemebi jer kidev saqarTvelos samefos Seqmnis dros, Cvens welTaRricxvamde IV saukuneSi arsebobda. cnobilia 7 msxvili sarwyavi sistemis arseboba, romelTaganac 5 mdinare liaxvis auzs ekuTvnoda, xolo 2 – mdinare qsnis auzs. sarwyavi sistemis ganviTarebam saqarTveloSi umaRles mwvervals XI-XIII saukuneSi,

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daviT aRmaSeneblis da Tamaris mefobis dros miaRwia. amJamad saqarTveloSi moqmedebs 7 wyalsacavi.

GgaudabnoebasTan brZolis garkveuli gamocdileba gaaCnia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wyalTa meurneobisa da sainJinro ekologiis instituts. instituti samuSaoebs asrulebs savele pirobebSi siRnaRis raionSi, 100heqtarian alaznis sacdel-samelioracio sadgurSi. institutis gamokvlevebis safuZvelze damuSavebulia, aprobirebulia da warmoebaSi gamocdilia Zlier da saSualod damlaSebuli niadagebis aTvisebis sruli cikli, romelic safuZvlad daedo 1970-ian wlebSi damlaSebul-gaudabnoebuli masivebis (alazani, lakbe) farTo masStabiT aTvisebas.

gaudabnoebasTan sabrZolvelad SeiZleba warmatebiT iqnas gamoyenebuli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis hidrometeorologiis institutis specialistebis mier SemuSavebuli naleqebis xelovnurad gamowvevis meTodi. aRniSnuli meTodi aprobirebuli iyo jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi.

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ZiriTadi literatura 1. Г.Н.Белозеровский, В.С.Вуглинский и др. Основы геоэкологии.СПб, Изд.Университета, 1994. 2. Г.Н.Белозеровский. Введение в глобальную экологию. СПб, Изд.Университета, 2002. 3.М.И.Будыко. Глобальная экология.М.,1977. 4.А.М.,.Владимиров, Ю.И.Ляхин, Л.Т.Матвеев, В.Г.Орлов. Охрана окружающей среды. М.,1991.

damxmare literatura 1.m.alfeniZe, e.elizbaraSvili, k.xaraZe. zogadi fizikuri geografia. Tb., 2003. 2.e.gugava, g.melaZe. mcenareTa ekologia. Tb., 2003. 3.i.eliava, g.naxucriSvili, g.qajaia. ekologiis safuZvlebi. Tb., 1992. 4.g.melaZe. ekologia agrometeorologiis safuZvlebiT. Tb., 1998. 5.m.melaZe. agrometeorologia. Tb.2008. 6. n. mrevliSvili. saqarTvelos geologia. Tb., 1997. 7.Э.Ш.Элизбарашвили, М.Э.Элизбарашвили. Основные проблемы климатологии ландшафтов. Тб., 2006.