1 pendahuluan [compatibility mode]
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1_PENDAHULUAN
Program Studi Fisika
FI365 FI365 FI365 FI365 –––– SISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASI
Waslaluddin, dkk
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PENDAHULUAN
ISI KULIAH
� Definisi dan Terminologi
� Prinsip Transduksi Fisika dan Kimia
� Klasifikasi Sensor
� Perkembangan Sensor
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFINISI DAN TERMINOLOGI
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFINISI
� to sense : merasakan� Sensor adalah suatu perangkat (device ) atau
sistem (sensor system ) yang dapat merasakan suatu besaran fisika, kimia atau biologi dan merespon besaran tersebut dalam bentuk besaran fisika, kimia atau biologi lainnya atau mengkonversi besaran yang dirasakan menjadi
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mengkonversi besaran yang dirasakan menjadi besaran lainnya.� Sensor head
� Transducer adalah suatu perangkat (device ) dapat mengubah (to convert ) suatu energi atau besaran fisika, kimia atau biologi ke bentuk energi atau besaran lainnya � Energy Converter atau Modifier
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFINISI
MekanikMekanik
Radiasi
KimiaMekanikMekanik
Radiasi
Kimia
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MagnetikMagnetik Termal
Elektrik
MagnetikMagnetik Termal
Elektrik
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFINISI
� Transduser: Sensor dan Aktuator� Sensor : Sebagai transduser input
� misal : microphone, thermocouple, RTD, pitot tube dsb
� Aktuator : Sebagai transduser output � misal : loud speaker, control valve, damper, motor listrik dsb
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFINISI
� Sistem� Kombinasi dua atau lebih elemen, subsistem atau bagian yang
diperlukan untuk menghasilkan suatu fungsi� Untuk berinteraksi dengan lingkungan (real world) suatu sistem
memerlukan� Sensor : perangkat input� Aktuator : perangkat output� Pemroses : sinyal informasi dan pengetahuan
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� Sensor merespon dalam bentuk sinyal yang dapat diproses lebih lanjut seperti
� Amplifikasi, pemfilteran, transmisi, pemrosesan dan displai
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFINISI
Sensor atauSistem Sensor
Sensor atauSistem Sensor
Variabel-variabel fisika, kimia atau
Sensor, sistem sensor atau transduser merupakan antar muka (interface) antara besaran-besaran fisika pada fenomena alam, proses, mesin, lingkungan dan sebagainya ke suatu sistem pengukuran, monitoring dan pengontrolan
Variabel-variabel fisika,
kimia atau
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kimia atau biologi
kimia atau biologi
(umumnya besaran listrik seperti arus atau tegangan)
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFINISI
� Measurement� The process of comparing an unknown quantity with a standard of
the same quantity or standard of two or more related quantities
� Measurement Science� the systematic study and organization of the methods by which
INFORMATION is gathered from the PHYSICAL world
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFINISI
� Instrument Engineering� the systematic design and manufacture of reliable, cost
effective measuring instrumentation that fulfills a given measurement specification
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PENDAHULUAN
Intelligent Sensor
� Intelligent� Kemampuan untuk mengkombinasikan
� A priori knowledge (available before experience) &� Adaptive learning (from experience)
� Intelligent sensor system� Suatu sistem sensor yang memiliki kemampuan menyimpan
informasi sebelumnya dan adaptasi menyesuaikan dengan keadaan yang saat ini dan akan datang
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yang saat ini dan akan datang � Beberapa definisi yang ada
� A sensor that is capable of modifying its internal behavior to optimize the collection of data from the external w orld [Whi97]� Konsep adaptasi dan kompensasi adalah sentral filos ofi sensor cerdas
� Suatu perangkat yang mengkombinasikan suatu elemen sensor dan pemroses sinyal pada suatu IC tunggal [PY95a]
� Sensor cerdas adalah suatu sensor yang memiliki fun gsi yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan representasi yang ben ar besaran yang dideteksi atau besaran yang dikontrol [1451.2] [Fnk00]
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PENDAHULUAN
Prinsip Sub-sistem dalam suatu Sistem Sensor Cerdas [BW96]
� Elemen primer (primary sensing elements)� Kontrol eksitasi� Amplifikasi� Pemfilteran analog� Konversi data� Kompensasi� Pemrosesan informasi digital� Pemrosesan komunikasi digital
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� Pemrosesan komunikasi digital
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PENDAHULUAN
Prinsip Sub-sistem dalam suatu Sistem Sensor Cerdas [BW96]FI 365
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PENDAHULUAN
E-noseFI 365
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI FISIKA DAN KIMIA
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFINISI
� Transduksi: Pengubahan dari satu energi ke energi lain� energi termal ���� energi elektrik� energi mekanik ���� energi elektrik� energi radiasi ���� energi elektrik� energi magnetik ���� energi elektrik� energi kimia ���� energi elektrik
DIRECT Radiasi
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COMPLEXX
energi kimia ���� energi mekanik
energi elektrik
energi mekanik ���� energi termal
energi elektrik
�
�
MekanikKimia
Magnetik Termal
Elektrik
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PENDAHULUAN
SINYAL DOMAIN ENERGI
Mekanik : L, A, V, v, ωωωω, a, m, F, P, Torsi, aliran, viskositas
Termal : Temp (T), Cp, aliran kalor, keadaan materi
Elektrik : V, I, Q, R, L, C, E, ε.
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Magnetik : H, B, ΦΦΦΦ, χχχχ, µµµµ, dipol momen (µµµµm).
Radiasi : Warna, Int., T, R, A, refraktif indeks (n), koef. ekst.(k)
Kimia : Komposisi (xA), C, kec. reaksi (R), pH, humiditas
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PENDAHULUAN
TRANSDUKSI KE PENGLIHATAN (E. RADIASI)
� thermometers: temperature (T) � panjang (L)
� barometers: tekanan udara (P) � panjang (L)
� scales: berat/massa (m) � sudut (θθθθ)
� kelembaban: puntiran rambut (τ) � sudut (θθθθ)
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� kelembaban: puntiran rambut (τ) � sudut (θθθθ)
� indicator dyes: konsentrasi kimia (C) � warna
� photo film: intensitas radiasi (I) � kepekatan Ag (ρρρρ)
� speedometers: kecepatan (v) � sudut (θθθθ)
� ……??….. ……??……. � ……??……..
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PENDAHULUAN
TRANSDUKSI KE ELEKTRIK
� Thermistor : temperature ���� resistance
� Electrochemical : chemistry ���� voltage
� Photocurrent : light intensity ���� current
� Pyroelectric : thermal radiation ���� voltage
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� Pyroelectric : thermal radiation ���� voltage
� Humidity : humidity ���� capacitance
� Length (LVDT) : displacement ���� inductance
� Microphone : sound pressure ���� ……???
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PENDAHULUAN
Physical effect: signal energy conversionFI 365
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PENDAHULUAN
SENSE – THINK - ACT
loop
meas
transduce perceptionto electrical signal
measure involts, amps, ohms,henrys, farads, etc.
convert fromsignal to symbol
SENSORADC
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2020
surand
signal to symbol
compute control actiontransduce signal toheat, displacement,
illumination, etc
convert fromsymbol to signal
SENSOR
ACTUATOR
ADC
DAC
Transducer
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
Capacitance
V
qC =
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2121( )ab
d
AC
o
o
/ln
2 lεπ
ε
=
=l
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
( )ab
HC o
o /ln
2 επ=
Contoh : Level sensor (physical)
εo,r , b, a, H
h VFI 365
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2222h � C � V
εo,r , b, a, H constant
( ) ( )[ ]hhHab
C ro εεπ +−=/ln
2
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
Contoh : Occupancy sensor (physical) x V
x
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2323x � Cso � V
Csg, Cog: constant
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
Resistance
( )RiV
A
TR .== lρ
A l
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( )
A
A
R
RA
AR
∆−∆+∆=∆
=
l
l
ll
ρρ
ρρ ,,
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
Contoh : Level sensor (physical)( )
RiVA
TR .== lρ
h V
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2525h � d � R � V
h
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
Contoh : Force sensor (physical)
( )RiV
A
TR .== lρ
l FEσ =∆=
F V
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ll
ll
l
V
RVa
R
aE
ρ
ρρ
σ
2
2
=∆∆
==
==l
F � σ � l � R � V
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
Contoh : Temperature sensor (physical)
( )RiV
A
TR .== lρT V
bimetal
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( )[ ]
VaR
TT2
1212 1
ll
ll
ρρ
α
==
−+=
T � α � l � R � V
2l
1l
bimetal
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
Contoh : Gas sensor (chem.) C R
CCO
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twAR
qn e
.
1 ll
σρ
µσ
==
=
CCO � q � σ � R
t w
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PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP TRANSDUKSI
Contoh : Humidity sensor (chem.) %H2O Z
%H2O C2, R2, C3, R3 constant
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2929%H2O � pore � C1, R1 � Z
CjRZ ω+= 1
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PENDAHULUAN
KLASIFIKASI SENSOR
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PENDAHULUAN
KLASIFIKASI SENSOR
� Proprioception (Internal state) v.s. Exteroceptive (external state) � measure values internally to the system (robot), e.g.
battery level, wheel position, joint angle, etc,� observation of environments, objects
� Active v.s. Passive
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� Active v.s. Passive� emitting energy into the environment, e.g., radar, sonar� passively receive energy to make observation, e.g.,
camera
� Contact v.s. non-contact
� Visual v.s. non-visual� vision-based sensing, image processing, video camer a
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� Encoders, Potentiometers� measure angle of turn via change in resistance or b y
counting optical pulses
� Gyroscopes� measure rate of change of angles
Proprioceptive SensorsProprioceptive SensorsProprioceptive SensorsProprioceptive SensorsFI 365
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� measure rate of change of angles� fiber-optic (newer, better), magnetic (older)
� Compass� measure which way is north
� GPS� measure location relative to globe
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Classification of SensorsClassification of SensorsClassification of SensorsClassification of Sensors
• Stimulus : physical, chemical & biological measurand (energy)
• Transduction effects : Active (self-generating) vs Pasive (modulation)
• Scale of measured properties : scale of measurands
• Sensing constraints : ways of measurement
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• Field of applications : e.g. automotive, industrial, robotic, etc.
• Materials
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StimulusStimulusStimulusStimulus
Mekanik
Radiasi
Kimia
MagnetikMagnetik Termal
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Elektrik
SensorSensoroutputsignal
measurand
SensorSensoroutputsignal
measurand
powersupply
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Transduction effectTransduction effectFI 365
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Transduction effectTransduction effectFI 365
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Scale of measurandsScale of measurandsFI 365
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Sensing constraintsSensing constraintsFI 365
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Radiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �������� Electromagnetic SpectrumRadiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �������� Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible Spectrum
700 nm 400 nm
FI 365
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Radiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �������� Electromagnetic SpectrumRadiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �������� Electromagnetic Spectrum
Light SensorsLight Sensors• Photodiodes • Phototransistor • Photoresistors • Cooled Detectors • Thermal Detectors
• Golay Cells • Thermopile Sensors
Light SensorsLight Sensors• Photodiodes • Phototransistor • Photoresistors • Cooled Detectors • Thermal Detectors
• Golay Cells • Thermopile Sensors Radiation SensorsRadiation SensorsRadiation SensorsRadiation Sensors
FI 365
FI 365
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FI 365
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• Thermopile Sensors • Pyroelectric Sensors • Bolometers • Active Far-Infrared Sensors • Gas Flame Detectors
• Thermopile Sensors • Pyroelectric Sensors • Bolometers • Active Far-Infrared Sensors • Gas Flame Detectors
• Scintillating Detectors• Ionization Detectors
• Ionization Chambers • Proportional Chambers • Geiger–Müller Counters • Semiconductor Detectors
• Scintillating Detectors• Ionization Detectors
• Ionization Chambers • Proportional Chambers • Geiger–Müller Counters • Semiconductor Detectors
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PENDAHULUAN
Mechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsOccupancy and Motion DetectorsOccupancy and Motion Detectors• Ultrasonic Sensors • Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors
• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors
Occupancy and Motion DetectorsOccupancy and Motion Detectors• Ultrasonic Sensors • Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors
• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors
Position, Displacement, and LevelPosition, Displacement, and Level• Potentiometric Sensors • Gravitational Sensors
Position, Displacement, and LevelPosition, Displacement, and Level• Potentiometric Sensors • Gravitational Sensors
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FI 365
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• Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors • Inductive and Magnetic Sensors
• LVDT and RVDT • Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors
• Optical Sensors • Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors • Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)
• Ultrasonic Sensors • Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-P enetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors
• Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors • Inductive and Magnetic Sensors
• LVDT and RVDT • Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors
• Optical Sensors • Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors • Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)
• Ultrasonic Sensors • Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-P enetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors
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Mechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical Sensors
Velocity and AccelerationVelocity and Acceleration• Capacitive Accelerometers • Piezoresistive Accelerometers • Piezoelectric Accelerometers • Thermal Accelerometers
• Heated-Plate Accelerometer • Heated-Gas Accelerometer
• Gyroscopes• Rotor Gyroscope
Velocity and AccelerationVelocity and Acceleration• Capacitive Accelerometers • Piezoresistive Accelerometers • Piezoelectric Accelerometers • Thermal Accelerometers
• Heated-Plate Accelerometer • Heated-Gas Accelerometer
• Gyroscopes• Rotor Gyroscope
Pressure Sensors Pressure Sensors • Mercury Pressure Sensor • Piezoresistive Sensors • Capacitive Sensors . • VRP Sensors • Optoelectronic Sensors
Pressure Sensors Pressure Sensors • Mercury Pressure Sensor • Piezoresistive Sensors • Capacitive Sensors . • VRP Sensors • Optoelectronic Sensors
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• Rotor Gyroscope• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes • Optical Gyroscopes
• Rotor Gyroscope• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes • Optical Gyroscopes
Force, Strain, and Tactile SensorsForce, Strain, and Tactile Sensors• Strain Gauges • Tactile Sensors . • Piezoelectric Force Sensors
Force, Strain, and Tactile SensorsForce, Strain, and Tactile Sensors• Strain Gauges • Tactile Sensors . • Piezoelectric Force Sensors
• Optoelectronic Sensors • Vacuum Sensors
• Pirani Gauge • Ionization Gauges • Gas Drag Gauge
• Optoelectronic Sensors • Vacuum Sensors
• Pirani Gauge • Ionization Gauges • Gas Drag Gauge
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Mechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsMechanical Sensors
Flow SensorsFlow Sensors• Thermal Transport Sensors • Ultrasonic Sensors • Electromagnetic Sensors• Microflow Sensors • Breeze Sensor • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors
Flow SensorsFlow Sensors• Thermal Transport Sensors • Ultrasonic Sensors • Electromagnetic Sensors• Microflow Sensors • Breeze Sensor • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors
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• Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors • Drag Force Flow Sensors • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors • Drag Force Flow Sensors
Acoustic SensorsAcoustic Sensors• Resistive Microphones • Condenser Microphones • Fiber-Optic Microphone • Piezoelectric Microphones • Electret Microphones • Solid-State Acoustic Detectors
Acoustic SensorsAcoustic Sensors• Resistive Microphones • Condenser Microphones • Fiber-Optic Microphone • Piezoelectric Microphones • Electret Microphones • Solid-State Acoustic Detectors
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Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsTemperature SensorsTemperature Sensors
• Thermoresistive Sensors • Resistance Temperature • Silicon Resistive Sensors • Thermistors
• NTC Thermistors • Self-Heating Effect in NTC Thermistors • PTC Thermistors
• Thermoresistive Sensors • Resistance Temperature • Silicon Resistive Sensors • Thermistors
• NTC Thermistors • Self-Heating Effect in NTC Thermistors • PTC Thermistors
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• Thermoelectric Contact Sensors • Semiconductor P-N Junction Sensors • Optical Temperature Sensors
• Fluoroptic Sensors • Interferometric Sensors • Thermochromic Solution Sensor
• Acoustic Temperature Sensor • Piezoelectric Temperature Sensors
• Thermoelectric Contact Sensors • Semiconductor P-N Junction Sensors • Optical Temperature Sensors
• Fluoroptic Sensors • Interferometric Sensors • Thermochromic Solution Sensor
• Acoustic Temperature Sensor • Piezoelectric Temperature Sensors
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Magnetic SensorsMagnetic SensorsMagnetic SensorsMagnetic Sensors
Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors
• ChemFET
• Electrochemical Sensors
• Potentiometric Sensors
• Conductometric Sensors
• Amperometric Sensors
Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors
• ChemFET
• Electrochemical Sensors
• Potentiometric Sensors
• Conductometric Sensors
• Amperometric Sensors
Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors
• Pellister Catalytic Sensors
• Optical Chemical Sensors
• Mass Detector
Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors
• Pellister Catalytic Sensors
• Optical Chemical Sensors
• Mass Detector
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• Amperometric Sensors
• Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors
• Elastomer Chemiresistors
• Amperometric Sensors
• Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors
• Elastomer Chemiresistors
• Biochemical Sensors
• Enzyme Sensors
• Biochemical Sensors
• Enzyme Sensors
Humidity and Moisture Sensors• Capacitive Sensors
• Electrical Conductivity Sensors
• Thermal Conductivity Sensor
• Optical Hygrometer
• Oscillating Hygrometer
Humidity and Moisture Sensors• Capacitive Sensors
• Electrical Conductivity Sensors
• Thermal Conductivity Sensor
• Optical Hygrometer
• Oscillating Hygrometer
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Chemical SensorsChemical SensorsChemical SensorsChemical Sensors
Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors • ChemFET • Electrochemical Sensors • Potentiometric Sensors • Conductometric Sensors • Amperometric Sensors • Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors
Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors • ChemFET • Electrochemical Sensors • Potentiometric Sensors • Conductometric Sensors • Amperometric Sensors • Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors
Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors • Pellister Catalytic Sensors • Optical Chemical Sensors • Mass Detector
Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors • Pellister Catalytic Sensors • Optical Chemical Sensors • Mass Detector
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• Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors • Elastomer Chemiresistors • Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors • Elastomer Chemiresistors
• Mass Detector • Biochemical Sensors • Enzyme Sensors
• Mass Detector • Biochemical Sensors • Enzyme Sensors
Humidity and Moisture Sensors• Capacitive Sensors • Electrical Conductivity Sensors • Thermal Conductivity Sensor • Optical Hygrometer• Oscillating Hygrometer
Humidity and Moisture Sensors• Capacitive Sensors • Electrical Conductivity Sensors • Thermal Conductivity Sensor • Optical Hygrometer• Oscillating Hygrometer
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PENDAHULUAN
PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI SENSOR
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FI 365
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Multisensor integration and fusionFI 365
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