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SKRIPSI
Muhammad Hafiz Ansari
STUDI PENGGUNAAN OBAT ACE INHIBITOR
PADA PASIEN GAGAL JANTUNG (Penelitian Dilakukan di Instalasi Rawat Inap RS
Muhammadiyah Lamongan)
PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI
FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2016
Lembar Pengesahan
STUDI PENGGUNAAN OBAT ACE INHIBITOR
PADA PASIEN GAGAL JANTUNG (Penelitian Dilakukan di Instalasi Rawat Inap RS
Muhammadiyah Lamongan)
SKRIPSI
Dibuat untuk memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Farmasi pada
Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang 2016
Oleh:
MUHAMMAD HAFIZ ANSARI
NIM: 201210410311062
Disetujui oleh:
Pembimbing I
Drs. Didik Hasmono, M.S.,Apt
NIP. 195809111986011001
Pembimbing II Pembimbing III
Dra. Lilik Yusetyani.,Apt.,Sp.FRS Muhtaromah.,S.Si.,AptSp.FRS
NIP UMM 114.07040450 NRP. 4404384
Lembar Pengujian
STUDI PENGGUNAAN OBAT ACE INHIBITOR
PADA PASIEN GAGAL JANTUNG (Penelitian Dilakukan di Instalasi Rawat Inap RS
Muhammadiyah Lamongan)
SKRIPSI
Telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan tim penguji
Pada tanggal 7 Mei 2016
Oleh:
MUHAMMAD HAFIZ ANSARI
NIM: 201210410311062
Tim Penguji:
Penguji I
Drs. Didik Hasmono,Apt., MS.
NIP: 195809111986011001
Penguji II Penguji III
Dra. Lilik Yusetyani, Apt., Sp.FRS. Muhtaromah.,S.Si.,AptSp.FRS
NIP UMM: 114.07040450 NRP. 4404384
Penguji IV Penguji V
Hidajah Rachmawati, S.Si., Apt., Sp.FRS. Nailis Syifa’, S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt.
NIP UMM: 144.0609.0449 NIP: 1143110522
KATA PENGANTAR
Bismillahirrohmanirrohim
Assalamu’alaikum warohmatullahi wabarokatuh
Puji syukur tercurahkan kepada ALLAH SWT, Tuhan semesta alam
karena berkat rahmat dan ridho-Nya, penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang
berjudul STUDI PENGGUNAAN OBAT ACE INHIBITOR PADA PASIEN
GAGAL JANTUNG (Penelitian Dilakukan di Instalasi Rawat Inap RS
Muhammadiyah Lamongan)
Skripsi ini diajukan untuk memenuhi syarat untuk mencapai gelar Sarjana
Farmasi pada Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang. Dalam penyusunan skripsi ini penulis tidak terlepas dari
peranan pembimbing dan bantuan dari seluruh pihak. Oleh karena itu, dengan
segala kerendahan hati, penulis ingin mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada:
1. ALLAH SWT, Tuhan semesta alam yang memberkan rahmat, nikmat dan
Karunia-Nya, Nabi Muhammad SAW yang sudah menuntun kita menuju
jalan yang benar.
2. Bapak Yoyok Bekti P., M.Kep., Sp.Kom.,,selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu
Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah memberikan
kesempatan penulis menuntut ilmu di Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang.
3. Ibu Dr. Hj. Umi Aliyah, MARS., selaku Direktur Rumah Sakit
Muhammadiyah Lamongan beserta jajarannya yang telah memberikan
kesempatan pada penulis untuk melakukan penelitian di Rumah Sakit
Muhammadiyah Lamongan.
4. Ibu Nailis Syifa’,S.Farm.,M.Sc.,Apt., selaku Ketua Program Studi Farmasi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah memberi motivasi dan
kesempatan penulis menuntut ilmu di Program Studi Farmasi Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang.
5. Bapak Drs. Didik Hasmono,M.S.,Apt., Ibu Dra. Lilik
Yusetyani,Apt.,Sp.FRS., dan Ibu Muhtaromah.,S.Si.,Apt Sp.FRS. Selaku
Dosen Pembimbing I, II dan III, disela kesibukan Bapak dan Ibu masih
bisa meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing dan memberi pengarahan dan
dorongan moral sampai terselesaikannya skripsi ini.
6. Ibu Hidajah Rachmawati, S.Si.,Apt.,Sp.FRS dan Ibu Nailis
Syifa’,S.Farm.,M.Sc.,Apt., selaku Dosen Penguji I dan II, yang telah
banyak memberikan saran dan masukan demi kesempurnaan skripsi ini.
7. Ibu Siti Rofida, S.Si., Apt.,M.Farm., Selaku dosen wali, terimakasih sudah
membimbing dari awal semester hingga lulus.
8. Orang Tuaku tercinta, Syarifuddin dan Faridah yang tiada hentinya
memotivasi dan sabar mendoakan untuk kebaikan dan kesuksesan anak-
anaknya.
9. Saudariku Sumiyati S.pd., Syarida Ulfah dan Khusnul Khatimah terima
kasih atas motivasi dan doanya sehingga skripsi ini dapat selesai tepat
waktu.
10. Sahabat seperjuangan skripsi klinis maupun bidang lainnya Retno, Pipit,
Ana, Gitta, Akbar, Yudha, dan Iwan terima kasih atas kebersamaan,
bantuan, dan semangat kerjasamanya sehingga skripsi ini dapat terwujud.
11. Teman-teman Farmasi UMM 2012, khususnya Aspirasi Pria Farmasi
terima kasih atas kebersamaannya yang luar biasa.
12. Untuk semua pihak yang belum disebutkan namanya, penulis mohon maaf
dan terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya.
Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini jauh dari kesempurnaan, oleh karena
itu penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang membangun dari pembaca
demi kebaikan skripsi ini. Semoga penulisan ini dapat berguna bagi
penelitian berikutnya, amiin.
Wassalamu’alaikum warohmatullohi wabarokatuh
Malang,
Penyusun
(Muhammad Hafiz Ansari)
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................ ii
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ................................................................................... iii
KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... iv
RINGKASAN ................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................. xviii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................. xix
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................................... 4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ...................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ..................................................................................... 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ..................................................................................... 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................ 5
2.1 Definisi Gagal Jantung............................................................................... 5
2.2 Epidemiologi Gagal Jantung ...................................................................... 5
2.3 Etiologi Gagal Jantung............................................................................... 6
2.3.1 Disfungsi Miokard .............................................................................. 7
2.3.1 Overload Volume ................................................................................ 9
2.3.1 Overload Tekanan ............................................................................. 10
2.3.1 Aterosklerosis ................................................................................... 10
2.3.1 Aritmia .............................................................................................. 10
2.3.1 Infeksi ............................................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Anemia ............................................................................................. 11
2.3.1 Tirotosikosis dan Kehamilan ............................................................. 11
2.4 Klasifikasi Gagal Jantung ........................................................................ 11
2.5 Macam-macam Gagal Jantung ................................................................. 13
2.5.1 Gagal Jantung Kiri ............................................................................ 13
2.5.2 Gagal Jantung Kanan ........................................................................ 13
2.5.3 Gagal Jantung Akut ........................................................................... 13
2.5.4 Gagal Jantung Kronis ........................................................................ 13
2.5.5 Gagal Jantung Sistolik ...................................................................... 14
2.5.6 Gagal Jantung Diastolik .................................................................... 14
2.6 Faktor Resiko Gagal Jantung ................................................................... 16
2.6.1 Faktor Resiko Yang Dapat Dimodifikasi ........................................... 16
2.6.2 Faktor Resiko Yang Tidak Dapat Dimodifikasi ................................. 18
2.7 Patofisiologi Gagal Jantung ..................................................................... 17
2.7.1 Mekanisme Kompensasi .................................................................... 21
2.8 Manifestasi Klinik ................................................................................... 25
2.8.1 Dyspnea ............................................................................................ 16
2.8.2 Ortopnea ........................................................................................... 16
2.8.3 Paroksimal Nokturnal Dyspnea ......................................................... 16
2.9 Diagnosa dan Pemeriksaan Gagal Jantung ............................................... 25
2.10 Penatalaksanaan Terapi Gagal Jantung................................................... 27
2.10.1 Terapi NonFarmakologis ................................................................. 29
2.10.2 Terapi Farmakologis ....................................................................... 30
2.10.2.1 Diuretik .................................................................................... 32
2.10.2.2 Angiotensin Conveting Enzym Inhibitor .................................. 35
2.10.2.3 Angiotensin Reseptor Blocker ................................................... 47
2.10.2.4 β-blocker .................................................................................. 48
2.10.2.5 Digoksin .................................................................................. 49
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN OPERASIONAL ................... 52
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................. 54
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian............................................................................... 54
4.2 Populasi dan Sampel ................................................................................ 54
4.2.1 Populasi ............................................................................................ 54
4.2.2 Sampel .............................................................................................. 54
4.3 Kriteria Data ............................................................................................ 54
4.3.1 Kriteria Data Inklusi .......................................................................... 54
4.3.2 Kriteria Data Eksklusi ....................................................................... 54
4.4 Bahan Penelitian ...................................................................................... 55
4.5 Instrumen Penelitian ................................................................................ 55
4.6 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian .................................................................. 55
4.7 Metode Pengumpulan Data ...................................................................... 55
4.8 Analisa Data ............................................................................................ 55
4.9 Definisi Operasional ................................................................................ 56
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN ......................................................................... 58
5.1 Data Demografi Pasien ............................................................................ 55
5.1.1 Jenis Kelamin ..................................................................................... 59
5.1.2 Usia ................................................................................................... 59
5.1.3 Status Pasien ...................................................................................... 59
5.2 Distribusi Faktor Resiko .......................................................................... 60
5.3Distribusi Kelas Gagal Jantung .................................................................. 61
5.4Distribusi Diagnosa Penyerta Gagal Jantung .............................................. 61
5.5 Management Terapi Pasien Gagal Jantung ................................................ 62
5.5.1 Terapi Farmakologi Gagal Jantung Selain ACE Inhibitor ................... 62
5.5.2 Terapi Penyerta Gagal Jantung ........................................................... 63
5.5.3Penggunaan ACE Inhibitor + Antihipertensi ....................................... 63
5.6 Distribusi Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + Antihipertensi............................... 64
5.6.1 Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + 1 Antihipertensi ..................................... 64
5.6.2 Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + 2 Antihipertensi ..................................... 65
5.6.3 Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + 3 Antihipertensi ..................................... 66
5.6.4 Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + 4 Antihipertensi ..................................... 67
5.6.5 Pola Penggunaan ACE Inhibitor ......................................................... 66
5.6.6Pola Pergantiam Dosis Obat ACE Inhibitor ......................................... 68
5.6.7Pola Pergantiam Jenis Obat ACE Inhibitor .......................................... 69
5.6.8Lama Terapi ACE Inhibitor ................................................................ 69
5.7 Lama Masuk Rumah Sakit (MRS) ............................................................ 66
5.8 Kondisi Keluar Rumah Sakit (KRS) ......................................................... 67
BAB VI PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................ 71
BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ......................................................... 87
7.1 Kesimpulan .............................................................................................. 87
7.2 Saran ........................................................................................................ 87
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... 88
LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................... 94
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
II.1 Penyebab yang mendasari gagal jantung .................................................... 7
II.2 Klasifikasi gagal jantung menurut NYHA ................................................ 12
II.3 Faktor Resiko Gagal Jantung ................................................................... 14
II.4 Manifestasi Klinik Gagal Jantung ............................................................ 26
II.5 Penggunaan diuretik dalam pengelolaan gagal jantung............................. 34
II.6 Interaksi obat untuk ACEI ....................................................................... 39
II.7 Perbandingan golongan obat ACEI .......................................................... 46
II.8 Dosis ARB untuk terapi gagal jantung ..................................................... 47
II.9 Dosis β-blocker untuk terapi gagal jantung .............................................. 48
V.1 Jenis Kelamin Pasien Gagal Jantung ........................................................ 59
V.2 Usia Pasien .............................................................................................. 59
V.3 Distribusi Status Pasien Gagal Jantung .................................................... 60
V.4 Distribusi Faktor Resiko Gagal Jantung ................................................... 60
V.5 Distribusi Kelas Diagnosa Gagal Jantung ................................................ 61
V.6 Diagnosa Penyerta Gagal Jantung ............................................................ 61
V.7Terapi Farmakologi Gagal Jantung Selain ACE Inhibitor ............................. 62
V.8 Terapi Penyerta Gagal Jantung ................................................................ 63
V.9Penggunaan ACE Inhibitor + Antihipertensi ................................................ 64
V.10 DistribusiDistribusi Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + Antihipertensi ................ 64
V.11Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + 1 Antihipertensi.............................................. 65
V.12 Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + 2 Antihipertensi ........................................... 65
V.13 Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + 3 Antihipertensi ........................................... 67
V.14 Kombinasi ACE Inhibitor + 4 Antihipertensi ........................................... 67
V.15Pola Penggunaan Obat ACE Inhibitor ....................................................... 68
V.16 Pola Pergantian Dosis Obat ACE Inhibitor ............................................. 68
V.17 PolaPergantian Jenis Obat ACE Inhibitor ............................................... 69
V.18 Lama Terapi ACE Inhibitor Pada Pasien Gagal Jantung .......................... 69
V.19Lama MRS pasien Gagal Jantung ............................................................... 70
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
2.1 Gagal Jantung............................................................................................. 7
2.2 Patofisiologi Gagal Jantung ...................................................................... 20
2.3 Sistem Renin Angiotensin Aldosteron (RAAS) ........................................ 24
2.4 Mekanisme aktivasi sistem syaraf simpatik dan parasimpatik pada gagal
jantung ..................................................................................................... 25
2.5 Manifestassi Klonik Gagal Jantung .......................................................... 26
2.6 Alrogitma Diagnostik Gagal Jantung ........................................................ 29
2.7 Manajemen Terapi Gagal Jantung ............................................................ 31
2.8 Terapi Farmakologi Gagal Jantung ........................................................... 32
2.9 Sistem Transpor Tubulus dan Tempat kerja Diuretik ............................... 33
2.10 Mekanisme Aksi ACEI............................................................................ 35
2.11 Efek Angiotensin II dan Aksi Protektif Bradikinin................................... 36
2.12 Hubungan Struktur Kimia dan Aktifitas ACEI ......................................... 37
2.13 Struktur Kimia Captopril ......................................................................... 41
2.14 Tempat aksi Captopril ............................................................................. 41
2.15 Struktur Kimia Enalapril ......................................................................... 42
2.16 Struktur kimia Lisonopril ........................................................................ 42
2.17 Struktur Kimia Benazepril ....................................................................... 42
2.18 Struktur Kimia Fosinopril ........................................................................ 44
2.19 Struktur Kimia Ramipril .......................................................................... 45
2.20 Struktur kimia digoxin ............................................................................. 50
2.21 Mekanisme kerja digoxin ........................................................................ 51
3.1 Skema Kerangka Konseptual ................................................................... 52
3.2 Skema Kerangka Operasional .................................................................. 53
5.1 Skema Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi Penelitian pada Pasien Gagal Jantung
58
5.2 Kondisi KRS Pasien Gagal Jantung .......................................................... 70
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
1 Daftar Riwayat Hidup ......................................................................... 94
2 Surat Pernyataan Keaslian Tulisan ...................................................... 95
3 Anggaran Biaya Skripsi ....................................................................... 96
4 Jadwal Penelitian ................................................................................. 97
5 Ethical Clearence ................................................................................ 98
6 Daftar Nilai Normal Data Klinik dan Data Laboratorium ..................... 99
7 Tabel Data Induk Penyakit Gagal Jantung ............................................ 100
8 Lembar Pengumpulan Data Pasien Penyakit Gagal Jantung ................. 126
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
ACC : American College of Cardiology
ACE : Angiotensin Converting Enzym
ACEI : Angiotensin Converting Enzym Inhibitor
ADH : Anti Diuretic Hormone
AHA : American Heart Association
ARB : Angiotensin Reseptor Blocker
As : Asam
AT1 : Angiotensin Tipe 1
AT2 : Angiotensin Tipe 2
ATP : Adhenosi Tri Phosphate
AV : Atrioventricular
β-blocker : Beta-blocker
B1 : Bradikinin Tipe 1
B2 : Bradikinin Tipe 2
BUN : Blood Urea Nitrogen
BNP : B-type Natriuretic Peptide
Ca2+
: Calsium
CAD : Coronary Artery Disease
CASS : Coronary Artery Surgery Study
CBC : Complete Blood Count
CABG : Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
CHF : Congesive Heart Failure
Cl- : Chlorida
CrCl : Clreatinine Clearance
cGMP : Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate
CK-MB : Creatine Kinase-Muscle Brain
CONSENSUS : Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study
COP : Cardiac Out Put
CRT : Cardiacn Resynchronization Therapy
CVD : Cardiovascular Disease
CVP : Central vena Pressure
DIG : Digitalis Investigation Group
DM : Diabetes Melitus
ECG : Echocardiographic
EDP : End-diastolic pressure
EKG : Electrocardiogram
ESC : Eropa Society of Cardiology
H+
: Hidrogen
H2O : Hidrogen Oksida
Hb : Hemoglobin
HCT : Hematokrit
HDL : Low High Lipoprotein
HF : Heart Failure
HFSA : Heart failure Society of America
HLD : Hyperlipidemia
HR : Heart Rate
HTN : Hipertensi
ICAM-1 : Intercellular Adhesion Protein-1
ICDs : Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
g : Gram
K+
: Kalium
Kep : Kepulauan
Kemenkes RI : Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia
KgBB : Kilogram Berat Badan
KRS : Keluar Rumah Sakit
LA : Left Atrium
LAP : Left Atrium Pressure
LDL : Low Density Lipoprotein
LED : Laju Endap Darah
LEDV : Left End Diastolik Ventricle
LFT : Liver Function Tests
LVEDP : Left Ventricle End Diastolic Pressure
t-PA : Tissue plasminogen activator
LPD : Lembar Pengumpulan Data
LV : Left Ventricle
LVEF : Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction
LVH : Left Ventricle Hipertrofi
MAP : Mean Arterial Pressure
MCH : Mean Cospucular Hemoglobin
MCHC : Mean Cospucular Hemoglobin Concentration
MCV : Mean Cospucular Volume
µg : Mikrigram
Mg2+
: Magnesium
ml : Milliliter
MPV : Mean Platelet Volume
MR : Mitral Regurgitasi
MRI : Coronary Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRS : Masuk Rumah Sakit
Na+ : Natrium
NE : Norepinefrin
ng : Nanogram
NO : Nitrit Oksida
NSIDs : Non Steroid Inflamatory Drugs
NT-proBNP : N-Terminal Pro-Tipe B
NYHA : New York Heart Association
O2 : Oksigen
PAI-1 : Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1
PCI : Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
pg : Picogram
PG : Prostaglandin
PJK : Penyakit Jantung Koroner
PND : Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
PO : Per Oral
Protein G : Protein Globulin
RAAS : Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
RBC : Red Blood Cell
RMK : Rekam Medik Kesehatan
RR : Respiratory Rate
RS : Rumah Sakit
SH : Sulfhidril
SOLVD : Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction
SV : Stroke Volume
SVR : Systemic Vascular Resistance
TSH : Thyroid StimulatingHormone
UA : Urinalysis
Vs : Versus
WBC : White Blood Cell
WHO : World Health Organization
Zn+
: Zink
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