3. proposal & macam2 penelitian (mhs)

7/29/2019 3. Proposal & Macam2 Penelitian (Mhs)

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4/19/2010 Proposal Penelitian (MHS) 1

Lecture 3

RESEARCH PROPOSAL &

TYPE OF THE RESEARCH


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1. Explain the components of the research

proposal

2. Describe the type of research

3. Discuss the differences betweenquantitative and qualitative research

4. Characterize basic qualitative methods

Learning Objectives

At the end of todays session, thestudent should be able to :


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RESEARCH PROPOSALI. Title

II. Introduction

III. Literature Review

IV. Methodology

V. Bibliography

VI. Appendix


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1. Title

1. Reflects contents of the research

2. Simple sentence

3. Avoid abbreviation

4. Avoid interrogative sentence

5. Location and time of study

6. etc.


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2. Introduction

1. Background of Problem

2. Problem Statement

3. Hypothesis

4. Objective5. Significance of the study


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Problem ?

Research Problem ?

Prob lem Select io n Cri ter ia : FeasibleInterestingNovelEthicalRelevant

2.1 Background of the Problem


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Sources of Research Problems :

a. Literature

b. Scientific meetingsc. Personal experiences

d. Opinion of experts

e. Non-scientific sources



Criteria :

a.Interrogative sentence(s)

b. Be specific and not ambiguous

c. Separate statement for more thanone research questions

2.2 Problem Statement



is simply a statement of predicted

relationships between the variables

being studied

2.3 Hypothesis



Condition X is related to Condition Y

the occurrence of

Antecedent condition Effect

Independent Dependent

variable variable

3 Hypothesis



Functions Classification Stating the Hypothesis Always necessary ?

2.3. Hypothesis



Functions serves to narrow down the field of

the research study

forces the researcher to be precisein stating the specific situationbeing studied

2.3 Hypothesis



Functions guides the methodology for the

remainder of the study

serves as a framework for statingconclusions of the study as

direct answer to the purpose ofthe study

2.3 Hypothesis



Functions will be testable

the researcher will be able tocollect data that can then be

analyzed statistically to

determine if the hypothesis can

be supported

A hypo thes is is not p roved;

i t is either suppo rted o r not suppor ted

(rejected)

2.3 Hypothesis



Criteria :

1. Stated in aff irmat ive sentence, simple

and clear

2. Has strongtheoret ical b ackg round3. Stated the relationship between a

dependent variable and one or more

independentvariable(s)

4. Empiricallycan be tested

5. The statement should be specif ic

6. Should be stated before the study (a prio r i )

2.3 Hypothesis



Stating the Hypothesis (Examples)Educat ional levels of the mothers

have some inf luences on the grow th

and development o f their chi ldren

Taking X medic ine may cause

disord er of the reproduct ive funct ion



Stating the Hypothesis

Example

B irth weights of the neonates bo rn by

the mothers of smoking husbands are

lower than those who were born by the

mothers of non-smoker husbands



Stating the Hypothesis (Example)

The ch i ld ren who do not communicate wi thadu l t persons w i ll suf fer f rom severe

mental retardat ion



Is a Hypothesis isAlways Necessary ?



2.4 Statement of

the Purpose of the Study

the single statement that identifiesthe focus of the research

what the researcher intends to do

to answer the research question



3 ways : (1) as a declarative statement

(2) as a question

(3) as a hypothesis

2.4 Statement ofthe Purpose of the Study


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(1) as a declarative statement

The purpose of this study is to describe the effect

of structured individualized versus structured group

instruction on successful breast feedingby primiparas in their home setting

2.4 Statement of



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2.4 Statement of


(2) as a question

The purpose of this study is to answer the

question : I s there a signi f icant relationship

between a method of teaching about breastfeeding and successful breast feeding by

primiparas in their home setting ?


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(3) as a hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to test the following

hypothesis:

Prim iparas who receive ind iv idual ized instruct ion

in breast feeding w il l have a sign if icant ly more

successfu l breast-feeding experience in theirhome sett ing than pr im iparas who receive

structu red gro up ins truct ion in b reast feeding

2.4 Statement of



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2.4 Objective

General Objective

Specific Objective


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From this study those factors which are responsible

for stopping breast-feeding in urban communities

can be identi f ied and this wil l be useful for giving

feedback for promoting the breast-feeding program.

2.4 Objective

General Objective


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2.4 Objective

Specific Objective


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2.5 Significance of the Study

Science Health Service / Health Policy

Research


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3. Review of Related Literature

Reasons to Review the Literature

To determine what has already been done Provides ideas about the kinds of studies that

need to be done

To point out research strategies To help the researcher to interpret the results

of the study


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Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework


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The use of one theory or interrelatedtheories to support the rationale (reason)for conducting the study and provide aguide to analyzing the results

Theoretical Framework


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The use of one or more related concepts that

underlie the study problem and support therationale (reason) for conducting the study

The concepts should also be discu ssed in

relat ionsh ip to thevariablesbeing in vest igated

(Use diagram)

Conceptual Framework


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Recent publications( the last 5-7 years )


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4. Methodology

1. Study Design

2. Location and Time

3. Study Population

4. Sampling

5. Sample size

6. Inclusion and exclusion criteria


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7. Informed consent

8. Procedures

9. Identifying Variables

10. Operational definition

11. Plan of data analysis and data

interpretation


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5. Bibliography


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Curriculum vitae of researchers Budget Time schedule of the study

Informed consent (Form)

Statistical formulas

Instruments of the study (e.g. Questionnaire) Dummy Table

Others

APPENDIXES


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1. Introduction

Many researchers have narrowly defined scientificresearch method to include only quantitative research.

This research method is based on the philosophy of

logical empiricism

Quantitative and QualitativeResearch


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Quantitative research is

a formal, objective, systematic process in

which numerical data are utilized to obtain

information about the world

Quantitative research ?


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Is used todescribe variables

- examine relationships among

variables

- determine cause- and-effect

interactions between variables

Quantitative research

the predominantly used method of scientificinvestigation


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Qualitative research is

a systematic, subjective approach used todescribe life experiences and give them

meaning

not a new idea in social and behavioral

sciences

Qualitative research ?


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QuantitativeResearch

Hard science

Focus : concise and

narrow

Reductionistic

Objective

Qualitative

Research

Soft science

Focus : complex

and

broad

Holistic

Subjective

2. Comparison of Quantitative and

Qualitative Research


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Quantitative Research

Reasoning : logistic

anddeductive

Basis of knowing :

cause-and-effect

relations.

Tests theory


Reasoning :

dialectic,

inductive

Basis of knowing :

meaning,discovery

Develops theory

2. Comparison of Quantitative and



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Control

Instruments

Basic elements of

analysis

: numbers


Shared interpretation

Communication andobservation

Basic elements ofanalysis :

words


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Statistical analysis

Generalization


Individual interpretation Uniqueness


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3. Types of Quantitative and


Types of Quantitative Research

1. Descriptive

2. Correlational

3. Quasi-Experiment

4. Experiment

1. Non-intervention

(Observational)

2. Intervention


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Types of Qualitative Research

1. Phenomenology

2. Grounded Theory

3. Ethnography

4. etc.


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1. Phenomenological Research

Phenomenological research is an inductive,

descriptive approach developed fromphenomenological philosophy

The focus of phenomenological philosophy is

understanding the response of whole humanbeing, not just specific parts of behaviors


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The aim of phenomenological research

is to describe an experience as it is lived

by the person, such as describing apersons experience of pain as it is lived

by that person


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2. Grounded Theory Research

GTR is an inductive research technique.

This research approach is useful in

discovering what problems exist in asocial scene and the process persons use

to handle them

GTR emphasizes observation and the developmentof practice-based intuitive relationships between

variables


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The research process involves

formulation, testing, and redevelopment

of propositions until a theory evolves.

The theory developed is grounded or

has its roots in the data from which it was

derived


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3. Ethnographic Research

ER for investigating cultures through an in-

depth study of the members of the culture.

ER attempts to tell the story of peoples dailylives while describing the culture they are a

part of

ER process is the systematic collection,

description, and analysis of data to

develop a theory of cultural behavior


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Using ER different cultures are described,

compared and contrasted to add to the

understanding of the impact of culture on

human behavior and health


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