valuasi ekonomi sumberdaya lahan

VALUASI EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA

LAHAN

Bahan Kajian MK. STELA-smno.jtnh fpub .mei2013

LAHAN = SUMBERDAYA EKONOMI

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/economic-definition-four-factors-production-3941.html .................... 3/11/2012 .

Lahan merupakan sumberdaya ekonomi yang meliputi sumberdaya alam yang ada di dalam ekonomi nasional. This

resource includes timber, land, fisheries, farms and other similar natural resources. Land is usually a limited resource for

many economies. Although some natural resources, such as timber, food and animals, are renewable, the physical land is

usually a fixed resource. Nations must carefully use their land resource by creating a

mix of natural and industrial uses. Dengan menggunakan lahan untuk tujuan industri memungkinkan suatu bangsa memperbaiki proses

produksinya untuk mengolah sumberdaya alam menjadi barang konsumsi.

SUMBERDAYA LAHAN

Diunduh dari Sumber: ....... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_%28economics%29...

Dalam Ekonomi, lahan meliputi semua sumberdaya alam yang suplainya tertentu (terbatas). Misalnya lokasi-lokasi geografis, barang

tambang, dan lokasi orbit geostationer serta bagian-bagian dari spektrum elektromagnetik.

Sumberdaya alam merupakan basis bagi produksi barang, termadsuk barang modal. Nilai Lokasi tidak boleh dicampur-adukkan dnegan

nilai-nilai akibat dari perbaikan kapital. Dalam ekonomi klasik, “lahan” dianggap sebagai salah satu dari tiga

faktor produksi (yaitu lahan, kapital dna tenagakerja).

In some cases, land may be merged with capital due to the relatively small importance that land has in industrial and service sectors.

Income derived from ownership or control of natural resources is referred to as rent.

LAND…..

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/329078/land .................... 3/11/2012 .

Lahan merupakan sumberdaya ekonomi yg meliputi sumberdaya alam yg digunakan dalam proses produksi.

Dalam ekonomi klasik, ada tiga faktor produksi yaitu lahan, tenaga kerja dan modal.

Land was considered to be the “original and inexhaustible gift of nature.” In modern economics, it is broadly defined to include all

that nature provides, including minerals, forest products, and water and land resources. While many of these are renewable resources,

no one considers them “inexhaustible.”

The payment to land is called rent. Like land, its definition has been broadened over time to include payment to any productive resource

with a relatively fixed supply.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI NILAI LAHAN

Diunduh dari Sumber: .................... http://www.henrygeorge.org/ted.htm

1. ATRIBUT FISIK LAHAN, include quality of location, fertility and climate; convenience to shopping, schools and parks; availability of water, sewers, utilities and public transportation; absence of bad smells, smoke and noise; and patterns of land use, frontage, depth, topography, streets and lot sizes.

2. GAYA-GAYA LEGAL ATAU PEMERINTAH, include the type and amount of taxation, zoning and building laws, planning and restrictions.

3. FAKTOR SOSIAL, include population growth or decline, changes in family sizes, typical ages, attitudes toward law and order, prestige and education levels.

4. GAYA-GAYA EKONOMI, include value and income levels, growth and new construction, vacancy and availability of land. It is the influences of these forces, expressed independently and in relationship to one another, that help the people and the assessor measure value.

http://www.lpi.nsw.gov.au/valuation/land_valuation_process …

Diunduh dari Sumber: .................... http://www.henrygeorge.org/ted.htm

PROSES VALUASI LAHAN

Valuations undertaken by Land and Property Information on behalf of the Valuer General for rating and taxing purposes.

These values refer to the value of the land only, they do not include the value of your home or other improvements.

“Nilai Lahan” biasanya tidak mencerminkan keseluruhan harga-jual yg dapat diperoleh dari semua “asset” atau

“properties” yang ada di lahan.


METODE VALUASI LAHAN

Penjualan Property menjadi faktor sangat penting dalam menentukan nilai lahan (lahan perkotaan non-pertanian).

Lahan di perkotaan “New South Wales” dinbilai dg menggunakan valuasi massa, dimana “properties” dinilai dalam kelompok-kelompok

yg disebut komponen. “Properties” dalam setiap komponen adalah serupa atau diharapkan mencerminkan perubahan nilai dg cara yang

serupa.Representative properties in each component are individually valued

as at 1 July each year to determine how much the land value has changed from the previous year. The change is then applied to all properties in the component to determine their new land values.

Sample valuations are then checked to confirm the accuracy of the new values.


METODE VALUASI

Selama proses valuasi, “penilai” menganalisis penjualan “vacant land” dan “improved properties”, melakukan penyesuaian untuk nilai-

tambah perbaikannya itu.The value of improvements is their worth as reflected by the real

estate market in an area. The value of improvements is generally not equal to their replacement or insurance value.

Kalau valuasi massal tidak cocok, maka penilai akan menilai property secara individual.

Unsuitable sales, for example those between related parties, are not used to determine land values.


METODE VALUASI LAHAN

Pada saat membandingkan nilai-jual property dengan lahan yang dinilai, penilai biasanya mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor seperti:

1. Kondisi pasar property2. Penggunaan lahan yang paling bernilai tinggi3. Lokasi lahan4. Constraints on use such as zoning and heritage restrictions5. Land size, shape and land features such as slope and soil type6. Nearby development and infrastructure7. Views

Factors such as personal circumstances, council rates and land tax liability are not considered yet , when determining and values.


PENGGUNAAN LAHANDalam valuasi-lahan, biasanya sebidnag lahan dinilai dalam kaitannya

dengan penggunaannya yang paling praktis.Penetapan nilai suatu lahan harus memperhitungkan penggunaannya yang paling

praktis. Where development of the land exceeds current zoning and planning restrictions the higher existing use must be taken into consideration by valuers

when determining land values.

KEMUDAHAN -EASEMENT“Easement” ADALAH HAK LEGAL YANG DIPUNYAI oleh pemilik sebidang lahan ,

lebih dari bidang lahan lainnya. Valuasi lahan tidak mempertimbangkan “easements”, as the valuations are required to be made on the hypothetical basis that the land is free of impediments to title. However, the physical effects of an

easement, for example transmission lines, access roads and pipes laid for drainage, will be reflected in the land value.

Value and Price of Land

Diunduh dari Sumber: .................... http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C19/E1-05-03-03.pdf

PENDAPATAN DARI LAHAN

As indicated above, land has value because it may give rise to a stream of future incomes which consist of a volume of goods, services and satisfactions

which accrue to the owner. In other words, the material value of a land depends upon the goods and

services emanating from it. Obviously, these earnings will not necessarily come from the land in the strict sense, but from the property as a whole (e.g. land and buildings) which is related to it. It is the stream of income or earnings, both tangible and intangible that can be converted into a fund which is the

value of the property.

Besarnya “dana” suatu nilai lahan hanya dapat ditetapkan dnegan memasukkan situasi obyektif pasar dan dinyatakan dalam bentuk “harga” yang harus dibayar

oleh pembeli dan diterima oleh penjual pada kurun waktu tertentu. (FAO, 2003).


Pendapatan dari Lahan

Di lingkungan pedesaan, lahan menjadi basis utama untuk produksi tanaman dan sumber suplai pangan secara umum.

Land allows growing trees and forests for fuel-wood and shelter, to store water for human consumption and irrigation. It provides space

for living, construction and the development of a variety of social activities.

Lahan mempunyai nilai-produksi; ini merupakan komoditi primer dan asset komersial.



Pendapatan dari Lahan

Ada perbedaan yang jelas antara nilai alamiah (produktif) dan nilai ekonomi (real-estate) atau ekologi (nature conservation,

environment) dari suatu lahan.

The former (PRODUCTIVE VALUE) deals with a value pertaining to the knowledge of the natural physical properties of the soil and

their impact on production. The second (economic value) emphasizes also on expected benefits which are not necessarily linked to its present use and production

potential, as well as on the stabilizing role of land in an inflationary money market.


FACTORS AFFECTING THE VALUE AND PRICE OF LAND

Diunduh dari Sumber: ................. ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/misc35e.pdf

Potensi produktif alamiah dan pilihan penggunaan lahan, dan kombinasi atau derivasinya, merupakan dua determinan utama dari nilai dna harga lahan. Selain itu, suplai dan demand lahan, persepsi

tentang manfaat masa depan juga mempengaruhi pembentukan harga lahan di pasar fungsional.

1. The inherent production potential is the primary factor of land value in a rural environment, where food supply from arable land, timber production from forests, or cattle raising from grassland are the main objectives.

2. Optional land use in a changing land market is the main component in urban and peri-urban areas. In such areas, social activities concentrate more on the transformation of primary goods, the provision of services (secondary and tertiary activities of the economy) and residential use of space.

Establishing the Value of Land The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are:

economic value, non-economic value and market value.

Diunduh dari Sumber: .......http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/default.aspx?dn=c0f35ca4-98dd-4625-bce6-23807c8e72c0

NILAI EKONOMINilai ekonomi lahan pertanian terdiri atas nilai-produktif dan nilai tambahan

modal (capital gain).

NILAI-PRODUKTIFThe productive value of land is determined by the land’s ability to generate a

financial return. To estimate the productive value, or the return to land, all income and costs (cash and non-cash) must be accounted for.

There are four steps to determine land's productive value:1. Estimasi income kotor dari lahan yang dibeli. 2. Estimasi semua biaya produksi, EXCEPT for interest on the land. 3. Determine the return to land (Step 1 minus Step 2). 4. Divide the return to land by the capitalization rate.




ESTIMASI GROSS INCOME

Gross income on the land to be valued should be based on the crop rotation to be followed using long-term average yields for the management level that applies, and the

long-term market price of the grain.




BIAYA PRODUKSI

Estimasi biaya produksi industri atau pemerintah tidak perlu mencerminkan situasi individual.

Mengingat besarnya ragam praktek pertanian, rotasi tanaman, tipe tanah dan iklim, produsen harus menghitung biaya-biaya ekspektasinya sendiri.

The cost of production should include an estimate of all costs associated with the land to be valued, except for an interest charge on the land investment.

This would include all cash costs, such as seed, fertilizer, machinery repairs, taxes, etc., and non-cash costs, such as depreciation on buildings and machinery,

interest on building and machinery investment, and an allowance for labour and management.




BIAYA PRODUKSI

Kalau tersedia, petani harus menggunakan estimasi berdasarkan data/catatannya masa lalu dan kecenderungannya.

An estimate for cash expenses such as seed, fertilizer and chemicals will need to be based on the condition of the land being valued and

the crop rotation being planned.

Other cash expenses, such as machinery, fuel and repairs, insurance, etc., can be based on the costs per acre on the existing land, with the

assumption that the costs on the new land will be similar.




BIAYA PRODUKSI

Biaya-biaya bukan tunai (interest and depreciation on buildings and machinery) harus ditentukan untuk keseluruhan usaha

pertanian dan kemudian dinilai guna menentukan tambahan lahan yang dibeli.

This procedure accounts for the non-cash costs on the existing buildings and machinery, plus the non-cash costs on additional

buildings and machinery that are acquired as a result of the land purchase.




Keuntungan ke Lahan - Return to Land

“Return to land” merupakan income-kotor minus biaya operasional, depresiasi dan “interest costs” untuk bangunan dan peralatan, dan anggaran untuk

tenagakerja dan pengelolaan. Interest paid on term loans should not be included in the operating costs.

Small variations in crop yields and prices can have a dramatic effect on the return to land. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict prices accurately, and yields can vary

significantly in the short run. Therefore, several calculations should be made using different yield and price assumptions.

The range of results provides a basis for assessing the risk involved in buying land. This is often called sensitivity analysis.




KAPITALISASI

Kapitalisasi adalah konversi keuntungan atau pendapatan di masa mendatang dari lahan menjadi nilai ekonomi saat ini.

By using the appropriate capitalization rate, farmers can estimate the value of land. The capitalization rate should be

the rate of return that could be earned on other investments. Tingkat minimumnya adalah pendapatan atas tabungan,

sedangkan tingkat maksimumnya adalah suku bunga bank atas pinjaman.




. The capitalization procedure converts future returns into today's value. For example, if the goal is to earn a six-per-cent annual return on an investment in

land with an expected net income of $15 per acre, the value of the land would be $250 per acre. The capitalization formula is as follows:

Productive Value of Land = Annual Return to Land

Capitalization Rate

Productive Value of Land =

$15 per acre

0.06

= $250 per acre

Example:




Nilai Tambahan (penumpukan) ModalNilai produktif bukan satu-satunya faktor yg dipertimbangkan ketika

menentukan nilai ekonomi suatu lahan. Pertimbangan penting lainnya ialah jumlah “capital gain’ yang mungkin dapat direalisasikan kalau

lahan dijual.

To incorporate expected capital gain into the economic value formula, reduce the capitalization rate used by the expected annual rate of capital

gain. For example, if the capitalization rate is estimated to be six per cent (as in the example) and the annual capital gain is expected to be one per cent,

then the adjusted capitalization rate would be five per cent (6%-1%).




. The formula to determine the economic value of land (with the productive value adjusted by a potential capital gain) is:

In the above example, the economic value of land is:

Economic Value of Land = Annual Return to Land (Capitalization Rate – Annual Capital

Gain)

$15.00 .06 – .01 or $15.00

.05 = $300 per acre

The economic value of land is equal to the productive value plus its capital gain value.




NILAI NON-EKONOMI

Faktor non-ekonomi mempengaruhi nilai lahan. Misalnya, seorang pembeli lahan mau membayar lebih-mahal untuk dapat tingal di

lokasi komunitas tertentu.

A farmer may place more value on land that is adjacent to land already owned. Land may be of interest to some buyers because of its aesthetic value – it may be located near a river or a picturesque creek.

Dalam beberapa kasus, petani dan bukan-petani bersaing untuk menggunakan lahan.




NILAI PASARLand’s "market value" refers to the price of transactions between informed

buyers and sellers. It is always recommended that you hire an accredited appraiser in cases where an accurate valuation needs to be done. You can, however, get a good idea of market value by doing some analysis yourself.

The technique to determine market value is to use "comparable sales" of similar property in the same area. When doing so, it is extremely important to compare properties that are very similar in every way, and to examine the conditions and terms under which these properties were sold. It is important to obtain as many

comparable sales as possible, as the more information, the more accurate the average becomes.

It then becomes the simple process of calculating the average selling price, usually per cultivated acre, or per forage acre, or per grazing acre.




Beberapa faktor yg dipertimbangkan ketika mencari pada nilai jual yang setara:

1. Proximity is important. How close are the comparable properties to the one that is being sold? If the properties are too far away, it may not reflect your “local” market for land.

2. Comparable properties should, as much as possible, have the same soil types, similar topography, and similar stones and sloughs; those things that change how much someone views a property to be worth.

3. Determine the motives of the purchasers of the comparable sales. A purchaser buying land adjacent to his/her farm may be prepared to pay more.

4. Improvements to property, such as buildings, make comparison of land more difficult. It is often better to use bare land sales only.

5. Sales between relatives or close friends should not be used for comparative purposes because they may not reflect market conditions.

6. Adjustments should be made if there are differences in the number of cultivated acres per quarter-section. In fact, as stated above, the comparisons are usually done on a “per cultivated acre” or “per forage acre” or “per grazing acre” basis.

7. If the property has not been farmed properly, the estimated value should be reduced by the cost of bringing the property back to normal condition.




RINGKASANPenentuan nilai ekonomi lahan merupakan satu langkah (tahapan) dalam

pengambilan keputusan menjual atau membeli lahan. Nilai ekonomi berhubungan dnegan “keuntungan” dan “Penumpukan modal”.

The next step in a land purchase decision is to compare the economic value to the current market value. This provides the means to evaluate whether renting land is more profitable than owning it. As well, it provides benchmark values that can

assist buyers in establishing bid prices for land.

Lastly, the purchaser must determine if there is sufficient cash flow to purchase or finance the land. This is important even if the economic value is higher than the

current market value, as the benefit of a capital gain is not available to service the mortgage unless the land is sold.

NILAI & HARGA LAHAN

Diunduh dari Sumber: ............ ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/misc35e.pdf

Peubah-peubah yang menentukan nilai dan harga lahan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tujuh kategori:

1. Kapabilitas lahan Produktif;2. Keamanan lahan;3. Kebijakan pertanian;4. Pilihan guna lahan;5. Taksasi lahan;6. Land policy and zoning;7. Land speculation.

Kapabilitas lahan produktif …..…


Lahan mempunyai ciri-ciri intrinsik yg sangat menentukan potensi penggunaannya dan daya dukung alamiahnya.

Deep, fertile and well-drained loams located in a suitable climate will generally produce good crops and high yields.

Too sandy or too clayey soils make the land unsuitable for most crops, though some may prefer them (e.g. groundnuts or cashew trees on

well-drained sands; rice on poorly drained, impermeable clays). Poor drainage is a major constraint on most agricultural activities,

though here again crops react differently depending on their edaphological growth requirements.

Kondisi iklim mungkin terlalu panas, terlalu dingin, kering, atau terlalu berhujan untuk memproduksi tanaman ekonomis tertentu.

EVALUASI LAHAN


Kerangka-kerja FAO untuk evaluasi lahan (FAO, 1976) mencerminakn evaluasi lahan untuk tanaman tertentu secara

semi-kuantitatif. It introduced the principle of matching land attributes against

the natural growth requirements of crops in terms of agroclimatic, soil chemical and physical needs, as well as for

soil workability/ease of management.

Kalau atribut-atribut tanah sesuai dengan kondisi pertumbuhan optimal, maka lahan dianggap snagat sesuai, dan hasil maksimum dapat diharapkan terjadi, menempatkan lahan

tersebut dalam kelas nilai tertinggi.

…


NILAI LAHAN – LAND VALUE

HARGA LAHAN – LAND PRICE

KUALITAS LAHAN – LAND QUALITY

KARAKTERISTIK LAHAN – LAND SHARACTERISTIC

SIFAT LAHAN – LAND NATURE

CIRI LAHAN – LAND PROPERTIES

LAND QUALITY INDICATOR (LQI)

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf .................... 3/11/2012 .

Beberapa indikator unit-unit lahan yang harus dimonitor, terutama dalam kaitannya dengan:

1. Kondisi sumberdaya lahan, positive dan negative;2. Areas arising from different land uses;3. Rates of adaptation and adoption of recommended/suggested

practices;4. Praktek usahatani;5. Hasil-hasil dari proyek intervensi pembangunan;6. Isu-isu pengembangan wilayah, seperti land tenure, population density;7. Sumberdaya air;8. Perikanan dan akuatultur;9. Pengelolaan hutan;10.Ketersediaan hara dalam tanah.

The holistic concept of Land (FAO ,1976; FAO, 1995) :


"Land is a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all

attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface climate, the

soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including

shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps),

the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater reserve, the plant and animal populations, the

human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or

drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.).“

Fungsi Lahan:

1. Fungsi produksi2. Fungsi lingkungan biotik3. Fungsi regulasi iklim4. Fungsi hidrologi5. Fungsi gudang simpanan6. Fungsi pengendalian pencemaran7. Fungsi ruang kehidupan8. Fungsi arsip atau warisan9. Fungsi ruang penghubung.

Land attributes, characteristics, properties and qualities (or limitations/ conditions):


1. ATTRIBUTE, atau variable, menunjukkan aspek tunggal atau majemuk suatu lahan;

2. CHARACTERISTIC merupakan atribut yang mudah dicatat dan yang berfungsi sebagai unsur penciri (pembeda) berbagai tipe lahan; mungkin ia mempunyai makna praktikal yang penting (misalnya warna-tanah atau tekstur-tanah, atau tinggi tegakan hutan merupakan karakteristik yg tidak memberikan informasi langsung ttg kualitas lahan);

3. PROPERTY adalah atribut yg telah memberikan derajat informasi tentang nilai suatu tipe lahan;

4. LAND QUALITY (or limitation) is a complex attribute of land which acts in a manner distinct from the actions of other land qualities in its influence on the suitability of land for a specified kind of use.

FRAMEWORK FOR LAND EVALUATION OF 1976


KUALITAS LAHAN - PRODUKTIVITAS DAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN

1. Hasil tanaman (resultante dari berbagai kualitas lahan).2. Ketersediaan air tanah.3. Ketersediaan hara.4. Ketersediaan oksigen dalam zone akar.5. Adequacy of foothold for roots.6. Kondisi untuk perkecambahan.7. Workability of the land (ease of cultivation).8. Salinity atau Sodicity.9. Toksisitas Tanah.10. Resistance to soil erosion.11. Pests and diseases related to the land.12. Flooding hazard (including frequency, periods of inundation).13. Temperature regime.14. Radiation energy and photoperiod.15. Climatic hazards affecting plant growth (including wind, hail, frost).16. Air humidity as affecting plant growth.17. Periode kering untuk panen tanaman.


LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO DOMESTIC ANIMAL PRODUCTIVITY

1. Productivity of grazing land.2. Climatic hardships affecting animals.3. Endemic pests and diseases.4. Nutritive value of grazing land.5. Toxicity of grazing land.6. Resistance to degradation of vegetation.7. Resistance to soil erosion under grazing conditions.8. Ketersediaan air minum untuk ternak.



KUALITAS LAHAN DAN PRODUKTIVITAS HUTAN

1. Kualitas lahan untuk hutan alam, hutan tanaman, atau keduanya.

2. Mean annual increments of timber species3. Tipe dan kuantitas spesies kayu indigenous.4. Faktor tapak yg mempengaruhi pertumbuhan

tegakan muda.5. Gangguan hama dan penyakit.6. Bahaya kebakaran.


KUALITAS LAHAN - INPUT - PENGELOLAAN

1. Kualitas lahan untuk lahan pertanian, produksi ternak dan kehutanan.

2. Faktor Terrain yg mempengaruhi mekanisasi (traffic-ability).3. Faktor Terrain yg mempengaruhi konstruksi dan pemeliharaan

akses jalan (accessibility).4. Ukuran unit pengelolaan potensial (mis. Blok hutan, farms,

fields).5. Lokasi dalam kaitannya dnegan pasar dan suplai input.



1. FAO. 1976. A framework for land evaluation. Soils Bulletin 32, FAO, Rome. 72 p. Also, Publication 22, (R. Brinkman and A. Young (eds.), ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

2. FAO. 1995. Planning for sustainable use of land resources: towards a new approach, W.G. Sombroek and D. Sims. Land and Water Bulletin 2, FAO, Rome.

KUALITAS ATMOSFERIK1. Atmospheric moisture

supply: rainfall, length of growing season, evaporation, dew formation.

2. Atmospheric energy for photosynthesis: temperature, daylength, sunshine conditions.

3. Atmospheric conditions for crop ripening, harvesting and land preparation: occurrence of dry spells.

Kualitas lahan yg berhubungan dengan komponen vertikal dari unit lahan alamiah


KUALITAS TUTUPAN LAHAN1. Nilai tegakan vegetasi sebagai “tanaman” seperti

kayu (komersial) hutan.2. Value of the standing vegetation as germ plasm:

biodiversity value.3. Value of the standing vegetation as protection

against degradation of soils and catchment.4. Value of the standing vegetation as regulator of

local and regional climatic conditions.5. Regeneration capacity of the vegetation after

complete removal.6. Value of the standing vegetation as shelter for crops

and cattle against adverse atmospheric influences.7. Hindrance of vegetation at introduction of crops

and pastures: the land "development" costs.8. Incidence of above-ground pests and vectors of

diseases: health risks of humans and animals.


PERMUAKAN LAHAN & KUALITAS TERRAIN1. Kesesuaian permukaan lahan untuk bedengan: Sifat olah tanah.2. Surface treatability: the bearing capacity for cattle, machinery, etc.3. Surface limitations for the use of implements (stoniness, stickiness, etc.): the

arability.4. Spatial regularity of soil and terrain pattern, determining size and shape of

fields with a capacity for uniform management.5. Surface liability to deformation: the occurrence or hazard of wind and water

erosion.6. Accessibility of the land: the degree of remoteness from means of transport.7. The presence of open freshwater bodies for use by humans, animals or

fisheries.8. Surface water storage capacity of the terrain: the presence or potential of

ponds, on-farm reservoirs, bunds, etc.9. Surface propensity to yield run-off water, for local water harvesting or

downstream water supply.10. Accumulation position of the land: degree of fertility renewal or crop

damaging by overflow or overblow.



KUALITAS TANAH

1. Kesuburan tanah Fisika: the net moisture storage capacity in the rootable zone.2. Physical soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of waterlogging in the rootable zone

(i.e. the absence of oxygen).3. Chemical soil fertility: the availability of plant nutrients.4. Chemical soil toxicity: salinity or salinization hazard; excess of exchangeable

sodium.5. Biological soil fertility: the N-fixation capacity of the soil biomass; and its capacity

for soil organic matter turnover.6. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases.7. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of construction materials.8. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of minerals.9. Toksisitas Tanah Biologis : the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and

diseases.


KUALITAS SUBSTRAT ATAU UNDERGROUND

1. Tinggi muka air dan kualitas Groundwater dalam kaitannya dengan guna lahan irigasi.

2. Potensial Substrat untuk simpanan air dan cadangan mata air.

3. Adanya akuifer air tawar yang “unconfined “.4. Kesesuaian Substratum (dan profil tanah) untuk

mendukung “landasan” (buildings, roads, canals, dll.)

Land qualities related to vertical components of a natural land unit


EVALUASI LAHAN

Land evaluation is the process of assessment of land performance when

used for specific purposes, involving the execution and interpretation of surveys and studies of land forms, soils, vegetation, climate and other

aspects of land in order to identify and make a comparison of promising kinds of land use in terms applicable to the

objectives of the evaluation.

LAND EVALUATION….


LUT

A land utilization type (FAO, 1976) is a kind of land use described or defined in a

higher degree of detail than that of a major kind of land

use (such as rainfed agriculture or forestry), as an abstraction

of actual land-use systems (which may be single,

compound or multiple).

Ketahanan suatu Lahan :

The capacity of the land to recover quickly to

former levels of productivity - or to resume the trend to

increased productivity - after an adverse

influence such as drought, floods, or

human abandonment or mismanagement.

KETAHANAN LAHAN


Some concepts of resilience of land and its productivity, comparing the situation in someindustrialized countries (A)

with that of most developing countries (B). (Sombroek, 1993)

1. Penurunan kualitas tanah sebagai lingkungan hidup akar tanaman;

2. Erosi dan kehilangan tanah lapisan atas oleh air dan angin;

3. Kehilangan vegetasi penutup tanah, termasuk kayu-kayuan tahunan;

4. Acidifikasi, kesuburan tanah menurun dan deplesi hara tanaman;

5. Salinitas dan salinisasi, terutama pada lahan irigasi.

MAJOR ISSUES OF LAND MANAGEMENT….

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ....................

3/11/2012 .

Qualitative relationships between gradually increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, soil characteristics and medium-term processes in soils, and biomass or crop productivity.


Jenis-jenis Indikator:1. Kondisi fisika tanah;2. Diversitas atau densitas vegetasi penutup lahan;3. Tebalnya topsoil (by erosion or, conversely, by good management);4. Salinity atau sodicity (kondisi tanah alkaline);5. Terracing;6. Jalur-jalur vegetasi kontur.

Unit in which the indicator is measured: areal extent and magnitude of change of the indicator types , with improvement and deterioration

reported separately.

INDICATOR : Land condition change (Change in land qualities).


I. Di atas permukaan tanah, yang berhubungan dnegan hasil tanaman:1. Cover close to the ground: its density, distribution, duration, timing.2. Stress in plants: growth rates; timing and frequency of wilting; visible nutrient

deficiencies or imbalances.

II. Pada permukaan tanah, as affecting particularly soil moisture and runoff+erosion:

Porosity of at least topsoil layers, in millimetric bands: proportions of incidentrainfall becoming infiltrated;

III. Di bawah permukaan tanahKandungan BOT dan aktivitas biologis tanah mempengaruhi berbagai sifat tanah:Soil architecture:. structural stability;. gas exchange. water movement and retention/release;Cation exchange capacity:. nutrient capture and retention;. pH buffering;. nutrient availability;. source of small amounts of recycled nutrients.Diunduh dari Sumber:

http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf .................... 3/11/2012 .

LAND QUALITY INDICATOR (LQI)

1. KESEIMBANGAN HARA - NUTRIENT BALANCE: describes nutrient stocks and flows as related to different land management systems used by farmers in specific AEZs and specific countries.

2. YIELD TRENDS AND YIELD GAPS: describes current yields, yield trends and actual:potential farm-level yields for the major food crops in different countries.

3. LAND USE INTENSITY: describes the impacts of agricultural intensification on land quality. Intensification may involve increased cropping, more value-added production, and increased amounts and frequency of inputs; emphasis is on the management practices adopted by farmers in the transition to intensification.

4. LAND USE DIVERSITY (agrodiversity): describes the degree of diversification of production systems over the landscape, including livestock and agroforestry systems; it reflects the degree of flexibility (and resilience) of regional farming systems, and their capacity to absorb shocks and respond to opportunities.

5. TUTUPAN LAHAN - LAND COVER: describes the extent, duration and timing of vegetative cover on the land during major erosive periods of the year. It is a surrogate for erosion and, along with land use intensity and diversity, it will increase understanding on the issues of desertification.

Lima perangkat LQI untuk ekosistem yang terkelola (Pertanian & Kehutanan)

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/LM/SUSLUP/KeySpeakers/ADumanski.pdf .................... 3/11/2012 .

Kesuburan tanah merupakan kemampuan tanah untuk mensuplai hara dalam jumlah yang cukup dan proporsi yang sesuai, sedangkan

produktivitas tanah mencerminkan kemampuan tanah untuk menghasilkan tanaman (Brady, 1974).

The chief factors in soil productivity are soil organic matter (including microbial biomass), soil texture, structure, depth, nutrient content,

water-storage capacity, reaction and absence of toxic elements. Produktivitas tanah tergantung pada karakteristik fisika, hidrik,

kimia dan biologis tanah, serta interaksinya.

Brady, N.C. 1974. The Nature and properties of soils. 8th Edition. Macmillan, New York.

…SOIL PRODUCTIVITY.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4690e/y4690e08.htm.................... 3/11/2012 .

Produktivitas lahan mengukur “kesejahteraan” yang dihasilkan pada sebidang lahan.

Tingginya produktivitas lahan tercermin dalam :

1. Lebih hemat sumberdaya, 2. Perbaikan proses produksi, 3. Waktu produksi lebih singkat, 4. Lebih hemat biaya.

PRODUKTIVITAS LAHAN

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ....................

3/11/2012 .

Kualitas tanah biasanya didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan tanah untuk melaksanakan fungsi tertentu dalam kaitannya dnegan kebutuhan manusia,

termasuk memelihara kualitas lingkungan dna melestarikan produksi tanaman dan ternak (Lal, 1998a).

Soil quality, in turn, derives from a variety of particular physical, chemical, and biological properties that support these functions, including topsoil depth, texture, bulk density, and water-holding capacity; organic matter, pH level, and extractable nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium;

and microbial biomass (Mausbach and Seybold, 1998). Some of these properties (e.g., pH, N, P, and K) are characterized by optimum levels; departures from these optima (in either direction) are associated with reduced soil quality. Other properties (e.g., topsoil depth and microbial biomass) contribute positively to soil quality at all levels, while

some (e.g., bulk density) are inversely related to soil quality. In addition to soil properties, other characteristics also play a critical role in determining land

quality, including aspects of terrain (such as slope) and climate (such as temperature and precipitation, and thus the length of growing period).

1. Lal, R. 1998a. “Soil Erosion Impact on Agronomic Productivity and Environment Quality.” Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 17(4): 319-464.

2. Mausbach, M. J., and C. A. Seybold . 1998. “Assessment of Soil Quality.” In Soil Quality and Agricultural Sustainability, edited by Rattan Lal. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press.

KUALITAS & SIFAT-CIRI, KARAKTERISTIK TANAH

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storie_index.................... 3/11/2012 .

The Storie index is a method of soil rating based on soil characteristics that govern the land's potential utilization and productivity capacity. It is

independent of other physical or economic factors that might determine the desirability of growing certain plants in a given location.

The evaluation is easy to be realized, being this an advantage of this method.A variety of categories are comprised in few categories.

Four or five parameters are evaluated:A: Kedalaman tanah dan Tekstur Tanah;B: Permeabilitas Tanah;C: Karakteristik Kimiawi Tanah;D: Drainage, Surface runoff;E: Iklim (only if it is not homogeneous, if so than it should not be included in the formula);The index is calculated from the multiplication of these parameters, that is:

Sindex = A x B x C x D x EThe disadvantage of this method is that if we have a value of zero in any

category, than the result will be zero and won't be suitable for using.

STORIE INDEX

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

STORIE INDEX RATING SYSTEM

The Storie Index Rating system ranks soil characteristics according to their suitability for agriculture from Grade 1

soils (80 to 100 rating), which have few or no limitations for agricultural production to Grade 6 soils (less than 10), which

are not suitable for agriculture.

Under this system, soils deemed less than prime can function as prime soils when limitations such as poor drainage,

slopes, or soil nutrient deficiencies are partially or entirely removed.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.ci.oakley.ca.us/UserFiles/File/planning/RiverOaksCrossing%20Revised/3.9_Agricultural%20Resources_final.pdf.................... 5/11/2011 .

Storie Index Rating System …

Diunduh dari Sumber: .................... 5/11/2011 .

Rating soils for agricultural, forest and grazing use. STORIE, R. E.

Journal Transactions 4th Int. Cong. Soil Sci. 1950 Vol. 1 pp. 336-339 …

. The Storie Index, a general soil-rating system of particular use in evaluating soils from an agricultural standpoint for tax assessment, land appraisal and general land-use planning

purposes, is obtained by the multiplication of the per cent ratings given to FACTORS:1. A, the soil-profile depth and permeability; 2. B, texture; 3. C, slope and 4. X, factors modifiable by management, namely drainage, salinity or alkalinity, nutrient level,

acidity, erosion and micro-relief.

The crop-productivity rating of a soil type is based on its yield as compared with that of the soil types giving the highest yield under stated management practices and climatic conditions,

and is expressed in ratios from 10 to 1 (that is 100% to 10% of highest yields). A given soil type may have one rating when undrained, another when drained and a third when

d "a ned and fertilized and so on.

Timber soil ratings are similarly handled but where production is unknown, they are worked out bλ multiplying the ratings for factors A, depth and texture; B, permeability; C, chemical

properties such as salinity; D, drainage and runoff and E, climate, including rainfall, temperature, aspect.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19511900206.html;jsessionid=C0E71A3FA5EEDD62EF48270B1D7C

59AA .................... 5/11/2011 .

. Storie Index Rating System…

The Storie Index Rating System ranks soil characteristics according to their suitability for agriculture from Grade 1

soils (80 to 100 rating), which have few or no limitations for agricultural production, to Grade 6 soils (rating of less than

10), which are not suitable for agriculture.

Pada sistem evaluasi ini, lahan yang kurang-sesuai dapat diperbaiki menjadi “sesuai” dengan jalan menghilangkan

faktor pembatasnya, seperti drainage yang buruk diperbaiki, kemiringan lahan, atau defisiensi hara tanah.

Diunduh dari Sumber: ftp://ftp.co.imperial.ca.us/icpds/eir/east-brawley-geothermal/07ag-resources.pdf .................... 5/11/2011 .

STORIE INDEX RATING SYSTEM…Gradre Index

RatingDefinition

1 – Excellent

80 through 100

Soils are well suited to intensive use for growing irrigated crops that are climatically suited to the region.

2 – Good 60 through 79

Soils are good agricultural soils, although they may not be so desirable as Grade 1 because of moderately coarse, coarse, or gravelly surface soil texture; somewhat less permeable subsoil; lower plant available water holding capacity, fair fertility; less well drained conditions, or slight to moderate flood hazards, all acting separately or in combination.

3 – Fair 40 through 59

Soils are only fairly well suited to general agricultural use and are limited in their use because of moderate slopes; moderate soil depths; less permeable subsoil; fine, moderately fine, or gravelly surface soil textures; poor drainage; moderate flood hazards; or fair to poor fertility levels, all acting alone or in combination.

4 - Poor 20 - 39 Soils are poorly suited. They are severely limited in their agricultural potential because of shallow soil depths; less permeable subsoil; steeper slope; or more clayey or gravelly surface soil textures than Grade 3 soils, as well as poor drainage; greater flood hazards; hummocky micro-relief; salinity; or fair to poor fertility levels, all acting alone or in combination.

5- Very Poor

10 - 19 Soils are very poorly suited for agriculture, are seldom cultivated and aremore commonly used for range, pasture, or woodland.

6 – Non-agricultural

less than 10

Soils are not suited for agriculture at all due to very severe to extreme physicallimitations, or because of urbanization.

Source: USDA-NRCS 2010

SOIL RATING CHART.Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X

Faktor A : Rating karakter fisik profil tanah

I Tanah-tanah aluvial muda yang profilnya belum berkembang 100 %

x Fase dangkal (pada material bahan induk yang konsolidated) --- kedalaman 2 feet

50-60


70

g Subsoil sangat berkerikil 80-95

s Subsoil liat terstrata 80-95

II Tanah-tanah aluvial muda yang profilnya baru-sedikit berkembang 95-100 %


50-60


70


s Subsoil liat terstrata 80-95

Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978



III Tanah-tanah aluvial yang PERKEMBANGAN profilnya moderat (subsoilnya agak padat)

80-95 %


40-60


60-70


IV Tanah-tanah yang profilnya sudah berkembang (Subsoiolnya liat rapat /padat) 40-80 %

V Tanah-tanah yang profilnya mempunyai subsoil cadas (hardpan) pd kedalaman kurang dari 1 foot

5-20 %

Pada kedalaman 1-2 feet 20-30







VI Tanah-tanah yang subsoilhya liat rapat terletak pada bahan induk yang konsolidated (moderat konsolidated)

40-80 %

VII Tanah-tanah pada dataran upland yang batuan induknya berupa batuan beku yang keras pada kedalaman kurang dari 1 foot

10-30 %




Pada kedalaman 4-6 feet

Pada kedalaman lebih dari 6 feet

80-100

100



VIII

Tanah-tanah pada dataran upland yang bahan induknya berupa batuan sedimen yang konsolidated pada kedalaman kurang dari 1 foot

10-30 %






80-100

100

IX Tanah-tanah pada dataran upland yang bahan induknya berupa material lunak yang konsolidated pada kedalaman kurang dari 1 foot

20-40 %






90-100

100Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978


FAKTOR B. RATING BERDASARKAN TEKSTUR TANAH LAPISAN ATAS

Tekstur Medium: Lempung berpasir halus 100%

Lempung 100

Lempung debu 100

Lempung berpasir 95

Lempung liat berdebu, berkapur

95

Lemp. Liat berdebu, non kapur

90

Lemp. Liat berkapur 95

Lemp. Liat tidak berkapur 85-90

Tekstur halus atau berat

Liat berdebu, sangat berkapur

70-90

Liat berdebu, tidak berkapur

60-70

Liat, sangat berkapur 70-80

Liat tidak berkapur 50-70Tekstur Kasar atau ringan:

Lempung berpasir kasar 90

Pasir berlempung 80

Pasir snagat halus 80

Pasir halus 65

Pasir 60

Pasir kasar 30-60



FAKTOR B. RATING BERDASARKAN TEKSTUR TANAH LAPISAN ATAS

Berkerikil

Lempung berpasir halus berkerikil

70-80

Lempung berkerikil 60-80

Lempung debu berkerikil 60-80

Lempung perbasir berkerikil 50-70

Lemp. Liat berkerikil 60-80

Liat berkerikil 40-70

Pasir berkerikil 20-30

Berbatu

Lempung berpasir halus berbatu

70-80

Lempung berbatu 60-80

Lempung debu berbatu 60-80

Lempung perbasir berbatu 50-70

Lemp. Liat berbatu 50-80

Liat berbatu 40-70

Pasir berbatu 10-40


SOIL RATING CHARTStorie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X

FAKTOR C. RATING BERDASARKAN KEMIRINGAN

A Hampir datar (kemiringan 0-2%) 100%

AA Agak berombak (kemiringan 0-2%) 95-100

B Agak miring (kemiringan 3-8%) 95-100

BB Berombak (kemiringan 3-8%) 85-100

C Miring (kemiringan 9-15%) 80-95

CC Bergelombang (kemiringan 9-15%) 80-95

D Sangat miring (kemiringan 16-30%) 70-80

DD Berbukit (kemiringan 16-30%) 70-80

E Curam (kemiringan 30-45%) 30-50

F Sangat curam (kemiringan lebih dari 45%) 5-80



FAKTOR X. RATING BERDASARKAN FAKTOR LAINNYA, SELAIN FAKTOR A, B, DAN C.

Drainage

Baik 100%

Cukup baik 80-90

Tergenang moderat 40-80

Tergenang parah 10-40

Subyek banjir variabel

Alkali

Bebas alkali 100%

Sedikit terpengaruh alkali

60-95

Pengaruh moderat 30-60

Pengaruh agak parah 15-30

Pengaruh parah 5-15Unsur Hara (kesuburan)

Tinggi (subur) 100%

Cukup 95-100

Miskin 80-95

Sangat miskin 60-80

Kemasaman

Sesuai dnegan pH 80-95%



FAKTOR X. RATING BERDASARKAN FAKTOR LAINNYA, SELAIN FAKTOR A, B, DAN C.

Erosi tanah: Tidak ada – Ringan 100%

Deposisi berbahaya 75-95

Erosi permukaan moderat 80-95

Alur dangkal jarang 70-90

Erosi permukaan moderat dg alur dangkal

60-80

Alur dalam 10-70

Erosi permukana moderat dg alur dalam

10-60

Erosi permukaan parah 50-80

Erosi permukaan parah dg alur dangkal

40-50

Erosi permukaan parah dg alur dalam

10-40

Erosi sangat parah 10-40

Erosi angin moderat 80-95

Erosi angin parah 30-80

Relief mikro:Smooth

100%

Channel 60-95

Hogwallow 60-95

Low hummock 80-95

High hummock 20-60

Dunes 10-40



SOIL GRADING

GRADE 1 (Excelent)

Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate 80-100% dan cocok untuk berbagai jenis tanaman, tanaman pangan, perkebunan dan hutan

GRADE 2 (Good)

Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate 60-79% dan cocok untuk banyak jenis tanaman. Hasil tanaman umumnya baik hingga sangat baik

GRADE 3 (Fair) Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate 40-59% dan kualitasnya cukup baik, cocok bagi cukup banyak jenis tanaman, Hasil jenis tanaman tertentu cukup baik

GRADE 4 (Poor) Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate 20-39% dan mempunyai peluang terbatas bagi pertanian, misalnya beberapa tanah cocok untuk sawah

GRADE 5 (Very Poor)

Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate 10-19% dan penggunaan pertanian snagat terbatas, kendala serius seperti solum dangkal, berbatu, atau alkalis

GRADE 6 (Non-agriculture)

Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate kurang dari 10% dan faktor pembatasnya snagat serius, seperti sangat curam, pasang-surut, lembah banjir.


KUALITAS & KARAKTERISTIK LAHAN

"Karakterisik lahan" merupakan atribut lahan yang dapat diukur atau diestimasi. Misalnya: kemiringan, curah hujan, tekstur tanah, kapasitas air

tersedia, biomasa vegetasi, dll.

"Kualitas lahan" adalah kompleks atribut lahan yang mempunyai peranan spesifik dalam menentukan tingkat kesesuaian lahan untuk suatu penggunaan

tertentu. Misalnya: ketersediaan air, resistensi erosi, bahaya banjir, dan aksesibilitas.

"Kriteria diagnostik" adalah suatu peubah yang mempunyai pengaruh tertentu terhadap hasil (atau input yang diperlukan ) pada penggunaan tertentu, dan

peubah ini juga berfungsi sebagai dasar untuk menilai kesesuaian suatu bidang lahan bagi penggunaan tertentu.

“Kriteria diagnostik” ini dapat berupa kualitas lahan, karakteristik lahan, atau beberapa karakteristik lahan.

Diunduh dari sumber: http://pinterdw.blogspot.com/2012/01/kualiatas-dan-karakteristik-lahan.html…… 5/11/2012

KUALITAS LAHANHubungan antara kualitas dan karakteristik lahan yang dipakai pada metode

evaluasi lahan (Djaenudin et al. 2003)..

Diunduh dari sumber: http://pinterdw.blogspot.com/2012/01/kualiatas-dan-karakteristik-lahan.html…… 5/11/2012

Kualitas Lahan Karakteristik Lahan

Temperatur (tc) Temperatur rata -rata (oC)

Ketersediaan air (wa) Curah hujan (mm), Kelembaban (%), Lamanya bulan kering (bln)

Ketersediaan oksigen (oa) Drainase

Keadaan media perakaran (rc) Tekstur, Bahan kasar (%), Kedalaman tanah (cm)

Gambut Ketebalan (cm), Ketebalan (cm) jika ada sisipan bahan mineral/pengkayaan,

Kematangan

Retensi hara (nr) KTK liat (cmol/kg), Kejenuhan basa (%), pH , C-organik (%)

Toksisitas (xc) Salinitas (dS/m)

Sodisitas (xn) Alkalinitas/ESP (%)

Bahaya sulfidik (xs) Bahaya sulfidik (xs) Kedalaman sulfidik (cm)

Bahaya erosi (eh) Lereng (%), Bahaya erosi

Bahaya banjir (fh) Genangan

Penyiapan lahan (lp) Batuan di permukaan (%), Singkapan batuan (%)

LAND USE

Land comprises the physical environment, including climate, relief, soils, hydrology and vegetation, to the extent that these influence potential for land use. It includes the results of past and present human activity, e.g. reclamation

from the sea, vegetation clearance, and also adverse results, e.g. soil salinization. Purely economic and social characteristics, however, are not

included in the concept of land; these form part of the economic and social context.

(sumber: http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5310E/x5310e03.htm)

Guna-Lahan merupakan pemanfaat lahan oleh manusia. Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or

wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements.

“LAND USE” juga didefinisikan sebagai "the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it"

(FAO, 1997; FAO/UNEP, 1999)..Diunduh dari sumber: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use …… 5/11/2012

LAND UTILIZATION

A land utilization type consists of a set of technical specifications in a given physical, economic and social setting. This may be the current environment or a future Betting modified by major

land improvement e, e.g. an irrigation and drainage scheme. Attributes of land utilization types include data or assumptions on:

1. Produce, including goods (e.g. crops, livestock timber), cervices (e.g. recreational facilities) or other benefits (e.g. wildlife conservation)

2. ORIENTASI PASAR, including whether towards subsistence or commercial production3. INTENSITAS MODAL4. INTENSITAS TENAGA-KERJA5. Power sources (e.g. man's labour, draught animals machinery using fuels)6. Technical knowledge and attitudes of land users7. Technology employed (e.g. implements and machinery, fertilizers, livestock breeds, farm

transport, methods of timber felling)8. Infrastructure requirements (e.g. sawmills, tat factories, agricultural advisory services)9. Size and configuration of land holdings, including whether consolidated or fragmented10. Land tenure, the legal or customary manner in which rights to land are held, by individuals

or groups11. TINGKAT PENDAPATAN, per capita, per unit produksi (misalnya usahatani) atau per

unit area.

Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5310E/x5310e03.htm …… 5/11/2012

Neoclassical Production Theory

Fungsi produksi neoklasik untuk output tungga dan dua peubah input dapat dituliskan sbb:

y = f(x1,x2)

Dimana y adalah kuantitas output dan xi adalah kuantitas peubah input ke-i.

The properties of this production function are specified by assumptions:1. Xi ≥ 0 and finite (non-negative, real inputs);2. f(X1,X2) is finite, nonnegative, real valued, and single valued for all possible

combinations of X1 and X2;3. f(X1,X2) is everywhere continuous and everywhere twice continuously

differentiable;4. f(X1,X2) is subject to the "law" of diminishing returns.

Diunduh dari sumber: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/31977/1/rr980059.pdf …… 5/11/2012

INPUT / FAKTOR PRODUKSI

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/review.php#v2.................... 2/10/2011 .

Of the three factors of production in classical

economics, land, labor, and capital, land may be the most difficult to define. Does it refer to just the land itself? Or is land a

generic term referring to all natural resources? Air,

sunshine, and water, necessary to make land

productive, are all part of the surrounding

ecosystems. While ownership of land itself

can easily be demarcated, ownership of mobile,

associated resources is trickier.

http://www.henrygeorge.org/def2.htm

PROSES PRODUKSI TANAMAN

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.ciesin.org/lw-kmn/yldgap/yldgap.html.................... 5/11/2012 .

Many processes affect crop performance : the conservative efficiency of the use of

radiation, water and nutrient on crop growth, those contributing to the soil water balance

and those affecting soil fertility. Crop growth has been modelled successfully as a function of environmental factors using

the concept of these conservative efficiencies.

Crop production will be described for these levels in terms of potential and water- or

nutrient limited production . The most suitable cereal crop (depending on the agro-ecological conditions wheat, rice,

maize, millet or sorghum) is taken as a proxy for a wide range of crops that could be grown, with yields expressed in 'grain

equivalents'.

In practice actual production levels may differ from these calculated levels due to deviant agricultural management. Actual

yield is a function of biophysical as well as the socio-economic conditions

Levels of production and required data for its assessment. (Modified from Rabbinge, 1993).

Rabbinge, R., 1993. The ecological background in food production . In: Crop protection and sustainable agriculture. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester (Ciba

Foundation Symposium 177), pp. 2-29.

INPUT-OUTPUT PROCESS RELATIONSHIPS

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7365e/w7365e08.htm.................... 5/11/2012 .

Figure illustrates some differently shaped production functions for the case of a

single-variable input production process. Each graph shows the physical input-output relationship or total physical

product curve as the level of the single variable input is increased with all other

input factors held constant.

In graphs A and B, the law of diminishing returns (sometimes called the law of

variable proportions) prevails - beyond some point, as the level of the variable input increases with no change in the

level of other input factors, increases in output occur at a diminishing rate (the

marginal product is decreasing) and eventually, beyond the point of maximum output, output declines in absolute terms (the marginal product becomes negative).

Fungsi produksi atau hubungan Input-Output untuk input peubah tunggal

Keterkaitan Faktor Produksi

Diunduh dari Sumber: ocw.usu.ac.id/...PERTANIAN/sep_203_handout_faktor-faktor_prod....................... 5/11/2012 .

Kaitan Faktor Manajemen Dengan Faktor Produksi Lain

Ada empat faktor produksi pertanian yaitu:

Alam (lahan, iklim, radiasi matahari, air, udara, dll), Tenaga kerja, Modal, dan

Pengelolaan (manajemen).

Faktor produksi alam dan tenaga kerja sering disebut

sebagai faktor produksi primer,

faktor produksi modal dan pengolaan disebut faktor

produksi sekunder.

EKSTERNALITAS

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://lecture.ub.ac.id/anggota/marno/activity/16054/ .................... 5/11/2012 .

Dalam proses produksi pertanian, masukan-masukan yang berupa material, tekno¬logi, menejemen dan unsur-unsur agro ekologi akan diproses untuk

menghasilkan keluaran-keluaran yang berupa hasil-hasil tanaman dan ternak.

Hasil-hasil sampingan dan limbah dari proses produksi tersebut dapat berupa hasil sedimen, hasil air, dan bahan-bahan kimia yang dapat menjadi pencemar

lingkungan. Limbah ini biasanya diangkut ke luar dari sistem produksi dan menimbulkan biaya eksternal dan efek eksternalitas.

Biasanya sistem produksi pertanian di daerah hulu sungai mempunyai efek eksternal yang cukup luas dan akan diderita oleh masyarakat di daerah bawah.

Dalam suatu daerah aliran sungai yang mempunyai bangunan pengairan seperti bendungan, waduk dan jaringan irigasi, efek eksternalitas tersebut menjadi semakin serius, karena dapat mengancam kelestarian bangunan-bangunan

tersebut.

EKSTERNALITAS

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://dickyhendramulyadi.blog.com/2012/02/04/eksternalitas-lingkungan/.................... 5/11/2012 .

“Eksternalitas” timbul kalau kegiatan produksi (dan konsumsi) memiliki pengaruh yang tidak diharapkan (tidak langsung) terhadap produsen dan /atau konsumen

lain. “Eksternalitas positif” terjadi kalau kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang

memberikan manfaat pada pihak lain tanpa melalui mekanisme pasar. “Eksternalitas negatif” terjadi kalau kegiatan oleh individu menghasilkan dampak

yang merugikan pihak lain. Pencemaran air sungai atau air sumur dapat ditimbulkan oleh proses produksi

pertanian yang berasal dari aplikasi pestisida dan pupuk.

Adanya eksternalitas menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan antara manfaat (biaya ) sosial dengan manfaat (biaya) privat. Perbedaan manfaat (biaya ) ini berkaitan

dengan alokasi sumberdaya yang tidak efisien. Pihak yang menyebabkan eksternalitas tidak memiliki dorongan untuk menanggung dampak dari

kegiatannya yang diderita oleh pihak lain.

EKSTERNALITAS EROSI TANAH.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://ryniforfun.blogspot.com/2010/03/erosi-tanah-dampaknya-bagi-kehidupan.html.................... 5/11/2012 .

“Erosi tanah” merupakan proses terangkutnya material tanah atau sedimen oleh aliran air yang terjadi di permukaan tanah.

Kerusakan yang dialami oleh tanah di tempat yang ada erosi a.l.:1. Kehilangan unsur hara dan bahan organik.2. Menurunnya kapasitas infiltrasi (kemampuan tanah untuk meresapkan air) dan

kemampuan tanah menyimpan air.3. Meningkatnya kepadatan dan ketahanan penetrasi tanah.4. Berkurangnya kemantapan struktur tanah yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan

memburuknya pertumbuhan tanaman dan menurunnya produktifitas.

Eksternalitas lingkungan akibat erosi tanah a.l.:5. Sedimentasi dan pendangkalan waduk6. Tertimbunnya (sedimentasi) jaringan irigasi.7. Memburuknya kualitas air sungai , air sumur, air permukaan lainnya,8. Kerugian ekosistem perairan.

EKSTERNALITAS


Penggunaan lahan oleh pemiliknya ternyata juga mempengaruhi orang lainnya. Kalau seseorang membuang sampah di lahan tetangganya, jelas orang ini

melanggar hak tetangganya. Tetapi bagaimana kalau seseorang membakar sampah di lahannya sendiri dan menghasilkan asap yang berhembus ke

tetangga sekitarnya ? What if they pollute a stream and it ends up affecting everyone's water source,

or flush sewage away and it ends up in an ecologically stressed bay? Although the field of economics traditionally likes to deal with items that can be

easily demarcated, quantified, and tagged with ownership, this becomes difficult when dealing with our shared ecosystems.

Economics has dealt with this largely by labeling such items externalities, costs for which the responsible party does not pay.

It then becomes up to the community, and usually the government, to decide how to deal with externalities.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.compilerpress.ca/ElementalEconomics/271%20Environmental/Econ%20271%202.0%20Environmental%20Economics%20b.htm .................... 5/11/2012 .

Until now we have assumed that market price includes or 'internalizes' all

relevant costs and benefits. This means the

consumer captures all benefits and the producer

pays all the costs. Eksternalitas

mencerminkan biaya dan manfaat yg tidak dapat

ditangkap oleh harga pasar, i.e., mereka bersifat

eksternal thd harga pasar.

EXTERNALITY

In effect, the market demand curve reflects only marginal private benefits (MPB) of consumers but

not the external benefits accruing to society. When such external benefits are added, vertically, we derive the marginal social benefit curve (MSB)

inclusive of both private and public benefits. Similarly, the market supply curve reflects only

marginal private costs (MPC) but not costs external to the firm’s accounting, e.g., pollution that society must pay. When social costs are added, vertically, to the supply curve we derive the marginal social

cost (MSC) curve inclusive of both private and public costs.

EXTERNAL BENEFIT


MSC = MC + MEC

EXTERNAL COSTMSC = marginal social cost; MC = marginal cost

MEC = marginal external costMPC = marginal private cost

MC = MPC

EKSTERNAL COST - INEFISIENSI

Adanya biaya eksternal

mengakibat-kan in-

efisiensi dalam proses

produksi

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://cnx.org/content/m38612/latest/.................... 5/11/2012 .

Eksternalitas negatif adalah biaya yang terkait dg aktivitas yang tidak ditimbulkan oleh

orang yang melakukan aktivitas tersebut.

In-effisiensi dari Eksternalitas negatif

When there is a negative externality, the market

equilibrates where the total social marginal cost exceeds the marginal benefit of the last unit of a good and society is not as

well off as it could be if less were produced.

NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.grin.com/en/doc/230776/a-computable-general-equilibrium-analysis-of-aggregates-materials-recycling.................... 5/11/2012 .

Kegagalan menginternalisasikan suatu eksternalitas negatif mengakibatkan pengurangan kesejahteraan sosial.

Over-produksi terjadi kalau biaya eksternal dari pembuangan limbah dalam suatu

komunitas diabaikan (tidak di-internasilasikan).

In this figure, the private profit- maximizing quantity of landfill deposits produced (Qp )

are greater than the socially optimal production that occurs when the external

costs are included (Q s ).

The amount of overproduction is equal to the distance from Qp to Qs . In order to

account for the external costs imposed on the community from producing additional (aggregates) deposits into the landfill, it is

important to increase the costs of these deposits from Pp to Ps .

EKSTERNALITAS NEGATIFOver-production with a negative externality

Pp

Ps

QpQs

http://www.grin.com/object/external_document.230776/62a3ef44fd1ec8d44379a14a8cb47f03_LARGE.png


Apa yang terjadi kalau intervensi pemerintah dilakukan ( Pajak Pigouvian pada pembuangan

limbah).

With a Pigouvian tax, the tax is set equal to the marginal external costs

at the socially optimal point of production.

In this case, the tax on deposits elevates the price of disposal,

leading to a reduction in the amount of deposits.

A reduction of deposits into the local landfill would most likely result

from corresponding reductions in the amount of aggregates waste

created in the production process or from finding alternative means of

disposal of the waste.

PAJAK BAGI EKSTERNALITAS NEGATIFPigouvian tax applied to a negative externality

http://www.grin.com/object/external_document.230776/b22636f3c367ce59de03d197d5f31895_LARGE.png

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/amtthews/FoodPolicy/LectureTopics/Environment/Lecture20.htm .................... 5/11/2012 .

These environmental costs are externalised, and there is thus divergence

between the marginal private cost of production (to which the producer

responds) and the marginal social cost of production (which determines the socially

optimal level of production). Over-production of farm output which

causes environmental damage is shown in the following diagram.

The farmer would produce at Q1 where his marginal private cost equals marginal revenue, although the socially efficient level of output is Qo which takes into account the additional social costs of

agricultural production.

DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN sbg Eksternalitas NegatifSome adverse environmental impacts may be internalised into a farmer's decision-making

process, e.g. soil erosion, as this may impact on the revenue-generating potential of the farm in the future. However, the problem with many environmental impacts is that the costs are not

borne by the producer because there is no mechanism to price the damage being done and require the producer to pay.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420704000340 .................... 5/11/2012 .

Biaya dan efek erosi tanah thd degradasi lahan.

Biaya sosial akibat degradasi lahan dapat dianalisis dnegan model

konseptual tingkat optimal erosi tanah.

The discussion focuses on the measurement aspects of the economic scarcity of soil in the agriculture sector. Reliable estimates of the true impacts of soil degradation can only be made if

data on marginal damage costs and marginal conservation costs are

available. The different scarcity indicators are

evaluated and competitive land rental prices are considered as appropriate in

indicating soil scarcity in agriculture.

Divergence between private and social costs of upland production.

Tingkat Optimal Kualitas Tanah dan Biaya Tanah.

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420704000340 .................... 5/11/2012 .

………..……… dan selanjutnya ……………

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Bahan kajian MK. STELA-smno.fpub.juni2013

valuasi ekonomi sumberdaya lahan

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