7/23/2019 Soekarno, Nekolim Dan Globalisasi

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Ulfibx`l* @filjcm db` Ajlhbjcubuc

Ibjbv dbjbm dfubib` afjlmhb`a ajlhbjcubuc* ~fxfil`lmcb`

ictb obxvu mf`fxb~ib` ucutfm fil`lmc ~bubx sb`a tfxhvib*

mbib ufhbabc hb`aub sb`a ~fxebsb dcxc* ufobxvu`sb ictb tcdbi

mfxbub efmbu db` tbivt. Hcjb iftfxhvibb` db` ifocdv~b`dfmlixbuc hf`bx-hf`bx tfjbo ictb mf`b`abib db` ljfo

ibxf b` sb xbisbt db~bt mf kbjb`ib` gv`auc il`txlj`sb*

mbib ufabjb hf`tvi iftbivtb` tfxobdb~ ~xbitfi-~xbitfi `fl-

iljl`cbjcumf jfqbt ~c tv ~bubx tfxhvib ufhbabcmb`b

ifiobqbtcxb` hb`sbi lxb`a* xbub`sb tcdbi ~fxjv* ictb kbdcib`

~fxmbubjbob` sb`a ob`sb bib` mfmhvbt ictb mf`kbdc hb`aub

sb`a ifxdcj db` tbi mbm~v mf`aobdb~c if`sbtbb`.

Mfabqbtc Ulfibx`l~vtxc

cdbtl ~fmhvibb` Il`axfu ^fxkvb`ab`

Dc Hbjc* tb`aabj >? Litlhfx 233?.

^fx`sbtbb` Mfabqbtc Ulfibx`l~vtxc mf`fxcmb ~bubx hfhbu* sb`a dcsbic c ~bxb

~f`acivt uftcb db` mvxcd Ulfibx`l* ufhbabc qvkvd @fl-Iljl`bjcumf db` Cm~xfbjcumf./@filjcm#* mfmhvbt mfxfib mf`kbdc avubx. Mfxfib mf`aab`aab~ Mfabqbtc

Ulfibx`l~vtxc hvib` ufhbabc b`bi cdfljlacu tb~c ob`sb b`bi hcljlacu. Hvib`ibo

Ulfibx`l tfjbo mf`fjb`kb`ac iljl`cbjcumf dc df~b` ~bxb obicm iljl`cbj* dbjbm ~cdbtl ~fmhfjb`bb`sb C`dl`fucb Mf`aavabt * /235>#. Ibvm Ulfibx lcu ctv jv~b hboqb

Mfabqbtc Ulfibx`l~vtxc* hvib` iftvb ^@C sb`a hfxtb`aav`a kbqbh btbu ~fjbiub`bb`

bkbxb`-bkbxb` Ulfibx`l* tftb~c iftvb ^DC ^fxkvb`ab`. Ififefqbb` ctv tfjbo mf`dlxl`amfxfib mf`a-ocdv~-ib` ^@C.

Cdfljlac ~bubx hfhbu sb`a dcbxtcib` ufhbabc ifhvtvob` tfxvu-mf`fxvu db`

hfxifjb`kvtib` bib` fiu~fxcmf` mldbj ib~ctbjcu if ufabjb tfm~bt v`tvi mf`ebxc ~bubx hbxv mf`v`kb`a ufkbxbo ~fxtvmhvob` db` ~fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf. ^fxifmhb`ab`

tfxbiocx dbxc fiu~b`uc ib~ctbjcumf bdbjbo ~xcwbtcubuc ufhb`sbi-hb`sbi`sb db` il`wf`ucc`utctvuc-c`utctvuc ~vhjci mf`kbdc hbdb` vubob hfxlxcf`tbuc ~xlgct. Ufibxb`a ib~ctbjcumftfjbo mfmbuvic hbhbi hbxv* sb`a mfjf~buib` dcxc`sb dbxc il`txlj `fabxb* db` bdb sb`a

mf`sfhvt ib~ctbjcumf uf~fxtc c`c ufhbabc Tvxtl Eb~ctbjcumf* sbctv biufjfxbuc sb`a tf~bt

dbxc ~fxvhbob` utxvitvxbj dbxc ~fxtvmhvob` fil`lmc dc ufjvxvo dv`cb* tfxvtbmb df`ab`

mfmc`aacxib` `fabxb dbxc ~bubx hfhbu* v`tvi mf`kbdc uvov fil`lmc sb`a ictb if`bjdf`ab` `bmb Ajlhbjcubuc.

Ajlhbjcubuc bdbjbo mcxc~ afjlmhb`a sb`a mf`sb~v hfxuco ufabjb obj. Dc

dbjbmm`sb tfxmbuvi afjlmhb`a ~fxdbab`ab` db` afjlmhb`a wbjvtb ifvb`ab` ajlhbj.Ajlhbjcubuc dcefxmc`ib` ljfo hfxhbabc gbitlx sb`a ufmvjb hfxhfdb-hfdb ~bubx`sb sb`a

ufmbic` ef~bt db` mvxbo* tfo`ljlac sb`a ufjbjv dc v~-tl-dbtf db` ufjfxb sb`a ufmbic`

ufxbabm sb`a dchbqbib` ljfo mfdcb-mfdcb obxcb` `bucl`bj.Ufmvb ~fxifmhb`ab` ef~bt db` ufxbabm c`cjbo sb`a mfmbiubib` dc jbocxib``sb

hbdb` hbxv hfx`bmb QTL. QTL bdbjbo obucj dbxc ~fxkvb`ab` ~f`abxvo hfhbu sb`a c`ac`

jf~bu dbxc il`txlj `fabxb* hboib` c`ac` mf`aob~vu ~fxb` `fabxb mf`kbdc ufmc`cmbj

mv`aic`.QTL bdbjbo ufhvbo c`utctvuc hbxv sb`a dc ec~tbib` dbxc ABTT* sb`a hfxdcxc

tbov` 2334 ufhbabc lxab`cubuc mvjtcjbtfxbj dv`cb. QTL mfxv~bib` ~v`ebi dbxc cm~cb`

ibvm `fl-jchfxbj v`tvi mf`db~btib` mbgbbt lxab`cubuc sb`a kfjbu sb`a bib` mf`abtvx

2Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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uvov fil`lmc dv`cb. QTL bdbjbo xfkcm ~bubx hfhbu sb`a uf~f`vo`sb mf`ljbi xfkcm

~xltfiucl`bjcumf. C`c bdbjbo bxavmf` ~lili `fl-jchfxbjcumf. Bxtc sb* uftcb~ b`aaltb

QTL qbkch mfjl`aabxib` ~bubx`sb ubm~bc iftctci dc mb`b dlmfutci hcub dcmbuvic ljfohbxb`a-hbxb`a db` kbub-kbub ufebxb hfhbu ufebxb ~f`vo. Dc jbc` ~cobi* c`c mf`acusbxbtib`

dcivxb`ac ebm~vx tb`ab` `fabxb oc`aab uf~f`vo`sb jf~bu ibxf`b dcb`aab~ ob`sb

mf`dlmc buc ~bubx db` mfmhvbt ~bubx hfhbu ufm~vx`b. @fabxb tcdbi db~bt jbacmfjc`dv`ac btbv mfm~xltfiuc ~fxb` dbjbm `fabxb`sb. Cutcjbo ajlhbjcubuc db` ~bubx hfhbu

ufibxb`a ub`abt ~l~vjfx. @bmv` tbm~bi`sb lxb`a tcdbi mf`sbdbxc hbobub hbobsb sb`a

tfxib`dv`a dbjbm ababub` sb`a ufibxb`a dcibm~b`sfib` ljfo ibvm `fljchfxbj. Tcdbihb`sbi sb`a mfmbobmc* hboqb ababub` ajlhbjcubuc db` ~bubx hfhbu ctv ~bdb obifibt`sb

bdbjbo hf`tvi hbxv dbxc ~fxifmhb`ab` ib~cxtbjcumf.

Dc mbub jbjv* v`tvi mf`kbmc` tfxufdcb`sb hbob` hbiv db` ~bubx hbac hbxb`a-

hbxb`a sb`a dc~xldviuc`sb* mbib ib~ctbjcumf hfxvhbo hf`tvi mf`kbdc Cm~xfbjcumf db`iljl`cbjcumf. Df`ab` ebxb mf`bijvib` `fabxb-`fabxb jbc` ufebxb gcuci db` mf`kbdcib`

`fabxb-`fabxb ctv ufhbabc kbkbob` btbv iljl`c`sb* mbib ibvm ib~ctbjcu hcub ufebxb ~biub

mf`db~bt hbob` hbiv df`ab` obxab sb`a ub`abt mvxbo db` ufhbjci`sb* hcub mf`kvbjib`

~xldvi`sb df`ab` obxab sb`a ub`abt tc`aac. Dbjbm il`tfiu C`dl`fucb* obj c`cjbo sb`aufhbh mvubhbh mf`ab~b Hb~bi hb`aub Xf~vhjci c`c hb`aict mfjbqb` iljl`cbjcumf db`

hfxkvb`a v`tvi iljl`cbjcumf db` hfxkvb`a v`tvi ifmfxdfibb` hb`aub C`dl`fucb. Ebxb-ebxb ~fmbiubb` sb`a tfxkbdc ~bdb mbub iljl`cbjcumf uvdbo hbxb`a tf`tv tcdbi hcub jbac dc

jbivib` ufibxb`a. Ufjbc` uvdbo iftc`aabjb` kbmb`* ebxb ufmbebm ctv kvab dcb`aab~ tcdbi

hfxbdb db` hfxtf tb`ab` df`ab` obi bubuc mb`vucb sb`a dcbivc ufhbabc obi sb`a

v`cwfxubj. Ljfo ibxf`b ctv* dc~fxjvib` ebxb hbxv sb`a tfjbo eb`aaco db` ufljbo-ljbomb`vucbqc. Db` ebxb c`c dcxvmvuib` ljfo ibvm `fljchfxbj ufhbabc ajlhbjcubuc db` ~bubx

hfhbu.

Ifmbm~vb` ~xl~bab`db sb`a hfac`c ofhbt db` eb`aaco* dbxc ibvm `fljchfxbjtfx`sbtb tfjbo mf`kbdcib` ajlhbjcubuc db` ~bubx ufhbabc ufuvbtv sb`a ub`abt ~l~vjfx.

Hfactv ofhbt`sb ~xl~bab`db ibvm `fljchfxbj ctv* mbib hbobsb sb`a ub`abt hfubx db`

uvdbo bdb dc df~b` mbtb mf`kbdc tcdbi tbm~bi ubmb ufibjc. Uf~fxtc mcubj`sb* hbobsb ~fxubc ab` hfhbu sb`a bib` mfmf`b`aib` gcobi sb`a ivbt ubkb db` ~bdb tbob~

hfxcivt`sb bib` mf`kbdcib` kf`kb`a ~fxhfdbb` b`tbxb sb`a ibsb df`ab` sb`a mcuic`

mf`kbdc ufmbic` jfhbx* ubmb ufibjc jv~vt dbxc ~fxobtcb` ictb. Ufibjc~v` ufhf`bx`sb ictbufjbjv mf`aiobqbtcxib` hbobsb ifuf`kb`ab` tfxufhvt* `bmv` dbjbm il`tfiu ajlhbjcubuc

db` ~bubx hfhbu* hbobsb tfxufhvt ufljbo-ljbo ocjb`a df`ab` uf`dcx`sb. Hbobsb ~xlufu

~fxubc ab` hfhbu db` ufhbabc bichbt tv tvtb``sb* uf~fxtc ~xlufu ~xltfiuc ifivbtb`

dlmc`b`* jfmbo db` iftbivtb` sb`a mfxv~bib` hbobsb dbubx dbxc ib~ctbjcumf* ubmbufibjc tbi tfxjv~bib`. Dbxc ufkbxbo ~fxifmhb`ab` mbusbxbibt sb`a tfxkbdc ufjbmb c`c*

tfxvtbmb ufkbi ~fxtf`abob` bhbd if 23* mbib hljfo dcibtbib`* ibvm ulucbjcu bdbjbo

ibjb`ab` ~fxtbmb hbci sb`a mfmbiub hbobsb ib~tbjcumf hbac ~fxbdbhb` db`ifufkbohtfxbb` vmbt mb`vucb.

Mbxcumf jbocx ufhf`x`sb ufhbabc xfbiuc btbu ifhvxvib`-ifhvxvib` ib~ctbjcumf.

Mbxcumf ufhbabc ilxfiuc tltbj tfxobdb~ afkbjb biufu sb`a dctcmhvjib`* ibjbv ibvmMbxcumf tbm~cj lgf`ucg* ifxbu db` ixctcu. Ufhbjci`sb ib~ctbjcumf tvmhvo jfhco dfgf`ucg

tfxobdb~ ufxb`ab` Mbxcumf. Ixctci tbkbm sb`a dcbxboib` if~bdb ib~ctbjcumf mfjbvc

hviv`sb Dbu Ib~ctbj /2?71# tfjbo mfmhfxc cu~cxbuc tfxobdb~ afxbib` ibvm hvxvo dc

dv`cb. Dcmb`b Ibxj Mbx mf`sbtbib` tf tb`a ovivm ~fxifmbhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf

8Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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hfxdbubxib` tflxc `cjbc jfhco. Mbiuvd`sb bdbjbo ufjcuco `cjbc hbxb`a kbdc sb`a dcobucjib`*

dcivxb`ac v~bo sb`a dchbsbxib` if~bdb hvxvo v`tvi mf`kbdcib` hbxb`a ctv ucb~ mbuvi

~bubxb`. Hbxb`a kbdc ctv `cjbc`sb obxvu jfhco hfubx dbxc v~bo hvxvo. Ufjcuco `cjbc c`cjbosb`a `cimbtc ljfo ibvm ib~ctbjcu.

Iftbmbib` ib~ctbjcumf ctv mf`sfhbhib` Ibxj Mbx mf`ac`ac`ib` ifob`evxb`

dbxc ib~ctbjcumf. Mf`vxvt Ibxj Mbx* obj ctv tfxkbdc iftcib ~xldviuc tfjbo mf`eb~bcil`kvitlx tc`aac dcmb`b~v` kvab* tc`aibt ~f`sfdcbb` kbvo jfhco hfubx dbxc ~fxmc`tbb`*

mbib hbxb`a sb`a mbuvi mf`fmhvu ~bubxb` il`ufiqf`uc`sb ~fxvubobb` bib`

mf`vxv`ib` ~xldviuc`sb. ^bdb uctvbuc sb`a dfmcib` bib` tfxkbdc ixcucu sb`a ofhbt.Ifufm~btb` ixcucu sb`a ofhbt tfxufhvt bib` dcav`bib` ibvm hvxvo v`tvi mf`abmhcj

~xlufu mf`avbubc bjbt-bjbt ~xldviuc. Mbib bib` dc`bmbib` hfxbiocx`sb ib~ctbjcumf.

Bib` tftb~c dbjbm ~fxkbjb`b` ivxv` qbitv tfxtf`tv tflxc Ibxj Mbx hb`sbi mfjfuft

mbjbob` fiuctf`uc ib~ctbjcumf ufhbabc mb`b sb`a ictb ubiucib` ufibxb`a `bm~bi mbic`ivivo. Df`ab` dcufhbhib``sb ibvm hvxvo civt mfmcjcic ubobm-ubobm ~fxvubobb`

dcmb`b mfxfib hfifxkb. ^f`sfhbxb` if~fmcjcib` jfqbt ubobm tfx`sbtb mfm~fxuvjct

~f`dfgc`cucb` ifjbu-ifjbu ib~ctbjcu sb`a hfxobdb~b` df`ab` ifjbu ~xljftbxcbt. Il`uf~

~fmhbacb` ufebxb Mbxucu mf`vxv`ib` ib~ctbj db` tf`bab ifxkb mf`kbdc uvjct dctfxb~ib`.Mb`cgfutl ilmv`cu Ibxj Mbx sb`a mf`sbtbib` tbob~ mbusbxbibt sb`a bdb ubm~bc

ufibxb`a tcdbi jbc` bdbjbo ufkbxbo ~fxkvb`ab` ifjbu ufuvdbo dchfxjbivib`. ^fxvhbob` c`ctfjbo mf`sfhbhib` hfxobucj mf`v`db xfwljvuc.

Tcdbi tfxkbdc xfwljvuc ulucbj ~bdb mbusbxbibt ib~ctbjcu kvab dckfjbuib` mfjbjvc

tflxc ofalml`c cdfljlac btbv cdfljlac dlmc`b` db` tflxc ifubdbxb` ab`db dbxc ifjbu

~fifxkb sb`a mvjb-mvjb dcifmhb`aib` ljfo B`tl`cl Axbmec. Tflxc c`c mf`ljbib`aab~b` bdb`sb dftfxmc`cumf fil`lmc dcmb`b ifubdbxb` btbv utxvitvx btbu dctf`tvib`

btbu dbubx* sbctv ~f`abivb` fil`lmc dbjbm mbusbxbibt. Mf`vxvt Axbmec* ~xbitfi db`

cdfljlac ctv hcub hfxl~fxbuc c`dfwf`df` tfxobdb~ hvmc fil`lmc.Mf`vxvt tflxc Ibxj Mbx sb`a bujc* uvbtv ifubdbxb` ifjbu bib` tvmhvo ~bdb

ibvm hvxvo sb`a mfmcjcic dbxc ~fxkbjb`b` il`aixft ibvm hvxvo uf`dcxc tf`tb`a

il`txbdciuc b`tbxb ovhv`ab` ~xldviuc ib~ctbjcu sb`a hfxdbubxib` obi mcjci ~fxuflxb`ab`btbv uqbutb df`ab` ifivbtb` ~xldviuc iljfitcg sb`a tvmhvo* ibxf`b iftfxjchbtb` iljfitcg

mfxfib dbjbm ~xlufu ~xldviuc.

Dbxc ~f`abjbmb` ctv* bib` tfxkbdc uvbtv ~xlufu ~fxvhbob` dbxc ufifdbxtfxhf`tvi`sb ifjbu ~bdb dcxc`sb uf`dcxc sb`a mfxv~bib` ibvm hvxvo sb`a mf`fm~btc

~xlufu sb`a ubmb* mf kbdc ifjbu v`tvi dcxc`sb uf`dcxc* sbctv ifjbu sb`a mfmcjcic

ifubdbxb` iljfitcg Wcu b wcu ifjbu hlxkvcu.

Uv`aavo~v` dfmcicb`* ibvm hvxvo hcub ababj v`tvi mfmbobmc uctvbuc db`mfmcjcic b~b sb`a dcufhvt ifubdbxb` ~bjuv. Il`uf~ sb`a tfxbiocx ctv* hfxdbubxib`

~f`abjbmb` ~bdb mbusbxbibt c`dvutxc sb`a tfjbo mbkv dcifmhb`aib` ljfo Bjtovuufx

mf kbdc tflxc b~bxbtvu cdfljlac `fabxb db` b~bxbtvu xf~xfucg. B~bxbtvu sb`adcmbiuvd ctv b`tbxb jbc`* ifjvbxab* afxfkb* ~bxtbc ~ljctci db` mfdcb ilmv`cibuc* mboib`

kvab lxab`cubuc hvxvo db` ufjvxvo ucutfm ifjfmhbabb` mbusbxbibt ulucbj.

Mfjbjvc jfmhbab-jfmhbab mbusbxbibt uf~fxtc ctv* aljlab` sb`a dlmc b`mf`b`bmib` sb`a mfm~fxtbob`ib` if~f`tc`ab` ifjbu sb`a dlmc`b` ufoc`aab tfxkbdc

~xlufu c`il~lxbuc cdfljlac sb`a mfjbocxib` ifubdbxb` ~bjuv btbv ifubdbxb` ab`db sbctv

ifubdbxb` sb`a tcmhvj dbxc ~f`abjbmb` ifxkb`sb uf`dcxc db` ifubdbxb` sb`a dcec~tbib`

mfjbjvc b~bxbtvx `fabxb. Ufjbc` ofafml`c dbxc ifjbu dlmc`b` ctv dcbmb`ib` btbv dckbmc`

5Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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ljfo b~bxbtvx xfgxfucg `fabxb sb`a mf`aav`bib` ebxb-ebxb ~biubb`. Ibxf`b tcdbi bdb`sb

ifubdbxb` ifjbu* mbib ibvm hvxvo tcdbi hcub mf`aocm~v` ifivbtb` v`tvi mf`abjboib`

`fabxb ufkbxbo* dbjbm ~xlufu txb`uglxmbuc dbxc ib~ctbjcumf if ulucbjcumf.Tflxc jbc` sb`a hfxvubob mf`kfjbuib` mf`ab~b ib~ctbjcumf tcdbi mv`aic` dc

`fabxb-`fabxb c`dvutxc bdbjbo tflxc cm~xfbjcumf db` ~bubx dv`cb. Tflxc cm~xfbjcumf c`c

dcdviv`a ljfo tflxc tf`tb`a tcmhvj`sb ib~ctbjcumf ml`l~ljc db` ib~ctbjcumf @fabxb*ufhbabc tbob~ hbxv dbjbm ~fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf. Tflxc c`c mf`abibtbib` hboqb

@fabxb Ib~ctbjcu bdbjbo c`utxvmf` mvdbj dbjbm mfmbuvic ~bubx dc jvbx `fafxc.

Dc mbub jbm~bv* `fabxb-`fabxb sb`a icxc dcufhvt ib~ctbjcu mf`kbjb`ib`iljl`cbjcubuc btbv dlmc`b` ~ljctci mfjbjvc ifivbtb` mcjctfx db` mfjbivib` uvolxdc`buc

jb`auv`a tfxobdb~ hb`aub db` `fabxb jbc`. Tb~c ifmvdcb`* uftfjbo `fabxb-`fabxb iljl`c

mf`eb~bc ifmfxdfibb` mfjbjvc xfwljvuc btbv ~fmhfxcb` ifmfxdfibb`* `fabxb-`fabxb

hfibu ~f`kbkbo tftb~ hfxvubob mfm~fxtbob`ib` ifdvdvib``sb djm ovhv`ab` dlmc`buc-df~f`df`uc* mfjbjvc ~fxdbab`ab` c`tfx`bucl`bj. Df`ab` uv~fxclxctbu mcjctfx db` ifivbtb`

fil`lmc db` ~ljctci* `fabxb-`fabxb c`dvutxc mbkv mfmbiub uvbtv il`dcuc ~fxtvibxb`

sb`a tcdbi ufcmhb`a b`tbxb `fabxb-`fabxb ~c`aacxb` sb`a tfxhfjbib`a db` `fabxb-`fabxb

~vubt fil`lmc dv`cb. Dbjbm ovhv`ab` sb`a tcdbi ufcmhb`a c`c* `faxb-`fabxb c`dvutxcsb`a tbdc`sb mfmbiub `fabxb-`fabxb ~f`afiu~lx hbob` mf tbo v`tvi hfxab tv`a

if~bdb ~bubxbxb` dv`cb sb`a tcdbi utbhcj* ic c mfjbvc ~fxvubobb`-~fxvbobb` mvjtcdcmf`uc sb`a mf`dlmc`buc ~fxdbab`ab` c`tfx`bucl`bj df`ab` ebxb mf`al`tx~lj obxab

hbob`-hbob` dbubx tftb~ hfxvubob mfm~fxtbob`ib` ucutfm ~fxtvibxb` sb`a tcdbi

ufcmhb`a c`c.

@bmb ib~ctbjcumf hfxbubj hvib` dbxc ~bxb ~f`dviv`a mfjbc`ib` dbxc tf`tb`aucutfm fil`lmc db` mf`sb`aibj ib~ctbjcu. Ib~ctbjcumf dctvxv`ib` dbxc ibtb ib~ctbj sb`a

hfxbxtc mldbj. Dbjbm ucutfm fil`lmc ib~ctbjcu* tcb~ qbxab hfhbu mfxdfib* db~bt

mf`aav`bib` mcjci ~xchbdc sb mf`vxvt ifmbvb` db` ~f`abtvxb``sb v`tvi mf`ebxcifv`tv`ab` sb`a ufhfubx-hfubx`sb. Ib~ctbjcumf db~bt dc`bmbib` jctfxbjcumf dc hcdb`a

fil`lmc. Ib~ctbjcumf mv`evj ufkbjb` df`ab` c`dcwcdvbjcumf db` jchfxbjcumf ~bdb bhbd

if-2?. ~fjl~lx-~fjl~lx`sb cbjbo ~bxb ~fmcicx ^fxb`ecu mvxcd Gxb`elcu Rvfu`bs* sb`adchfxc kvjvib` gcuclixbt. ^bxb gcuclixbt-gcuclixbt hfx~f`db~bt hboqb ovivm bjbm sb`a

mvjbc dcxvmvuib` df`ab` tfjctc ljfo @fqtl * kvab mfxv~bib` ~bdb`b``sb dchcdb`a

fil`lmc* ulucbj db` ~ljctci. Dbjbm bjbm* tcb~ ~f`afib`ab * tcb~ ~fmhbtbub` afxbibjbmcbo dbxc jvbx* mf`aobmhbt ~fxifmhb`ab` sb`a `lxmbj. ^fxtvmhvob` db` afxbi-

afxci mf`kbdc ivxb`a bjbmcbo sb`a ubmb tfxkbdc dcdbjbm ifocdv~b` fil`lmc.

Fil`lmc tcdbi db~bt hfxifmhb`a b~bhcjb c`dcwcdv ~f`dviv`a vubob fil`lmc

dchbtbuc xvb`a afxbi`sb. C`dcwcdv obxvu dchfxcib` ifhfhbub` bjbmcbo. Cb kb`ab` dcifib`aljfo xv~b-xv~b ~fxbtvxb` db` hbtbub` dbxc mbusbxbibt db` `fabxb. @fabxb hfx~fab`a ~bdb

~xc`uc~ jbcuufb-gbfxf /mfmhcbxib` lxb`a hfxtc`dbi mf`vxvt if~vtvub``sb uf`dcxc#.

@fabxb mfmhfxcib` ~fjvb`a if~bdb tcb~ qbxab v`tvi hfxvubob ufivbt tf`bab dchcdb`afil`lmc dbjbm xb`aib mf`ebxc `bgibo db` mfm~fxhbcic ifufkbotxbb` ocdv~`sb. @fabxb

mfjc`dv`ac btbv mf`kbjb`ib` ~xltfiuc tfxobdb~ vubob c`dcwcdv db` tfxobdb~ obi mcjci

c`dcwcdv ufxtb ~f`aav`bb``sb sb`a hfhbu. Dcubm~c`a ctv `fabxb mf`avubobib` tfabi`sbifbdcjb` dcb`tbxb ~bxb qbxab. Mfmb`a bdb hfhfxb~b vubob hfubx* sb`a mvtjbi dc~fxjvib`

ljfo mbusbxbibt vmvm* sb`a obxvu dctb`ab`c `fabxb. Bib` tftb~c* dcjvbx ctv `fabxb tcdbi

mf`ebm~vxc b~b~v` db` tcdbi tvxvt hfxifecm~v`a dchcdb`a ~fxvubobb . Hcdb`a c`c

dcufxboib` uf~f`vo`sb if~db ~xbibxub ufxtb ifacbtb` c`dcwcdv. C`dcwcdv df`a` mldbj`sb

4Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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bib` hfxjlmhb-jlmhb hfxvubob. ^fxjlmhbb` dbjbm vubob bib` mf`c aibtib`

~f`aobucjb` mbuc`a-mbuc`a ~cobi df`a` uf`dcxc`sb kvab bib` mf`c`aibtib` ~f`aobucjb`

ufjvxvo mbusbxbibt.Gcjubgbt ib~ctbjcumf dctfmvib` dbjbm hviv Bdbm Umcto ; B` C`avcxs C`tl tof

@btvxbj b`d Ebvufu lg tof Qfbjto lg @btcl`u /2117#. Bdbm Umcto mf`f`tb`a il`txlj

sb`a tfxjbjv iftbt tfxobdb~ ifacbtb` vubob dc hcdb`a fil`lmc. Cb mf`dviv`a ~bobmjbcuuf{-gbcxf sb`a dcifmvibib` ljfo ibvm gcuclixbt. Hfxcjbo ifhfhbub` if~bdb tcb~

c`dcwcdv v`tvi mf`afkbx ifv`tv`ab` ~xchbdc. Tcb~ lxb`a bib` hfxvubob ufdb~bt mv`aic`.

Bib` bdb ~fxubc`ab` ifxbu* tftb~c kvutxv ~fxubc`ab` mfxvb~ib` ebmhvi sb`a mfxb`aub`adb` mf`dlxl`a tcb~ ~cobi v`tvi hfxcotcbx df`ab` ufabjb dbsb v~bsb. Df`ab` dfmcicb`

dbsb av`b db` obucj av`b vubob dctc aibtib` iftbxb~ sb`a ~bjc a tc aac. @fabxb

ufslasb`sb tcdbi tfxjbjv civt ebm~vx. Cb eviv~ mf`kbmc` cijcm ifhfhbub` vubob db`

ifhfhbubh hfxubc`a. If~f`t`ab` ~xchbdc tcb~ c`dcwcdv bib` mfmhbqb obucj afmcjb`aibjbv c`dcwcdv dc hfxc ifhfhbb` v`tvi hfxvubob dfmc if~f`tc`ab` dcxc`sb. Obucj afmcjb`a

tcb~ c`dcwcdv dbjbm vubob df`ab` uf`dcxc`sb bib` civt mf`svmhb`aib` ifufkbotxbb`

ufjvxvo mbusbxbibt.

Gcjubgbt ib~ctbjcumf db` ~f`fxb~b``sb mvjb-mvjb `bm~bi ufhbabc dfqb~f`sfjbmbt. Dc mb`b-mb`b tcmhvj abcxbo hfxvubob ~f`avubob-~f`avubob sb`a hfxmldbj*

mbm~v mf`afmhb`aib` c`dvutxc df`ab` mldbj db` vubob`sb. ^f`afmhb`ab` c`dvutxcifhftvjb` dctv`kb`a ljfo ~f`fmvb`-~f`fmvb` hbxv sb`a mfmbdvib` c`dvutxc ifdbjbm

fxb mfib`cubuc. Tfxkbdcjbo b~b sb`a dcufhvt df`ab` xfwljvuc c`dvutxc. Bib` tftb~c

hfxhbxf`ab` df`ab` ~fxifmhb`ab` ~fxvubobb` db` c`dvutxc* tcmhvj afkbjb

ifmbusbxbibtb` sb`a ivxb`a mf`av tv`aib` c`dcwcdv-c dcwcdv tfxtf tv. Tfxkbdcifuf`kb`ab` sb`a ~bxbo b`tbxb ~fmcjci mldbj sb`a mbobivbub db` sb`a tcdbi mfmcjcic.

Ibxf`b tfx`sbtb dbjbm cijcm c`dcwcdvbjcumf jfhfxbjcumf df`ab` ~fxubc`ab` hfhbu

ufhbabc ~fxb`aub`a* sb`a mf`b`a dbjbm ~f`tbu ~fxtbxv`ab` cbjbo mfxfib-mfxfib sb`aivbt. Mfxfib sb`a mfmcjcic ifivbubb` bqbj db` ifbm~vob` sb`a ufjb`kvt`sb jfhco

hfubx dc hb`dc`aib` df`ab` sb`a tcdbi btbv ivxb`a mfmcjcic. Dbjbm hfxubc`a* sb`a

hfxmldbj mf`b`a. Sb`a tcdbi hfxmldbj mf kbdc tfx~lkli db` hfxab`tv`a if~bdbifmvxbob` obtc ufxtb ifufqf`b`ab` ~fmcjci mldbj* dbxc mfxfib sb`a ib~ctbjcu. Sb`a

ivbt mldbj`sb* jbmhbt jbv` ifjbu ~f`f`tv ufabjb-abjb`sb dbjbm mbusbxbibt. Mfxfib

hvib` ubkb mf`f`tvib` hcdb`a vubob db` fil`lmc tftb~c df`ab` ifivbtb` mldbj`sbdb~bt ~vjb mfm~f`abxvoc db` mfm~fxbjbt ~fxebtvxb` ~ljctci* ufoc`aab mfm~fxivbt

if~f`tc`ab` db` ~lucuc mfxfib. Mfxfib mfm~fxljfo hfxhbabc mbebm ifmvdbob` db`

if cimbtb` ocdv~ jbjv mbkv df`ab` jb`aibo sb`a ~fubt dbjbm kf`kb`a-kf`kb`a

ifocdv~b`. Mfxfib mf`avbubc ~fxb`aibt jv`bi db` ifxbu ufxtb ~f`db~bt vmvm. Df`ab`dfmcicb` ifivbtb` ifmbusbxbibtb`* sb`a dbjbm dfmlixbuc jchfxbj ub`abt mf`f`tvib`

ifocdv~b` vmvm* ~xbitcu dcivbubc ljfo ibvm ib~ctbjcu.

Ifuf`kb`ab` dbjbm mbusbxbibt mf`kbdc jfhco tfxbub* iftcib ~bdb biocx bhbd if-2? xfwljvuc c`dvutxc mf`aobdb~c ~fxmbubjbob` sb`a abqbt. Tfxd~bt ifjfhcob` tf`bab

ifxkb* sb`a hfxdbtb`ab` dbxc ufjvxvo ~f`kvxv v`tvi mf`abdv `buch`sb dbjbm hcdb`a

c`dvutxc. Ufdb`aib` c`dvutxc tfxufhvt hfjvm mbm~v mf`sfxb~ ufdfmcicb` hb`sbi tf`babifxkb. Bxvu vxhb`cubuc ifdbfxbo-dbfxbo c`dvutxc mf`sfdlt tf`bab db` dbfxbo ~fxtb`cb`*

ufdfmcicb` xv~b* ufoc`aab b`aibtb` ifxkb dc hcdb`a ~fxtb`cb`* mfxlult kbvo dchbqbo

kvmjbo sb`a dchvtvoib`. Ufhbjci`sb* ifjfhcob` tf`bab ifxkb mf`sfhbhib` ~bxb

~f`avubo* ~bxb ~fmcjci mldbj* mfmhbsbx abkc sb`a mc`cm if~bdb ~bxb hvxvo. Kbm ifxkb

6Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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mf`avxbu tf`bab hvxvo kbvo dcjvbx hbtbu-hbtbu ifmb`vcubb`. Cijcm ~fifxkbb` ub`abt

kfjfi* ~f`avubob jfhco mf`avtbmbib` ifv`tv`ab` dcxc`sb* dbxc~bdb `buch ~bxb hvxvo db`

obi-obi mfxfib qbkbx. Ifbdbb` sb`a ~c`eb`a c`c mf`av`db`a ixctci ulucbj. Lxb`amfjcobt`sb ufhbabc tcdbi mb`vucbqc* ufhbabc ~fmfxbub` mb`vucb ljfo mb`vucb sb`a

hfxtf`tb`ab` df`ab` ifdbvjbtb` mbxtbhbt mb`vucb. Ixctci ulucbj biocx`sb hfxmvbxb ~bdb

afxbib` ifmbusbxbibtb` sb`a dc~fjl~lxc ljfo bjcxb` ulucbjcumf.Ucutfm ifocdv~b` fil`lmc sb`a hfxjbiv dc Fxl~b Hbxbt ufkbi xv`tvo`sb

ifibcubxb` Xlmbqc ubm~bc mv`evj sb ib~ctbjcumf mldfx` dcif`bj df`ab` ucutfm

fil`lmc gfldbjcumf. V`ct ~xldviuc iftcib ctv dcif`bj df`ab` cutcjbo mb`lx. Mb`lxdcifjlib ljfo tvb` tb`bo db` dcabxb~ ljfo ufkvmjbo ~ftb`c. Xbtb-xbtb ~ftb`c mf`aabxb~

ufictbx 5> bxf* ufibjcavu mf`kbdc tfm~bt tc`aabj db` jbob` ~fxtb`cb` mfxfib* ufdb`aib`

tb`bo sb`a jb`auv`a dcabxb~ ljfo tvb` tb`bo v`tvi if~f`tc`ab``sb bdbjbo tb`bo ~xchbdc.

^ftb`c obxvu hfxifxkb ~bdb tvb` tb`bo dc tb`bo ~xchbdc`sb* ~ftb`v kvab mbuco obxvumfmhbsbx v~ftc. Bdbt mb`lx mf`kbdc v`db`a-v`db`a tbi tfxtvjcu* gv`dbmf`tbj* b`bxicu*

db` mfxv~bib` tfm~bt sb`a tfxculjbuc dc hf`tb`a-hf`tb`a btbv ~vxc ufxtb dc ifjcjc`ac

ovtb` hfjb`tbxb.

Fil`lmc gfldbj bdbjbo ubjbo ubtv dbxc uficb` hb`sbi sljb ~xldvtxc v`tvi dc~Ybic ~bdb qbitv ctv. Ovhv`ab` fil`lmc b`tbxb tvb` tb`bo db` ~ftb`c bdbjbo uf ~ftb`c

hfx~xldviuc v`tvi dcxc sb db` v`tvi tvb` `sb. ^xldviuc v tvi- dckvbj ifecj~fxb`b``sb dbjbm ifocdv~b` fil`lmc tfxufhvt. Qbjbv~v` tfjbo mv`evj`sb ~bubx* `bmv`

ivxb`a ~l~vjfx ucutfm fil`lmc ~bdb bhbd if-24 sb`a mvjbc mfmbuvic ~fxcldf ixcucu

mf`dlxl`a hb`aubqb` gfldbj v`tvi hfxvubob mfm~fxhbcic fil`lmc`sb sb`a mfxlult

c`c df`ab` dvb ebxb ; /b# mf`sfqbib` tb`bo ~xchbdc if~bdb ~f`sfqb sb`a mf`afjljbotb`bo c`c ufebxb ib~ctbjcu 9 /h# mf`vtv~ tb`bo v`tvi ~f`aafmhbjbb` hfxc-hfxc. Hf`tvi

hbxv dbxc ~f`afjljbob` db` ~f`aavb` tb`bo c`c mfxv~bib` biocx dbxc ucutfm gfldbj iv`l*

db` mf`kbdc ubjbo ubtv afkbjb bqbj txb`ucuc mf`vkv ~ljb mf`vkv ~ljb fil`lmc ib~ctbjcu.Iftcib gfldbjcumf xv`tvo* ucutfm ~xldviuc-v`tvi-dckvbj ~fxjbob`-jbob` mvjbc

mf`aab`tcib` ~fxb` ~xldviuc-v`tvi-dc~bibc ufhbabc tc~f ~lili bitcwctu fil`lmc dc

ufjvxvo Fxl~b Hbxbt Ucutfm ~xlduviuc v`tvi dckvbj ctv ifmvdcb` dcufhvt ljfoUb`dfxul` ufhbabc ib~ctbjcumf.

Ub`dfxul` mf`abtbib` hboqb tbi uflxb`a ~v` tbov ufebxb kfjbu ib~b` tf~bt-`sb

ib~ctbjcumf ctv jbocx* `bmv` ~fxhfdbb` mf`af`bc ifjbocxb` ib~ctbjcumf c`c db~bt dcjcobtmfjbjvc ~f`kfjbub` Ibxj Mbx. Mbx mf`elhb mf kfjbuib` ib~ctbjcumf db` ufkbxbo

ifjbocxb``sb dbjbm ufkbxbo Fxl~b. Mfuic~v` Mbx mf`ab`aab~ ib~ctbjcumf ufhbabc tc~f

fil`lmc sb`a dckbjb`ib` ljfo ~fxvubobb`-~fxvubobb` dbjbm vubob mf`eb~bc

ifv tv`ab * `bmv` dcb tbov hboqb ufhf`bx sb obj ctv tfjbo dcjbivib` lxb`a-lxb`a~vjvob` tbov` ufhfjvm`sb. Mbx tcdbi mf`sfhvt ~xcjbiv fil`lmc sb`a jfhco bqbj ctv

df`a`b` ib~ctbjcumf ibxf`b ib~ctbjcumf jfhco dbxc ufifdbx ~f`ebxcb` ifv`tv`ab .

Mf`vxvt mbx* ib~ctbjcumf bdbjbo uvbtv ucutfm fil`lmc sb`a mfmv`aic`ib` hfhfxb~bc`dcwcdv mf`avbubc uvmhfx dbsb ~xldviuc wctbj sb`a mfxfib av`bib` v`tvi mfxbco

ifv`tv`ab` mbiucmbj. Mbx `bmbib` mfxfib ufhbabc ibvm hlxkvcu.

Hlxkvcu mfm~fxifxkbib` ufifjlm~li lxb`a sb`a dcufhvt Mbx ufhbabc aljl`ab`~xljftbx. Aljl`ab` ~xljftbx mfm~xldviuc hbxb`a-hbxb`a sb`a ljfo ibvm ib~ctbjcu mfxbco

ifv`tv`ab` ibxf`b mfmhbsbx aljl`ab` ~xljftbx jfhco xf`dbo dbxc `cjbc hbxb`a sb`a

mfxfib obucjib`. Df`ab` dfmcicb`* mf`vxvt Mbx* ifv`tv`ab` Ib~ctbjcu dc ~xljfo dbxc

~xlufu ~f`kvbjb` hbxb`a db` ~xlufu ~xldviuc. Dbjbm ~b`db`ab` Mbx* ib~ctbjcumf

7Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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mf`v`tvt bdb`sb ubtv ifjbu ~fifxkb sb`a mf kvbj tf`bab v`tvi mf`db~btib` v~bo.

Ob`sb mfjbjvc fiu~jlctbuc v~bo hvxvo c`cjbo ibvm ib~ctbjcu db~bt mfxbco ifv`tv`ab`.

Df`ab` dfmcicb`* Mbx mf`acdf`tcgcibucib` ~fxmvjbb` ~ljb ~xldviuc ib~ctbjcuhfxcxc`ab` df`ab` Xfwljvuc C`dvutxc dc C`aaxcu ~bdb ~fxtf`abob` bhbd if 2?* ibxf`b ~bdb

ubbt ctvjbo v~bo hvxvo db` ucutfm ~bhxci mf`kbdc afkbjb fil`lmc sb`a mf`l`klj.

Mbx hfxb`aab~b` hboqb ~ljb ~f`ebxcb` ifv`tv`ab` ~bdb bhbd if-26 ubm~bc if21 ljfo hfhfxb~b hb`aub dc Fxl~b dcjbivib` df`ab` fiu~b`uc iljl`cbj. Ufhfjvm xfwljvuc

c`dvutxc* ifv`tv`ab` dc~fxljfo mfjbjvc tvibx-mf`vibx hbxb`a db` hvib` dbxc ovhv`ab`

dc~fxljfo kvbj hfjc* hvib` dbxc fiu~jlctbuc v~bo hvxvo. C`cjbo sb`a ljfo Mbx dcufhvtdf`ab` fil`lmc ib~ctbjcumf btbv ib~ctbjcumf ~fxdbab`ab`* v`tvi mfmhfdbib` df`ab`

ib~ctbjcumf c`dvutxc bhbd-bhbd hfxcivt`sb. Mf`vxvt Mbx* ib~ctbjcumf c`dvutxc bdbjbo

ib~ctbjcumf ufkbtc.

Ufhbjci`sb Fxce Qljg mf`acdf`tcgcibucib` mv`evj`sb ib~ctbjcumf ~bdb Xfwljvuc^xb`ecu df`ab` mf`sfhvt ~fxcldf ~xb-c`dvutxc b`tbxb bhbd if-26 db` if-27* ufhbabc

~xcldfcubuc. ^bdb ~xcldf tfxufhvt* sb`a bdb ob`sb ~f`ebxcb` ifmbimvxb` db` hvib`

~f`ebxcb` ifv`tv`ab` ufhf`bx`sb qljg tfjbo mfjbm~vc Mbx iftcib cb mf`fabuib`

hboqb tcdbi bdb obj-obj uf~fxtc ib~ctbjcumf ~fxdbab`ab`. mf`vxvt`sb* sb`a bdb ob`sbjbo ~fxdbab`ab` v`tvi ifmbimvxb`* v`tvi hcub dcufhvt ufhbabc ib~ctbjcumf* obxvujbo

mfxv~bib` ib~ctbjcumf dbjbm ~xldviuc. Ufmf`tbxb ctv Cmmb`vfj Qbjjfxutfc` mf`ljbi~f`afjlm~lib` b`tbxb ib~ctbjcumf c`dvutxc db` ib~ctbjcumf ~fxdbab`ab` uf~fxtc sb`a

dcjbivib` ljfo Mbx. Qfjjfxutfc` mf`abtbib * ib~ctbjcumf sb`a ufhf`bx`sb bdbjbo

~xldviuc dbjbm uvbtv ~bubx sb`a tvkvb` ~xldviuc`sb bdbjbo v`tvi mf`db~btib`

ifv`tv`ab` sb`a ufhfubx-hfubx`sb. Hvib` mbubjbo hbac Qfjjtfxutfc`* b~bibo ifv`tv`ab`ctv dc~fxljfo dbxc fiu~jlctbuc v~bo hvxvo btbv hvib` ibxf`b ufhf`bx sb ~ljb ~fmbiubb`

hvxvo tfjbo bdb dbjbm ~ljb ~xldviuc ~xb-ib~ctbjcu. Obj tfx~f`tc`a hbac ib~ctbjcumf bdbjbo

bivmvjbuc ifv`tv`ab` mbiucmbj sb`a ufjbjv mf`kbdc tvkvb` ufmvb fil`lmc-fil`lmc.Qfjjfxutfc` hfx~f`db~bt hboqb ib~ctbjcumf jbocx ~bdb bhbd if-26 ufcxc`a df`ab`

ifhb`aictb` iljl`cbjcumf Fxl~b.

Qfjjtfxutfc` mf`aab~ ib~ctbjcumf ufhbabc ucutfm dv`cb. B`aab~b` ctvmf`aftf`aboib` ~cicxb` Qfjjtfxutfc` sb`a mfmhfxc ~fmbobmb` tf`tb`a mv`evj`sb ~ljb

~xldviuc ib~ctbjcu. Qfjjtfxutfc` ifmvdcb` mf`abtbib` ucutfm dv`cb ctv ufhbabc ucutfm

ulucbj sb`a hfubx db` mfm~v`sbc tcab bxtc vtbmb 9 /b# tc`aibt ltl`lmc sb`a tc`aac * /h#~fmhbacb` ifxkb sb`a jvbu* /e# bdb`sb ifxbabmb` hvdbsb.

Ucutfm dv`cb ufhbabc ucutfm ulucbj sb`a hfubx dctb`dbc df`ab` tc`aibt tl`lmc

sb`a tc aac* dcmb`b ucutfm tfxufhvt hfxdcxc uf`dcxc dbjbm bxtc mf kbdc ucutfm dv cb

ibxf`b fiucutf`uc`sb tcdbi hfxab`tv`a ~bdb obj-obj jbc` dcjvbx`sb. Ucutfm dv`cb kvabmf`sfhbhib` tfxkbdc`sb ~fmhbacb` tc`abibt u~fucbjcubuc fil`lmc sb`a tc aac sb`a

hfx~fxb` dbjbm ucutfm tfxufhvt. Ibxf`b ucutfm dv`cb kvab bdbjbo ucutfm ulucbj sb`a

ibubx* mbib tfxdb~bt ifxbabmb` hvdbsb sb`a mfmv`aic`ib` mv`evj sb hfxhbabcifjlm~li sb`a hfxhfdbtxbdcuc* hfxhcebxb df`ab` hbobub hfxhfdb db` uftfxvu`sb.

Qfjtfxutfc` mf`acdf`tcgcibucib` dvb tc~f dbubx ucutfm dv`cb* /b# ifibcubxb` dv`cb*

/h# fil`lmc dv cb. Ifibcubxb` dv`cb bdbjbo uvbtv ucutfm dv`cb sb`a ufebxb ~ljctcudc~vubtib` db` dcubtvib . Uftcb~ ifjlm~li dbjbm ifxbkbb` mf kbdc hbqbob` ~vubt

~ljctci. Xlmbqc iv`l* Ec`b db` C`dcb Ijbuci* mcubj sb dc lxab`cucx* mf`vxvt ucutfm

dv`cb c`c. Ufdb`aib` fil`lmc dv`cb dcmbiuvdib` ufhbabc ucutfm dv`cb sb`a tcdbi

1Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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mf`fxb~ib` uf`txbjcubuc db` ~f`sbtvb` ~ljctci. Ibxf`b ctvjbo fil`lmc dv`cb tcdbi ob`sb

tfxdcxc dbxc ifxbabmb` hvdbsb* tftb~c kvab ifxbabmb` v`ct-v`ct ~ljctci.

Dc mbub jbjv bdb ufkvmjbo fil`lmc dv`cb* qbjbv ifufmvb`sb tfjbo xv`tvo db`hfxvhbo mf`kbdc ifibcubxb` dv`cb. Dbjbm dv`cb mldfx`* ob`sb bdb ubtv fil`lmc dv`cb*

sbctv fil`lmc dv`cb ib~ctbjcu* sb`a mvevj ufkbi bhbd if-27 ubm~bc ufibxb`a. Bdb

hfhfxb~b vubob v`tvi mf`avhbo fil`lmc dv`cb mf`kbdc ifibcubxb` dv`cb* tfxvtbmb sb`adcjbivib` ljfo U~b`slj ~bdb bhbd if-27* `bmv` vubob ctv ababj db` ufibxb`a ob`sb

ib~ctbjcumf sb`a mf`kbdc ucutfm sb`a tfxuf`txbjcucx ufebxb ~ljctci. @bmv` dfuf`txbjcubuc

~ljctci ctv ~vjb sb`a hfx~fxb` hfubx dbjbm ~f`alilob` ib~ctbjcumf* b`tbxb jbc` ibxf`bifibcubxb` dv cb ef`dfxv`a tcdbi mfmhfxc xvb`a v`tvi c`lwbuc db` ~f`afmhb`ab`

ixfbtcgctbu c`dcwcdv. Dvb obj c`c mfxv~bib` gbitlx dbubx hbac lxab`cubuc ~xldviuc

ib~ctbjcu.

^fxulbjb``sb ufibxb`a* hbabcmb`b ictb mf`dfgc`cucib` fil`lmc dv cb sb`aufuv`aavo`sb* tfxmbuvi b~b sb`a obxvu dcjbivib` db` mf`ac tfaxbucib` ~ljb ~xldviuc

sb`a dcjbiub`bib` ufebxb hfxubmb* ibxf`b dbjbm if`sbtbb``sb ucutfm fil`lmc dv`cb

jfhco hcub dcjbiub`bib` df`ab` uf~fxb`aibt ovhv`ab` fil`lmc dbxc~bdb dcc`tfaxbucib`

ljfo utxvitvx ~ljctci ljfo utxvitvx ~ljctci sb`a tfxjbjv ibiv. Uf~fxb`aibt ovhv`ab`fil`lmc ctv bdbjbo ovhv`ab` ~xldviuc db` ~fxtvibxb` hbxb`a-hbxb`a hfx`cjbc ufxtb kbub.

Fil`lmc dv`cb tcdbi mfmcjcic cibtb` sb`a fxbt uf~fxtc sb`a dcmcjcic ljfo ifibcubxb`dv`cb ibxf`b fil`lmc dv`cb mfxv~bib` kbxc`ab` ovhv`ab` fil`lmc tfxuxvitvx sb`a babi

jl`aabx sb`a mf`ebiv~ qcjbsbo aflaxbgcu db` u~fucbjcubuc ifxkb sb`a jvbu. Hfxdbubxib`

u~fucbjcubuc dbjbm ovhv`ab`-ovhv`ab` fil`lmc c`cjbo Qbjjtfxutbc` mf`acdf`tcgcibucib`

tcab tcgf v`ct dbubx fil`lmc sb`a mfmhf`tvi kbxc`ab` ucutfm fil`lmc dv`cb sbctv* /b#qcjbsbo ~vubt* /h# qcjbsbo ~c`aacxb`* /e# qcjbsbo ufmc ~c`aacxb`.

Qcjbsbo ~vubt mfxv~bib` qcjbsbo-qcjbsbo db` `fabxb sb`a mf`dlmc`buc

fil`lmc dv`cb ib~ctbjcu ufxtb mf`abmhcj ufkvmjbo hfubx uvx~jvu sb`a dcobucjib`. Mldbjtfxbivmvjbuc jfhco hb`sbi ~bdb qcjbsbo ~vubt* ufdb`aib` iljl`cbjcumf dcibtbib` ufhbabc

ebxb jbc` sb`a jfhco hfxucgbt ~ljctci sb`a dcjbivib` ljfo `fabxb uf`txbj v`tvi mfjbivib`

il`uf`txbuc mldbj.Iftcib tfxkbdc ~f`vxv`b` fil`lmc ~bdb bhbd if-21* `fabxb ~vubt dchfjbob` Tcmvx

Fxl~b mf`elhb mf`ec~tbib` db` mf`avbubc qcjbsbo-qcjbsbo hbxv v`tvi mfjbivib`

fiu~jlxbuc ifmv`aic`b` ifv`tv`ab` fil`lmcu dbxc qcjbsbo tfxufhvt. C`cjbo sb`a mfmcev~fxubc`ab` v`tvi mfxfhvt iljl`c avjb dc Ixchcb* db` vubob c`c ~vjb sb`a mf`abichbtib`

tfxkbdc`sb vubob iljl`c dc Bmfxcib.

^bdb mbub ctv `fabxb-`fabxb dcqcjbsbo ~vubt tcdbi ubkb hfxubc a mfxfhvtib`

iljl`c* `bmv` `fabxb-`fabxb ctv kvab hfxtbxv`a v`tvi mfxfhvt ~lucuc ofafml`c dc b`tbxbmfxfib uf`dcxc* dc dbjbm ucutfm fil`lmc dv`cb ib~ctbjcu. ^bdb mbub c`c ~vjb Hfjb`db

mf`v`kviib` ofafml`c`sb df`ab` mf`avbubc c`dvutxc ~fxtb cb * ~fxdbab`ab`* db`

ilmfxucbj ufoc`aab v`tvi mf`aobdb~c ofafml`c c`c* C`aaxcu db` ^xb`ecu mf`aab~ ~fxjvmf`kbjb`ib` mfxib`tcjcumf v`tvi mfm~xltfiuc fil`lmc mfxfib. Biocx sb C`aaxcu db`

^xb`ecu mbm~v mf`abmhcj bjco ofafml`c Hfjb`db ctv ufictbx tbov` 2718.

^bdb if`sbtbb`sb qcjbsbo ~vubt bdbjbo qcjbsbo sb`a mfmcjcic ~fxifmhb`ab`fil`lmc sb`a jfhco hbci* hfactv ~vjb mbusbxbibt`sb tfjbo hfxifmhb`a jfhco mbkv.

Ibxf`b ctv mbusbxbibt dcqcjbsbo ~vubt mfmcjcic tc`aibt ifmbkvb` tfo`ljlac sb`a ~bjc`a

ivbt qcjbsbo ~vubt kvab mfmcjcic tf`bab ifxkb v~bo dlmc`b`. Hvxub tf`bab ifxkb mf`kbdc

ub`abt fgfitcg v`tvi mf`kvbj tf`bab ifxkb. Dbjbm ibuvu tfxtf`tv* tf`bab ifxkb dc ~vubt

?Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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jfhco tfxbm~cj dc hb`adc`aib` df`ab` qcjbsbo jbc`. Biocx`sb ~bxb ib~ctbjcu sb`a ~bjc`a

mbimvx hfxbdb dc~bubx df`ab` mf`dcxcib` ~fxvubobb` dc ubtv db` dc hbacb` jbc` ucutfm

dv`cb.Qcjbsbo ~c`aacxb` tcdbi kbvo hfdb df`ab` `fabxb uf txbj dbjbm mf`b`aab~c

ixcucu bhbd if-21 ibxf`b qcjbsbo c`c jfhco hfxab`tv`a ~bdb c`dvutxc hbob` mbib`b`

~lili. Qcjbsbo ~c`aacxb` ifmvdcb` mfjbivib` hfxhbabc bjtfx`btcg ifhckbiub`bb`fil`lmc mfjbjvc ~fxfibb` hcbsb* iovuvu`sb hcbsb ~xldviuc.

Dbjbm obj-obj tfxtf`tv qcjbsbo ~c`aacxb` kbvo hfxhfdb df`ab` qcjbsbo ~vubt*

ufjbc` ibxf`b qcjbsbo ~c`aacxb` mfxv~bib` ufamf` fil`lmc dv`cb sb`a dcbxboib`ufebxb fiutf`ucg. Ljfo ~vubt vt`vi ~f`afmhbjcb` uvx~jvu. Mfmb`a bdb hv`ab` sb`a fxbt

b`tbxb kbxc`ab` fil`lmc qcjbsbo ~vubt db` ~c`aacxb`* `bmv` ovhv`ab` c`c tfxkbdc ufebxb

tcdbi ufcmhb`a ibxf`b ~c`aacxb` dcdlmc buc ljfo ~vubt ufoc`aab ~c`aacxb` ub`abt

tfxab`tv`a if~bdb ~vubt ufebxb fil`lmc.^bdb if`sbtbb``sb* qcjbsbo ~c aacxb` bdbjbo qcjbsbo sb`a mfmcjcic

~fxifmhb`ab` fil`lmc sb`a jfhco hvxvi. Ibxf`b ctv mbusbxbibt dc qcjbsbo ~c`aacxb`

mfmcjcic tc`aibt ifmbkvb` tfo`ljlac sb`a xf`dbo* ufxtb mfmcjcic ~fmfxc`tbob` db`

utxvitvx mcjctfx sb`a jfmbo. Qcjbsbo ~c`aacxb` kvab mfmcjcic tf`bab ifxkb hvib` v~bob`.Ucutfm ~fxhvdbibb` bdbjbo ucutfm sb`a mfjbxb`a ~f`kvbjb` tf`bab ifxkb dc ~bubx* ifxf`b

ctv hvxvo dc~biub ufebxb ~ljctcu ljfo ifjlm~li tfxtf`tv v`tvi hfxifkb ~bdb mfxfib.Ibxf`b ucutfm ifxkb ~biub c`c ~vjb mbib tf`bab ifxkb ufebxb tltbj hfxbdb dchbqbo

~f`abqbub` mbkcib`-mbkcib` mfxfib. Tf`bab ifxkb hfxifxkb dbjbm ~fxobmhbb` db`

~fxhvdbib`* ufxtb dctfm~btib` dcuvbtv tfm~bt sb`a tbi mfmv`aic`ib` mfxfib

mfjljluib` dcxc. Dbjbm hb`sbi ibuvu* tf`bab ifxkb dc ~c`aacxb` hfxifxkb tcdbi tfxbm~cjhcjb dc hb`dc`aib` df`ab` qcjbsbo jbc`. Ibxf`b ctv tf`bab ifxkb ~c`aacxb` ob`sb eleli

hfifxkb dc qcjbsbo ~c`aacxb` df`ab` ~fmhbsbxb` sb`a mvxbo.

Ufmc ~c`aacxb` bdbjbo hbacb` fil`lmc dv`cb sb`a hfxl~fxbuc dc b`tbxb ~vubt db`~c`aacxb`. Dbjbm obj c`c Qfjjfxutfc` mfmhfdbib` dvb ibtfalxc hfxdbubxib` dvb ibtfalxc

hfxdbubxib` ~xlufu jbocx`sb. /2# `fabxb ufmc ~c`aacxb` mv`evj ibxf`b ~xlufu ~f`vxv`b`*

/8# `fabxb ufmc ~c`aacxb` sb`a mv`evj ibxf`b ~xlufu mf`c`aibt`sb ~lucuc xfjbtcg`sb.Ufmc ~c`aacxb` mfxv~bib` ~f`afiu~jlctbuc ufibjcavu dcfiu~jlctbuc ljfo ~vubt. If`dbtc

dfmcicb` tfo`ljlac dc ufmc ~c`aacxb` jfhco hbci dbxc ~c`aacxb`* ufibjcavu dcfiu~jlctbuc

ljfo ~vubt. If`dbtc dfmcicb` tfo`ljlac dc ufmc jfhco hbci dbxc ~c`aacxb` db` ucutfm~fmfxc`tbob` ufxtb utxvitvx mcjctfx`sb jfhco hbci dbxc~bdb ~c`aacxb`. Ufmc ~c`aacxb` kvab

mfmcjcic ibxbitfxcutci mbusbxbibt ~vubt ufibjcavu mbusbxbibt ~c`aacxb`.

Mf`vxvt Qbjjfxutfc`* ib~ctbjcumf bdbjbo ucutfm ~f`afmhbjcb` uvx~jvu sb`a tcdbi

ob`sb hfxhbtbu if~bdb uvbtv `fabxb* tftb~c kbvo mfjbm~bvc btbu `fabxb. Df`ab`dfmcicb`* ib~ctbjcumf hfx~fxb` dbjbm ucutfm dv`cb mfxv~bib` uvbtv ucutfm ifubtvb`.

V`tvi mf`aftbovc uvbtv tfm~bt dbjbm ucutfm dv`cb* ufuflxb`a obxvu mf`aftbovc b~b

sb`a tfxkbdc dc hbabcb` jbc` dbjbm ucutfm dv`cb.Bdb`sb xfwljvuc c`dvutxc mf`sfhbhib` mv`evj`sb ebxb ~xldviuc fil`lmc hbxv

sbctv hfxifmhb`a``sb ib~ctbjcumf c`dvutxc dc mb`b hf`tvi-hf`tvi ~f`ebxcb` ifv`tv`ab`

dcjbivib` df`ab` mfmb`gbbtib` ibvm hvxvo. ^fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf c`dvutxc dbjbmuibjb hfubx mfmfxjvib` xflxab`cubuc ifivbtb` ifxkb sb`a dcvhbo mf`kbdc ucutfm ~bhxci*

db` mbusbxbibt sb`a dckbdcib` v`ct ulucbj ~xldviuc ib~ctbjcu. C`dvutxcbjcubuc tcdbi

hfxof`tc ~bdb ~fxifmhb`ab` tfo`ljlac db` fil`lmc. Jfhco dbxc ufifdbx ufhbabc uvbtv

ifkbdcb` btbv ufxb`aibcbb` ifkbdcb`* c`dvutxcbjcubuc ~bjc`a hbci dcb`aab~ ufhbabc ~xlufu

3Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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sb`a hfxifufcmhb`ab`* hfxjb`auv`a* db` hfxifmhb`a ubm~bc ufibxb`a. ^bdb

~fxtf`abob` bhbd if 23 hfxhbabc ~f`fmvb` tfo`ljlac mv`evj df`ab` ~fubt ~f`abdbb`

tfo`ljlac mv`evj df`ab` ~fubt db` dcifmhb`ahcbiib` db` dc~bibc v`tvi ~xldviucib~ctbjcu.

Mf`vxvt Qbjjfxutfc * bdb`sb tcab ifef`dfxv`ab` hfubx dbjbm ~fxifmhb`ab`

fil`lmc dv`cb ib~ctbjcu sb`a dcufhvt`sb df`ab` ~f`dbjbmb` ~fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcu/b# hfxifmhb`a`sb ~xldviuc mfib`cubuc sb`a dctb`dbc df`ab` mf`c`aibt`sb ~f`fxb~b`

tfo`ljlac mbkv* tfxvtbmb mfuc` v`tvi ~xldviuc9 /h# mf`c`aibtib` ilmldcgcibuc gbitlx

~xldviuc sb`a dcufhbhib` ibxf`b tb`bo* hvxvo* tfo`ljlac* db` ifivbtb` ~xldviuc jbc``sbjbjv dc~bubxb` ufxtb mf c`aibt sb `cjbc tvibx gbitlx-gbitlx ~xldviuc tfxufhvt9 /e#

hfxifmhb`a``sb ~xljftbxcubuc ifjlm~li hvxvo. Obj c`c tfxkbdc iftcib ufhbacb` hfubx

~fifxkbb` dc `cjbc df`ab` v~bo. Ufebxb hfxubmb-ubmb iftcib bxbo ifefdfxv`ab` tfxufhvt

dcif`bj ufhbabc ~f`dbjbmb` db` ~fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf.Iftcib ifef`dfxv`ab` ib~ctbjcumf mf`v`kviib` ufhvbo ~xlufu ~fxvhbob` ufhvbo

il`uf~tcbjcubuc ib~ctbjcumf sb`a ufmbic` mf`kbvoc gfldbjcumf* `bmv` dfmcicb` ectxb

ib~ctbjcumf tftb~ ubkb ufhbabc ~ljb ~xldviuc sb`a kbobt* uf~fxtc tfxjcobt ~bdb ibvm hvxvo

dc Fxl~b Hbxbt btbv ljfo iljl`cbjcumf db` cm~xfbjcumf. Ib~ctbjcumf tftb~ mf`kbdc ectb-ectb sb`a ivbt dbjbm ila`cucu mbusbxbibt dv cb* tfxvtbmb mbusbxbibt sb`a bdb dc

qcjbsbo ~c`aacxb`. Mfuic~v` dfmcicb` dbjbm ~fxifmhb`ab` ufjb kvt`sb ib~ctbjcumfhb`sbi hfxvhb* tfxvtbmb uftfjbo dc~f`abxvoc ljfo ulucbjcumf.

Ubmvfjul` mf`abtbib` hboqb sb`a hfxjbiv ufibxb`a dc `fabxb-`fabxb c`dvutxc

mbkv sb`a dcufhvt ib~ctbjcu tcdbi jbc` bdbjbo ucutfm fil`lmc ebm~vxb`* sbctv

ebm~vxb` b`tbxb ucutfm fil`lmc ~bubx db` ucutfm fil`lmc df`ab` ~fxb` ~fmfxc`tbo.Ubmvfjul` mf`ac`abtib` ictb ~bdb ~fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf bhbd if-26* if-27* if-21.

~fxtbxv`ab` b`tbxb `fabxb ~vubt v`tvi mfxfhvt ifv`tv`ab` dbjbm ~fxdbab`ab` db`

mf`avbubc ofafml`c mf`abichbtib` ib~ctbjcumf fil`lmc hfxifmhb`a mf`kbdc ucutfmfil`lmc ~bubx db` bocx`sb mfmhf`tvi ucutfm dv`cb ib~ctbjcu.

@bmv` dc ucuc jbc * `fabxb-`fabxb ~vubt jbc `sb uf~fxtc C`aaxcu db` ^xb`ecu*

mf`aab`aab~ hboqb ucutfm fil`lmc ~bubx tcdbi ufjbmb`sb mf`av`tv`aib` mfxfib.Mbib ~bdb bhbd if-21 `fabxb-`fabxb ~vubt ifmvdcb` mf`fxb~ib` ucutfm ib~ctbjcumf

mfxibtcjcumf dcmb`b ifhckbib` tfxufhvt mfjchbtib` ~fmfxc`tbo ~fmhfxcb` obi ml`l~ljc

if~bdb ~fxvubobb` bab`a. Qbjbv~v` biocx`sb ebm~vx tb`ab` ~fmfxc`tbo ctv mbm~vmfmhfxc ~xltfiuc tfxobdb~ ~fxdbab`ab` dbjbm `fafxc* `bmv` `buc~- buc~ `fabxb

~c aacxb` ufmbic mfmhvxvi ibxf`b ivltb ~xldviuc db` ~fxdbab`ab` kvutxv jfhco

mf`av`tv`aib` `fabxb-`fabxb dc qcjbsbo ~vubt.

Bib` tftb~c b~b sb`a dcibtbib` ljfo Ubmvfjul` tf`tb`a ebm~vx tb`ab`~fmfxc`tbo ctv dcubtv ucuc hfxhfdb df`ab` b~b sb`a tfxkbdc ~bdb bhbd if-21* tfxvtbmb

df`ab` cutcjbo ib~ctbjcumf mfxib tcjcumf. Mfxibtcjcumf mf`sfhbhib` ~fxvubobb`-

~fxvubobb` mfjbivib` ml`l~ljc db` ~xltfiuc* ufdb`aib` sb`a dcmbiuvd df`ab` ucutfmfil`lmc df`ab` ~fxb` ~fmfxc`tbo mfxv~bib` hf`tvi jbc` dbxc ixctci ~fmfxc`tbo tfxobdb~

~fjbiub`bb` ucutfm fil`lmc ib~ctbjcu. Ljfo Ubmvfjul`* ixctci-ixctci c`c dcb`aab~ tfjbo

mbm~v mf`aocjb`aib` ifkbobtb`-ifkbobtb` ~lili dbjbm ucutfm ib~ctbjcumf.^fxb` `fabxb dbjbm mbusbxbibt ib~ctbjcumf mf`cmhvjib` ~fxulbjb` tfxuf`dcxc.

Cdcljlac Jbcuuf{ Gbcxf hfxbxavmf`tbuc hboqb ~bubx bib` hcub mf`aillxdc`bucib` ufabjb

bitcwctbu fil`lmc* hbci ~xldviuc* dcutxchvuc mbv~v` ~fxtvibxb` sb`a dcjbivib` c`dcwcdv

btbv~v` hbdb` vubob mfjbjvc mfib`cumf ~f`bqbxb` db` ~fxmc tbb`. Tb`~b ebm~vx

2>Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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tb`ab` ~fmfxc tbo btbv ~fmhbtbub` ufmc`cmbj mv`aic * uftcb~ c`dcwcdv tftb~ db~bt

mfmbiucmbjib` if~f`tc`ab` db` ifv`tv`ab` mfxfib.

Ib~ctbjcumf c`dvutxc bhbd if-8> dc tb`dbc df`ab` dvb obj ~f`tc`a 9 /2#mf`vxv``sb ~bmlx C`aaxcu ufebxb xfjbtcg dbjbm fil`lmc dv`c db` `bci``sb ~bmlx

hb`aub-hb`aub jbc` tfxvtbmb Bmfxcib Ufxcibt. Dc bhbd if-8>* Bmfxcib ubmb ufibjc tfjbo

mf`abmhcj bjco ~bmlx C`aaxcu ufhbabc ~vubt ifivbtb` tfx~f`tc`a dc dv`cb. /8# mbuvi`sbgbuf hbxv dbxc ~fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf sbctv ib~ctbjcumf ml`l~ljc. Dc hbqbo

ib~ctbjcumf ml`l~ljc ecxc ~fxubc ab` ib~ctbjcumf mf kbdc ub`abt hfxivxb`a ufcxc`a

df`ab` ~fxifmhb`ab` ~fxufivtvb` ib~ctbjcumf dbjbm vivxb` db` ~fmvubtb` mldbj.^fxufivtvb` hfubx mvjbc mf`dlmc`buc ~bubx db` mf`aavuvx ~bxb ~xldvuf` ifecj df`ab`

mf`kbtvoib` mfxfib ufebxb fil`lmcu. Jbocx`sb ib~ctbjcumf ml`l~ljc dcecxcib` df`ab`

`bci``sb tc`aibt ~f`b`bmb` mldbj buc`a ljfo `fabxb ib~ctbjcumf ~vubt. ^bdb bhbd if-

8>* fil`lmc dv`cb ib~ctbjcu tfjbo mfjbocxib` v`ct fil`lmc hbxv sbctv ~fxvubobb` mvjtc-`bucl`bj sb`a mfmcjcic ebhb`a-ebhb`a ~xldviuc ~bdb jfhco dbxc ubtv `fabxb.

Ib~ctbjcumf* ml`l~ljc mfxv~bib` tbob~b` hbxv dbjbm ~fxifmhb`ab`

ib~ctbjcumf. ^bvj Hbxl` mf`aav`aib~ib` if`sbtbb` fm~cxcu hboqb ucutfm ctv ef`dfxv`a

mf`c`aibtib` uvx~jvu ufebxb xfjbtcg mbv~v` bhuljvt. Df`ab` ifmbm~vb` mf`c`aibtib`uvx~jvu* mbib xf{cm-xf{cm fil`lmc ib~ctbjcu mbm~v mfm~fxtbob`ib` tc aibt

~fxtvmhvob` db` mfmf~fxhfubx ~fmhfjb`kbb` mcjctfx. Ctvjbo b`tbxb jbc ~f`kfjbub`mf`ab~b ucutfm ib~ctbjcu hfjvm kvab mf`abjbmc ixcucu mf`vkv ifxv`tvob``sb.

V`uvx sb`a ~bjc`a hfx~fxb` dbjbm mfm~fxtbob`ib` ucutfm ib~ctbjcumf bdbjbo

~fxb` `fabxb* ufhbabcmb`b obj ctv ~fx`bo tfxkbdc dc bqbj ~fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf ~bdb

bhbd if-21./^fxcldf ib~ctbjcumf mfxibtcjcumf C#. @fabxb hvib``sb mf`kbvoib` dcxc dbxcc`wfutbuc* mfjbc`ib` kvutxv mfjbsb`c if~f`tc`ab` ibvm ~fmcjci mldbj.

Ufhf`bx sb `fabxb hvib` ufmbtb-mbtb ivm~vjb` fiufivtcg sb`a mfjbsb`c

if`tc`ab` ibvm hlxkvcu ufebxb ifufjvxvob` uf~fxtc sb`a dcibtbib` Mbx* mfjbc`ib`mfmcjcic if~f`tc`ab` uf`dcxc ufhbabc jfmhbab sb`a tcdbi uf~f`vo`sb hfxbdb dc hbqbo

il`txlj ibvm hlxkvcu.

^fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf ml`l~ljc db` tflxc tf tb`a ~fxb` `fabxb dbjbmibctb``sb df`ab` ~fxb` ifjbu sb`a mfmfxc tbo ufxtb if~f`tc ab` ib~ctbj ufebxb

ifufjvxvob` biocx`sb mfmv`evjib` il`uf~ tflxctcu tf`tb`a ib~ctbjcumf `fabxb ml`l~ljc.

@fabxb dbjbm ucutfm ib~ctbjcu tfxvtbmb hfxif~f`tc`ab` v`tvi mfm~fxkvb`aib`db` mfm~fxtbob`b` if~f tc ab` ifjbu dlmc b`* sbctv ~fmcjci ib~ctbj. Obj sb`a

ufhf`bx`sb tfxkbdc mf`vxvt tflxc c`c bdbjbo uvbtv ifxkb ubmb b`tbxb sb`a mf`al`txlj

`fabxb db` mfxfib sb`a mfmcjcic db` mf`ail`txlj `fabxb db` mfxfib sb`a mfcjcic db`

mf`ail`txlj bjbt-bjbt ifacbtb` fil`lmc. @fabxb mfmb`a mfmcjcic cdf`tctbu uf`dcxc db`mbm~v hfxtc`dbi ufebxb c`df~f`df` dbjbm mfmfjcobxb db` mfm~fxtbob`ib` tbtb ulucbj.

@bmv` ifjbu fil`lmc dlmc`b` sb`a biocx`sb mf`fxcmb mb`gbbt tfxhfubx.

Mv`evj`sb ib~ctbjcumf ~c`aacxb`* tcdbi hcub dcjf~buib` dbxc il`tfiu uluclocutlxcu ~f`dviv`a`sb* sbctv hfxjb`auv`a`sb fiu~b`uc iljl`cbjcumf. Ljfo ibxf`b ctv* hcub

dcibtbib`* ibtb jbc` v`tvi ib~ctbjcumf ~c`aacxb` bdbjbo ib~ctbjcumf iljl`cbj. Mf`vxvt

dfgf`cuc* iljl`cbjcumf mfxv~bib` uvbtv gbobm sb`a mv`evj ufebxb mldcbj dc ibjb`ab`hb`aub-hb`aub Hbxbt* sb`a hfxlxcf`tbuc ~bdb ~fxjvbub` qcjbsbo btbv ~fxjvbub` hbtbu-

hbtbu `fabxb* v`tvi if~f`tc`ab` ofafml`c ~ljctci db` ofafml`c fil`lmc.

Fxb iljl`cbjcumf sb`a mf`b`dbc ufkbxbo Fxl~b bhbd 21-23* hfxjb`auv`a ufebxb

c`tf`ucg* ufhbabcmb`b dctv`kviib` ljfo ufmbic hb`sbi`sb db` ufmbic mfibx`sb

22Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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dbfxbo-dbfxbo btbv iljl`c hbxv. Ubtv obj ~f`tc`a sb`a tcdbi hcub dcjv~bib` bdbjbo* hboqb

ifhfxobucjb` fiu~b`uc ufmbebm c c v`tvi ufhbacb` obj db~bt dc ~b`db`a ufhbabc

ifhfxobucjb` ~bxb iljl`cbjcu mf`cv~ib` ababub -ababub` cdfljlac iljl`cbjcumf* sb`ab`tbxb jbc` tfxfibm dbjbm ufjlab` Tof Qoctf Mb` Hvxdf` Mcuucl` Ubexfd glx

Ecwcjc{btcl * sb`a ufebxb jb`auv`a mbv~v` tcdbi jb`auv`a hfxobucj mfxfdbm btbv

uftcdbi-tcdbi`sb mbm~v mf`abjcoib` ifmbxbob` xbisbt kbkbob`* bichbt ~f`c`dbub` db`~fmcuic`b` sb`a dctcmhvjib`.

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mfxfibsbub mbusbxbibt C`dl`fucb iovuvu`sb dcmbusbxbibt Kbqb.

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mbubjbo c`c bdbjbo il`txbi-il`txbi ~fxtbmb WLE df`ab` xbkb-xbkb Mbtbxbm* mvjbc dbxc

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v`tvi tf`bab ifxkb* sb`a hfxhfdb dc hbqbo ifivbubb` xbkb-xbkb Kbqb* ufoc`aab hcub

dc~bobmc b~bhcjb WLE tcdbi mfmcjcic biufu ~f`avbubb` tfxobdb~ ufac-ufac jbc` dc jvbxfil`lmc* sb`a ubmb ~f`tc`a v`tvi hfxdcxc`sb ufhvbo `fabxb.

WLE hb`aixvt db` ob`evx hvib` ibxf`b ~fxb`a v`tvi tvkvb` ~fxjvbubb` qcjbsbo

mcubj sb* mfjbc ib` ibxf`b mcubdmc cutxbuc iovuvu sb ilxv~uc dc ibjb`ab` ~fkbhbt-~fkbhbt WLE uf`dcxc sb`a mf`dvdvic ~lucuc utxbtfacu. Gbitb c`c mfm~fxjcobtib`* jbocx`sb

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fil`lmc ifxbkbb` Hfjb`db. Ufibjcavu mf`kbdc xf~xfuf`tbuc `fabxb iljl`cbj dc Oc`dcbHfjb`db. B`aab~b` sb`a jfhco hf`bx bdbjbo* ecibj hbibj `fabxb C`dl`fucb mldfx` jbocx

hfxubmbb` df`ab` mbuvi`sb hbhbib` ufkbxbo iljl`cbjcumf hbxv dchbqbo `bv`ab`

`fabxb-`fabxb Oc`dcb Hfjb`db. @fabxb Oc`dcb Hfjb`db c`cjbo ~xltltc~f ufuv`aavo`sbdbxc `fabxb C`dl`fucb mldfx`.

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C`dl`fucb mldfx`* sb`a mf`elhb mf`fxb~ib` ululi `fabxb Fxl~b iftb`bo kbkbob``sb dcC`dl`fucb.dbjbm ~xbitfi* mf`ac`abt mv`aic` mbuco ub`abt ivbt`sb ifivbubb`-

ifivbubb` txbdcucl`bj mb~v` hfjvm mv`evj`sb c`gxbutxvitvx fil`lmc iljl`cbj sb`a

mfmbdbc* mbib vubob-vubob tfxufhvt db~bt dcibtbib` ivxb`a hfxobucj.

28Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

7/23/2019 Soekarno, Nekolim Dan Globalisasi

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Ufjb`kvt`sb* dcjb`kvtib` ljfo Wb` df` Hlueo df`ab` mfmhb`aictib` ifmhbjc

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dctv`kviib` df`ab` ~fmhf`tvib` @OM /@fdfxjb`dueof Ob`dfj Mbbtufob~~ck#* ufkf`cuHVM@ mcjci ifxbkbb` Hfjb`db /2?86#* dcdcxcib``sb Kbwb`ueof Hb`i /2?8?#* db`

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if~f`tc`ab` sb`a ubmb* sbi`c v`tvi mf`ec~tbib` ufhvbo `fabxb iljl`cbj sb`a ivbt.@OM hfxtvabu ufhbabc baf` tv`aabj `fabxb v`tvi fiu~lx-cm~lx* Kbwbueof Hb`i hfxtvabu

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dc `fafxc Hfjb`db v`tvi mf`b`bmib` mldbj`sb dc Oc`dcb Hfjb`db. Ibxf`b dcb`aab~

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ufafxb dc vubobib` v~bsb-v~bsb ifufkbotxbb` dctb`bo Kbqb* sb`a ufebxb il`ucutf`

dc~xbitfib` ljfo Q.G. Cdf`hv`a* uflxb`a Avhfx`vx Kf`dxbj Oc`dcb Hfjb`db sb`amfmxc`tbo b`tbxb tbov` 23>8-232?.

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mbubjbo ifmcuic`b`* tftb~c ufibjcavu mf`kbdc ubxb`b fgfitcg v`tvi mfxfdbm tcmhvj`sbifxfubob` ulucbj.

^xbitfi-~xbitfi ~ljctci Ftcu hfxobucj mf`sfm~vx`bib` hf`tvi `fabxb Oc`dcb

Hfjb`db* sb`a ufmbub WLE dcb`aab~ tcdbi mfmbdbc ufebxb ivbjctbtcg. ^ljctci ftcu bdbjboal`a ~bmv`aibu hbac tvmhvo`sb `fabxb Oc`dcb Hfjb`db* ufhbabc ecibj hbibj `fabxb

C`dl`fucb mldfx`* sb`a ufebxb uifmbtcu db~bt dcibtbib` ufhbabc obucj ifxkbubmb ufactcab

dbjbm uvbtv ovhv`ab` b`tbxb @fabxb Oc`dcb Hfjb`db* ~fxtvmhvob` mldbj db`

ib~ctbjcumf ~c`aacxb`. Ufebxb il`uf~tvbj* mfmc kbm cutcjbo Obmebo Bjbwc* ib~ctbjcumf

25Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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~c`aacxb` bdbjb` hf`tvi ib~ctbjcumf sb`a tfjbo mf`abjbmc dcutlxuc utxvitvxbj bichbt

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tcdbi hfxvhbo.^fxhfdbb` sb`a tbm~bi b`tbxb ib~ctbjcumf sb`a tvmhvo dc Fxl~b df`ab`

~fxifmhb`ab` ib~ctbjcumf ~c`aacxb`* ufhbabc mb`b tfxkbdc dc Oc`dcb Hfjb`db /iovuvu`sb

dc Kbqb#* ufebxb abxcu hfubx db~bt dcifjlm~liib` ifdbjbm dvb bu~fi hfxcivt ;^fxtbmb* tcdbi ufhbabcmb`b sb`a tfxkbdc dc Fxl~b* ib~ctbjcumf ~c`aacxb` tcdbi

mfmv`aic`ib` jbocx`sb mldbj db` bivmvjbuc mldbj sb`a tfxlxcf`tbuc if dbjbm `fafxc

uf`dcxc. @bci`sb uvx~jvu dbjbm `fxbeb ~fxdbab`ab` db` hfubx`sb kvmjbo vb`a sb`ambuvi if `fafxc Hfjb`db ufjbmb mbub Tb`bm ^biub sb`a mfxv~bib` hvitc* hboqb bxvu

mldbj mf`abjcx db` mf`vkv if jvbx hvib` ifdbjbm. Cm~jcibuc`sb* c`utctvuc fil`lmc dc

dbjbm ucuctfm ib~ctbjcumf ~c`aacxb` ob`sb bib` hfxifxkb fgfitcg hcbj mf`abctib` dcxc

df`ab` ib~ctbjcumf ~vubt ufhabc uvmhfx mldbj. Ibxf`b ubtv dbxc jbc obj* b~bhcjbiftfxibctb` df`ab` ~vubt tfx~vtvu* ib~ctbjcumf ~c`aacxb` bib` uf`b`tcbub mfm~lucucib`

dcxc ufhbabc ufhbabc ib~ctbjcumf sb`a hfxucgbt tfxab`tv`a. Cm~jcibuc jbc``sb* iftcbdbb`

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Ifdvb* bdb`sb ~xlufu ~xldviuc ilmldctc sb`a tcdbi ufjfubc. ^f`sfjfubcb``sb kvutxv dcjbivib` ljfo ib~ctbjcumf ~vubt. Dbjbm obj c`c* `fabxb ib~ctbjcumf ~c`aacxb`

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cm~jcibuc`sb bdbjbo tcdbi tfxkbdc`sb c`tfaxbuc ufitlx c`dvutxc db` ufitlx ~fxtb`cb` dcdbjbm `fafxc. Ctvjbo ufhbh`sb* ibjbv dc`fabxb-`fabxb Fxl~b db` Bmfxcib Vtbxb* ufitlx

~fxtb`cb` ufxc`a dcibtb` dcub~ ljfo ufitlx c`dvutxc v`tvi if~f`tc`ab` c`dvutxcbjcubuc

iovuvu`sb db` ~fxtvmhvob` fil`lmc vmvm`sb* sb`a tfxkbdc dc uc c ufitlx ~fxtb cbdccub~ db` mf`dfxctb hvib` v`tvi c`dvutxcbjcubuc mfjbc`ib` v`tvi if~f`tc`ab` fil`lmc

`fabxb-`fabxb ib~ctbjcumf ~vubt sb`a mf`kbdc ~btxl``sb.

Dbjbm {bmb` ~fxafxbib`* sb`a hfxjb`auv`a mf`kfjb`a biocx bhbd 23 db` bqbjbhbd 8>. c`gxbutxvitvx fil`lmc ib~ctbjcumf ~c`aacxb` ufhfjvm dfgxfuc hfubx tbov` 2383

tbm~cj ufmbic` eb`aaco* dbjbm bxtc mf`abjbmc ~fxtvmhvob` sb`a ~fubt db` mbm~v

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db` hfx~fxb` mf`ail`txlj* ~fxdbab`ab` fefxb`* c`dvutxc ifecj ufxtb ~f`avm~vjb` hbxb`a

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mf`f`abo ~xchvmc db` xbisbt kfjbtb.

Dbjbm obj c`c db~bt dcbmbtc tvmhvo`sb ~bobm ifhb`aubb` db` jbocx`sb hfxhbabc~fxafxbib` ifhb`aubb` tfxvtbmb dc Kbqb* v`tvi ufhbacb` obj db~bt dckfjbuib` mfjbjvc

il`utfjbuc ~f`avbubb` buft fil`lmc uf~fxtc dc btbu. Ufhbabcb` jbc` db~bt dctfxb`aib`

df`ab` mv`evj`sb ifhb`aictb` hb`aub-hb`aub Bucb sb`a mfm~v`sbc obi sb`a ubmb

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24Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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ifhb`aubb` hb`aub-hb`aub Bucb ctv mv`evj ufhbabc ufhvbo ifdbvjbtb`dbjbm bxvu hfubx

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mf`ebiv~ ifjlm~li ~xcsbsc db` ifjlm~li hlxkvcu btbv ifjlm~li ~fxdbab`ab` ~xchvmc

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mf`sbmbib` hfactv ubkb cm~xfbjcumf df`ab` ~fmfxc`tbo iljl`cbj. Cm~xfbjcumf* mf`vxvtdcb* hvib`jbo ~fabqbc ~fmfxc tbo* cb hvib jbo uvbtv ~fmfxc tbob`9 cb hvib`

ifivbubb` 9 cb hvib`jbo ~xchbdc btbv lxab`cubuc b~b~v`* Ufhbjci`sb* cb bdbjbo ufhvbo

obuxbt hfxivbub* sb`a b`tbxb jbc` tfxqvkvd ufhvbo ucutfm sb`a mfmfxc`tbo btbv mf`abtvxfil`lmc db` `fabxb jbc . Jfhco dbxc ufifdbx uvbtv c`utvcuc* cm~xfbjcumf mfxv~bib`

ivm~vjb` dbxc ifivbtb`-ifivbtb` sb`a ifjcobtb` mbv~v` tbi ifjcobtb`.

Ulfibx`l mf`achbxbtib` Cm~fxcbjcumf ufhbabc @sbc Hjlxl`a bjcbu vjbx `bab.

If~bjb `bab ctv* mf`vxvt dcb* hfxbdb dc Bucb db` uchvi mf`sfxb`a ifibsbb` bjbm `faxb-

26Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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`faxb tfxkbkbo. Ufmf`tbxb ctv tvhvo db` filx `bab ctv bdb dc Fxl~b mf`cimbtc obucj

ufxb~b` tfxufhvt. Hfxubmb df`ab` iljl`cbjcumf db` ib~ctbjcumf* cm~xfbjcumf mfxv~bib`

tb`tb`ab` hfubx hbac uftcb~ lxb`a C`dl`fucb sb`a mf`aof`dbic ifmfxdfibb`. Tvkvb`~fxkvb`ab` ifmfxdfibb` mf`vxvt Ulfibx`l hvib` ifmfxdfibb` ctv uf`dcxc* mfjbcib`

~fmhfhbub` dbxc ib~ctbjcumf db` cm~fxcbjcumf.

Ucib~ il`ucutf` Ulfibx`l mfjbqb` cm~fxcbjcumf fil`lmc db` ~ljctci tfxmbuvidbjbm mfqvkvdib` sb`a mldfx` dcdbubxib` bjbub` gv`dbmf`tbj gcjlulgc db` ucib~

~ljctci`sb. Cm~fxcbjcumf fil`lmc db` ~ljctci dcb`aab~`sb hfxtf`tb`ab` df`ab` ~xc`uc~-

~xc`uc~ mlxbj sb`a dckv`kv`a tc aac dc ufjvxvo dv`cb. Df`ab` ibtb jbc * Ulfibx`lmf`f`tb`a Cm~fxcbjcumf ~ljctci db` fil`lmc* ~fxtbmb-tbmb hvib` ufmbtb-mbtb ibxf`b

bjbub` ~ljctci* sbctv hboqb hb`aub ictb dc kbkbo ufebxb fil`lmc db` ~ljctci. Jfhco dbxc ctv*

ibxf`b c`c bdbjbo ufhvbo ~xbitfi sb`a tcdbi hfxmlxbj db` ub`abt hfxtf`tb`ab` df`ab`

~xcifmb`vucbb` v`cwfxubj.Bdb hfhfxb~b bjbub` v`tvi ctv.

/2# Ibxf`b cm~fxcbjcumf mf`cmhvjib`* btbv hboib` mfxv~bib` ~f`c`dbub` tfxobdb~

xbisbt. ^xbitfi cm~fxcbjcumf kfjbu-kfjbu tcdbi mf`aolxmbtc db` mfjb`aabx obxibt

db` mbxtbhbt mb`vucb./8# Hfxibctb` df`ab` ctv* ~xbifi cm~fxcbjcumf kvab kfjbu-kfjbu mfxbm~bu ifhfhbub`

mb`vucb* ibxf`b xbisbt `fabxb kbkbob` ob`sb tv`dvi if~bdb ifmbvb` ibvm~f`kbkbo. Obi ~bjc`a dbubx hfxv~b ufjg-dftfxmc`btcl` db` ufjg-xfbjcebtcl` tcdbi

dcbivc ljfo hb`aub ~f`kbkbo. Jfhco mf`sbictib` jbac* ifhfhbub` sb`a mfxv~bib`

obi dbubx uftcb~ mb`vucb dcjb`aabx db` dcbhbcib` hboib` df`ab` ~fxb`aibt jfabj

hfxv~b v`db`a-v`db`a./5# Cm~fxcbjcumf kvab tfjbo mf`vmhvoib` db` mfmfjcobxb ufebxb utxvitvx

~fxjbivbi` dcuixcmc`btcg dcb`txb ifjlm~li sb`a ubtv df`ab` ifjlm~li sb`a jbc`*

sbctv b`tbxb ~f`kbkbo db` sb`a tfxkbkbo* b`tbxb ivjct ~vtco db` ivjct hfxqbx`b*b`tbxb uviv sb`a ubtv df`ab` uviv sb`a jbc`* b`tbxb ifjbu ulucbj db` fil`lmc

sb`a ubtv df`ab` ifjbu ulucbj dbxc fil`lmc sb`a jbc . Cm~fxcbjcumf tfjbo

mf`b`bmib` ifhf`ecb` db` ~fxmvuvob` ubjc`a evxcab* db` il`gjci jbtf` dc dbjbmmbusbxbibt ictb b`tbxb ubtv ifjlm~li df`ab` ifjlm~li sb`a jbc`. ^f`kbkbob`

tfjbo mf`b`bmib` ~xbub`aib ifuvivb` db` ifdbfxbob` sb`a mf`aob`evxib`

hb`aub c`c./4# Cm~fxcbjcumf ~ljctci db` fil`lmc tfjbo mf`cmhvjib` ~fmfxbub` db` fiu~jlctbuc

uvmhfx dbsb fil`lmc hb`aub c`c* hbci uvmhfxdbsb bjbm mbv~v` tf`bab-tf`bab

~xldvitcg sb`a dchbsbx ub`abt xf`dbo btbv hboib` dbjbm hf`tvi ifxkb xldc db`

ifxkb ~biub. Ifibsbb` bjbm db` xbisbt ictb dc~fxbu db` dcxbm~bu dfmcifmbimvxb` db` ifufkbotxbb` hb`aub ~f`kbkbo.

/6# Dbjbm qvkvd sb`a jfhco mldfx * cm~xfbjcumf kvab mf cmhvjib` ~f kbkbob`

fil`lmc ljfo `fabxb c`dvutxc sb`a mbkv. Qvkvd`sb kbvo jfhco tfxufjvhv`a ibxf`bmf`abmhcj ~ljb ovhv`ab` dbab`a sb`a ubjc`a mfmhvtvoib` dcmb`b sb`a ubtv

mfmfxjvib` ~bulib` ~xldvi. C`dvutxc db` sb`a jbc` mf`kbdc ~bubx db` il`uvmuc

hbac ~xldvi-~xldvi c`dvutxc mldfx . Tftb~c* sb`a tfxkbdc dchbjci ctv* dbjbm ~fmcicxb` Ulfibx`l* bdbjbo ~f kbkbob` fil`lmc ibxf`b ~bubx dlmfutci ictb

dcufxhv ljfo ~xldvi-~xldvi c`dvutxc `fabxb mbkv db` mfmhvbt ictb ufmbic

tfxab`tv`a ~bdb ~xldvi mfxfib tb`~b hcub mf`afmhb`aib` fil`lmc ictb ufebxb

mb`dcxc.

27Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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/7# Cm~xfxcjcumf fil`lmc db` ~ljctci kvab tfjbo mf cmhvjib` ~xbitfi-~xbitfi

fil`lmc ~ljctci sb`a evxb`a dbjbm hf`tvi ~fxjc`dv`ab` ~ljctci sb`a tcdbi ufobt

dbxc ~fmfxc`tbob` iljl`cbj tfxobdb~ c`dcwcdv-c`dcwcdv mfxfib* ufoc`aab tfxkbdcjbo~fxubc`ab` sb`a tcdbi ufobt df`ab` mf`av`tv`aib` fil`lmc iljl`cbj tfxufhvt.

Df`ab` jbtbx hfjbib`a ucib~ b`tc cm~fxcbjcumf fil`lmc db` ~ljctci dcbtbu* ectb-

ectb Ulfibx`l bdbjbo mf`afmhb`aib` dfmlixbuc ~ljctci* sb`a iobu C`dl`fucb.Dfmlixbuc fil`lmc sb`a iobu C`dl`fucb tfxufhvt dcxvmvuib` ljfo Ulfibx`l ufhbabc

ulucbjcumf bjb C`dl`fucb sb`a hcbub`sb dcufhvt ufhbabc Mbxobf`cumf.

Ectb-ectb Mbxobf`cumf bdbjbo ectb-ectb ifmfxdfibb` df`ab` dvb ~cjbx vtbmb. /2#Ifmfxdfibb` fil`lmc db` ~ljctci dbjbm hf`tvi ifmb`dcxcb` db` ifmbm~vb` v`tvi

hfxdcibxc ufebxb fil`lmc db` ~ljctci. /8# Ifmfxdfibb` fiucutf ucbj hfxv~b ifmbm~vb`

v`tvi mfqvkvdib` dcxc`sb uf`dcxc jf~bu dbxc iftfxab`tv`ab` ~bdb lxb`a btbv ~cobi jbc`.

Qvkvd db` ectb-ectb mlxbj c`c dcv`ai~ib` dbjbm hf`tvi mf`kbdc tvb` btbu dcxc uf`dcxc db`mf`kbdc tvb` btbu dcxc`sb uf`dcxc.

Ufebxb fil`lmcu db` ~ljctci uc Mbxobf` bdbjbo lxb`a sb`a mfmmcjcic bjbt

~xldviuc ctv* hfifxkb v`tvi dcxc`sb uf`dcxc db` tcdbi tfxab`tv`a ~bdb lxb`a jbc`. Db`

dbjbm bxtc ctv* cb tcdbi tfxbjc cbuc dbxc dcxc`sb uf`dcxc mbv~v` dbxc ifxkb db` obucjifxkb`sb. Cb kvab tcdbi dc~fxbu ibxf`b ufjvxvo obucj ifxkb`sb mf kbdc mcjci`sb db`

dcav`bib` uf~f`vo`sb ljfo dcxc`sb uf`dcxc.Ulfibx`l mfmbiuvdib` Mbxobf`cumf ufhbabc ulucbjcumf bjb C`dl`fucb ibxf`b

hfhfxb~b bjbub`. /2# Xbisbt Mbxobf` hfxifxkb v`tvi dcxc`sb uf`dcxc Xbisbt Mbxobf`

mfmhb tc`a tvjb`a bib` tftb~c ufmvb obucj kfxco ~bsbo`sb v`tvi dcxc uf`dcxc. Dcb

mf`eviv~c ifhvtvob` ocdv~`sb uf`dxc. Dbjbm ucuctfm uf~fxtc ctv mfmb`a tcdbi bdb ~bubxufhabcmb`b dc~bobmc uf~fxtc dbjbm ucutfm ib~ctbjcumf* sb`a mfmv`aic`ib` ~fmcjci bjbt

~xldviuc mf`kvbj `cjbc jfhco sb`a dc fiu~jlctbuc`sb dbxc ~fifxkb dfmc ifv`tv`ab` dcxc`sb.

/8# Ufjbc` ifhfhbub` c`dcwcdv ufhbabcmb`b dckv`akv`a tc`aac dbjbm ib~ctbjcumf* obj sb`amfmhfdbib` Mbxobf`cumf db` ib~ctbjcumf bdbjbo ifhfx~cobib``sb dbjbm ~bdb `cjbc

ifbdcjb` ulucbj* sb`a dcectb-ectbib` Mbxobf`cumf tcdbi ob`sb ~fxubmb` ~ljctci mfjbc`ib`

kvab ~fxubmbb` fil`lmc.Il`ucutf`uc Ulfibx`l mf`f`t`a @filjcm db` mfmhfxc b`ac` ^IC obxvu dchbsbx

mbobj Ulfibx`l df`ab` dcuc aicxib` ulfibx`l dbxc ~b`aav`a ifivbubub` btbu

~fmfxc`tbo Ulfibx`l tcdbi hcub dcjf~buib` dbxc ~fxb` BU db` ufivtv`sb. If`sbtbb` c`ctf`tv`sb tcdbi jf~bu dxc il`utfiu ~fxb`a cdcljlac ajlhbj ~bueb ^fxb`a Dv`cb CC* dcmb`b

Bmfxcib Ufxcibt mf`elhb mfmhf`dv`a ifivbubb` ilmv`cu sb`a mfm~fxjvbu if~f`kvxv

dv`cb. V`c Ulwcft mbm~v mfm~fxjvbu ~f`abxvo ~ljctci`s dcubkb ubm~bc dc Fxl~b Tcmvx*

tftb~c kvab ubm~bc if Bucb uf~fxtc Ilxfb* Ec`b* Wcft`b` db` Ibm~veocb. If`sbtbb` c`cmf`dlxl`a BU v`tvi hfxvubob mfm~fxjvbu ~f`abxvo ~ljctci`sb ~bdb hfjbob` dv`cb jbc`

ufjbc` Fxl~b Hbxbt. Ufhbabc ubjbo ubtv v~bsb ~fmhf`dv`ab` ~f`sfhbxb` cdcljlac

ilmv`cumf.^bdb tbov` 234? ^xfucdf` BU* Obxxs Txvmb` mf`av`db`a cjmvqb` tfxifmvib

BU v`tvi hfxtfmv dc MCT av`b mfmhbobu utxbtfac mfmhf`dv`a Ilmv`cumf. Dbjbm

~fxtfmvb` tfxufhvt hfxobucj dcxvmvuib` cdcfljlac dfwfjl~f`tbjcumf ufhbabc uvbtv objsb`a obxvu dcufhbxjvbuib` dc `fabxb sb`a hbxv mfxdfib. Cdcljlac dfwfjl~mf`tbjcumf

mfxv~bb` hf tvi hbxv dbxc ib~ctbjcumf mldfx`cumf- cm~fxcbjcumf sb`a kvab

~xl~bab`db` ~ljctcu ufibjcavu bjbt ~f`b`aibj cdfljlac ilmv`cu. Df`ab` dfmcicb`* ufebxb

21Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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cdcfljlacu* hbci hjli ib~ctbjcu mbv~v` hjli ilmv`cu sb`a ufdb`a hfxmbc dbjbm

~fxebtvxb` ~ljctci dc C`dl`fucb* sb`a ifmvdcb` hfxvkv`a ~bdb tfxkbdc`sb ~fxb`a dc`ac`.

^f`fxb~b` dfwfjl~mf`tbjcumf ufhbabc ifhckbib` dc `fabxb-`fabxb hfxifmhb`amf`sfhbhib` ~fxvubobb`-~fxvubobb` hfubx `fabxb ib~ctbjcu mfmcjcic ifufm~btb` hfubx*

ufoc`aab mv`evj M@E db` T@E* sbctv ~fxvubobb -~fxvubobb` hfubx jc tbu `fabxb

df`ab` ~vubt-~vubt ~f`af`dbjcb` dc fabxb-`fabxb ib~ctbjcu. Obj c c ufhf`bx`sbmfxv~bib` fiu~jlctbuc uvmhfxdbsb bjbm df`ab` absb hbxv.

Ufhbabc `fabxb sb`a mfmcjcic bxtc utxbtfacu ufebxb aflaxbgcu mbv~v` bibdfmcu*

mbib C`dl`fucb mf`kbdc ububxb` hbac dv`cb c tfx`bucl`bj v tvi mf`b`bmib`~f`abxvo`sb. V`tvi mf`b`bmib` ~f`abxvo`sb ufibjcavu mfmhf`dv`a hfxifmhb`a`sb

cdcljlac ilmv`cumf* Bmfxcib Ufxcibt hfxmbc ufebxb c`tf`u dc C`dl`fucb mfjbjvc

hfxhbabc ebxb ~fmfxc tbo BU hb`sbi mfmhfxc hboib` if~bdb C`dl`fucb. BU kvab

mfjbivib` hfxhbabc mb`vwfx ~ljctci sb`a mf`aalsb`aib` ~fmfxc`tbob` Ulfibx`l sb`adcb`aab~ tcdbi hfx~cobi if~bdb`sb.

^f`tc`a`sb ~lucuc C`dl`fucb dbjbm ovhv`ab``sb df`ab` utxbtfac ajlhbj.

^fmfxc`tbo` BU df`ab` ef~bt mf`abmhcj if~vtvub` v`tvi mf`c`aibtib` hb`tvb` mcjctfx

ufxtb mf`c`aibtib` l~fxbuc ECB sb`a jfhco baxfucg dc C`dl`fucb. BU mfmhcbsbc hfxhbabc~fmhfxl`tbib` ufhbabc v~bsb tfxkbdc`sb dfutbhcjcubuc dc C`dl`fucb.

^f`abxvo ~fxtbxv`ab` if~f tc ab` `fabxb-`fabxb hfubx dc C`dl`fucb c`c`bm~bi`sb dcubdbxc ~f`vo ljfo Ulfibx`l. Mf`aobdb~c il`dcuc dfmcicb`* Ulfibx l

mf`elhb hfxucib~ ~bdb abxcu sb`a tfjbo dc tftb~ib` sbctv tcdbi hfx~cobi if~bdb ubtv

ifivbtb` hbci ~bdb hjli ilmv`cu mbv~v` hjli ib~ctbjcu. V`tvi mfm~fxtbob`ib`

ucib~`sb sb`a dfmcicb`* iftcib Ulfibx`l mfjcobt ~f`abxvo bmfxcib Ufxcibt dc C`dl`fucbuvdbo hfxjfhcob` mbib dcb mf`elhb mfjbivib` mb`vwfx ~ljctci v`tvi mfmhvbt

ifufcmhb`ab`. Mcubj`sb df`ab` mf`sfjf`aabxbib` il`gxf`uc Bucb-Bgxcib ~bdb tbov`

2366* mfmhvbt ~lxlu Kbibxtb* ^olm~f`o-Ob`lc* ^sl`a sb`a ~bdb tbov` 2378 db` ifjvbxdbxc ^HH. V~bsb Ulfibx`l mfm~fxtbob`ib` ^IC* mfuic bdb vuvjb` babx dchvhbxib`

ufkbi ~fxcutcqb Mbdcv` 234?* hcub dc~bobmc dbjbm xb`aab mf`ebxc ifufcmhb`ab` c`c*

sbctv mf`afjcmc`cx ~f`abxvo ib~ctbjcumf c`tfx`bucl`bj.Dbjbm mfjbivib` ~fxjbqb`b` tfxobdb~ ib~ctbjcumf c`tfx`bucl`bj sb`a tfjbo

mbuvi if C`dl`fucb. Ulfibx`l hfxvubob mf`aafjlxbib` ifmhbjc ufmb`abt `bucl`bjcumf

sb`a dc~bobmc ufhbabc ctcibd hfxubmb v`tvi ocdv~ hfxubtv db` hfxdbvjbt dbjbm uvbtv`fabxb sb`a hfhbu db` mfxdfib mfuic~v` v`tvi ctv obxvu mbib` hbtv v tvi

mf`sbmhv`a ocdv~.

Mfjcobt ifacacob` Ulfibx`l dbjbm mf`aobdb~c ib~ctbjcumf cm~fxcbjcumf mbib

`fabxb-`fabxb ib~ctbjcu ufmbic` af`ebx mfjbivib` ufxb`ab` if~bdb Ulfibx`l. Ibxf`bifacacob` Ulfibx`l c`c* hfhbabc uif`bxcl sb`a dcjb`ebxib` hfxobucj dc~btboib`. Ljfo

ibxf`b ctv* Bmfxcib Ufxcibt hfxifxkb ubmb df`ab` ifivbtb` mcjctfx db` hfhfxb~b

ifjlm~li c`tfjfitvbj v`tvi mf`aob`evxib` Ulfibx`l.V`tvi mf`l~b`a ~fxjbqb`b` tfxobdb~ `fabxb-`fabxb ib~ctbjcu* Ulfibx`l

mfjbivib` bjcb`uc df`ab` hjli ELMFEEL@ mcubj`sb dbjbm ~fmhb`av`b` ~bhxci hbkb

ixbibtbv utff* ~f`abdbb` ~fubqbt tfm~vx MCA* db` uf`kbtb v`tvi BI* sb`aifufjvxvob``sb hvbtb` V`c Ulwcft.

Ibxf`b ivbt`sb ~f`abxvo Ulfibx`l mbib dcav`bib` tflxc dlmc`l* sbctv df`ab`

ebxb mf`aob`evxib` ifivbtb` ^IC* df`ab` jlacib ibjbv ^IC ob`evx mbib ifivbtb`

Ulfibx`l bib` ob`evx. Mfjbjvc ufhvbo xfibsbub ~ljctci sb`a mbob eb`aaco biocx`sb

2?Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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~bdb tbov` 2376 tfxkbdc dbxbmb ~ljctci sb`a mf`aob`evxib` ifivbtb` Ulfibx`l

uftfjbo ifivbtb` ^IC dc jvm~voib`.

Bdb sb`a mf`abtbib` uftfjbo 6>>. >>> 2. >>>. >>> lxb`a ^IC db` ~f`dviv`a`sb dc hb`tbc db` ~vjvob` xchv sb`a dcmbuviib` ifdbjbm ~f`kbxb tb`~b

~fxjbqb`b` ubmb ufibjc. ^fmhb`tbcsb` sb`a tfxkbdc ~bdb dbubx`sb mfxv~bib` ~xlsfi

~fmhv`vob` ufebxb ucutfmbtci tb`~b ~b`db`a hvjv. Cb tbi ~b`db`a hvjv ibxf`b dbjbmibtfalxc ilxhb` sb`a dctvkv* ufmvb b`aaltb dc hv`vo* tbi ~fdvjc vmvx* tc`aibt ifubjbob`

db` vivxb`-vivxb` jbc`.

Dlivmf`-dlivmf` bxuc~ sb`a dc~fxljfo dbxc ~fmfxc`tbo BU mf`sfhvtib` hboqbmvjbc biocx 2376 ubm~bc bqbj 2377* ~bxb ~fkbhbt BU mf`sftvkvc db` mfjb~lxib` if~bdb

~fmfxc tbo BU mf`af`bc v`ct-v`ct BD db` ifjlm~li sb`a hfxifxkb ubmb v`tvi

mfmhb`tbc lxb`a dc evxcabc ucm~btcub` ^IC. B`tvufb`cumf ifdvtbb` hfubx Hbxbt tfxobdb~

~fxtvm~bob` dbxbo c`c mf`efxmc`ib` if~f`tc`ab` utxbtfacu db` ~ljctu sb`a dbjbm.^fxcutcqb c`c mf`b`dbc ifmf`b`ab` ivhv ib~ctbjcu mldfx cu dc C`dl`fucb

mfjbvc hb`aict`sb ~fmfxc tbob` Lxhb dc hbqbo ~cm~c`b` Ulfobxtl. Uftfjbo

~fmfxc tbob` Ulfibx`l hfxobucj dctvmhb`aib` btbu hb tvb` ifivbubb` ib~ctbjcumf

mldfx cumf* mbib df`ab` mvdbo if~f`tc`ab`-if~f`tc ab` `fabxb ib~ctbjcu hcub dckbjb`ib` dc C`dl`fucb. Dbxc uc`c db~bt dcibtbib` hboqb ufuv`aavo`sb ~fmfxc`tbo Lxhb

~bdb obifibt sb bdbjbo baf` if~f`tc`ab` ib~ctbjcu c`tfx`bucl`bj mldfx` dc hbqboilmb`dl BU.

Ufkbi ubbt ctv* hfhfxb~b utxbtfac ulucbj* ~ljctci fil`lmc sb`a dchb`av` ljfo

`fabxb-`fabxb ib~ctbjcu mvjbc dctfxb~ib` dc hbqbo ~bsv`a cdfljlac dfwfjl~mf`tbjcumf.

Cdfljlac dfwfjl~mf`tbjcumf mvjbc dctfxb~ib` ljfo ~fmfxc`tbo Lxhb ~bdb tbov` 237?.ufkbi ubbt ctv dfwfjl~mf tbjcumf mf`avbubc ifxftb ifivbubb` dc C`dl`fucb. V`tvi

mfxfbjcubucib` cdfljlac tfxufhvt* dc hcdb`a fil`lmc* ~fmfxc tbo Lxdf Hbxv ufafxb

mfjbiub`ib` il`uf~-il uf~ Q.Q. Ilutlq tof Utbafu lg Axlqto Gcwf UtbafuUeof`ce.

Ufkbi mfmbuvic dbubqbxub tbov` 23?>-b * mvjbc `bm~bi ifef`dfxv`ab`

fil`lmc C`dl`fucb ufmbic tfxc`tfaxbuc ljfo fil`lmc ajlhbj. Uftcdbi`sb hfxhbabcifhckbib` dfxfavjbuc ~fxhb`ib` db` ifvb`ab` dcbqbj tbov` 23?>-b` bdbjbo bqbj dbxc

jchfxbjcumf fil`lmc db` dlmc`buc ~bobm fil`lmc `fl-jchfxtbj dc b`tbxb ~bxb fil`lm.

Ufkbi ctv hfxhbabc ifhckbib`* ~fxbtvxb`* db` tc`dbib` ~fmfxc`tbo bdbjbo v`tvi mfjbsb`cif~f`tc`ab` ilx~lxbuc* sb`a ~bdb mbub ctv bdbjbo il`ajlmfxbt Lxdf Hbxv. Ifjvbxab

Ef`db`b db` T@E sb`a dc ab`df`a`sb. Df`ab` jchfxbjcumf ctv* mfxfib mf kbxbo

hfxhbabc buuft db` uvmhfx dbsb `bucl`bj v`tvi mfmf`voc if~f`tc`ab` ifufxbibob`

mldbj.Ajlhbjcubuc mfjfutbxcib` ilm~xbdlxcumf /ibic tb`ab` db` if~b`kb`ab` tb`ab`

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Xv`tvo`sb `fabxb ilmv`cu V`c Ulwcft mf`b`dbc hfxbiocx`sb fxb ~fxb`a dc`ac`*

ibxf`b ufkbi ubbt ctv hfxavavxb` ~vjb `fabxb-`fabxb ilmv`cu dc Fxl~bo Tcmvx. Df`ab`

hfxbiocx`sb ~fxb`a dc`ac * mbib `fabxb-`fabxb ib~ctbjcu tcdbi jbac mfmhvtvoib`

23Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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~f`sb`aab v`tvi mf`aobdb~c ilmv`cumf. Bichbt`sb ~fmfxc`tbo Lxdf Hbxv mf`kbdc

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mfmcjcic if~f`tc`ab` hcu`cu df`ab` C`dl`fucb. Ljfo ibxf`b ctv ~fmfxc`tbo sb`a tcdbimf`kbjb`ib` ~xc`uc~ fil`lmc ~bubx sb`a hf`bx obxvu dcuc`aicxib`. Ifjvbxab ef`db`b db`

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dcuc aicxib` df`ab` mfjf`aufxib` Ulfobxtl dbxc ivxuc if~xfucdf`b . Obj ctvmf`v`kviib` hboqb tfxkbdc`sb ~xlufu xfglxmbuc hvib` ufmbtb-mbtb* `bmv` bdb tb`ab`-

tb`ab` sb`a tbi ifjcobtb` civt hfxmbc`.

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dbjbm ib~ctbjcumf ajlhbj.

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mbv~v` c`tfx`bucl`bj.

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mfmhvbt btvxb` mbc` db` hfxmbc` df`ab` btvxb` mbc`.

8>Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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If`dbtc dfmcicb`* ubm~bc ubbt c`c ucutfm ib~ctbjcumf mbuco mfmcjcic ifivbtb`*

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tcdbi mf`af`bj hbtbu ~fxhb`dc`ab` df`ab` ucutfm-ucutfm sb`a jbc`. Ib~ctbjcumf ajlhbjbdbjbo bjtfx`btcg sb`a jfhco hbci. Mvxcd dbxc gcjvuvg Ibxj ^l~~fx c`c mf`sbtbib` hboqb

mf`ebm~biib` ib~ctbjcumf ajlhbj hvib`jbo ufhvbo ~cjcob` v`tvi mf`abtbuc ixcucu

ib~ctbjcumf ajlhbj* mfjbc`ib` mf`ec~tbib` uvbtv tbtb`b` ifjfmhbabb` sb`a mfmcjcicmfib`cumf ilxfiuc-ifubjbob` . Mfib`cumf ctv mfjc~vtc ~ljb ovhv`ab` b`tbxb ~bubx db`

dfmlixbuc.

Ifkbdcbb` sb`a tfxkbdc ~bdb ubbt c`c mf`acabtib` ~bdb ifkbdcbb` D~fxfuc hfubx2383 2355* sb`a obm~cx-obm~cx ubkb mfmhf`bxib` xbmbjb` dbxc Mbx mf`af`bc ixcucu

ib~ctbjcumf sb`a hfx~b`aibj ~bdb tflxc ucijcu dv`cb vubob. Ifbdbb` ctv mf`acabtib`

lxb`a ~bdb tflxc Mbx* qbjbv~v` tcdbi ~fxucu tf`tb`a mfxlult`sb dbsb hfjc mbusbxbibt

dbjbm ucutfm ib~ctbjcu. Tb~c Kol` Mbs`bxd Ifs`fu mf`avuvjib` xfuf~ ~f`sfmhvob`df~xfuc* sbctv mf`c`aibtib` ~fxb`b` ~fmfxc tbo dbjbm mf`afjljb ucutfm vb`a* babx

ufjbjbv mf`kbab ifufcmhb`ab` tc`aibt c`wfutbuc hfubx-hfubxb` dbjbm ~xlsfi ~fifxkbb`

vmvm* av`b mf`ec~tbib` ifufm~btb` ifxkb db` mf`c`aibtib` dbsb hfjc ufxtb ~fxmc`tbb`

vmvm mbusbxbibt tfxobdb~ hbxb`a-hbxb`a sb`a ufjb`kvt`sb bib` mf`dlxl`a c`dvutxcdbjbm mf`c`aibtib` ifacbtb` ~xldviuc`sb.

Il`gfxf`uc Qlxd Txbdf Lxab`c{btcl` if CCC dc ufbttjf* Bmfxcib Ufxcibt bdbjboil`gfxf`uc sb`a ub`abt ~f tc`a dbxc QTL* ibxf`b dcuctv of`dbi dctbxvo jb`dbub`-

jb`dbub` dbxc ~fxb` QTL ufjb`kvt`sb db` baf`db ajlhbjcubuc. Ufmf`kbi ctv dcmvjbcjbo

abv`a b`tc ajlhbjcubuc mf`aafmb ifufjvxvo dv`cb. Dbxc ufkbi ctvjbo* afxbib` b`tc

ajlhbjcubuc ufjbjv mfmhbsb`ac ~fxtfmvb`-~fxtfmvb` hbdb` mvjtcjbtfxbj df`ab` hfxhbabcdfml`txbuc db` biuc bitcbtcg`sb sb`a mf`bxci ~fxobtcb` dv`cb db` mfdcb il`uljcdbuc

tfxkbdc dbxc hfxhbabc ifjlm~li mbusbxbibt uc~cj db` hfxhbabc ifjlm~li jbc dbjbm

mfjbqb` ajlhbjcubuc.Fiu~b`uc ajlhbjcubuc tfx`sbtb hb`sbi mfmhbqb il`txlwfxuc db` ~fxhfdbb` dc

ibjb`ab` ibvm jchfxbj uf`dcxc. Ufmbic hb`sbi ibvm jchfxbj sb`a mf`afxctci db`

mf`ljbi ~bobm `fl-jchfxbj. Fil`lm-fil`lm jchfxbj ufmbebm Kfttcfs Ubeou* ^bvjIxvamb`* Kluf~o Utcajc{t* Utfwf Xbdfjft db` jbc`-jbc` mfjbivib` ixctci ~fdbu tfxobdb~

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dbubx hbac ifxkb ubmb hvdbsb c`tfx`bucl`bj sb`a hbxv. @bmv` dfmcicb`* ajlhbjcubuc kvab

db~bt mf`cmhvjib` ~fxubc`ab` hbxv b`tbxb `fabxb uf~fxtc tbm~bi dbxc mv`evj`sb ~vubt-

~vubt ~fxdbab`ab` hbxv* hboib` ajlhbjcubuc kvab db~bt mfmcev tfxkbdc`sb il`gjci-il`gjcic`tfx`bucl`bj hbxv. Bxbo ~fxifmhb`ab` ajlhbjcubuc tfxab`tv`a ~bdb tb`aab~b`-tb`aab~b`

~bxb ~fmcm~c` ~ljctci tfxobdb~ tb`tb`ab` hbxv tfxufhvt. Dbjbm obj c`c mfxfib

hfxifqbkchb` v`tvi mfxvmvuib` glxmvjbuc-glxmvjbuc ufhbabc tb`aab~b``sb btbutb`tb`ab`-tb`tb`ab` dc bhbd if-82. Ebxb ~b`db`a hbxv db` mf`v`kviib` hbabcmb`b

~fjvb`a-~fjvb`a ufibjcavu mfjbivib` v~bsb ~f`avxb`ab` tfxobdb~ xfucil-xfucil

ajlhbjcubuc ~fxjv mf`db~bt ~fxobtcb`.

82Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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Dbgtbx ^vutbib

Hfxafx* ^ftfx J. 233>.Xfwljvuc Ib~ctbjcumf. Kbibxtb. J^5FU

H{f{c`utc* [hca`cf`. 2338.Ifababjb` Hfubx Mv`evj db` Xv`tvo`sb Ilmv`cumf Dbjbm

Bhbd Ifdvb ^vjvo. Hb`dv`a. ^T. Xfmbkb Xludb Ibxsb

Acddf`u* B`tl`s. 8>>2. Xv`bqbs Qlxjd. Hbabcmb`b Ajlhbjcubuc Mfxlmhbi Ictb.

Kbibxtb. Axbmfdcb ^vutbib Vtbmb

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^f`abxvo`sb Tfxobdb~ ^fmhf`tvib` Xf{cm Ltlxctfx. Hb`dv`a. ^T. Xfmbkb

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Il`tfiu tvjcub` ababub` fil`lmc Hv`a Ibx`l Mbub Ictb* sb`a

dcufjf`aabxbib` ljfo Fiufivtcg Mbobucuqb Kbsbhxbdb. Slakbibxtb

Iv`cl* Sluocobxl. 233>.Ib~ctbjcumf Ufmv Bucb Tf`aabxb. Kbibxtb. J^5FU

Jbtl`tbc`f* Luebx* ft. bj. 8>>>. Uob~c`a Ajlhbjcubtcl`. Kbqbhb` Ibvm Dfmlixbt Btbu

@fljchfxbjcumf. Slasbibxtb. Kf`dfjb

@bcuhctt* Kol`. 2334. Ajlhbj ^bxbdl. Kbibxtb. Hc`b Biubxb

Xbobxkl* Dbqbm M /fd#. 23?1.Ib~ctbjcumf Dvjv db` Ufibxb`a. Kbibxtb. J^5FU

Xbobxkl* Dbqbm M. 23?6.Fubc Fubc Fil`lmc ^ljctci. Kbibxt. J^5FU

Ubutxcb~xctfdkb* M* K. Xchfxv db` Gxb`u M. ^bxfxb /xffd#. 23?7. Mf`avbiMctlu-mctlu^fmhb`av`b`. Tfjbbo Ftcu db` Ixctcu. Kbibxtb. ^T Axbmfdcb

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88Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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Uftcbqb`* Hl``cf. Utl~ QTL " 8>>8. Ufbttjf Ubm~bc Hb`aili. Kbibxtb.C@GCD

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Tfxobdb~`sb. Slakbibxtb. Abjbm

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Xfwcucl`cumf. Kbibxtb. Axbmfdcb ^vutbib Vtbmb

Qbocd* Obuscm* dii. 2333. Tfjc aiv`ab` Ib~ctbjcumf Ajlhbj DbjbmUfkbxbo Ifhb`aubb` C`dl`fucb. Kbibxtb. JICU

Sbggf* Dbwcd* ft.bj. 8>>2. Mfajlhbj Almhbj. Ajlhbjcubuc Dbjbm ^fxgfiuc Ulucbjcu.

Slasbibxtb. Evhve db` Uvmhv

Svjcobxtl* Gxfdds. 2335. Afkljbi Ib~ctbjcumf. Kbibxtb. Aljdf` Tfxbsl`^xfuu

85Qfh; qqq.~ftfxibuf`db.qlxd~xfuu.elmFmbcj; mx.ibuf`dbNambcj.elm* ~ftfxibuf`dbNxleiftmbcj.elm

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