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Lecture 3
RESEARCH PROPOSAL &
TYPE OF THE RESEARCH
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1. Explain the components of the research
proposal
2. Describe the type of research
3. Discuss the differences betweenquantitative and qualitative research
4. Characterize basic qualitative methods
Learning Objectives
At the end of todays session, thestudent should be able to :
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RESEARCH PROPOSALI. Title
II. Introduction
III. Literature Review
IV. Methodology
V. Bibliography
VI. Appendix
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1. Title
1. Reflects contents of the research
2. Simple sentence
3. Avoid abbreviation
4. Avoid interrogative sentence
5. Location and time of study
6. etc.
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2. Introduction
1. Background of Problem
2. Problem Statement
3. Hypothesis
4. Objective5. Significance of the study
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Problem ?
Research Problem ?
Prob lem Select io n Cri ter ia : FeasibleInterestingNovelEthicalRelevant
2.1 Background of the Problem
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Sources of Research Problems :
a. Literature
b. Scientific meetingsc. Personal experiences
d. Opinion of experts
e. Non-scientific sources
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Criteria :
a.Interrogative sentence(s)
b. Be specific and not ambiguous
c. Separate statement for more thanone research questions
2.2 Problem Statement
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is simply a statement of predicted
relationships between the variables
being studied
2.3 Hypothesis
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Condition X is related to Condition Y
the occurrence of
Antecedent condition Effect
Independent Dependent
variable variable
3 Hypothesis
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Functions Classification Stating the Hypothesis Always necessary ?
2.3. Hypothesis
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Functions serves to narrow down the field of
the research study
forces the researcher to be precisein stating the specific situationbeing studied
2.3 Hypothesis
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Functions guides the methodology for the
remainder of the study
serves as a framework for statingconclusions of the study as
direct answer to the purpose ofthe study
2.3 Hypothesis
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Functions will be testable
the researcher will be able tocollect data that can then be
analyzed statistically to
determine if the hypothesis can
be supported
A hypo thes is is not p roved;
i t is either suppo rted o r not suppor ted
(rejected)
2.3 Hypothesis
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Criteria :
1. Stated in aff irmat ive sentence, simple
and clear
2. Has strongtheoret ical b ackg round3. Stated the relationship between a
dependent variable and one or more
independentvariable(s)
4. Empiricallycan be tested
5. The statement should be specif ic
6. Should be stated before the study (a prio r i )
2.3 Hypothesis
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Stating the Hypothesis (Examples)Educat ional levels of the mothers
have some inf luences on the grow th
and development o f their chi ldren
Taking X medic ine may cause
disord er of the reproduct ive funct ion
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Stating the Hypothesis
Example
B irth weights of the neonates bo rn by
the mothers of smoking husbands are
lower than those who were born by the
mothers of non-smoker husbands
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Stating the Hypothesis (Example)
The ch i ld ren who do not communicate wi thadu l t persons w i ll suf fer f rom severe
mental retardat ion
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Is a Hypothesis isAlways Necessary ?
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2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study
the single statement that identifiesthe focus of the research
what the researcher intends to do
to answer the research question
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3 ways : (1) as a declarative statement
(2) as a question
(3) as a hypothesis
2.4 Statement ofthe Purpose of the Study
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(1) as a declarative statement
The purpose of this study is to describe the effect
of structured individualized versus structured group
instruction on successful breast feedingby primiparas in their home setting
2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study
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2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study
(2) as a question
The purpose of this study is to answer the
question : I s there a signi f icant relationship
between a method of teaching about breastfeeding and successful breast feeding by
primiparas in their home setting ?
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(3) as a hypothesis
The purpose of this study is to test the following
hypothesis:
Prim iparas who receive ind iv idual ized instruct ion
in breast feeding w il l have a sign if icant ly more
successfu l breast-feeding experience in theirhome sett ing than pr im iparas who receive
structu red gro up ins truct ion in b reast feeding
2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study
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2.4 Objective
General Objective
Specific Objective
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From this study those factors which are responsible
for stopping breast-feeding in urban communities
can be identi f ied and this wil l be useful for giving
feedback for promoting the breast-feeding program.
2.4 Objective
General Objective
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2.4 Objective
Specific Objective
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2.5 Significance of the Study
Science Health Service / Health Policy
Research
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3. Review of Related Literature
Reasons to Review the Literature
To determine what has already been done Provides ideas about the kinds of studies that
need to be done
To point out research strategies To help the researcher to interpret the results
of the study
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Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
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The use of one theory or interrelatedtheories to support the rationale (reason)for conducting the study and provide aguide to analyzing the results
Theoretical Framework
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The use of one or more related concepts that
underlie the study problem and support therationale (reason) for conducting the study
The concepts should also be discu ssed in
relat ionsh ip to thevariablesbeing in vest igated
(Use diagram)
Conceptual Framework
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Recent publications( the last 5-7 years )
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4. Methodology
1. Study Design
2. Location and Time
3. Study Population
4. Sampling
5. Sample size
6. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
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7. Informed consent
8. Procedures
9. Identifying Variables
10. Operational definition
11. Plan of data analysis and data
interpretation
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5. Bibliography
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Curriculum vitae of researchers Budget Time schedule of the study
Informed consent (Form)
Statistical formulas
Instruments of the study (e.g. Questionnaire) Dummy Table
Others
APPENDIXES
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1. Introduction
Many researchers have narrowly defined scientificresearch method to include only quantitative research.
This research method is based on the philosophy of
logical empiricism
Quantitative and QualitativeResearch
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Quantitative research is
a formal, objective, systematic process in
which numerical data are utilized to obtain
information about the world
Quantitative research ?
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Is used to- describe variables
- examine relationships among
variables
- determine cause- and-effect
interactions between variables
Quantitative research
the predominantly used method of scientificinvestigation
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Qualitative research is
a systematic, subjective approach used todescribe life experiences and give them
meaning
not a new idea in social and behavioral
sciences
Qualitative research ?
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QuantitativeResearch
Hard science
Focus : concise and
narrow
Reductionistic
Objective
Qualitative
Research
Soft science
Focus : complex
and
broad
Holistic
Subjective
2. Comparison of Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Quantitative Research
Reasoning : logistic
anddeductive
Basis of knowing :
cause-and-effect
relations.
Tests theory
Qualitative Research
Reasoning :
dialectic,
inductive
Basis of knowing :
meaning,discovery
Develops theory
2. Comparison of Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Quantitative Research
Control
Instruments
Basic elements of
analysis
: numbers
Qualitative Research
Shared interpretation
Communication andobservation
Basic elements ofanalysis :
words
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Quantitative Research
Statistical analysis
Generalization
Qualitative Research
Individual interpretation Uniqueness
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3. Types of Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
Types of Quantitative Research
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. Quasi-Experiment
4. Experiment
1. Non-intervention
(Observational)
2. Intervention
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Types of Qualitative Research
1. Phenomenology
2. Grounded Theory
3. Ethnography
4. etc.
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1. Phenomenological Research
Phenomenological research is an inductive,
descriptive approach developed fromphenomenological philosophy
The focus of phenomenological philosophy is
understanding the response of whole humanbeing, not just specific parts of behaviors
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The aim of phenomenological research
is to describe an experience as it is lived
by the person, such as describing apersons experience of pain as it is lived
by that person
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2. Grounded Theory Research
GTR is an inductive research technique.
This research approach is useful in
discovering what problems exist in asocial scene and the process persons use
to handle them
GTR emphasizes observation and the developmentof practice-based intuitive relationships between
variables
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The research process involves
formulation, testing, and redevelopment
of propositions until a theory evolves.
The theory developed is grounded or
has its roots in the data from which it was
derived
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3. Ethnographic Research
ER for investigating cultures through an in-
depth study of the members of the culture.
ER attempts to tell the story of peoples dailylives while describing the culture they are a
part of
ER process is the systematic collection,
description, and analysis of data to
develop a theory of cultural behavior
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Using ER different cultures are described,
compared and contrasted to add to the
understanding of the impact of culture on
human behavior and health
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