23513150 dewi andriyanti uas riset

PAPER REVIEW Mobile Learning untuk Mendukung Kegiatan Pembelajaran

2012/2 013

Disusun untuk Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS) Mata kuliah Riset dan Inovasi Teknologi Informasi

Dosen: Dr. Ir. Ing. Suhardi

Disusun Oleh: Dewi Andriyanti / NIM. 23513150

SEKOLAH TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN INFORMATIKA INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

2013

1

Mobile Learning untuk Mendukung Kegiatan Pembelajaran

Dewi Andriyanti STEI ITB, Indonesia

[email protected]

Abstraksi

M-learning adalah peningkatan dari e-learning yang menambahkan nilai pada

komponen mobility (perangkat mobile). M-learning adalah semacam model pembelajaran

yang memungkinkan siswa untuk memperoleh materi pembelajaran di mana saja dan kapan

saja dengan menggunakan teknologi mobile dan internet.

Karakteristik utama dari m-learning adalah Ubiquitous and On Demand, Bite-Sized,

Blended, Can be Collaborative. Siswa dapat memanfaatkan perangkat mobile untuk belajar

tidak hanya di dalam kelas, tetapi juga di luar kelas. Perangkat mobile memiliki ukuran

kecil, lebih murah dan lebih mudah digunakan daripada sistem komputer desktop yang besar.

Perangkat mobile dapat berinteraksi dengan Global Positioning System (GPS).

Beberapa artikel (jurnal dan publikasi konferensi) memaparkan tentang m-learning.

Teknologi m-learning berhubungan erat dengan teknologi perangkat komunikasi mobile yang

setiap tahun berkembang pesat sehingga penulis pengumpulan referensi untuk jurnal sejak

tahun 2010 sampai 2013. Penulis melakukan review terhadap 12 jurnal yang diperoleh dari

IEEE Explore dan Elsevier. Untuk melengkapi ulasan m-learning, penulis menambahkan

sumber lain berupa 77 publikasi konferensi sejak tahun 2002 sampai 2013 sebagai

pelengkap.

Tujuan pembuatan paper review ini adalah menjawab 4 pertanyaan yaitu : (1) Definisi

m-learning; (2) Teknologi m-learning; (3) Faktor yang mendukung suksesnya penerapan m-

learning; (4) Faktor yang menyebabkan kegagalan m-learning.

Keywords : mobile learning, m-learning, m-learning success factor, m-learning fail

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1. Pendahuluan

Perkembangan terbaru di bidang komunikasi dan teknologi nirkabel telah membuat

perangkat mobile (smartphone, mp3 player, tablet, eReader) digunakan secara luas oleh

masyarakat (Wu, Wu, Chen, Kao, Lin, & Huang, 2012). Setiap tahun perangkat tersebut

menambahkan fitur aplikasi baru seperti Wi-Fi, email, audio/video recording, mp4 player,

aplikasi social media (twitter, line, chat, whatsapp). Perkembangan ini mendorong

berkembangnya aplikasi pendidikan untuk perangkat mobile yang disebut dengan mobile

learning (m-learning).

M-learning adalah peningkatan dari e-learning yang menambahkan nilai pada komponen

mobility (perangkat mobile) (Garaj, 2010). Karakteristik utama dari m-learning adalah

sebagai berikut (Garaj, 2010):

1. Ubiquitous and On Demand : tidak terikat waktu dan lokasi. Kapan saja dan dimana

saja dapat saling mengirim hal yang dibutuhkan.

2. Bite-Sized : konten pembelajaran pada aplikasi m-learning harus memiliki durasi

yang singkat karena konten tersebut biasanya digunakan di lingkungan yang

berpotensi mengganggu konsentrasi pengguna. Misalnya : taman, stasiun kereta api.

3. Blended : m-learning sangat jarang digunakan sebagai platform utama dalam

mentransfer konten pembelajaran. M-learning biasanya sebagai pelengkap media

pembelajaran lain seperti media pembelajaran klasik yang menuntut bertemunya

antara pengajar dan siswa secara langsung dalam suatu ruangan kelas dan media e-

learning yang menggunakan media komputer untuk melengkapi pembelajaran.

4. Can be Collaborative: m-learning memperoleh keuntungan dari perangkat

komunikasi mobile dan mendukung collaborative learning sebanyak mungkin.

Kolaborasi dapat dicapai melalui SMS atau e-mail.

Beberapa artikel (jurnal dan publikasi konferensi) memaparkan tentang m-learning.

Teknologi m-learning berhubungan erat dengan teknologi perangkat komunikasi mobile yang

setiap tahun berkembang pesat sehingga penulis pengumpulan referensi untuk jurnal sejak

tahun 2010 sampai 2013. Penulis melakukan review terhadap 12 jurnal yang diperoleh dari

IEEE Explore dan Elsevier. Untuk melengkapi ulasan m-learning, penulis menambahkan

sumber lain berupa 77 publikasi konferensi sejak tahun 2002 sampai 2013 sebagai pelengkap.

Tujuan pembuatan paper review ini adalah menjawab 4 pertanyaan yaitu : (1) Definisi m-

learning; (2) Teknologi m-learning; (3) Faktor yang mendukung suksesnya penerapan m-

learning; (4) Faktor yang menyebabkan kegagalan m-learning.

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2. Sumber Jurnal : IEEE Explore dan Elsevier

Periode Waktu : 2002 – 2013

Jumlah : 12 Jurnal, 77 Publikasi Konferensi

3. Literature Map

M-learning dipetakan dalam sebuah literature map (Gambar 1). Literature map adalah

ringkasan visual dari penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh orang lain sebelumnya

yang ditampilkan dalam bentuk gambar (Creswell). Tujuan dibuatnya literature map pada

paper ini adalah untuk memudahkan dalam pemaparan m-learning.

Gambar 1. Literature Map

4. Literature Review

4.1 Definisi M-learning

M-learning adalah semacam model pembelajaran yang memungkinkan siswa

untuk memperoleh materi pembelajaran di mana saja dan kapan saja dengan

menggunakan teknologi mobile dan internet (Ozdamli & Cavus, 2011). Siswa dapat

memanfaatkan perangkat mobile untuk belajar tidak hanya di dalam kelas, tetapi

juga di luar kelas (Martin & Ertzberger, 2013).

Mobile Learning

Definisi

(Hashemi, Azizinezhad, Najafi, & Nesari, 2011)

(Martin & Ertzberger, 2013)

(Park, Parsons, & Ryu, 2010)

(Ozdamli & Cavus, 2011)

Teknologi


(Gikas & Grant, 2013)

(Attewell, 2005)

Tabel 1

Faktor Sukses


(Passey, 2010)(Georgieva, 2011)

(Gikas & Grant, 2013)(GEdik et al, 2011)

(Al-Bahadili, Issa, & Abuhamdeh, 2011)

Faktor Gagal

(Cheon & Lee, 2012)

(Gikas & Grant, 2013)

(Hashemi, Azizinezhad, Najafi, &

Nesari, 2011)

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Dengan menggunakan m-learning, pengguna dapat mengakses dokumen, kuis,

tutorial, dan video clip/broadcasted live. Pengguna juga dapat ikut serta dalam

virtual learning communities (Hashemi, Azizinezhad, Najafi, & Nesari, 2011).

M-learning membutuhkan konektivitas untuk download, upload, dan bekerja

secara online melalui jaringan wireless, jaringan telepon genggam dan berhubungan

dengan institutional systems seperti virtual learning environments (VLEs) and

management information systems (MIS) (Hashemi, Azizinezhad, Najafi, & Nesari,

2011).

Meskipun beberapa sumber menyebutkan definisi tentang m-learning, ada

benang merah melalui definisi m-learning bahwa kegiatan m-learning menggunakan

perangkat mobile, misalnya ponsel, tablet, mp3 player dan e-book reader (Park,

Parsons, & Ryu, 2010). Perangkat mobile memiliki ukuran kecil, lebih murah dan

lebih mudah digunakan daripada sistem komputer desktop yang besar. Perangkat

mobile dapat berinteraksi dengan Global Positioning System (GPS).

4.2 Teknologi m-learning

Teknologi m-learning antara lain (Hashemi, Azizinezhad, Najafi, & Nesari,

2011) : (1) SMS (Short Message Service) yang mengizinkan pengguna untuk

mengirim pesan sampai 160 karakter. (2) MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service),

sama seperti SMS, tapi mengizinkan pesan berupa grafik; (3) WAP (Wireless

Application Protocol), protokol internasional yang mengizinkan pengguna untuk

mengakses internet melalui WAP ponsel; (4) GPRS yaitu koneksi internet untuk

ponsel dengan kecepatan (171kb/s); (5) Bluetooth, koneksi dengan jarak pendek

yang memudahkan perangkat mobile untuk mengirimkan pesan dari dan untuk

perangkat mobile lainnya; (6) Ponsel 3G dan 4G (4th Generation mobile phones)

akan menyediakan transmisi data sampai 100 megabits per second; (7) PDA

(Personal Digital Assistant) merupakan mini PC; (8) MP3s yaitu format file audio;

(9) CAMs yaitu video camera yang menyaty pada ponsel dan PDA; (10) Social

Media : Twitter, Facebook, Skype (Gikas & Grant, 2013).

Berdasarkan implementasi mobile learning, Attewell (2005) menyajikan 5

kategori teknologi yang mendukung mobile learning yang terdiri dari transport

options, delivery options, development languages, media options dan platform

options, dapat diamati pada Gambar 2.

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Gambar 2. Kategori Teknologi M-learning

Dari semua literatur terpilih diidentifikasi penelitian yang dilakukan dan

dibatasi pada platform options dan delivery options. Distribusi literatur dapat dilihat

pada Tabel 1.

Tabel 1. Distribusi Literature dari Platform Mobile Learning

No Referensi Platform Options

Delivery Option

Penelitian yang Dilakukan

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1. Yen-Wen

Chen et al (2002)

PalmOS, PocketPC, WindowsCE, Symbian

WAP, HTTP, GPS

Implementasi PDA/GPS Based Development Platform di Native Education.

2. Yuen-Yan Chan et al (2003)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

MobiLP (Mobile Learning Platform untuk meningkatkan lifewide learning).

3. Pasi Silander et al (2004)

J2ME SMS Mobile Collaborative Concept Mapping dengan SMS.

4. Anna Trifonova et al (2004)


WAP, HTTP

Mengusulkan arsitektur untuk mendukung mobility dalam pembelajaran.

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5. Tan-Hsu Tan et al (2004)


WAP, HTTP

The MObile-Based Interactive Learning Environment (MOBILE).

6. Eleni Malliou et al (2004)


WAP, HTTP

The Motfal Project - Mobile Technologies for Ad-hoc learning.

7. Anna Trifonova et al (2005)


WAP, HTTP

Hoarding content in m-learning context.

8. Chih-Ming Chen et al (2005)


WAP, HTTP

Applying Interactive Mobile Teaching Agent to Support E-Learning Platform.

9. Hyungsung Park (2005)


WAP, HTTP

Design and development of a mobile learning management system adaptive to learning style of students.

10. Rosa G et al (2005)


WAP, HTTP

LOCH: Supporting Informal Language Learning Outside the Classroom with Handheld.

11. Keith Mitchell (2005)


MMS Mengusulkan uLearn: Facilitating Ubiquitous Learning using Camera Equipped Mobile Phones.

12. Zhao Gang et al (2005)


WAP, HTTP

Mengusulkan Learning Resource Adaptation dan Delivery Framework untuk Mobile learning.

13. Weider D Yu (2005)


WAP, HTTP

Melakukan pengujian Problem Based Learning terhadap Mobile learning.

14. Yonghong Zhang (2005)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

Mobile Learning with Bluetooth-based E-learning System.

15. Shelley Shwu-C et al (2006)


WAP, HTTP, MMS

Mengusulkan The Across Mobile Platform Learning system (AMPLe) untuk mendukung kegiatan pembelajaran.

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16. Dieter Averberg et al (2006)

J2ME Wap, HTTP Mobile Delivery Server (MDS) – A Solution for Resolving Problems and Limitations in Mobile E-Learning Scenarios.

17. Teddy Mwakabaga et al (2006)

KLAMP (linux-open source)

WAP, SMS KLAMP an Integrated Open Source Platform for Internet and Mobile Applications.

18. Hiroaki Ogata et al (2006)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

Mengusulkan Mobile Language Learning outside Classrooms.

19. Xinyou ZHAO (2006)


WAP, GPS An M-Learning System Model for the Taxi Driver.

20. Davide Tosi (2007)


WAP, J2ME, SMS, IM

A Platform to Support Anytime, Anywhere, Just-for-me M-Learning.

21. Hua-Yi Lin (2007)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

Constructing a Cluster-Based M-Learning Architecture in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks dengan Menggunakan MPEG-21.

22. Yanhui Zhang et al (2007)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

A Mobile Learning System Based on Bluetooth

23. Jianhua Wang et al (2007)


HTTP A New Model of Device Adapting in Mobile Learning

24. Manfred Lohr et al (2008)


SMS, GPS Collage - The Carnuntum Scenario

25. Chiu-Pin Lin (2008)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

A system perspective to establish a mobile collaborative learning environment (MCLE) - A preliminary study of Empirical Practice

26. Yu-Tsung Tai (2008)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

Integrated Platform for Collaborative Learning in the Mobile Environment

27. Vincent Tam et al (2008)


HSDPA, WAP

Developing An Interactive Game Platform to Promote Learning and Teamwork on Mobile Devices: An Experience Report

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28. Shelley Shwu-C et al (2008)


WAP Uses of the Across Mobile Platform Learning System (AMPLe) in Supporting Outdoor Mobile Learning Scenarios

29. Yanwen Wu et al (2008)

J2ME MPS (Mobile Newspaper System)

Research-Based Learning in Mobile Communication Course: With Assistance of Mobile Newspaper.

30. L. Seta et al (2008)


WAP Multimodality in a Mobile Learning Environment

31. Erika et al (2008)


WAP Adapting Mobile Access Scheme for a Legacy e-Learning Platform

32. Pingchuan Zhang et al (2008)

J2ME SMS The Design of e-Learning Platform Based on 3G Mobile Phone

33. Fu Xiao-ling et al (2008)


WAP Implementation of Mobile Learning Platform Solution Based on WAP.

34. Fu Qian et al (2008)


WAP, HTTP

An Innovative Model of Mobile Education Application

35. Jianhua Wang et al (2008)


WAP, HTTP

Research on Mobile Learning Platform with Device Adapting Ability Based on Agent

39. Zhiying Liu et al (2008)


WAP, HTTP, SMS

The Research and Exploration of Mobile-learning Based on Web2.0

40. Chunlian Li et al (2009)


HTTP Research on the Construction of Mobile Learning Service

41. Matevž Poganik et al (2009)


WAP, HTTP

Quest For Knowledge - A mobile learning platform

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42. Jiumin Yang et al (2009)


SMS The Research Of Mobile Distance Learning System Based On Mobile Short Message Platform

43. Chengling Zhao et al (2009)


WAP, SMS, MMS

The construction of system model about mobile-learning based on mobile phone

44. Suqun Cao (2009)


SMS GSM Modem-based Mobile Auxiliary Learning System

45. Manfred Lohr (2009)


SMS, Moodle

Mobile Learning by the Example of the Carnuntum Scenario

46. Haiguang Fang et al (2009)


WAP Research on Adaptive Mobile Learning Resources Platform Based on Learning Object Model

47. Xinghong Liu (2009)


WAP, SMS, MMS

Applied Research on the Mobile Learning in Foreign Language Learning

48. Jian Chen et al (2010)

J2ME WAP The research and design of intelligence wireless Mobile Learning platform based on 3G

49. Gwo Jen-Hwang (2010)


HTTP An Investigation on Students’ Cognitive Load and Learning Achievements for participating in a Local Culture Mobile Learning Activity.

50. Shih-Hung Wu et al (2010)


HTTP Ubiquitous Wikipedia on Handheld Device for Mobile Learning

51. Sahilu Wendeson et al (2010)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

Development of Mobile Learning Tool

52. Cheng Gong et al (2010)

J2ME Ajax The design and development of 3G English Mlearning platform

53. Qin Tan et al (2010)

J2ME SMS, WAP, HTTP

A Collaborative Mobile Virtual Campus System Based onLocation-Based Dynamic Grouping

54. Jingde Hu et al (2010)

J2ME Ajax The 3G Mobile Learning Platform's Building Based on

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AJAX Technology

55. Meisam Hejazinia et al (2010)

J2ME SMS M-Learning System over MANET on Mobile phones

56. Chen Yi (2010)


WAP, HTTP

Research and Implementation of Multiserving-oriented Mobile Learning Application Based on eLML

57. Yuan Jiugen et al (2010)


WAP, SMS Applying Research of Mobile Learning Mode in Teaching

58. XiaoChun Zhou et al (2010)


WAP, HTTP

Design and Research for Mobile Web Learning Platform Accessibility

59. Wan-Jen Chang et al (2010)

Moodle HTTP

Developing a Mobile Learning System to Community-based Learning for Rural Elementary School Students

60. Jingyu Zhang et al (2010)

J2ME HTTP mBOSSS+: A Mobile Web Services Framework

61. Josh Potts et al (2010)

J2ME Email Developing Mobile Learning Applications for Electrical Engineering Courses

62. R. Maceiras et al (2011)


SMS, MMS, 3GP

Adaptation of a Virtual Campus for Mobile Learning Devices

63. Martin Zimmermann (2011)


MMS Adaption of Multimedia E-Learning Services to Mobile Environments

64. Yazhen Zhang (2011)


WAP Application of 3G-based mobile learning in teacher training

65. Haojun Liet al (2011)


WAP,SMS, HTTP

Analyzing Theory characteristic and Studying Application Mode About Mobile Learning

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66. ZHONG Ping et al (2011)


Moodle Research on the Application of M-Learning Based on Intelligent Mobile Devices

67. Yiqun Li et al (2012)


WAP, HTTP

Visual Interactive and LocationActivated Mobile Learning

68. Jing Chen et al (2012)


WAP, HTTP

iPhone-based Multi-streaming M-learning platform

69. Wei Dandan (2012)


WAP, HTTP, SMS

Mobile Learning Resource Platform Function Design For Teacher Professional Developmen

70. Belkacem Kouninef et al (2012)


WAP, SMS LMS INTTIC System using Mobile Technology and Podcasting in Blended Learning

71. Nana Kofi Annan et al (2012)

J2ME SMS, Video, MMS, WAP

Authoring M-Learning Content: a case study of using power point mobile enabled tools to create content for learning anywhere anytime

72. George Meletiou et al (2012)

J2ME SMS, MMS Design and Implementation of an e-exam system based on the Android platform

73. Konstantinos Chimos et al (2012)

Moodle WAP, HTTP

Unibook : An Innovative Environment for life long learning

74. Kumar Mandula et al (2012)


WAP A Student Centric Approach for Mobile Learning Video Content Development and Instruction Design

75. Djoni Haryadi S et al (2013)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

Mobile Learning Application Based On Hybrid. Mobile Application Technology Running On Android Smartphone and Blackberry

76. Mireilla Bikanga Ada (2013)

J2ME WAP, HTTP

MyFeedBack: An interactive Mobile Web 2.0 System for Formative Assessment and Feedback.

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4.3 Faktor Sukses dalam Penerapan M-learning

Alasan menggunakan perangkat mobile untuk kegiatan belajar antara lain

(Hashemi, Azizinezhad, Najafi, & Nesari, 2011): (1) Siswa dapat saling berinteraksi

dengan siswa lain dan dengan pengajar tanpa berada di belakang monitor komputer

yang besar; (2) Mudah mengakomodasi beberapa perangkat mobile di kelas daripada

beberapa komputer desktop; (3) Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), Tablet dan E-

book lebih ringan daripada membawa banyak buku, paper, file dan laptop; (4)

Menulis dengan stylus pen lebih mudah daripada menggunakan keyboard dan

mouse; (5) Dapat berkolaborasi dalam penyelesaian tugas; (6) Dapat digunakan

kapan saja dan dimana saja termasuk di rumah, hotel, stasiun; (7) Perangkat mobile

membuat siswa yang kurang menyukai pendidikan menjadi lebih suka; (8)

Menggunakan perangkat mobile yang lebih murah daripada komputer desktop.

Passey (2010) menyebutkan beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kesuksesan

m-learning antara lain:

a. Untuk kepala sekolah : mengetahui potensi perangkat mobile untuk kegiatan

belajar, memberi kesempatan untuk diskusi, refleksi dan pemantauan.

b. Untuk guru : mengidentifikasi dan memilih perangkat sesuai dengan kegiatan

belajar; sebagai penengah atau mediator yang memungkinkan aktivitas sosial

menjadi berkembang; melibatkan orang tua secara teratur dengan kegiatan

belajar; mendapat umpan balik tentang dampak dan keberhasilan kegiatan

belajar; memberi kesempatan kepada siswa untuk berlatih mandiri kapan dan

dimana harus menggunakan perangkat mobile di dalam atau di luar kelas.

c. Bagi orang tua : mendampingi siswa dalam aktivitas belajar, memantau

apakah perangkat mobile digunakan semestinya dalam kegiatan belajar.

d. Bagi siswa : bersedia untuk mengeksplorasi kegiatan belajar dengan perangkat

mobile, mau mengeksplorasi penggunaan perangkat mobile di dalam dan di

luar sekolah.

Georgieva (2011) melakukan pengujian untuk mengevaluasi sebuah mobile

learning system yang bernama FLAGMAN (Foreign LAnGuage Mobile LeArning

Environment). FLAGMAN dikembangkan di the University of Ruse, Bulgaria.

Sistem ini mendukung pembelajaran bahasa asing dengan menggunakan perangkat

mobile (PDA, smart phones atau laptop wireless). Semua materi pembelajaran dalam

tujuh bahasa (English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek dan Bulgarian).

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Hasil evaluasi yang dilakukan Georgieva (2011) menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan

m-learning dipengaruhi oleh motivasi siswa dalam mempelajari sesuatu, dan

pengajar memiliki pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai kompleksitas bahan

belajar.

Gambar 3. FLAGMAN Mobile Learning System

Gikas & Grant (2013) menuliskan bahwa kunci sukses dari m-learning adalah

constant connectivity yang memungkinkan siswa untuk saling berkomunikasi, siswa-

siswa dan siswa-pengajar. Constant connectivity dapat terjadi melalui sms, e-mail,

Skype, Twitter dan Facebook.

M-learning sebaiknya mendukung interaksi antar siswa karena siswa

cenderung memecahkan masalah teknis dengan meminta teman-teman mereka yang

lebih berpengalaman (Gedik, Hanci-Karademirci, Kursun, & Cagiltay, 2011).

(Liu, Li, & Carlsson, 2010) menyebutkan faktor yang mempengaruhi

suksesnya m-learning yaitu : (a) Perceived near-term usefulness : m-learning dapat

meningkatkan efisiensi belajar dan bekerja; (b) Perceived ease of use : simpel,

mudah digunakan; (c) Personal innovativeness : pengguna menyukai teknologi baru;

(d) Perceived long-term usefulness dan Behavioural Intention : m-learning

bermanfaat untuk mencapai sukses di masa depan.

Sumber lain menyebutkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kesuksesan mobile

learning (Al-Bahadili, Issa, & Abuhamdeh, 2011) terdiri dari 3 hal yaitu : (1) Mobile

device constraints; (2) Quality of services and applications; (3) Learners’

requirements. Tiga tersebut dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian yang dapat dilihat pada

Gambar 4, 5, dan 6.

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Gambar 4. Mobile Device Constrain

Gambar 5. Quality of services and applications

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Gambar 6. Learners’ requirements

4.4 Faktor Kegagalan M-learning

Meskipun m-learning memberikan banyak kemudahan dalam kegiatan belajar,

siswa kadang mengalami frustasi yang disebabkan oleh (1) ada pengajar yang anti

teknologi yang tidak mengizinkan siswa untuk menggunakan teknologi di dalam

kelas; (2) Tantangan teknologi : siswa merasa bosan dan kurang puas dengan

teknologi yang ada dan menuntut perkembangan teknologi lebih lanjut; (3)

Teknologi dianggap sebagai pengganggu : Ketika siswa merasa teknologi sebagai

pengganggu konsentrasi belajar, siswa kadang memutus konektivitas yang akan

mempengaruhi konektivitas m-learning (Gikas & Grant, 2013).

Hashemi (2011) menyebutkan beberapa kerugian atau kelemahan m-learning

antara lain: (1) Terbatasnya ukuran layar perangkat mobile sehingga terbatas pula

jumlah dan tipe informasi yang ditampilkan; (2) Kapasitas yang terbatas; (3) Baterai

yang harus di-charge secara teratur, data dapat hilang jika hal ini tidak dilakukan

semestinya; (4) Kurang kuat daripada desktop; (5) Sulit dalam memindahkan

gambar, khususnya dengan ponsel meskipun ponsel 3G dan 4G; (6) Perkembangan

teknologi ponsel sangat pesat sehingga seringkali menjadi out of date; (7)

Bandwidth dapat menurun karena banyaknya pengguna yang menggunakan jaringan

wireless.

Hal yang penting untuk dipahami oleh para praktisi dan peneliti adalah apa

yang membuat pengguna menerima atau menolak m-learning dan bagaimana

meningkatkan penerimaan pengguna m-learning (Cheon & Lee, 2012). Upaya

strategis untuk membangun rencana implementasi m-learning meliputi pedoman

desain, fase pengembangan dan mengartikulasikan norma, dan mempertimbangkan

tingkat kesiapan siswa saat ini. Misalnya, untuk meningkatkan sikap positif siswa,

informasi yang berarti harus mudah diakses oleh perangkat mobile. Selain itu sistem

baru harus membuat siswa nyaman dalam menggunakan perangkat mobile.

Teknologi yang sedang berkembang bisa mengatasi keterbatasan teknis perangkat

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mobile, seperti resolusi rendah, kecepatan jaringan, dan platform komparatif.

Namun, sulit untuk menggeser budaya pedagogis ke format mobile.

5. Kesimpulan dan Penelitian Lebih Lanjut

Paper ini telah mengulas 89 literatur yang terdiri dari 12 jurnal dan 77 publikasi

konferensi mulai tahun 2002 sampai 2013 tentang mobile learning. Dari hasil review

diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa :

1) M-learning adalah semacam model pembelajaran yang memungkinkan siswa untuk

memperoleh materi pembelajaran di mana saja dan kapan saja dengan menggunakan

teknologi mobile dan internet. Perangkat mobile memiliki ukuran kecil, lebih murah

dan lebih mudah digunakan daripada sistem komputer desktop yang besar. Perangkat

mobile dapat berinteraksi dengan Global Positioning System (GPS).

2) Teknologi m-learning meliputi SMS, MMS, WAP, GPRS, Bluetooth, Ponsel 3G dan

4G, PDA, MP3, Video Camera, Social Media (Twitter, Facebook, Skype).

3) Kunci sukses dari m-learning adalah mudah digunakan, dapat berkolaborasi dalam

pengerjaan tugas, dapat mendukung constant connectivity yang mendorong

komunikasi antar pengguna m-learning.

4) Kelemahan m-learning meliputi terbatasnya ukuran layar, kapasitas memori, baterai,

bandwidth. Sedangkan kendala m-learning meliputi pengajar yang anti teknologi yang

tidak mengizinkan siswa untuk menggunakan teknologi di dalam kelas.; Siswa merasa

bosan dan kurang puas dengan teknologi yang ada dan menuntut perkembangan

teknologi lebih lanjut; Ketika siswa merasa teknologi sebagai pengganggu konsentrasi

belajar, siswa kadang memutus konektivitas yang akan mempengaruhi konektivitas

m-learning.

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Hasil Review oleh Bapak Yusep Rosmansyah., ST., M.Sc, Ph.D

Tanggal : 8 Desember 2013

23513150 dewi andriyanti uas riset

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