copyright tarkus suganda 2009 1blogs.unpad.ac.id/tarkus7558/files/2011/09/iklim-dan-tanah... ·...
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1 Copyright Tarkus Suganda 2009
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“Rata-rata keadaan cuaca
di suatu daerah untuk jangka waktu
yang lama (minimal 10 tahunan”
Menentukan distribusi flora dan
fauna serta kebudayaan
manusia
Mengapa ahli
pertanian penting
mempelajari Iklim?
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Daerah dingin
Tidak ada tanaman budidaya
2.500 m dpl Daerah sejuk Kopi, teh, kina, sayuran
1.500 m dpl Daerah sedang Tembakau, kopi, coklat
600 m dpl Daerah panas Tebu, kelapa
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Peranan Tanah Dalam Pertanian
• Salah satu faktor utama produksi pertanian
• Tanah identik dengan pertanian • Pertanian = kegiatan
mengeksploitasi tumbuhan di atas sebidang tanah
• Mendukung perkembangan lansekap atau ekosistem.
• Bersama-sama dengan udara, cahaya matahari, dan air, tanah merupakan komponen pendukung utama ekosfir.
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(Soil Science Society of America, 1995)
• Tanah adalah sistem kehidupan yang menggambarkan sumberdaya terbatas bagi kehidupan di muka bumi.
• Tanah berupa lapisan tipis terdiri atas mineral dan bahan organik pada permukaannya.
• Tanah terbentuk secara lambat dari berbagai bahan asal, yang dimodifikasi oleh waktu, iklim, makro dan mikroorganisme, vegetasi, dan topografi.
• Tanah merupakan campuran yang kompleks dari mineral, bahan organik, dan mahluk hidup yang berinteraksi secara terus menerus terhadap tekanan biologis, kimiawi, dan fisik.
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Masalah Kimia 23%
Terlalu Dangkal 28%
Rentan Frost 6%
Sempurna 11%
Terlalu Kering 22%
Terlalu Basah 10%
Persentase Tanah Dunia (www.fao.org)
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Fungsi Tanah • Mempertahankan aktivitas,
diversitas, dan produktivitas biologi;
• Mengatur dan membagi aliran air dan larutan;
• Menyaring, menjadi penyangga, mendegradasi, menahan, dan mendetoksifikasi bahan organik dan anorganik, termasuk limbah industri dan rumah tangga, serta endapan dari atmosfir;
• Menyimpan dan mendaurulang nutrisi dan elemen lain dalam agro-ekosistem dan biosfir bumi.
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Bagaimana Tanah Terbentuk
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Proses Bagaimana Tanah Terbentuk
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Profil Tanah
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Berbagai Jenis Tanah
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Segitiga Tanah
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web.mit.edu
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Beberapa Properti Penting Tanah Untuk Pertanian
• Struktur tanah
• Porositas tanah
• Temperatur tanah
• Mikroba tanah
• Nutrisi dan bahan organik tanah
• Keasaman (pH) tanah
• Drainase tanah
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Permasalahan Lahan Pertanian di Indonesia
• Penguasaannya tidak merata (dikuasai oleh beberapa fihak tertentu).
• Peralihan fungsi dari pertanian ke non-pertanian
• Kerusakan tanah akibat perbuatan yang kurang bijaksana
• Hilangnya kesuburan dan produktivitas
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mismanjemen
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Erosi Tanah Oleh Air
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Erosi Oleh Angin
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Hilangnya Kesuburan
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Polusi Limbah Pemupukkan Berlebihan
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Konversi Lahan Ke Non-Pertanian
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Upaya Pencegahan Erosi Air
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www.rontravel.com/Web_Photos_Happy_Cannibal
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Upaya Pencegahan : Penanaman Windbreak
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Azolla sp di Lahan Sawah
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Hasil 1500 studi di China, Philippines, Vietnam, India, Thailand and USA menunjukkan bahwa Azolla pada lahan sawah meningkatkan produksi padi rata-rata 700 kg/ha, dengan kisaran antara 400 to 1500 kg/ha (Pretty 1995).
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Tanaman Penutup Tanah
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Pemberian Bahan Organik
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Jenis Ternak Kandungan Unsur Hara (kg/ton)
N P K
Sapi Perah 22,0 2,6 13,7
Sapi Potong 26,2 4,5 13,0
Domba 50,6 6,7 39,7
Unggas 65,8 13,7 12,8
Juga mengandung Fe, Zn, Bo, Mn, Cu, dan Mo
Kandungan Hara Kotoran Ternak
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Soil-less Agriculture
news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/27/xinsrc
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Israel dan Pertanian
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Pertanian Israel
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Soil-less Verticulture
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