#001 konsep dan metoda eksplorasi_ok

7/23/2019 #001 Konsep Dan Metoda Eksplorasi_ok

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EKSPLORASI GEOFISKAEKSPLORASI GEOFISKA

DOSEN :

Dr. Prihadi Sumintadireja

(2010)



EKSPLORASI GEOFISKAEKSPLORASI GEOFISKA

• PendahuluanPendahuluan• Konsep dan Metoda EksplorasiKonsep dan Metoda Eksplorasi• Eksplorasi GeosikaEksplorasi Geosika• !ethoda Geosika!ethoda Geosika

• Parameter "isik #atuanParameter "isik #atuan• !etoda Seismik $e%eksi!etoda Seismik $e%eksi• Gra&it'Gra&it'• !anetik!anetik

• $esisti&it'$esisti&it'• ndu*ed Polari+ation (P)ndu*ed Polari+ation (P)• GeoradarGeoradar• !anetotelurik!anetotelurik



,ONSEP E,SP-O$S,ONSEP E,SP-O$S

$e/erensi:$. P. ,oesoemadinata

elsand*ompan'.*om



44

KONSEPEKSPLORASI

Perumusan ojek taret eksplorasi3 Perumusan model eoloi

(jenis *eakan dan linkunan

eoloin'a)3 Perumusan sistem per*ariann'a

(stratei3 metoda3 dan teknoloieksplorasi)

Alur pemikiran yangsistematis



55

KONSEPEKSPLORASI

! PER"M"SAN O#$EK%I& EKSPLORASI

"ormulasi ojekti/ taret eksplorasi ditentukan oleh:

4,ondisi ekonomi (ke*enderunan pasar3 ejolak hara3 perkemanan teknoloipertamanan3 metaluri3 dll.)

45adanan mineral (kadar dari unsurloam3 unsur4unsur 'an tidak dikehendaki3 susunan

mineral)4-etak daerah (prasarana3 jenis kontrak undan4undan pertamanan)



''

KONSEPEKSPLORASI

s u r a 1 a ' a . i n

d o n e t 6 o r k .

o r . i d

6'dir.demon.*o.uk

ser*.*arleton.edu

(ari apa ya)*

#atu+ara

Emas

%em+aga

http://surabaya.indonetwork.or.id/sell/Enerji/Batu_bara/0.html


























http://serc.carleton.edu/images/research_education/nativelands/Gold.jpg

http://apicompany.indonetwork.or.id/681653/batu-bara.htm





,,

2. PENEN78N !ODE- GEO-OG D$ O#9E,7"DN ",7O$4",7O$ PENGEND-N

KONSEPEKSPLORASI

"ormulasi model geologi ditentukan oleh jenis *eakan3 karakteristik3dan linkunan eoloin'a (melalui literatur).

&aktor - .aktor pengendalinya erdasarkan model eoloi ditentukan o1. Petunjuk eoloi seaai penendali keeradaan *eakan2. !enentukan ejala eoloi 'an menendalikan proses pementukan

*eakan;. !enentukan si/at4si/at eoloi3 sika3 dan kimia dari petunjuk eoloi



//

KONSEPEKSPLORASI

Seperti apa ya+entuknya didalam +umi)*

Epithermal Gold Deposit

e 4 ( o l d p r o s p e * t i n ( . * o m

Elu&ial old pla*ers

e 4 ( o l d p r o s p e * t i n ( . * o m

**oal.*om

8 S G S P o r p h ' r ' ! o d e l



00<<

KONSEPEKSPLORASI

( * * o a l . * o m

#agaimana ya

1aramen1arinya)*

a m p t . * o m . a u

Mineral Exploration Drilling –Surface & Underground

Applied Geophysics e o

s . u

1 * . * a



22

MO3ELEOLOI

(E#AKAN

5o= dan Siner (1<>?):@!odel *eakan mineral adalah in/ormasi 'an

disusun se*ara sistematis 'an mendeskripsikansi/at4si/at dari suatu kelompok *eakan mineralA

ModelSuatu konsep pemersatu'an menjelaskan suatu ejala rumit denan maksudmenkomunikasikan in/ormasi menenai ejalaterseut.



MO3ELEOLOI

(E#AKAN

PENGG8NN !ODE- GEO-OG D-! E,SP-O$S

4 !asa lalu (para prospektor)

Se*ara empiris memiliki +ayangan dan petun6uk kondisi daerah 'anprospekuntuk di*ari *eakan mineraln'a3 jenis atuann'a3 jenis mineralisasin'a3

dan ahkan keadaan eomor/oloin'a.

4 !asa kini (para geologist explorationist )

!elanjutkan a'anan empiris terseut denan penetahuandanmenjelaskan petunjuk ejala eoloi se*ara enetik.



77

!odel Empiris

(!odel Statistik)

!odel 7onase4,adar(grade tonnage models)

!odel enetik model deteministik(Genetic Model)

PEN8"S"NANMO3EL

EOLOI(E#AKAN



99

!odel Empiris(!odel Statistik)

4 !erekam pen'earan populasi *eakan 'an diketahui

4 Gejala eoloi dinilai atas reailitasn'a menurut /rekuensirelati/dari asosiasin'a denan *eakan

4 Gejala 'an diperoleh denan /rekuensi tini (<410)leih erarti meski jaran jaran didapat3 eitu pula

sealikn'a

4 ,etidak hadiran dalam suatu ejala harus direkam dalam suatu

*ontoh



44

KELEMA:AN

4 Seaian ke*il data dari populasi tidak dapat diunakan untukmem/ormulasikan model

4 da data 'an diketahui dari satu *eakan se*ara enetik tapi

tidak dapat diunakan karena se*ara statistik tidak erlaku

4 7idak dapat meramalkan ejala4ejala 'an tidak ter*antumdalam data aslin'a




55


Schematic cross-sectionsthrough destructive platemargins (/ter !it*hell and Garson)



''


(5o= dan Siner3 1<>?)

!en'ajikan !odel 7onase4,adar'an memperlihatkan dalam /ormat rasdan memandinkan jenis *eakan denan esarn'a *adanan



,,pus.uss.o&




//


;:odgson< 0/0=

!odel Genetik merupakan kompilasi si/at4si/at 'an salinerhuunan dari suatu kelompok *eakan.

KELEMA:AN

!enaaikan ejala4ejala 'an tidak dapat dijelaskanoleh teori4teori eoloi.



00


Schematic diagram illustratingthe genesis of sulphide ores

in ma!c"ultrama!c intrusions

em.*siro.au



7272

(Bodson3 1<><)

Pendekatan teraik dalam pen'usunan model eoloi *eakan:

!odel empiris kasar 'an menunakan teori dan data eoloisehina menjadi suatu model enetik

PEN8"S"NANMO3EL

EOLOI(E#AKAN



77

PEN8"S"NANMO3EL

EOLOI(E#AKAN



> Model %ektonik Lempeng

> Model Paleogeogra?

#erdasarkan:

huunan antara ejala tektonik lempendenan eraai jenis *eakan 'an

!enandun unsur atau ijih tertentu



7979

Model %ektonik Lempeng

' u k o n ( o l d * o r p . * o m

#ectonic model for the Devono-Mississipian margin of $estern %orth America

sho$ing a complex history of ocean plate su'duction 'ac(-arc rifting and the for motionof )MS SEDE* and M)# deposits in the northern +anadian +ordillera ,%elson et al ../



!odel tektonik lempen dindonesia serta huunann'a

denan mineralisasi (5harl'le and!it*hell3 1<<C) di&isualisasikan

dalam entuk peta dan

penampan



7575

Model Paleogeogra?

( e o i n / o . n

m t . e d u

+ontinental reconstruction during 0ate 1ermian ,2a3anian/ time 4n this model the 1ermian 'asinlay 5ust south of the e6uator and close to the $estern margin of the 1angean continent Approximate

present-day continental outlines sho$n for reference 7edra$n from Scotese and others ,89:9/



2626

Model Paleogeogra?

i n s

t r u * t . u 6 o . * a



#erdasarkan:Genesa endapan mineral

!#atuan sekutu ;associated

rocks=7!Proses@proses geologi9! aktu pem+entukan



!odel linkunan eoloi

'an ersi/at reional3denan menunakan*eakan G. Ponkor

seaai model *eakanepithermal dalam

linkunan kaldera(!ilesi3 dkk.3 1<<<)



!#atuan sekutu ;associated rocks= #atuan 'an erasosiasi denan *eakan

Source 7oc( (sal Sumer atuan) a. Sumer mamatik ("e3 Ni3 5o3 Pt3 F3 !o3 5u3 P3 n3 et*.) . Sumer dari linkunan (#atuara3 5u3 P3 n3 "e3 o=ides) *. Sumer dari atuan eku sedimen 'an menalami

metamorsme pelapukan (min'ak dan asumi3 Sn3 Ni3 l)

;ost 7oc( (#atuan penerima pendampin) 4 seaai replacement

4 seaai vein (urat kuarsa) 4 seaai stoc($or( 4 seaai disseminated ore



9292

n o r t h s t o n e 4 n

i . * o . u

k

> Source Rock ;Asal B Sum+er +atuan=

suraa'a.indonet6ork.or.id





99

<igure 8a=#his diagram sho$s life existingin an ancient sea hundreds of millions of years ago

and 'urial of organic matter in the sediments

<igure 8'--Millions of years later life still existsin a shallo$ sea and the sediments have increased

in thic(ness #he organic matter is 'eing altered into petroleum

<igure 8c--#he sea no longer exists 1etroleum ismigrating from the source roc(s into porous roc(s

<igure 8d--#he roc(shave 'een foldedforming an anticline#he petroleum istrappedat the crest of theanticline

ks.ku.edu



9797

> Host Rock ;#atuan penerima B pendamping=

>uart3 veinletsin silici!ed dacite porphyry

Stoc($or( of interconnectedgrey 6uart3 veins in rusty

clay-altered roc( t 1 ( / . o r (

strate=e=ploration.*om



9999

#he separation of the nativecopper from its host roc(

$as 'ased on a di?erencein tenacity+opper is mallea'leand the host roc( is 'rittle

m s u . e

d u



9494

7! Proses - Proses eologi Proses 'an menkonsentrasikan loam

dalam endapan mineral

1. Proses ortomamatik(mementuk atuan eku dan ijih)

2. Proses pas*a mamatik

a. Pirometasomatik . Pematitik *. Bidrotermal hipoen (epitermal3 mesotermal3 hipotermal) ;. Proses pelapukan

(oksidasi3 pelarutan leaching3 pena'aan superen supergen enrichment 3 endapan superen hidrotermal

C. Proses sedimentasi(penendapan sedimen mekanis klastik3 penendapansedimen kimia6i3 penendapan sedimen koloid3 proses diaenesa

H. Proses metamorsme reional3 termal3 dan dinamik ?. ,ominasi dari proses4proses diatas

smenet or



Prosesortomamatik

Iron-titanium-chromium oxides

in ultramafc rocks

A num'er of mineral deposits have

formed 'y magmatic segregation processes@ they are often calledorthomagmatic deposits #hese

Deposits are important sources ofchromium titanium vanadium

the platinum group metals coppernic(el ,and diamonds/ Much titanium

diamond and signi!cant amountsof the platinum group metals are mined from

sedimentary placer deposits formed 'y the$eathering of these primary deposits

,ilson ,ed/ 89B9/

smenet.or

;H;H

jmu.edu

http://www.smenet.org/opaque-ore/plate07a.htm



9'9'

MetasomatismC<uids rich in dissolved ions may migrate into ad5acent roc(s causing reactions that change the roc(s'ul( composition +ommon examples of this are seen in metamorphic roc(s that are cris-crossed 'y

veins of 6uart3 #his 6uart3 originated as silica dissolved in pore uid precipitated inside fractures #hesilica originated in the surrounding roc( 'ut migrated out $ith pore uid during metamorphism %oteC

metasomitism is an important process 'y $hich deposits of metals and metal ores are formed

Proses pas*a mamatik geol!umd!edu

http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/nature/specimens/htmls/gold70118.html

http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/16.html

http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/16.html

http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/nature/specimens/htmls/gold70118.html



9,9,

Cross-section o a typical submarine volcano with an activehydrothermal system

As magma ascends $ater and gases contained in magma exsolve and enter the deep hydrothermalsystem as pressure is released +old sea$ater ,'lue arro$s/ permeates the volcano and 'ecomes heated

'y the hot roc( near the magma 'ody ;y'rid hydrothermal uids ,red arro$s/ derived from sea$ater andmagmatic gas and uid 'uoyantly rise to the summit $hile altering the volcanic roc( ,$hiteFalteration/

<luids discharged at the seaoor rise 8.s to 8..s of meters 'efore they spread laterally in thehydrothermal plume #he plume is dispersed 'y the local currents carrying various dissolved and

particulate chemical species derived from the magma and the volcanic roc( 4mage courtesy of 4nstitute of

Geological and %uclear Sciences

o * e a n e = p l o

r e r . n o a a . ( o &



9/9/

#his allo$ed surface

ground $ater to attac( thegranite in these areasMore recently in the iceage mechanical erosionhas removed the materialleaving the core stones ortors surrounded 'y clitter

Proses pelapukan



9090

+olors caused 'y supergene enrichmentin the oxidi3ed 3one of the deposit

OCide pit

h o

m e . a

t t . n e t

Supergene Enrichment

veins undergo a secondaryenrichment - 'ecome

more concentrated in ores



4242

s 6 6 r * . 6 s u . e d u

4n coastal $ater$ays sedimentation rates refer to the amount of material,organic and mineral/ deposited 'y the action of $ater over a given interval of timeSedimentation is measured in terms of vertical accumulation over time or sediment

density per unit area over time

Proses sedimentasi



o + * o a s t s . o r ( . a u

Sedimentation in Hayvie$ 0a(efrom the Hirmingham Airport Expansion

n e

6 . 1

l a * k 6 a r r i o r r i & e r . o r (

http://new.blackwarriorriver.org/images/Village/Bayview/bayview_lake_sedimentation.htm



4747 n

o r t h s t o n e 4 n

i . * o . u

k

r o & i * k ' . 6 o r d

p r e s s . * o m

http://rovicky.wordpress.com/2008/06/19/terbentuknya-oasis-di-gurun/





















http://rovicky.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/oasis.jpg




4949

Metamorphic roc(s are the result of the application of heat pressureand directed stress or some com'ination of these e?ects applied to pre-existing roc( of any type #he process 'y $hich metamorphic

roc(s are produced is called metamorphism#here are three types of metamorphism $hich are characteri3ed 'y

the nature of the conditions that cause them #hey are@ 7egional+ontact and Dynamic metamorphism

indiana.edu

Proses metamorsme



4444

Contact metamorphism

+ontact metamorphism is con!ned to roc(s,often referred to as country roc(s/ immediatelysurrounding an igneous intrusion #he alteration

of the surrounding country roc(s is caused'y heat and uids emanating from

the intruding igneous 'ody #he 3one of alteration,metamorphic aureole/ can vary from only

a fe$ centimetres to several (ilometres in $idth#he si3e of the alteration 3one depends on the si3e

and temperature of the intrusion +ontactmetamorphism

is greater round very large hot intrusions n o r t h s t o n e 4 n

i . * o . u

k

Contact metamorphismCCauseC #ransformation of roc(s

'y heat in immediate vicinity ofigneous intrusions!ectsC #hin aureoles ofmetamorphism ad5acent tointrusions

666.eol.umd.edu

http://www.geol.umd.edu/

http://www.geol.umd.edu/



4545

"#$%MIC M&%M'R(HISM

hen large scale movements ta(e place in the Earths crustespecially along fault lines dynamic metamorphism occursGreat masses of roc( are forced over other roc(s

here these roc( masses come into contact $ith each otheracrushed and po$deredmetamorphic roc( -called mylonite- forms

M#*'$I& %*'$+ % &HR,S&

666.eol.umd.edu

"ynamic ,or deformational/ metamorphismCCauseC Movements of 'loc(s of crust along

fault planes imparts mechanical shear forces

!ectsC At shallo$ depths 'reccias of 'ro(enroc( fragments called fault 'reccias

,sometimes called cataclastics / result Asgreat depths roc(s are sheared rather than

'ro(en yielding mylonites Jften found inassociation $ith regional metamorphism

users./orthnet.r

http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/bperry/metarock/Punchbowlfault2.JPG

http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Geology/dv/marble/marble.gif

http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Geology/dv/marble/marble.gif

http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/bperry/metarock/Punchbowlfault2.JPG



4'4'

Reional metamorphism

CauseC here high temperature and pressure are imposed over'road 'elts of crust EG su'duction 3ones volcanic arcs and

regions of continental crust collisions!ectsC Destroys original textures of 'oth igneous and sedimentary

roc(s through gro$th of ne$ minerals

6 6 6 . ( e o l . u m d . e

d u

, i i l i



4,4,

,ominasi proses4proses eoloi

i n d i a n a . e

d u



4/4/https:...imaesh'drothermal

I20deposits.htm



4040

9! aktu Pem+entukan

a. Sinenetik Dientuk pada 6aktu 'an sama denan atuan 'an menelilinin'a (atuan sedimen)

. Epienetik 7eretuk setelah konsolidasi atuan 'an menelilinin'a3 'an dipenaruhi dari atas (superen)3 dari a6ah (hipoen)3 dan dari sekelilinn'a (lateroen)

*. ,ominasi antara sinenetik denan epienetik

5ontoh: $and4Gold48ranium di /rika Selatan



5252

#erdasarkan:

Geometri tuuh eoloi

Buunan tuuh eoloi denan linkunan eoloi

4 Buunan enetik 4 Buunan struktural

Si/at4si/at eoloi

Si/at4si/at Geokimia

S/at4si/at Geosika



!odel eoloi *eakanrin*i 'an ersi/at lokal'an memperlihatkan

huunan *eakanhidrothermal terhadapsuatu intrusi atuanasamintermediate3

entuk eometris 6ujudendapan mineral danposisin'a terhadap

atuan sampin (denan*ontoh *eakan porr u45u #atuhijau3 Suma6a

(!eldrum3 1<<C)

5151

> eometri tu+uh geologi



3iDisualisasikan

4 Dalam entuk eometri euclid: Elongate (pipa memanjan)3 'laded (pipih planar)3 lapisan3

vein (urat)3 spherical (ola pipih)3 irregular (tidak eraturan)

4 Peristilahan 'an diseut type: Hedded type (jenis erlapis)3 vein type (jenis urat)3!ssure type (jenis rekahan)3 lode type massive type (jenis

masi/)

> eometri tu+uh geologi

H2H2



H;H;

ai.asn.au

Handed adularia-sericiteepithermal gold-silver !ssure

vein sho$ing marginal oatingclast 'reccias ;ishi(ari

Example of central lode mineralisation

e d ( a r 4 o n l i n e . * o m



> :u+ungan tu+uh geologi dengan lingkungangeologi

4 Buunan enetik

1. Sinenetik #entuk dikendalikan oleh lapisan pema6a 'an menapitn'a

(planar3 idan lenkun3 lentikular3 dll.) 2. Epienetik

-okasi dan entuk dikendalikan oleh ejala eoloi setelahatuan sampin terentuk3 al. struktur3 intrusi3 dll. (urat3 pipa perpotonan dua idan rekahan3 ola masi/ entuk tak eraturan menikuti kontak atuan intrusi

4 Buunan struktural

1. ,onkordan (terlapiskan strati!ed3 terikat4lapisan strata'ound3 terikat4/ormasi

formation'ound)2. Diskordan

(urat vein3 an'aman urat stoc($or( 3 pipa J *eroon

pipe – chimney 3 tonjolan stoc( 3 masi/ J tak eraturan massive irre ular

HCHC

> Singenetik



> Singenetik

sand dunes ,under and a'ove the layer $here the 'ottle is placed/mar( the cross-'edding of the dunes vs the planar 'edding of the 'ottle-layer

666.neuseelandaustralien200>

HHHH



southeasterneolo'.or

edge sets large scale%ava5o Sandstone U#

Hedding ta'ular sets and cosets tangential

lo$er 'oundary Middendorf <m %+

H?H?

t 6



5,5,

1 a s i n . e a r t h . n * u . e

d u . t

0enticular 'edding $ave ripple

> Epigenetik



eol.u*s.edu A larger vein in outcrop

> Epigenetik

H>H>

> Konkordan Strati!ed Geology near the ;oodoos



> Konkordan Strati!ed Geology near the ;oodoos

panoramio.*omH<H<



'2'2

#he 0oc(atong <ormation a cyclicallydeposited mudstone is the host roc( for thetrychloroetylene ,#+E/ plume at the site #he

formation is characteri3ed 'y 'edding-controlled fracturing as $ell as strata 'oundhigh-angle 5ointing

to=i*s.uss.o&



''&ype. +ar'onate hosted Kn-1' depositMorpholoy. Strata'ound stratiform 'reccias veins

( l . r h 1 n * . a * . u

k

> 3iskonkordan



'7'7

l a t i n ( o l d . * o m . a u

>



'9'9 t e r r a ( a l l e r i a . * o m

+himney 7oc( the largest sand pipe sunset 2odachrome HasinState 1ar( Utah USA

Si. t i. t l i



> [email protected] geologi

1. Susunan mineraloi petroloi 4 9enis mineral ijihn'a (sulda3 oksida3 karonat) 4 9enis mineral ikutan (gangue mineral) 4 9enis atuan dimana mineral merupakan imprenasi3 seperti

atuan porr ( porphyry copper 3 ds.)

4 7ekstur mineral3 huunan antara mineral ijih dan mineralikutan

2. Struktur internal 4 Koning dalam komposisi mineral 4 )einlet 4 Sistem rekahan ke*il 4 Perlapisan mineral denan peredaan komposisi

?C?C

$enis mineral +i6ihOksida



'5'5

$enis mineral +i6ihSulda

panoramio.*om

Goethite

h'perph'si*s.ph'4astr.su.edu

,aronat

s01.middleur'.edu

Jenis mineral gangue



6666

Jenis mineral gangue

Two major breccia zones of significance have been identified in the limestone which are associated

with calcite-gypsum-quartz gangue minerals and important amounts of associated silver.

journeyresourcescorp.com

Jenis batuan porfiri



6767

Rock and mineral types are especially important for plant design and mine planning

because porphyry copper systems are typically zoned upwards and outwards from a

central potassic core through sericitic, argillic and propylitic alteration assemblages .

ypogene copper and copper-iron sulfides are associated with potassic and sericitic alteration.

pacmag.com.auJenis batuan porfiri



'/'/

desertusa.*om

Internal structure



'0'0

All igneous mineralssho$ some variety of

3oning#his is due to theinteractions'et$een di?usionof needed components

and mineral crystalli3ationreactions $hich is thesupplyand demand of thecrystalli3ing mineral#he image a'ove is a 3onedalanite crystal 'ut 3onation

in plagioclase isa more simple system

eolo'.um.maine.edu

Internal structure



> [email protected] geokimia

(perkiraan kadar loam3 sen'a6a kimia dimana loam terseuterada3

unsur4unsur pen'erta3 unsur4unsur jejak trace elements3 ds.)

> [email protected] geo?sika

(re%eksi seismik3 si/at kemanetan3 ra&it'3 si/at kelistrikan3resisti&itas3 ds.)

K0K0

[email protected] geokimia



,,

ro&i*k'.les.6ordpress.*om

!odelsearan loam

g



,7,7

&race element eochemistry/ #he composition of data'le minerals such as 3irconmona3ite and titanite in di?erent geological environments as indicator of coexisting

paragenesis to relate age and metamorphism

s h r i m p . a n u . e

d u . a u

dim esdm o [email protected] geo?sika



,9,9

dim.esdm.o.id

1eta Apparent7esistivity daerah#empursari ,n F L/

g



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OBJEK EKSPLORASI : KEADAAN GEOLOGI

LINGKUNGAN: LINGKUNGAN GEOLOGI

PETUNJUK: TUNTUNAN GEOLOGI UNTUK MENGETAHUI OBJEK YANG DICARI



TEKNOLOGI EKSPLORASI

• METODA, TEKNIK DAN PERALATAN UNTUK

MENCARI OBJEK EKSPLORASI YANG

KEBERADAANNYA DIKETAHUI OLEH

ADANYA PETUNJUK GEOLOGI

• TEKNOLOGI EKSPLORASI DIARAHKAN

UNTUK MENGETAHUI PETUNJUKGEOLOGI , TIDAK LANGSUNG KE OBJEK

EKSPLORASINYA



PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGIPENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI

EKSPLORASI MENYEBABKANEKSPLORASI MENYEBABKAN

ADANYA PENGEMBANGAN KONSEP ADANYA PENGEMBANGAN KONSEP

BARU DALAM ILMU KEBUMIANBARU DALAM ILMU KEBUMIAN

(GEOSAINS)(GEOSAINS)

Sekian



Sekian)

#001 konsep dan metoda eksplorasi_ok

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