stela valuasi ekonomi sumberdaya lahan

VALUASI EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA

LAHAN

Diabstraksikan : soemarno, jtnh fpub 2014

LAND IS THE ECONOMIC RESOURCE

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/economic-definition-four-factors-production-3941.html .................... 3/11/2012 .

“LAHAN” merupakan sumberdaya ekonomi yang mencakup sumberdaya alam yang ada di dalam “ekonomi nasional”.

SDA ini meliputi hutan kayu, lahan, perikanan, usahatani dan sumberdaya alam lainnya.

LAHAN merupakan sumberdaya yang “langka” untuk berbagai kegiatan ekonomi.

Walaupun sampai batas-batas tertentu dapat diperbaharui, namun fisik-lahan biasanya dianggap sebagai sumberdaya yang terbatas.

“Nations” harus hati-hati memanfaatkan sumberdaya lahannya, yaitu dengan menciptakan penggunaan campuran antara ekologi dan ekonomi.

Menggunakan lahan untuk tujuan ekonomi memungkinkan “negara” untuk memperbaiki proses produksi yang mengubah sumberdaya alam menjadi

barang/jasa konsumsi.

SUMBERDAYA LAHAN

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/329078/land .................... 3/11/2012 .

Dalam konteks ekonomi, sumberdaya lahan mencakup sumberdaya alam yang digunakan dalam proses produksi.

Dalam sistem ekonomi klasik, ada tiga macam faktor produksi, yaitu lahan, tenagakerja dan kapital.

Land was considered to be the “original and inexhaustible gift of nature.” In modern economics, it is broadly defined to include all that

nature provides, including minerals, forest products, and water and land resources.

While many of these are renewable resources, no one considers them “inexhaustible.” The payment to land is called rent.

LAND QUALITY INDICATOR (LQI)

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf .................... 3/11/2012 .

Beberapa indikator generik yang mencerminkan “Kualitas Lahan” yang harus dipantau dinamikanya adalah:

1. Condition of land resources, both positive and negative;2. Areas arising from different land uses;3. Rates of adaptation and adoption of recommended/suggested practices;4. Farm management practices;5. Yields and other outputs resulting from project interventions or other

development;6. Rural development issues such as land tenure, population density;7. Water resources;8. Fisheries and aquaculture;9. Forest management;10. Land-soil nutrients.

KONSEP HOLISTIK TENTANG LAHAN (FAO ,1976; FAO, 1995) :


"Land is a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all

attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including

those of :1. The near-surface climate, 2. The soil and terrain forms, 3. The surface hydrology (including

shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps),

4. The near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater reserve,

5. The plant and animal populations, 6. The human settlement pattern and

physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.).“

Fungsi-fungsi Lahan:

1. Fungsi produksi2. Fungsi lingkungan biotik3. Fungsi regulasi iklim4. Fungsi hidrologi5. Fungsi Simpanan6. Fungsi kontrol limbah &

pencemaran7. Fungsi ruang kehidupan8. Fungsi Arsip atau Warisan9. Fungsi ruang penghubung.

Atribut, Karakteristik, Sifat-Ciri dan Kualitas Lahan


1. ATTRIBUTE, or variable, is a neutral, over-arching term for a single or compound aspect of the land;

2. CHARACTERISTIC is an attribute which is easily noticed and which serves as a distinguishing element for different types of land; it may or may not have a practical meaning (e.g., soil colour or texture, or height of forest cover are characteristics without giving direct information on land quality);

3. PROPERTY is an attribute that already gives a degree of information on the value of the land type;

4. LAND QUALITY (or limitation) is a complex attribute of land which acts in a manner distinct from the actions of other land qualities in its influence on the suitability of land for a specified kind of use.

KERANGKA-KERJA EVALUASI LAHAN FAO-1976


Kualitas Lahan untuk Pertumbuhan dan Produktivitas Tanaman

1. Hasil Tanaman (a resultant of many qualities listed below).2. Ketersediaan air.3. Ketersediaan hara.4. Ketersediaan oksigen dalam zone akar tanaman.5. Adequacy of foothold for roots.6. Conditions for germination.7. Workability of the land (ease of cultivation).8. Salinity or sodicity.9. Soil toxicity.10. Resistance to soil erosion.11. Pests and diseases related to the land.12. Flooding hazard (including frequency, periods of inundation).13. Temperature regime.14. Radiation energy and photoperiod.15. Climatic hazards affecting plant growth (including wind, hail, frost).16. Air humidity as affecting plant growth.17. Drying periods for ripening of crops.


Kualitas Lahan untuk Produksi Ternak

1. Productivity of grazing land.2. Climatic hardships affecting animals.3. Endemic pests and diseases.4. Nutritive value of grazing land.5. Toxicity of grazing land.6. Resistance to degradation of vegetation.7. Resistance to soil erosion under grazing conditions.8. Availability of drinking water.



Kualitas Lahan untuk Produksi Hutan

1. The qualities listed may refer to natural forests, forestry plantations, or both.

2. Mean annual increments of timber species3. Types and quantities of indigenous timber species.4. Site factors affecting establishment of young trees.5. Pests and diseases.6. Fire hazard.


Kualitas Lahan – Pengelolaan – Input

1. The qualities listed may refer to arable use, animal production or forestry.

2. Terrain factors affecting mechanization (trafficability).3. Terrain factors affecting construction and maintenance of access-roads

(accessibility).4. Size of potential management units (e.g. forest blocks, farms, fields).5. Location in relation to markets and to supplies of inputs.


1. FAO. 1976. A framework for land evaluation. Soils Bulletin 32, FAO, Rome. 72 p. Also, Publication 22, (R. Brinkman and A. Young (eds.), ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

2. FAO. 1995. Planning for sustainable use of land resources: towards a new approach, W.G. Sombroek and D. Sims. Land and Water Bulletin 2, FAO, Rome.


Kualitas Atmosferik

1. Atmospheric moisture supply: rainfall, length of growing season, evaporation, dew formation.

2. Atmospheric energy for photosynthesis: temperature, daylength, sunshine conditions.

3. Atmospheric conditions for crop ripening, harvesting and land preparation: occurrence of dry spells.


Kualitas Tutupan Lahan1. Value of the standing vegetation as "crop", such as

timber.2. Value of the standing vegetation as germ plasm:

biodiversity value.3. Value of the standing vegetation as protection

against degradation of soils and catchment.4. Value of the standing vegetation as regulator of

local and regional climatic conditions.5. Regeneration capacity of the vegetation after

complete removal.6. Value of the standing vegetation as shelter for crops

and cattle against adverse atmospheric influences.7. Hindrance of vegetation at introduction of crops

and pastures: the land "development" costs.8. Incidence of above-ground pests and vectors of

diseases: health risks of humans and animals.

Kualitas lahan yang berhubungan dengan komponen vertikal dari suatu unit lahan alamiah


Kualitas Permukaan Lahan dan TERRAIN1. Surface receptivity as seedbed: the tilth condition.2. Surface treatability: the bearing capacity for cattle, machinery, etc.3. Surface limitations for the use of implements (stoniness, stickiness, etc.): the

arability.4. Spatial regularity of soil and terrain pattern, determining size and shape of

fields with a capacity for uniform management.5. Surface liability to deformation: the occurrence or hazard of wind and water

erosion.6. Accessibility of the land: the degree of remoteness from means of transport.7. The presence of open freshwater bodies for use by humans, animals or

fisheries.8. Surface water storage capacity of the terrain: the presence or potential of

ponds, on-farm reservoirs, bunds, etc.9. Surface propensity to yield run-off water, for local water harvesting or

downstream water supply.10. Accumulation position of the land: degree of fertility renewal or crop

damaging by overflow or overblow.




KUALITAS TANAH

1. Physical soil fertility: the net moisture storage capacity in the rootable zone.2. Physical soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of waterlogging in the rootable zone

(i.e. the absence of oxygen).3. Chemical soil fertility: the availability of plant nutrients.4. Chemical soil toxicity: salinity or salinization hazard; excess of exchangeable

sodium.5. Biological soil fertility: the N-fixation capacity of the soil biomass; and its

capacity for soil organic matter turnover.6. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases.7. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of construction materials.8. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of minerals.9. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases.

Kualitas SUBSTRATUM atau Bawah-Permukaan

1. Groundwater level and quality in relation to (irrigated) land use.

2. Substratum potential for water storage (local use) and conductance (downstream use).

3. Presence of unconfined freshwater aquifers.4. Substratum (and soil profile) suitability for foundation

works (buildings, roads, canals, etc.)



EVALUASI LAHAN

Land evaluation is the process of assessment of land performance when

used for specific purposes, involving the execution and interpretation of surveys and studies of land forms, soils, vegetation, climate and other

aspects of land in order to identify and make a comparison of promising kinds of land use in terms applicable to the

objectives of the evaluation.

EVALUASI LAHAN ….


LUT

A land utilization type (FAO, 1976) is a kind of land use described or defined in a

higher degree of detail than that of a major kind of land

use (such as rainfed agriculture or forestry), as an abstraction

of actual land-use systems (which may be single,

compound or multiple).

Ketahanan suatu Lahan :

The capacity of the land to recover quickly to

former levels of productivity - or to resume the trend to

increased productivity - after an adverse

influence such as drought, floods, or

human abandonment or mismanagement.

KETAHANAN LAHAN


Some concepts of resilience of land and its productivity, comparing the situation in someindustrialized countries (A)

with that of most developing countries (B). (Sombroek, 1993)

1. Decline in quality of soils as rooting environments;2. Erosion and loss of topsoil by wind and water;3. Loss of vegetation cover, including woody perennials;4. Acidification, soil fertility decline and plant nutrient

depletion;5. Salinity and salinization, particularly in irrigated

systems.

ISU-ISU MANAJEMEN LAHAN ..….


Qualitative relationships between gradually increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, soil characteristics and medium-term processes in soils, and biomass or crop productivity.


Tipe-tipe Indikator:

1. Physical soil condition;2. Diversity or density of vegetation cover;3. Thickness of topsoil (by erosion or, conversely, by good management);4. Salinity or sodicity (alkaline conditions);5. Terracing;6. Establishment of contour vegetation strips.

Unit in which the indicator is measured: areal extent and magnitude of change of the indicator types , with improvement and deterioration reported

separately.

INDIKATOR : Perubahan Kualitas Lahan


I. Above the soil surface, as related with yields:1. Cover close to the ground: its density, distribution, duration, timing.2. Stress in plants: growth rates; timing and frequency of wilting; visible nutrient

deficiencies or imbalances.

II. On the soil surface, as affecting particularly soil moisture and runoff+erosion:Porosity of at least topsoil layers, in millimetric bands: proportions of incidentrainfall becoming infiltrated;

III. Below the soil surface:Organic matter content and biological activity, as affecting multiple features:Soil architecture:. structural stability;. gas exchange. water movement and retention/release;Cation exchange capacity:. nutrient capture and retention;. pH buffering;. nutrient availability;. source of small amounts of recycled nutrients.Diunduh dari Sumber:

http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf .................... 3/11/2012 .

LAND QUALITY INDICATOR (LQI)

1. NUTRIENT BALANCE: describes nutrient stocks and flows as related to different land management systems used by farmers in specific AEZs and specific countries.

2. YIELD TRENDS AND YIELD GAPS: describes current yields, yield trends and actual:potential farm-level yields for the major food crops in different countries.

3. LAND USE INTENSITY: describes the impacts of agricultural intensification on land quality. Intensification may involve increased cropping, more value-added production, and increased amounts and frequency of inputs; emphasis is on the management practices adopted by farmers in the transition to intensification.

4. LAND USE DIVERSITY (agrodiversity): describes the degree of diversification of production systems over the landscape, including livestock and agroforestry systems; it reflects the degree of flexibility (and resilience) of regional farming systems, and their capacity to absorb shocks and respond to opportunities.

5. LAND COVER: describes the extent, duration and timing of vegetative cover on the land during major erosive periods of the year. It is a surrogate for erosion and, along with land use intensity and diversity, it will increase understanding on the issues of desertification.

Lima macam LQI untuik Pertanian dan Kehutanan :

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/LM/SUSLUP/KeySpeakers/ADumanski.pdf .................... 3/11/2012 .

stela valuasi ekonomi sumberdaya lahan

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