besar aliran permukaan, erosi tanah dan produksi tanaman semusim akibat pengolahan tanah konservasi...

7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…

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KEQG[ GBM[GC PE[IULGGC" E[HQM ̂ GCGJ NGC P[HNULQM ̂ GCGIGC

QEIUQMI GLMKG^ PECDHBGJGC ̂ GCGJ LHCQE[VGQM NM BGJGC L[M^MQ

UB^MQHB NGE[GJ ̂ GCDLGPGC GM[ *N^G- QMCDLG[GL" PGNG ̂ GJUC LEEIPG^

*[uchff" Qhmbs Erhsmhc gcn Gccugb Arhp Prhnuatmhc nue th Ahcservgtmhc ^mbbgde mc Armtmagb

Bgcns gt Ubtmshbs hf Qmcdlgrgl Tgter Agtjajiect Greg" mc Fhurtj ]egrs-

Hbej ? Ohcm Glkgr/" Gprmsgb ngc Gsigr//

/- Prhdrgi Qtunm Gdrhelhtelchbhdm Fglubtgs Pertgcmgc Ucmversmtgs Gcngbgs

//- Prhdrgi Qtunm Mbiu ^gcgj Fglubtgs Pertgcmgc Ucmversmtgs Gcngbgs

GKQ^[GL # Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm gngbgj setmgp agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ygcd kertuougc uctul iecdurgcdm

kesgrcyg gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm ygcd terognm# Gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm tgcgj ierupglgc pecyekgk iecurucygtmcdlgt prhnultmfmtgs tgcgj ngc ngyg nulucd tgcgj uctul prhnulsm tgcgigc sertg lugbmtgs bmcdlucdgc jmnup#Pecebmtmgc

iecdecgm kesgr gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm tgcgj ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc seiusmi glmkgt pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm nm

bgjgc lrmtms Ubtmshb Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr Qmcdlgrgl" lgkupgtec shbhl" Quigterg Kgrgt tebgj nmbglsgcglgc pgng tgjuc

;07;# ^uougc Pecebmtmgc mcm gngbgj uctul iecdetgjum pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj" oecms tgcgigc ngc mcterglsm gctgrg

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc ygcd terognm nm bgjgc

lrmtms N^G Qmcdlgrgl# Pecebmtmgc mcm iecdducglgc rgcagcdgc petgl terkgdm *[P^-" necdgc agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj

sekgdgm petgl utgig ngc oecms tgcgigc sekgdgm gcgl petgl# Ngtg nmgcgbmsms seagrg stgtmstml" kmbg F jmtucd 3 F tgkeb

*kerkeng cygtg-" iglg nmbgcoutlgc necdgc uom bgcout Nucagc”s Cew Iubtmpbe [gcde ^est *NCI[^- pgng tgrgf cygtg

5%# Jgsmb pecebmtmgc iecucoullgc kgjwg tmngl gng mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp

gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm tgcgj ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc# Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc kerpecdgruj cygtg pgng

erhsm ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc" cgiuc tmngl pgng gbmrgc periulggc# Erhsm tgcgj terecngj terngpgt pgng agrg pecdhbgjgctgcgj necdgc iecdducglgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , pupul lgcngcd , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ngc

terngpgt pgng lenebgm uctul oecms tgcgigc# Prhnulsm tgcgigc tertmcddm terngpgt pgng agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj necdgc

iecdducglgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , pupul lgcngcd , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ngc terngpgt pgng

tgcgigc lgagcd tgcgj uctul oecms tgcgigc#

Lgtg lucam ? pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm" gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm" bgjgc lrmtms#

Gkstrgat

Ahcservgtmhc tmbbgde ms gcy tmbbgde ietjhn tjgt gmis th renuae tje gihuct hf ruchff gcn shmbs erhsmhc tjgt haaurs#

[uchff gcn shmbs erhsmhc ms g aguse hf neabmcmcd shmb prhnuatmvmty gcn agrrymcd agpgamty hf tje bgcn fhr arhp prhnuatmhc

gcn ecvmrhciectgb qugbmty# ^je [esegraj gkhut ruchff" shmb erhsmhc" gcn gccugbs arhp prhnuatmhc nue th ahcservgtmhc

tmbbgde mc armtmagb bgcn gt Ubtmshb hf Qmcdlgrgl wgter agtajiect greg" mc shbhl redecay" Test Quigtrg ahcnuaten mc

;07;# ^je purphse hf tjms stuny were th lchw effeat hf shmbs tmbbgde" arhp types gcn th lchw tje mctergatmhc keetwec

tje effeat hf shmbs tbbgde gcn arhp types hc ruchff" shmb erhsmhc" gcn arhp prhnuatmhc tjgt haaurs mc armtmagb bgcn hf

Qmcdlgrglwgter agatjiect greg# ^jms resegraj usen spbmt pbht nesmdc wmtj tmbbgde ietjhn usen gs tje igmc pbht gcn

types hf arhp usen gs sukpbht# Ngtg were gcgbyzen stgtmstmagbby" mf F ahuct3 F tgkbe *smdcmfmagctby nmfferect-" tjec

fhbbhwen ky g NCI[^ test gt 5% beveb# ^jeresubt sjhwen tjgt tjere wgs cht g regb mctergatmhc ketweec hf shmb tmbbgde

gcn arhp types hc ruchff" shmbs erhsmhc gcn arhp prhnuatmhcs# ^je shmbs tmbbgde gcn arhp typessmdcmfmagct effeat hc shmb

erhsmhc gcn arhp prhnuatmhc" kut cht fhr ruchff# Bhwest shmbs erhsmhc wgs fhucn mc tmbbgde ietjhn usen ahcvectmhcgb

tmbbgde , ajgbl , igcure , ahiphst gcn shykegc fhr tje arhps types# ^je jmdjest hf prhnuatmhc wgs fhucn mc tmbbgde

ietjhn usen ahcvectmhcgb tmbbgde , ajgbl , igcure , ahiphst gcn pegcut fhr tje arhps types#

Leywhrns ? ahcservgtmhc tmbbgde"ruc hff" shmb erhsmhc" armtmagb bgcn#



PECNGJUBUGC

Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr *N^G- sugtu ngcgu

gngbgj sugtu wmbgygj nmselebmbmcd ngcgu ygcd

nmkgtgsm hbej pucdducd kulmt ygcd iecgipucd

gmr juogc ygcd ogtuj nm gtgscyg ngc

iecdgbmrlgccyg iebgbum sucdgm)sucdgm gtguiebgbum gbmrgc periulggc *ruc hff - sertg gbmrgc

kgwgj tgcgj iecuou ngcgu# Ngcgu Qmcdlgrgl

ygcd kerbhlgsm nm Prhvmcsm Quigterg Kgrgt mcm

ieimbmlm bugs N^G selmtgr 7;=#000 jg" nmigcg

selmtgr 1=#000 jg ngrm bugscyg ierupglgc bgjgc

lrmtms ygcd nmtuikujm gbgcd)gbgcd *Mipergtg

aybmcnrmab- *Hbneigc et gb #" 7=4=< amt Gdus et

gb#" ;00>-# Lusuig et gb# *7==0-" iecgikgjlgc

kgjwg selmtgr =0 % N^G ieipucygm

leimrmcdgc berecd kerlmsgr gctgrg ;6 % jmcddg

45%#Lgcgdgrmgc Grmpgc Leagigtgc Z Lhth

Qmcdlgrgl" Lgkupgtec Qhbhl ierupglgc sgbgj

sgtu ngrm selmgc kgcygl ngergj bgjgc lrmtms ygcd

kergng nm N^G Qmcdlgrgl# Bgjgc lrmtms ygcd

nmtuikujm gbgcd)gbgcd nm Lgcgdgrmgc Grmpgc

Lgkupgtec Qhbhl pecyekgrgccyg aulup bugs"

nmigcg selmtgr 15 % ngrm >#>60 jg thtgb bugs

wmbgygjcyg# Lgcgdgrmgc Grmpgc terbetgl nm

ngergj kgygcdgc juogc" necdgc aurgj juogc

ygcd tmngl ngpgt nmprenmlsm *Elsphs Tgbm

Cgdgrm Grmpgc" ;00=< amt Qermhstg" ;077-#Perigsgbgjgc ngbgi peigcfggtgc bgjgc ygcd

nmtuikujm hbej gbgcd)gbgcd uctul pertgcmgc

gngbgj prhnultmvmtgscyg ygcd recngj" ngc

ieimbmlm smfgt fmsml sertg lmimg ygcd kurul

Perigsgbgjgc bgmc ygcd terngpgt pgng N^G

mcm gngbgj hrnh tgcgjcyg " nmigcg hrnh tgcgj

pgng N^G mcm terigsul ngbgi hrnh Ubtmshb#Iecurut Ubtmshb ierupglgc sgbgj sgtu tgcgj

imcergb igsgi necdgc prhnultmvmtgs tgcgj ygcd

recngj" cgiuc ieipucygm phtecsm ygcd kesgr

ngbgi perbugsgc gregb pertgcmgc *Jglmi et gb#"7=:6-# Ubtmshb nmamrmlgc hbej gngcyg gluiubgsm

bmgt pgng jhrmzhc kgwgj periulggc *Jhrmzhc

Grdmbml- ygcd iecyekgklgc kerlurgcdcyg ngyg

resgp gmr sejmcddg ngpgt iecmcdlgtlgc gbmrgc

periulggc ngc erhsm tgcgj#

Erhsm ierupglgc sgbgj sgtu lecngbg fmsml

pgng tgcgj Ubtmshb ngc sgcdgt ierudmlgc lgrecg

ngpgt iecdurgcdm lesukurgc tgcgj# Jgb mcm

nmsekgklgc lgrecg lesukurgc tgcgj Ubtmshb

sermcd lgbm jgcyg nmtectulgc hbej lgcnucdgc

kgjgc hrdgcml pgng bgpmsgc gtgs *thp shmb -# Kmbg

bgpmsgc mcm tererhsm iglg tgcgj iecognm imslmc

kgjgc hrdgcml ngc jgrg#

Erhsm gngbgj jmbgcdcyg gtgu terlmlmscyg

tgcgj gtgu kgdmgc)kgdmgc tgcgj ngrm sugtu

teipgt ygcd nmgcdlut hbej gmr gtgu gcdmc le

teipgt bgmc# Qengcdlgc Gbmrgc periulggc

ierupglgc kgdmgc ngrm juogc ygcd tmngl

tergkshrksm hbej tgcgj ngc tmngl iecddecgcd nm

periulgc tgcgj" tetgpm kerdergl le teipgt ygcdrecngj# ^gcgj tererhsm gngbgj tgcgj ygcd

terjgcyut hbej gbmrgc periulggc" sejmcddg

jukucdgc gctgrg gbmrgc periulggc kerkgcnmcd

burus necdgc erhsm# Erhsm ngc gbmrgc periulggc

gngbgj pecyekgk lerusglgc bgjgc sejmcddg

bgjgc lrmtms iecognm seiglmc bugs

pecyekgrgccyg#

Uctul iecmcdlgt prhnultmvmtgs tgcgj

Ubtmshb ygcd nmtuikujm gbgcd)gbgcd tersekut"

gdgr iecognm bgjgc pertgcmgc ygcd prhnultmf ngc

kersmfgt bestgrm" iglg perbu nmbglulgc perkgmlgcsmfgt smfgt ) tgcgj necdgc agrg pecdhbgj tgcgj

lhcservgsm ngc pecdgturgc phbg tgcgi ygcd

sesugm necdgc lhcnmsm ngergj seteipgt#

Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm *ahcservgtmhc

tmbbgde- ygcd nmbglulgc kertuougc uctul

iecdurgcdm kesgrcyg erhsm" gbmrgc periulggc"

ngc ngpgt ieipertgjgclgc gtgu iecmcdlgtlgc

prhnulsm tgcgigc#

Pecebmtmgc terngjubu ygcd nmbglulggc hbej

[usigc et gb # *;00=- ngc Putrg *;077-"

iebgphrlgc kgjwg agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1*lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,

pupul lgcngcd- sgcdgt efeltmf ngbgi

iecdjgikgt bgou erhsm tgcgj nmkgcnmcdlgc

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd

nmkglgr- ngc P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg

gbgcdgbgcd# Kertmtml thbgl ngrm urgmgc nm gtgs"

iglg pecubms tebgj iebglulgc pecebmtmgc necdgc

ounub ‒ Kesgr Gbmrgc Periulggc" Erhsm ^gcgj

ngc Prhnulsm ^gcgigc Qeiusmi Glmkgt

Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj Lhcservgsm nm Bgjgc Lrmtms

Ubtmshb Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr *N^G-

Qmcdlgrgl" Pgng ^gjuc Leeipgt’#

Gngpuc tuougc ngrm pecebmtmgc mcm gngbgj

uctul ? 7- iecdetgjum pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc

tgcgj lhcservgsm terjgngp kesgrcyg gbmrgc

periulggc ngc erhsm ygcd terognm nm bgjgc lrmtms

Grmpgc" N^G Qmcdlggrgl" ;- iecdetgjum

pecdgruj oecms tgcgigc ygcd nmkunmngyglgc

terjgngp kesgrcyg gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm

ygcd terognm nm bgjgc lrmtms Grmpgc" N^G

Qmcdlggrgl" sertg 1- uctul iecdetgjum pecdgrujmcterglsm gctgrg agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms

tgcgigc ygcd nmkunmngyglgc terjgngp kesgrcyg



gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm ygcd terognm nm bgjgc

lrmtms Grmpgc" N^G Qmcdlgrgl#

IE^HNE PECEBM^MGC

Pecebmtmgc mcm tebgj nmbglsgcglgc pgng

Bgjgc lrmtms Ubtmshb ygcd nmtuikujm gbgcd)gbgcd

nm Ohrhcd Ngtg ^gipucml" Lgcgdgrmgc Grmpgc"

Leagigtgc Z Lhth Qmcdlgrgl" Lgkupgtec

Qhbhl" Prhvmcsm Quigterg Kgrgt" nmiubgm ngrm

kubgc Igret sgipgm necdgc Qepteiker ;07;#

Iethng ygcd nmducglgc ngbgi pecebmtmgc

mcm gngbgj [gcagcdgc Petgl ^erkgdm *[P^-#

Petgl utgig ternmrm gtgs tmdg igagi agrg

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj" P7 *gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr ,

tgcgj nmhbgj seagrg lhcvesmhcgb-" P; * tgcgj

nmhbgj seagrg lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd

nmognmlgc iubsg" ngc P1 *tgcgj nmhbgj seagrglhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,

pupul lgcngcd-# Gcgl petgl ternmrm gtgs oecms

tgcgigc seiusmi" ^7 *ogducd-" ^; *lenebgm-

ngc ^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-#

Petgl utgig nmkugt necdgc ulurgc ;"5 i x

7: i ngc ieikgdmcyg iecognm 1 gcgl petgl

necdgc tmdg lgbm ubgcdgc# Ahcthj tgcgj gwgb

ierupglgc ngtg gljmr pecebmtmgc sekebuicyg

*Putrg" ;077-" ahcthj tgcgj gljmr nmgikmb

setebgj 1 kubgc tgcgj nmperbglulgc# Ahcthj

tgcgj nmgikmb pgng bgpmsgc *lengbgigc- 0 ‑ ;0

ai" pgng setmgp petgl perahkggc uctul

nmgcgbmsms smfgt)smfgt tgcgjcyg# Pecyubgigc" peiupulgc" ngc peimbmjgrggc tgcgigc

nmbglulgc sebgig perahkggc kerbgcdsucd#

Pgrgieter ygcd nmgigtm ternmrm ngrm 7-

gcgbmsms smfgt fmsmlg tgcgj" iebmputm kergt vhbuie

*KV-" thtgb rugcd phrm *^[P-" ngc kgjgc hrdgcml

*KH- tgcgj# KV ngc ^[P tgcgj nmtetgplgc

necdgc iethne [mcd# Pecdulurgc KH tgcgj

necdgc iethng Tgblbey ngc Kbgal" ngc ;-

pecdgigtgc aurgj juogc" gbmrgc periulggc"

erhsm tgcgj" ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc nm bgpgcdgc#

Ngtg jgsmb pecebmtmgc nmgcgbmsms necdgc GCHVGiecdducglgc prhdrgi Qtgtmstml :#0" ngc gpgkmbg

kerkeng cygtg iglg nmuom bgcout necdgc uom

NCI[^ *Nucagc”s Cew Iubtmpbe [gcde ^est-

pgng tgrgf 5 %#

JGQMB NGC PEIKGJGQGC

Gcgbmsms Qgipeb ^gcgj GwgbGcgbmsms sgipeb tgcgj gwgb ierupglgc ngtg

jgsmb gljmr ngrm pecebmtmgc sekebuicyg*Pecebmtmgc ^gjuc MM- ygcd iebmputm pecdgruj

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp

smfgt fmsmlg tgcgj ngc pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc

tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc

periulggc" erhsm tgcgj sertg prhnulsm tgcgigc"ygcd sebgcoutcyg jgsmb gcgbmsms tgcgj gwgb

tersekut ngpgt nmbmjgt nm ^gkeb 7 ngc ;#

^gkeb 7# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp smfgt fmsmlg tgcgj jgsmb pecebmtmgc

tgjuc MM

Perbglugc KH *%- KV *d(ai - ^[P *%-

Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P-

P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-

P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd-

P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd-

7"70

7"10

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7"70

0"=4

0"=:

54"7:

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6;"51

Oecms ^gcgigc *^-

^7 *ogducd-

^; *lenebgm-

^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-

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7"54

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7"07

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61"47Quiker ? Putrg" ;077#

^gkeb 7 nm gtgs ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg

lgcnucdgc kgjgc hrdgcml *KH- tgcgj jgsmb

pecebmtmgc tgjuc MM terigsul ngbgi lrmtermg

sgcdgt recngj uctul seiug perbglugc

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc ygcd

nmkermlgc" leaugbm pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1

*lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,

pupul lgcngcd-" terigsul ngbgi lrmtermg

recngj# Lgcnucdgc KH tertmcddm terngpgt pgng

perbglugc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 ygmtu sekesgr



;"05 % ngc oecms tgcgigc ^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-

sekesgr 7"54 %# Qengcdlgc kergt vhbuie *KV-

ngc thtgb rugcd phrm *^[P- tgcgj uctul seiug

perbglugc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc

terigsul ngbgi lrmtermg sengcd *BP^" 7=4=-#

[ecngjcyg lgcnucdgc KH ngbgi tgcgj ngpgt

nmsekgklgc hbej kekergpg fglthr" sgbgj sgtu pecyekgkcyg gngbgj erhsm tgcgj# Prgsetyh ngc

Qurmgnmlgrtg *;006-" iecoebgslgc kgjwg erhsm

ierupglgc sgbgj sgtu lecngbg fmsml pgng Ubtmshb

ngc sgcdgt ierudmlgc lgrecg ngpgt iecdurgcdm

lesukurgc tgcgj# Jgb mcm lgrecg lesukurgc

Ubtmshb sermcd lgbm jgcyg nmtectulgc hbej

lgcnucdgc KH pgng bgpmsgc gtgs tgcgjcyg" kmbg

bgpmsgc mcm tererhsm iglg tgcgj iecognm imslmc kgjgc hrdgcml ngc jgrg#

^gkeb ;# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm tgcgj ngc

prhnulsm tgcgigc jgsmb pecebmtmgc tgjuc MM

PerbglugcErhsm tgcgj*d(petgl-

Gbmrgc periulggc

*ib(petgl-

Prhnulsm tgcgigc

*[p-


P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-

P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd-

P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)

gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd-

7:">0

7:"10

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1#165

;#::0

;#5>5

77#:11

71#:00

1>#;66

Oecms ^gcgigc *^-

^7 *ogducd-

^; *lenebgm-

^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-

70"47

77"14

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;#:60

;#:4>

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Ngrm ^gkeb ; nm gtgs ngpgt nmbmjgt kgjwg

gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm terecngj terngpgt

pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur

, lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd-# Mcmiecucoullgc kgjwg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 bekmj

efeltmf ngbgi iecuruclgc bgou erhsm tgcgj ngc

gbmrgc periulggc nmkgcnmcdlgc pecdhbgjgc

tgcgj P7 *Lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-

ngc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; *Lhcvesmhcgb , Iubsg

gbgcd)gbgcd-# Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc pecdhbgjgc

tgcgj P1 igipu iecyuikgcdlgc kgjgc

hrdgcml ygcd kesgr lengbgi tgcgj" ygcd sgcdgt

kerpergc kesgr ngbgi iecdjgikgt terognmcyg

erhsm ngc gbmrgc periulggc# Qebgmc mtu kgjgc

hrdgcml ngpgt ieiperkgmlm smfgt fmsml tgcgj ngc

iecyenmglgc ucsur jgrg ngbgi tgcgj ygcd

sgcdgt nmkutujlgc hbej tgcgigc uctul tuikuj

ngc kerprhnulsm necdgc kgml#

^gkeb ; oudg ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg erhsm

tgcgj terecngj terngpgt pgng oecms tgcgigc ^7

*ogducd-" ygmtu sekesgr 70"47 d(petgl" Cgiuc

gbmrgc periulggc terecngj terngpgt pgng oecms

tgcgigc ^; *lenebgm-" sekesgr ;#:60 ib(petgl#

Qengcdlgc uctul prhnulsm" jgsmb tertmcddm

terngpgt pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 *1>#;66

rupmgj- ngc oecms tgcgigc ^1 *1;#:00 rupmgj-#

Iecurut Grsygn *;000-" pecdgruj tgcgigc

terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm ngpgt

nmkgdm ngbgi bmig kgdmgc" ygmtu ? g- mctersepsm

juogc hbej tgoul tgcgigc" k- iecdurgcdm

leaepgtgc gbmrgc periulggc ngc lelugtgc

perusgl gmr" a- pecdgruj glgr ngc ledmgtgc)

ledmgtgc kmhbhdm ygcd kerjukucdgc necdgc pertuikujgc vedetgsm" n- pecdgrujcyg terjgngp

stgkmbmtgs strultur ngc phrhsmtgs tgcgj" ngc e-

trgcspmrgsm ygcd iecdglmkgtlgc lgcnucdgc gmr

kerlurgcd

Gcgbmsms Qgipeb ^gcgj Gljmr

Gcgbmsms Qmfgt Fmsmlg ^gcgj nm Bgkhrgthrmui

Kgjgc Hrdgcml *KH- ̂ gcgj

Jgsmb gcgbmsms iecucoullgc kgjwg terngpgt

mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms

tgcgigc terjgngp lgcnucdgc KH tgcgj#

Pecdgruj mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc

oecms tgcgigc terjgngp lgcnucdgc KH tgcgj

nmsgomlgc pgng ^gkeb 1#



^gkeb 1# Pecdgruj mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp kgjgc hrdgcml

tgcgj#

Perbglugc

Oecms ^gcgigc *^-

Ogducd

*^7-

Lenebgm

*^;-

Lgagcd ^gcgj

*^1-

Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P- Kgjgc Hrdgcml *%-

P7 *Lhcvesmhcgb , Gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr - 1"16 G

g

1">4 G

a

1"61 G

k

P; *Lhcvesmhcgb , Iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- >"71 G

g

>"7> G

k

1"67 K

k

P1 *Lhcvesmhcgb , Lgpur , Lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,

Pupul lgcngcd-

>"7; K

g

>"=1 G

g

5"0; G

gLetergcdgc ? Juruf leamb nmkgag vertmlgb" uctul ieikgcnmcdlgc gctgrg perbglugc P pgng ^ ygcd sgig# Qengcdlgc

juruf kesgr nmkgag jhrmzhctgb" uctul ieikgcnmcdlgc ^ pgng perbglugc P ygcd sgig#

^gkeb 1 nm gtgs iecoebgslgc kgjwg terngpgt

mcterglsm terjgngp KH tgcgj" kmbg pecdhbgjgc

tgcgj *P7" P; ngc P1- nmlhikmcgsmlgc necdgc

pecgcgigc oecms tgcgigc lenebgm *^;- ngc

lgagcd tgcgj *^1-# Ogrgl tgcgi ygcd rgpgt ngc

kgtgcd tgcgigc ygcd tmngl terbgbu tmcddm pgng

oecms tgcgigc ^; ngc ^1 glgc ieipecdgrujm

lergpgtgc glgr ngc bugs pecutupgc tgcgj" ygcd

sebgcoutcyg ngpgt iecaedgj lejmbgcdgc kgjgc

hrdgcml tgcgj glmkgt terkgwg hbej erhsm tgcgjngc gbmrgc periulggc# _mbmwu *;00;-"

iecoebgslgc kgjwg efeltmfmtgs tutupgc bgjgc

ngbgi iecdurgcdm erhsm ngc gbmrgc periulggc

terdgctucd pgng letmcddmgc" ouibgj tutupgc

bgjgc" lergpgtgc pecutupgc tgcgj ngc lergpgtgc

glgr# ^gcgigc ygcd ieimbmlm kgtgcd pecnel

glgc bekmj kgml ngbgi iecaedgj erhsm ngc

gbmrgc periulggc" lgrecg ngpgt iecdurgcdm

leaepgtgc gbmrgc periulggc ngc iecaedgj

terlhcsectrgsmcyg gbmrgc periulggc#

Pgng ^gkeb 1 nm gtgs oudg terbmjgt kgjwgtmngl terngpgt mcterglsm terjgngp kgjgc hrdgcml

tgcgj" omlg oecms tgcgigc *^7" ^; ngc ^1-

nmlhikmcgsmlgc necdgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7

*lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-" Cgiuc

mcterglsm kgru terkectul gpgkmbg oecms tgcgigc

*^7" ^; ngc ^1- nmlhikmcgsmlgc necdgc

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg- ngc

P1 *Lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd

, pupul lgcngcd-# Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc pgng

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; ngc P1" prhses terognmcyg

pecdjgcaurgc kutmrgc tgcgj sekgdgm glmkgt

pulubgc ecerdm lmcetml kutmrgc gmr juogc seagrg

bgcdsucd leperiulggc tgcgj ngpgt

nmimcmigbmsmr iebgbum pecutupgc bgjgc kmbg

nmkgcnmcdlgc necdgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7"

sejmcddg jmbgcdcyg KH tgcgj glmkgt terkgwg

hbej erhsm ngc gbmrgc periulggc ngpgt nmaedgj#Pgng ^gkeb 1 oudg ngpgt nmbmjgt kgjwg

mcterglsm perbglugc terkgml terngpgt pgng

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 ygcd nmlhikmcgsmlgc

necdgc pecgcgigc oecms tgcgigc ^1# Jgb mcm

nmsekgklgc mcterglsm gctgrg lenug lhikmcgsm

perbglugc tersekut iecdjgsmblgc lgcnucdgc KH

tgcgj tertmcddm ngc kerkeng cygtg ngrm

lhikmcgsm perbglugc bgmccyg# KH tgcgj ygcd

tmcddm ngpgt nmigcfggtlgc uctul iecmcdlgtlgc

prhnultmvmtgs Ubtmshb ygcd ieimbmlm kgcygl

perigsgbgjgc sepertm lesukurgc tgcgj ygcdrecngj" smfgt fmsmlg tgcgj ygcd oebel sertg

tgcgjcyg ygcd pelg terjgngp erhsm# Jgb mcm

sepertm ygcd nmoebgslgc hbej Prgsetyh ngc

Qurmgnmlgrtg *;006-" kgjwg pecmcdlgtgc

prhnultmvmtgs tgcgj Ubtmshb ngpgt nmbglulgc

iebgbum perkgmlgc tgcgj *giebmhrgsm-"

peiupulgc ngc peikermgc kgjgc hrdgcml#

Kergt Vhbuie *KV- ̂ gcgj

Jgsmb gcgbmsms iecucoullgc kgjwg

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc sertg

mcterglsm gctgrg lenug perbglugc tmngl

kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp kergt vhbuie tgcgj#

Uctul iebmjgt pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc

oecms tgcgigc terjgngp kergt vhbuie tgcgj

ngpgt nmbmjgt pgng ^gkeb >#



^gkeb ># Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp kergt vhbuie tgcgj#

Perbglugc KV *d(ai -


P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- 7"71 g

P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- 7"04 gP1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- 7"07 g

Oecms ^gcgigc *^-

^7 *Ogducd- 7"06 g

^; *Lenebgm- 7"0> g

^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- 7"77 gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg

iecurut uom bgcout NCI[^ pgng tgrgf 5 %#

^gkeb > nm gtgs ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj tmngl kerpecdgruj cygtgterjgngp KV tgcgj# Pecebmtmgc sekebuicyg oudg

iecucoullgc jgb ygcd serupg *Putrg" ;077-# Jgb

mcm nmnudg nmsekgklgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj seagrg

lhcvesmhcgb ygcd nmbglulgc pgng seiug petgl

perahkggc terbgbu seipurcg" sejmcddg

iecdglmkgtlgc lepgngtgc tgcgj iecognm

kerlurgcd ngc tgcgj iecognm deikur# Iecurut

Noucmwgtm *7==:< amt Dhcddh et gb#" ;005-

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj iecyekgklgc recngjcyg KV"

lgrecg iecmcdlgtcyg nmstrmkusm rugcd phrm#

^mngl gngcyg pecdgruj ygcd smdcmfmlgc ngrm

igsmcd)igsmcd agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj *P7" P;

ngc P1- terjgngp KV tgcgj" terutgig

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; ngc P1 nmnudg oudg

nmsekgklgc lgrecg KH tgcgj ygcd nmjgsmblgc

ngrm igsmcd)igsmcd agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj

igsmj terdhbhcd recngj" sejmcddg kebui aulup

efeltmf ngbgi ieiperkgmlm smfgt fmsml tgcgj

ngergj pecebmtmgc" sepertm KV tgcgj ygcd tmcddm

ngc sekgdgmcyg#

Iecurut Qgrmef *7=:=-" peikermgc KHlengbgi tgcgj glgc iecamptglgc rhcddg)rhcddg

gtgu phrm)phrm ygcd bekmj kgcygl sejmcddg tgcgj

tersekut deikur" seiglmc tmcddm kgjgc hrdgcml

sugtu tgcgj iglg KV seiglmc leamb# Kualigc

ngc Krgny *7=:;< amt [efbmgty et gb#" ;00=-

iecgikgjlgc kgjwg pecgikgjgc kgjgc

hrdgcml lengbgi tgcgj ngpgt iecuruclgc KV"lgrecg kgjgc hrdgcml iergcdsgcd drgcubgsm

sejmcddg iecmikublgc lhcnmsm bepgs ngc

sgrgcd#

^gkeb > oudg iecucoullgc kgjwg oecms

tgcgigc *^- tmngl kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp

KV tgcgj# Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc nguc gtgu kgdmgc

tukuj tgcgigc ygcd ogtuj leperiulggc tgcgj

ieikutujlgc prhses ygcd bgig uctul iebgpul

ngc iecognm suiker KH tgcgj" sejmcddg

pergcgc KH ngbgi ieiperkgmlm smfgt fmsmlg

tgcgj kebui efeltmf# Qepertm ygcd nmoebgslgc

hbej Gcnershc ngc Mcdrgi *7==1< amt Gprmsgb

;00>-" kgjwg pebgpulgc kgjgc hrdgcml

ieierbulgc wgltu ygcd aulup uctul ieikec)

tul lhbhmn hrdgcml tgcgj# Bgig wgltu pebgpu)

lgc kgjgc hrdgcml tersekut terdgctucd ngrm

lhiphsmsm kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd nmkermlgc#

Qebgmc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj" kgjgc hrdgcml

tgcgj" tgcgigc gtgu vedetgsm" jgb bgmc ygcd turut

ieipecdgrujm KV tgcgj iecurut Jgrmnogog

*7=:0-" gngbgj telstur tgcgj# ^gcgj necdgctelstur bmgt bekmj submt uctul nmhbgj lgrecg

kersmfgt becdlet ngc lgngr gmrcyg bekmj kgcygl#

^mcddmcyg lgcnucdgc bmgt pgng tgcgj iecdglm)

kgtlgc glgr tgcgigc submt ieceikus tgcgj ngc

kerleikgcd#

^htgb [ugcd Phrm *^[P- ̂ gcgj


pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc sertg


kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp kergt thtgb rugcd

phrm tgcgj# Uctul iebmjgt pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc

tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp thtgb rugcd

phrm tgcgj ngpgt nmbmjgt pgng ^gkeb 5#



^gkeb 5# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp thtgb rugcd phrm tgcgj

Perbglugc ^[P *%-


P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- 56"7: g

P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- 5:">= g

P1 *lhcvesmhgcb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- 60"6> g

Oecms ^gcgigc *^-

^7 *Ogducd- 5:"=: g

^; *Lenebgm- 5=">6 g

^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- 56":6 gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg


^gkeb 5 ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg pecdhbg)

jgc tgcgj kebui kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp

^[P tgcgj# Pecdgruj ygcd tmngl cygtg terjgngp

^[P tgcgj nmnudg nmsekgklgc terognmcyg

pecmcdlgtgc phrhsmtgs tgcgj glmkgt pecdhbgjgc

tgcgj seagrg lhcvesmhcgb ygcd nmbglulgc pgng

seiug petgl perahkggc# Qepertm pecngpgt

Uthih *7==5-" ygcd iecygtglgc kgjwg pecdh)

bgjgc tgcgj ngpgt ieiperkgmlm ledeikurgc ngc

iecmcdlgtlgc phrhsmtgs tgcgj#

^[P tgcgj jgsmb pecebmtmgc tmngl kerkeng

cygtg" jgb mcm sekgcnmcd necdgc KV ^gcgj jgsmb

pecebmtmgc *^gkeb >- ygcd tmngl kerkeng cygtg#

Mcm nmlgrecglgc cmbgm ^[P tgcgj sebgbu kerlhbergsm cedgtmf necdgc cmbgm KV tgcgj# Ognm

gpgkmbg cmbgm KV tgcgj iecmcdlgt iglg ^[P

tgcgj glgc iecognm recngj" kedmtupuc sekgbml)

cyg# Qepertm ygcd nmoebgslgc hbej Qhepgrnm

*7=:1< amt [efbmgty et gb#" ;00=- kgjwg seiglmc

tmcddm ^[P iglg KV seiglmc recngj#

Uctul iecuruclgc cmbgm KV tgcgj ygcd

kergrtm glgc iecmcdlgtlgc cmbgm ^[P tgcgj

iglg pecgikgjgc KH lengbgi tgcgj ierupg)

lgc sgbgj sgtu bgcdlgj ygcd tepgt" lgrecg

iecurut Kgsyrg *;000- kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd

terngpgt nmgctgrg pgrtmleb tgcgj setebgj

iecdgbgim perhikgllgc hbej imlrhhrdgcmsie

tgcgj glgc ieikectul rhcddg gtgu phrm tgcgj"

sejmcddg iecmcdlgtlgc ^[P tgcgj ngc iecu)

ruclgc KV tgcgj ngc lelergsgc tgcgj#

Oecms tgcgigc ieiperbmjgtlgc pecdgruj

ygcd tmngl cygtg terjgngp ^[P tgcgj *^gkeb 5-#

Jgb mcm nmnudg nmsekgklgc smstei perglgrgc

ygcd nmjgsmblgc hbej dubig tgcgigc turut

ieipecdgrujm ^[P tgcgj" glmkgt tmngl nmbglu)

lgccyg pecymgcdgc pgng sggt tgcgigc tebgj keruiur , ; kubgc sgipgm necdgc sebesgm pgcec#

Iecurut Grsygn *;000-" smstei perglgrgc tgcg)

igc ngc ledmgtgc)ledmgtgc kmhbhdm ygcd kerju)

kucdgc necdgc pertuikujgc vedetgsm" kerpe)

cdgruj terjgngp stgkmbmtgs strultur ngc phrhsmtgs

tgcgj" ngc trgcspmrgsm ygcd iecdglmkgtlgc

lgcnucdgc gmr tgcgj kerlurgcd#

#

Pecdgigtgc Aurgj Juogc" Gbmrgc Periulggc" Erhsm tgcgj ngc Prhnulsm ^gcgigc nm

Bgpgcdgc

Aurgj Juogc

Qgbgj sgtu fglthr mlbmi ygcd pgbmcd

kerpecdgruj terjgngp leognmgc erhsm ngc gbmrgc

periulggc gngbgj aurgj juogc# Juogc iecye)

kgklgc erhsm tgcgj iebgbum nug agrg" ygmtu

pebepgsgc kutmrgc tgcgj hbej pulubgc gmr juogc

pgng periulggc tgcgj ngc lhctrmkusm aurgj

juogc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc# Ouibgj aurgj

juogc sebgig 1 kubgc pecebmtmgc nmtgipmblgc

pgng Dgikgr 7#



Dgikgr 7# Ouibgj aurgj juogc sebgig 1 kubgc pecebmtmgc *Oucm)Gdustus ;07;-#

Pgng Dgikgr 7 nm gtgs ngpgt nmbmjgt kgjwg

aurgj juogc nm bhlgsm pecebmtmgc kerlmsgr gctgrg16"1; ‑ 761"74 ii# Ouibgj aurgj juogc

tertmcddm terngpgt pgng kubgc Oubm *761" 74 ii-

ngc terecngj pgng kubgc Gdustus *16"1; ii-#

Iecurut Grsygn *;000-" kesgrcyg aurgj juogc

gngbgj tmcddm gmr ygcd ogtuj pgng sugtu gregb

tertectu ygcd nmcygtglgc ngbgi bmter persgtugc

bugs gtgu seagrg uiui nmcygtglgc ngbgi

imbmieter *ii- tmcddm gmr# Aurgj juogc ygcd

tmcddm ngbgi wgltu ygcd bgig ngpgt

iecmikublgc ouibgj tgcgj ygcd tererhsm kesgr

ngc ouibgj juogc ygcd recngj ngbgi wgltu

ygcd pecnel iecmikublgc erhsm ygcd leamb#[usigc *7=:=< amt Qermhstg" ;077-"

iecdeiulglgc kgjwg pecdgruj ouibgj ngc

mctecsmtgs juogc terjgngp erhsm kerkeng)keng#

Ouibgj juogc ygcd kesgr kebui tectu

iecmikublgc erhsm kmbg mctecsmtgs recngj#

Neimlmgc pubg mctecsmtgs juogc ygcd tmcddm

kebui tectu iecmikublgc erhsm kmbg ouibgj

juogc senmlmt lgrecg tmngl terngpgt aulup gmr

uctul iecdjgcyutlgc tgcgj# Qekgbmlcyg kmbg

ouibgj juogc kgcygl ngc mctecsmtgscyg tmcddm

glgc iecmikublgc erhsm ygcd jekgt##Gbm rgc Periulggc

Jgsmb gcgbmsms ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc tmngl

kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp gbmrgc periulgc"

neimlmgc oudg necdgc mcterglsm gctgrg lenug

perbglugc tmngl kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp

gbmrgc periulggc# Uctul iebmjgt pecdgruj

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp

gbmrgc periulggc ngpgt nmbmjgt pgng ^gkeb 6#

^gkeb 6# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc#

Perbglugc Gbmrgc Periulggc *ib(petgl-


P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- >#;=> g

P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- 1#=41 gP1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- 1#=:6 g

Oecms ^gcgigc *^-

^7 *Ogducd- >#0:4 g

^; *Lenebgm- 1#=== g

^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- 1#=:6 gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg


Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj kebui kerpecdgruj cygtg

terjgngp kesgrcyg gbmrgc periulggc ygcd terognm*^gkeb 6-# Pecdgruj ygcd tmngl cygtg nmnudg

nmsekgklgc perbglugc ygcd nmkermlgc kebui

aulup efeltmf ngbgi iecdjgikgt bgou gbmrgc

periulggc" terutgig pgng perbglugc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg

gbgcd)gbgcd- ngc pecdhbggc tgcgj P1

=>"=6 ii

761"74 ii

16"1; ii

0

;5

50

45

700

7;5

750

745

Oucm Oubm Gdustus

A u r g j J

u o g c * i i -

Kubgc Pecdgigtgc

Ouibgj Aurgj Juogc




pupul lgcngcd-" ygcd igcg pergcgc iubsg

gbgcd)gbgcd ngc lhiphs , pupul lgcngcd

kebui cygtg iecuruclgc gbmrgc periulggc#

Iecurut [gajigc et gb# *;00>-" pecdducggc

iubsg nmperiulggc tgcgj ngpgt iebmcnucdmcyg

ngrm ecerdm jeipgsgc kutmr)kutmr juogc"iecdurgcdm terognmcyg pecyuikgtgc phrm"

sejmcddg iecmcdlgtlgc vhbuie gmr ygcd

termcfmbtrgsm ygcd oudg iecdurgcdm ngyg gcdlut

gbmrgc periulggc# Putrg *;077-" iecgikgjlgc

kgjwg peikermgc pupul lgcngcd ngc lhiphs

ngpgt iecmcdlgtlgc gltmvmtgs imlrhhrdgcmsie"

ieigctgplgc strultur tgcgj" iecmcdlgtlgc

mcfmbtrgsm" sejmcddg iecdurgcdm gbmrgc

periulggc#

Iecurut _mbmwu *;00;-" Pecdgruj oecms

tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc mgbgjtgcgigc ngpgt iecdurgcdm ecerdm gbmrgc"

iecmcdlgtlgc lelgsgrgc tgcgj sejmcddg

iecdurgcdm leaepgtgc gbmrgc periulggc ngc

sebgcoutcyg ieihthcd leigipugc gbmrgc

periulggc uctul iebepgs ngc iecdgcdlut

pgrtmleb senmiec# Perglgrgc tgcgigc

iecmcdlgtlgc lelugtgc tgcgj" drgcubgrmtgs ngc

phrhsmtgs# Cgiuc jgsmb gcgbmsms iecucoullgc

kgjwg oecms tgcgigc *^- kebui cygtg

ieiperleamb gbmrgc periulggc# Jgb mcm nmnudg

nmlgrecglgc gbmrgc periulggc terognm seagrg

iergtg pgng setmgp petgl perahkggc erhsm nmljususcyg nmgwgb tgcgi# Qepertm ygcd

nmoebgslgc hbej [usigc et gb # *;00=-" kgjwg

gbmrgc periulggc kesgr pgng seiug perbglugc

sggt tgcgj kebui tertutup hbej tgcgigc# Cgiuc

semrmcd necdgc iglmc kesgrcyg tgcgigc ngc

seiglmc bugs tgoul tgcgigc iglg gbmrgc

periulggc oudg seiglmc leamb#

Pecutup lgchpm hbej tgcgigc ngpgt

ieikermlgc leseipgtgc terognmcyg pecdugpgc

bgcdsucd ngrm nengucgc ngc ngjgc" ngc

leiunmgc iecgcdlgp kutmr juogc *mctersepsm-"sejmcddg iecdurgcdm gbmrgc periulggc ngc

erhsm iecognm leamb# Perbmcnucdgc ygcd aulup

terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc pgbmcd senmlmt 40%

bgjgc jgrus tertutup tgcgigc *_mbmwu" ;00;-#

#

Erhsm ̂ gcgj

Jgsmb gcgbmsms ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc

kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp erhsm tgcgj" Cgiuc


kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp erhsm tgcgj# Uctul

iebmjgt pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms

tgcgigc terjgngp erhsm tgcgj ngpgt nmbmjgt pgng

^gkeb 4#

^gkeb 4# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp erhsm tgcgj

Perbglugc Erhsm tgcgj *d(petgl-


P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- 11"56 g

P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- ;1":= k

P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- ;7"64 k

Oecms ^gcgigc *^-

^7 *Ogducd- ;5"=: gk^; *Lenebgm- ;1"7= k

^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- ;="=> gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg


^gkeb 4 nm gtgs iecucoullgc kgjwg

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj necdgc P; *lhcvesmhcgb ,

iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- ngc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1


pupul lgcngcd- ngpgt iecurucgc erhsm tgcgj

bekmj recngj nmkgcnmcdgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7*lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-# Jgb mcm

nmsekgklgc kgjwg pecdducggc iubsg gbgcd)

gbgcd pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; ngc pupul

lgcngcd ngc lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd pgng

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 bekmj efeltmf ngbgi

iecelgc erhsm tgcgj# Iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd

kerpergc ngbgi iebmcnucdm periulggc tgcgj

ngrm pulubgc bgcdsucd kutmrgc juogc sejmcddgiecdurgcdm terognmcyg erhsm# Qebgmc mtu

peigcfggtgc iubsg nm bgjgc pertgcmgc oudg



ngpgt kerigcfgt uctul iecelgc pertuikujgc

dubig# Iecurut Quwgrnoh *7=:7< amt Qukgdyhch

et gb #" ;001-" iubsg ngpgt nmigcfggtlgc uctul

iebmcnucdm periulggc tgcgj ngrm pulubgc

bgcdsucd kutmrgc gmr juogc sejmcddg iecdurgcdm

terognmcyg erhsm peraml * spbgsj erhsmhc-" sebgmc

mtu oudg iecdurgcdm bgou ngc vhbuie gbmrgc periulggc#

Kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd kergsgb ngrm pupul

lgcngcd ngc lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd pgng

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 ngpgt ieiperkgmlm smfgt

fmsml tgcgj" ygmtu iecuruclgc lepgngtgc tgcgj"

iecmcdlgtlgc phrhsmtgs tgcgj" sejmcddg

mcfmbtrgsm iecmcdlgt sertg gbmrgc periulggc ngc

erhsm tgcgj ngpgt nmlurgcdm# Qebgmc mtu iecurut

[gajigc et gb # *;00>-" kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd

igsmj kerkectul pgngt *pupul lgcngcd-"

kerkectul sergsgj" sepertm nguc" rgctmcd ngcsekgdgmcyg ygcd kebui jgcaur glgc igipu

iecutupm periulggc tgcgj" sejmcddg ngpgt

iebmcnucdm tgcgj ngrm lelugtgc perusgl kutmr)

kutmr juogc ygcd ogtuj #

Oecms tgcgigc iecucoullgc pecdgruj ygcd

kerkeng cygtg terjgngp erhsm tgcgj *^gkeb 4-#

Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc tgcgigc ngpgt iebgwgc

fglthr)fglthr erhsm sepertm juogc" thphdrgfm" ngc

lgrgltermstml tgcgj# Iecurut Gsngl *7==5-"

pecdgruj tgcgigc terjgngp erhsm gngbgj 7-

iebmcnucdm periulggc tgcgj ngrm tuikulgc gmr

juogc" ;- iecuruclgc leaepgtgc ngc vhbuie gmr

bgrmgc" 1- iecgjgc pgrtmleb)pgrtmleb tgcgj pgngteipgtcyg iebgbum smstei perglgrgc ngc sergsgj

ygcd nmjgsmblgc" ngc >- ieipertgjgclgc

leigctgpgc lgpgsmtgs tgcgj ngbgi iecyergp

gmr#

^gkeb 4 nm gtgs ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg

tgcgigc lenebgm *^;- bekmj efeltmf ngbgi

iecelgc bgou erhsm tgcgj nmkgcnmcdlgc tgcgigc

ogducd *^7- ngc lgagcd tgcgj *^1-# Jgb mcm

nmnudg nmsekgklgc ogrgl tgcgi lenebgm ygcd

bekmj rgpgt nmkgcnmcdlgc tgcgigc ogducd ngc

lgagcd tgcgj# Iecurut _mbmwu *;00;-" lergpgtgctgcgigc ieipecdgrujm bugsgc bgjgc ygcd

tertutup tgcgigc" seiglmc rgpgt tgcgigc ygcd

gng nmperiulggc bgjgc iglg seiglmc leamb

ecerdm lmcetml juogc ygcd sgipgm le tgcgj ngc

seiglmc leamb leiucdlmcgc terognmcyg erhsm#

Jgsmb Prhnulsm ̂ gcgigc


pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc kerpe)

cdgruj cygtg terjgngp jgsmb prhnulsm tgcgigc" Cgiuc mcterglsm gctgr lenug perbglugc tmngl

kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp jgsmb prhnulsm

tgcgigc#Uctul iebmjgt pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc

tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp prhnulsmtgcgigc nmsgomlgc pgng ^gkeb :#

^gkeb :# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp prhnulsm tgcgigc setebgj

nmlhcversmlgc le rupmgj *[p-

PerbglugcPrhnulsm ^gcgigc

*rupmgj(petgl-


P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- >4#706 k

P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- >6#04; k

P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- 4=#7=> g

Oecms ^gcgigc *^-

^7 *Ogducd- 5=#777 k

^; *Lenebgm- ;5#577 a

^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- :4#450 gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg


Pgng ^gkeb : nm gtgs" jgsmb prhnulsm

tgcgigc nmlhcversmlgc le rupmgj *[p-

kerngsgrlgc jgrdg pgsgr uctul igsmcd)igsmcdtgcgigc pgng sggt pgcec" kertuougc uctul

iecygiglgc ucmt sgtugccyg" sejmcddg

ieiungjlgc ngbgi gcgbmsms stgtmstmlcyg#

Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur ,

lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd-ieiperbmjgtlgc jgsmb prhnulsm tgcgigc

tertmcddm *^gkeb 77- ngc kerkeng cygtg kmbg



nmkgcnmcdlgc necdgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7

*lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgd nmkglgr- ngc pecdh)

bgjgc tgcgj P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)

gbgcd-# Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc pgng pecdhbgjgc

tgcgj P1" peikermgc pupul lgcngcd ngc

lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ygcd nmbglulgc

ieikermlgc suikgcdgc kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd kesgr lengbgi tgcgj" sejmcddg ngpgt iecmcd)

lgtlgc lesukurgc tgcgj# ^gcgj ygcd sukur

ierupglgc ienmg tuikuj ygcd kgml kgdm

tgcgigc" sejmcddg pertuikujgc tgcgigc ngpgt

hptmigb ngc ngpgt kerprhnulsm necdgc kgml#

Iecurut Uthih *7==5-" kgjgc hrdgcml

igipu ieiperkgmlm smfgt fmsml tgcgj"

iecmcdlgtlgc lgpgsmtgs tulgr lgtmhc"

iecgikgj leigipugc tgcgj iecgjgc gmr" ngc

iecmcdlgtlgc kmhbhdm tgcgj" pgng kekergpg

tgcgj igsgi kgjgc hrdgcml ngpgtiecmcdlgtlgc pJ tgcgj *iecetrgblgc Gb necdgc

ieikectul Gb Hrdgcml-# Kgjgc hrdgcml oudg

ngpgt iecmcdlgtlgc letersenmggc jgrg ngbgi

tgcgj iebgbum ljebgt#

^gkeb 77 oudg ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg oecms

tgcgigc lgagcd tgcgj *^1- ieiperbm)jgtlgc

jgsmb prhnulsm tgcgigc ygcd tertmcddm ngc

kerkeng cygtg kmbg nmkgcnmcdlgc necdgc jgsmb

prhnulsm tgcgigc pgng tgcgigc ogducd *^7-ngc lenebgm *^;-# ^mcddmcyg jgsmb prhnulsm

tgcgigc pgng tgcgigc lgagcd tgcgj nmnudg

nmsekgklgc hbej fglthr bmcdlucdgc ngc lhcnmsm

bgjgc ygcd iecnulucd ngc sesugm uctul

pertuikujgc lgagcd tgcgj# Iecurut [uligcg

*7==:-" tgcgigc lgagcd tgcgj ahahl nmtgcgim nm

ngtgrgc recngj ygcd kerletmcddmgc nm kgwgj

500 ieter nmgtgs periulggc bgut *npb-# Mlbmi

ygcd nmkutujlgc lgagcd tgcgj gngbgj kersuju

tmcddm *pgcgs- gctgrg ;:h A ‑ 1;h A" senmlmt

beikgk *[J 65 ‑ 45%-" aurgj juogc :00 ‑ 7#100 ii(tgjuc" teipgt terkulg *iecngpgt

smcgr igtgjgrm pecuj-" ngc iusmi lermcd#

LEQMIPUBGC NGC QG[GC

Ngrm jgsmb pecebmtmgc ygcd nmbglulgc"

nmngpgtlgc kekergpg lesmipubgc" ygmtu ?

7# Mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms

tgcgigc jgcyg terognm pgng kgjgc hrdgcml

tgcgj# Mcterglsm perbglugc terkgml

nmperbmjgtlgc pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1*lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd

, pupul lgcngcd- ygcd nmlhikmcgsmlgc

necdgc oecms tgcgigc ^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-"

ygcd iecdgsmblgc lgcnucdgc kgjgc hrdgcml

tertmcddm sekesgr 5"0; %#

;# ^mngl gng pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc

oecms tgcgigc terjgngp kergt vhbuie *KV-tgcgj" thtgb rugcd phrm *^[P- tgcgj ngc

gbmrgc periulggc# Cmbgm KV" ^[P ngc gbmrgc

periulggc tgcgj aecnerucd jgipmr sgig#

Cgiuc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc kerpecdgruj terjgngp erhsm tgcgj ngc

prhnulsm tgcgigc#

1# Erhsm tgcgj terecngj terngpgt pgng

pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur ,

lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- ygmtu

sekesgr ;7"64 d(petgl ngc oecms tgcgigc ^;

*lenebgm- sekesgr ;1"7= d(petgl#

># Pecdhbggc tgcgj P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur ,lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- ngc

oecms tgcgigc ^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-

iecucoullgc prhnulsm tgcgigc tertmcddm"

ygmtu sekesgr 4=#7=> rupmgj ngc :4#450

rupmgj#

Uctul iecdurgcdm kesgrcyg gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm tgcgj" sertg iecmcdlgtlgc

prhnultmvmtgs tgcgigc" nmsgrgclgc uctul

iebglulgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm ygmtu

necdgc peikermgc kgjgc hrdgcml kerupg pupul lgcngcd ngc lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd#

NGF^G[ PUQ^GLG

Gdus F#" I# V# Chhrnwmol" ngc Q# [gjgyu

*Enmthr-# ;00># Ngipgl Jmnrhbhdms

Jutgc" Gdrhfhrestrm" ngc Pertgcmgc Bgjgc

Lermcd sekgdgm Ngsgr Peikermgc Mikgbgc

lepgng Pecdjgsmb Ogsg Bmcdlucdgc nm

Mcnhcesmg# Prhsmnmcd Bhlglgryg nm

Pgngcd(Qmcdlgrgl" Quigterg Kgrgt#

MA[GF)QEG" Khdhr# Jgbgigc 704 ‑ 7;5#

Gprmsgb# ;00># Ihneb [elbgigsm Bgjgc Gbgcd)

gbgcd ngbgi Iecmcdlgtlgc Prhnultmvmtgs

Bgjgc nm Ngergj ^rgcsimdrgsm Pgcngc

Tgcdm" Pergcgp" [mgu# Qtmdig Vhbuie

ZMM Ch# 1# Jgbgigc 105)170#

Grsygn" Q# ;000# Lhcservgsm ^gcgj ngc Gmr#

MPK Press# Khdhr# ;=0 jgbgigc#



Gsngl" A# 7==5# Jmnrhbhdm ngc Pecdebhbggc

Ngergj Gbmrgc Qucdgm# Dgnogj Igng

Ucmversmty Press# ]hdyglgrtg# Jgbgigc

;0> ‑ >40#

Kgsyrg" K# Q# ;000# Pecdgruj agrg

Pecdebhbggc Bgjgc terjgngp PerukgjgcQmfgt)smfgt ^gcgj Hxmshb ngc Jgsmb Lenebgm

nm NGQ Qmcdlgrgl # Qtmdig Vhbuie VMMM

Ch# 1" Oubm)Qepteiker ;000#

Dhcddh" K# I#" K# Jerigwgc" ngc N#

Gcddrgecm# ;005# Pecdgruj Oecms

^gcgigc Pecutup ngc Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj

terjgngp Qmfgt Fmsmlg ^gcgj Pgng Bgjgc

Gbgcd)gbgcd# Ourcgb Mbiu)Mbiu Pertgcmgc

Mcnhcesmg" Vhbuie 4" Ch 7# Jgbgigc >>)

50#

Jglmi" C#" I# ]# Cyglpg" G# I# Bukms" Q# D#

Cudrhjh" I# G# Nmjg" D# K# Jhcd" ngc J#

J# Kgmbey# 7=:6# Ngsgr)Ngsgr Mbiu

^gcgj# Ucmversmtgs Bgipucd# >::

jgbgigc#

Jgcgfmgj" L# G# ;005# Ngsgr)Ngsgr Mbiu

^gcgj# Oglgrtg# [gog Drgfmcnh Persgng#

160 jgbgigc#

Jgrmnogog" H# 7=:0# Pecdgctgr Fmsmlg ^gcgj#Mcstmtut Pecnmnmlgc Bgtmjgc ngc

Pecyubujgc Pertgcmgc# MPK# Khdhr# 40

jgbgigc#

Prgsetyh" K# J ngc N# G# Qurmgnmlgrtg# ;006#

Lgrgltermstml" Phtecsm" ngc êlchbhdm

Pecdebhbggc ^gcgj Ubtmshb uctul

Pecdeikgcdgc Pertgcmgc Bgjgc Lermcd

nm Mcnhcesmg# Ourcgb Bmtkgcd Pertgcmgc ;5

*;-# Jgbgigc 1=)>4#

[gajigc" G#" Ngrmgj" G#" ngc Jusec" E# ;00>#

Hbgj ^gcgj Lhcservgsm# Jbi 7:=);70

ngbgi Lhcservgsm ^gcgj pgng Bgjgc

Lermcd Kerberecd# Pusgt Pecebmtmgc ngc

Pecdeikgcdgc ^gcgj ngc Gdrhlbmigt#

Kgngc Bmtkgcd pertgcmgc" Nepgrteiec

Pertgcmgc

[efbmgty" ]# Fgrcm" ngc Q# Qmctg# ;00=# Pecdgruj

Beduimchse Ahver Arhp *BAA- tejgngp

Qmfgt Fmsml Ubtmshb kelgs Gbgcd)gbgcd ngc

Jgsmb Ogducd# Ourcgb Gdrhchim Vhb#71#

Ch# ;# Jgbgigc 57)56#

[uligcg" [# 7==:# Lgagcd ^gcgj# Lgcmsmsus#

]hdyglgrtg# 44 jgbgigc#

[usigc" K#" Gprmsgb" I# Lgsmi" M# Nwmpg" ngc[efnmcgb# ;00=# Ihneb Usgjg ^gcm

Lhcservgsm Mctedrgsm nm Bgjgc Igromcgb

ngbgi Iecmcdlgtlgc Letgjgcgc Pgcdgc

Lebugrdg Petgcm Imslmc nm Ngergj

Penesggc nm Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr

Qmcdlgrgl # Bgphrgc Pecebmtmgc# Beikgdg

Pecebmtmgc Ucmversmtgs Gcngbgs# Pgngcd

Qgrmef" E# Q# 7=:=# Fmsmlg)Lmimg ^gcgj

Pertgcmgc# Pustglg Kugcg# Kgcnucd# ;;0

jgbgigc

Qermhstg" G# ;077# Pecdgruj Agrg Peikulggc

Bgjgc Gbgcd)gbgcd terjgngp Kesgrcyg

Ucsur Jgrg ygcd terkgwg hbej Erhsm

^gcgj ngc Prhnulsm ^gcgigc nm Bgjgc

Lrmtms Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr Qmcdlgrgl#

Qlrmpsm# Fglubtgs Pertgcmgc Ucmversmtgs

Gcngbgs# Pgngcd#

Qukgdyhch" L#" Q# Igrwgcth" ngc U# Lurcmg#

;001# êlcml Lhcservgsm ^gcgj seagrgVedetgtmf# Kgbgm Pecebmtmgc ^gcgj# Khdhr

Qukgcnm" I# Ngjbgc ngc G# [mfmc# 7==># Jgsmb

ngc Qtrgtedm Pecebmtmgc Ogducd" Qhrdui

ngc êrmdu ngbgi Pecagpgmgc ngc

Pebestgrmgc Qwgseikgng Pgcdgc#

Pecebebmtgc ^gcgigc Pgcdgc MMM# Jgbgigc

;:6 ‑ 106#

Uthih" I# 7==5# Lelergsgc ^gcgj ngc

Qergpgc Jgrg ^gcgigc Ogducd PgngHbgj ^gcgj Lhcservgsm Ogcdlg Pgcogcd #

Ourcgb ^gcgj ^rhp# 7# Jgbgigc 7 ‑ 4#

_mbmwu" ]# ;00;# Pecdgruj Kekergpg Igagi

^gcgigc terjgngp Gbmrgc Periulggc ngc

Erhsm# êsms# Prhdrgi Pgsag Qgrogcg

Ucmversmtgs Nmphcedhrh# Qeigrgcd#

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