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Manajerial #1

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Aplikasi teori ekonomi dan alat

pengambilan keputusan untuk

mengetahui bagaimana organisasi

dapat mencapai tujuannya secara lebih

efektif.

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Managerial Decision Problems

Economic theory

Microeconomics

Macroeconomics

Decision Sciences

Mathematical Economics

Econometrics

MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

Application of economic theoryand decision science tools to solve

managerial decision problems

OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TOMANAGERIAL DECISION PROBLEMS

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 Managerial economics as an economics discipline

Macroeconomics

Economics

Microeconomics

International EconomicsRegional Economics

Money, finance, banking “Sector” economics

Labor economics

Economics of IT and EC

Managerial economics

Economic Development

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 Economic optimisation

The value of the firm

Economic constraints

The role of managerial

economics in managerial

decision making

Managerial economics as

an economics discipline

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 Product Price and Output

 Make or Buy

 Production Technique  Stock Levels

 Advertising Media and Intensity

 Labor Hiring and Training

 Investment and Financing

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 masalah keputusan manajerial 

Product price and output

Make or buy

Production technique

Internet strategy

Advertising media and intensity

Investment and financing

konsep ekonomi 

Theory of consumer behaviour

Theory of firmTheory of market structures and

pricing

alat pengambilan keputusan 

Numerical analysis

Statistical analysis

Forecasting

Game theory

Optimisation

ekonomi manajerial 

Use of economics conceptsand decision making tools to

solve managerial decision

problems

Optimal solutions 

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The Process of decision-making

Mengidentifikasi tujuan

Mendefinisikan masalah

Mengidentifikasi kemungkinan solusi

Memilih kemungkinan solusi terbaik

Mengimplementasikan keputusan

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Theory of the firm

• Teori yang mengindikasikan bagaimana

perusahaan berperilaku dan apa tujuan mereka

• Mengkombinasikan dan mengorganisasikan

sumberdaya untuk tujuan produksi barang dan jasauntuk perdagangan menginternalisasi transaksi,

dan mengurangi biaya transaksi

• Tujuan utama adalah memaksimisasi kesejahteraan

atau nilai perusahaan

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Expected Value Maximization Pemilik-manajer memaksimasi profit jangka pendek Tujuan utama jangka panjang adalah maksimisasi expected-

value 

Constraints and the Theory of the Firm  Kendala sumberdaya. Kendala sosial

Limitations of the Theory of the Firm Teori alternatif menambah persepsi

Kompetisi mendorong efisiensi Pengambilalihan membuat manajer tidak efisien

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The present value of all expected future profits

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Sales maximization Adequate rate of profit

Management utility maximization Principle-agent problem

Satisficing behavior1. Profit

2. Market share

3. Revenue growth

4. Return on investment

5. Technology

6. Customer satisfaction

7. Shareholder value

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Non-economic Objectives:

1. “A good place for our employees to work” 

2. “Provide good products/services to ourcustomers” 

3. “Act as a good citizen in our society” 

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Business Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit oraccounting costs of production.

Economic Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit

and implicit costs of production.

Opportunity Cost: Implicit value of a resource in its

best alternative use.

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Profit merupakan signal untuk menunjukkan alokasisumberdaya

Profit yang tinggi dalam industri merupakan sinyalbahwa pembeli menginginkan lebih dari yang

diproduksi industriProfit negatif atau rendah memberikan sinyal bahwa

pembeli menginginkan lebih sedikit dibandingkan

yang diproduksi industri

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Risk-Bearing Theories of Profit

Frictional Theory of Profit

Monopoly Theory of Profit

Innovation Theory of ProfitManagerial Efficiency Theory of Profit

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Nilai marjinal

• Nilai marjinal dari variabel dependen adalah perubahan

variabel dependen akibat perubahan 1 unit variabel

independen

• Maksimisasi muncul jika marjinal berubah dari positif

menjadi negatif

• Jika marjinal di atas rata-rata, maka rata-rata akan

menaik dan sebaliknya

• Marjinal merupakan derivasi dari nilai total

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Poin utama

The dependent variable is maximized when itsmarginal value shifts from positive to negative

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hubungan antara output dan profit

perusahaan bejo 

OUTPUT TOTAL MARGINAL AVERAGE

PER DAY PROFIT PROFIT PROFIT

0 0

1 100 100 100.0

2 250 150 125.0

3 600 350 200.0

4 1000 400 250.0

5 1350 350 270.0

6 1500 150 250.0

7 1550 50 221.4

8 1500 -50 187.5

9 1400 -100 155.6

10 1200 -200 120.0

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Total marginal and average profit Bejo Corporation

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

0 5 10 15

OUTPUT PER DAY

     P     R     O

     F     I     T

TOTAL

PROFIT

MARGINAL

PROFIT

 AVERAGE

PROFIT

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Marginal v. Incremental Concept Marginal relates to one unit of output. Incremental relates to one managerial

decision.

Multiple units of output is possible. Incremental Profits

Profits tied to a managerial decision.

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 pilih alternatif yang menghasilkan hasil yang

konsisten dengan tujuan manajerial 

Apa tujuan utama manajerial?

Tergantung struktur kepemilikan

Profit maximisation?

Sales/revenue maximisation?

The value of the firm

maximisation?

Profit per employee

maximisation?

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 Limited resourses

Labour

Capital

Finance

Raw materials

Environment 

Limited capacity of market

Demand

Choice/Opportunity cost

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Mengapa perusahaan ada? Bisnis berguna untuk memberikan kepuasan bagi konsumen Bisnis memberikan kontribusi terhadap kesejahteraan sosial

Social Responsibility of Business Melayani pelanggan Menyediakan lapangan kerja Mematuhi aturan dan regulasi

  perlu adanya etika bisnis

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Globalization of Economic ActivityGoods and Services

Capital

Technology

Skilled Labor

Technological Change

Telecommunications Advances

The Internet and the World Wide Web