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HARAJES G NAMUSUKODNOG AWAJ NETSIRK AJERE

ATRAKAYGOY 3191 NUHAT IRAD - ( 2491 )SIROTSIH NAIJAK UTAUS

ISPIRKS

tarayS utaS halaS ihunemeM kutnu nakujaiD

nakididneP anajraS raleG helorepmeM

harajeS nakididneP idutS margorP

o nususiD :hel

H TRUM ANSRK SUCIRNE ARTUPAS ANUG I

190 010413

NAKIDIDNEP IDUTS MARGORP HARAJES

NASURUJ LAISOS NAUHATEGNEP UMLI NAKIDIDNEP

NAKIDIDNEP UMLI NAD NAURUGEK SATLUKAF

AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU

ATRAKAYGOY

102 4

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i

HARAJES G NAMUSUKODNOG AWAJ NETSIRK AJERE

ATRAKAYGOY 3191 NUHAT IRAD - ( 2491 )SIROTSIH NAIJAK UTAUS

ISPIRKS

tarayS utaS halaS ihunemeM kutnu nakujaiD

nakididneP anajraS raleG helorepmeM

harajeS nakididneP idutS margorP

o nususiD :hel

H TRUM ANSRK SUCIRNE ARTUPAS ANUG I

190 010413

NAKIDIDNEP IDUTS MARGORP HARAJES

NASURUJ LAISOS NAUHATEGNEP UMLI NAKIDIDNEP

NAKIDIDNEP UMLI NAD NAURUGEK SATLUKAF

AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU

ATRAKAYGOY

102 4


ii


iii


vi

AYRAK NAILSAEK NAATAYNREP

t ayas gnay ispirks awhab ,aynhuggnuses nagned nakataynem ayaS ini silu

naktubesid halet gnay ilaucek ,nial gnaro ayrak naigab uata ayrak taumem kadit

.haimli ayrak aynkayal anamiagabes ,akatsup ratfad nad napituk malad

rebmeseD 01 ,atrakaygoY 4102


v

NAHABMESREP

,airaM adnuB ,sutsirK suseY nahuT kutnu nakhabmesrepuk ini ispirkS

gnaro nad - ulales nad ,aggnab ,tauk ukirid taubmem ulales gnay gnaro

.muynesret

huT sutsirK suseY na halet gnay uMadapek ukirad maladret rukuys pacu ,

tek ,narabasek ukihakrebmem hakgnal paites kutnu nataukek nad ,nahaba

.ukpudih

ukkida nad aut gnaro audeK itneh kat gnay - hisak nakirebmem aynitneh

ulales kutnu halel hanrep kat atres ,ukpudih malad atnic nad gnayas

.ukirid itagnameynem nad nakaodnem

ekidsaH attigirB mem ulales gnay , ,aod ,tagnames ,isavitom uknakireb

.gnayas hisak nad


iv

OTTOM

“ iaynupmem umak aynarikes aynhuggnuseS :umadapek atakreb ukA babeS

hadniP :ini gnunug adapek atakreb tapad umak ajas iwases ijib rasebes nami

p naka ini gnunug akam ,anas ek ini tapmet irad gnay ada nakkat nad ,hadni

”.umigab lihatsum

)02:71 suitaM(

nad ,hisak nad ,naparahgnep ,nami utiay ,ini lah agitek laggnit halnaikimeD“

”.hisak halai aynaratna id raseb gnilap gnay

)31:31 sutniroK(

“ eynem itam naka umak uata ,umirah hiaR gnaubret gnay umutkaw ilas ”

)siluneP(


iiv

NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMEL

SIMEDAKA NAGNITNEPEK KUTNU HAIMLI AYRAK ISAKILBUP

:amrahD atanaS satisrevinU awsisaham ayas ,ini hawab id nagnat adnatreb gnaY

artupaS anuG itruM ansrK sucirneH : amaN

MIN 130422190 :

naakatsupreP adapek nakirebmem ayas ,nauhategnep umli nagnabmegnep imeD

:ludujreb gnay ayas haimli ayrak amrahD atanaS satisrevinU

HARAJES G NAMUSUKODNOG AWAJ NETSIRK AJERE ATRAKAYGOY 3191 NUHAT IRAD - ( 2491 )SIROTSIH NAIJAK UTAUS

neD ikimed nag kah amrahD atanaS naakatsupreP adapek nakirebmem ayas ,na

malad aynalolegnem ,nial aidem kutneb malad nakhilagnem ,napmiynem kutnu

nad ,satabret araces nakisubirtsidnem ,atad nalakgnap kutneb

nagnitnepek kutnu nial aidem uata tenretni id aynnakisakilbupmem simedaka

amales ayas adapek ytlayor irebmem nupuam ayas irad niji atnimem ulrep apnat

.silunep iagabes ayas aman nakmutnacnem patet

.aynranebes nagned taub ayas ini naataynrep naikimeD

,atrakaygoY rebmeseD 01 4102

,nakataynem gnaY

H itruM ansrK sucirne S .G


iiiv

KARTSBA

HARAJES NAMUSUKODNOG AWAJ NETSIRK AJEREG3191 NUHAT IRAD ATRAKAYGOY - )SIROTSIH NAIJAK UTAUS( 2491

: helO artupaS anuG itruM ansrK sucirneH amrahD atanaS satisrevinU

4102

ini naitileneP it sisilanagnem nad nakispirksednem kutnu naujutreb ag

awaJ netsirK ajereG ayniridreb gnakaleb rataL .)1 :utiay ,kokop nahalasamrephat irad namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG harajeS .)2 ,namusukodnoG 3191 nu -

.)3 nad ,2491 nagned namusukodnoG JKG aratna nagnubuh irad kapmaD.aynratikes takaraysam

i naitileneP natakednep ,harajes naitilenep edotem nakanuggnem in nad ,lanoisnemiditlum ledom irksed nasilunep p .sitilana fit

.)1 awhab nakkujnunem ini naitilenep lisaH ayniridreB netsirK ajereGid namusukodnoG awaJ ignakalebratal p helo lijnI narabakep bocaJ atedne

ehliW m ,naawS suilenroC nad ,reruehcS G.J , nad tikas hamur anaras tawelhalokes . .)2 irad namusukodnoG JKG 3191 nuhat asam malad 2491 iapmas

nasitnirep isakinumokreb kutnu nakanugid gnay asahab ,ipadahid gnay natabmaH .upmanem upmam kadit gnay ajereg gnudeg nad suret gnay taamej halmuj gn

.habmatreb .)3 nagnubuH namusukodnoG JKG nagned ratikes takaraysam ayn .ayadub nad natahesek ,nakididnep gnadib adap kapmadreb


xi

TCARTSBA

FO HCRUHC NAITSIRHC ESENAVAJ FO YROTS EHTUKODNOG 3191 MORF ATRAKAYGOY NAMUS - 2491

( LACIROTSIH A )YDUTS

:yB eH artupaS anuG itruM ansrK sucirn ytisrevinU amrahD atanaS

4102

smelborp niam eerht ezylana dna ebircsed ot demia saw hcraeser sihT )1 :yleman eht fo dnuorgkcab eht fo tnemhsilbatse eht hcruhC naitsirhC esenavaJ

)JKG( ukodnoG fo namus )2 , eht fo yrots eht fo hcruhC naitsirhC esenavaJ3191 morf namusukodnoG - )3 dna ,2491 eht fo ecneulfni eht neewteb pihsnoitaler

.ytinummoc gnidnuorrus sti dna nanamodnoG fo JKG

dna hcaorppa lanoisnemiditlum ,dohtem lacirotsih a desu hcraeser sihTsed .ledom gnitirw lacitylana evitpirc

fo tnemhsilbatse eht )1 taht dewohs stluser hcraeser ehT eht esenavaJo hcruhC naitsirhC f yb sgnihcaet elbiB eht no desab saw namusukodnoG tseirp

oohcs dna slatipsoh hguorht naawS suilenroC dna reruehcS G.J ,mlehliW bocaJ sl ’ 3191 morf namusukodnoG JKG )2 ,seitilicaf - eht ni 2491 decaf doirep gnireenoip

niaf selcatsbo na etacinummoc ot desu egaugnal , ton erew sgnidliub hcruhc d eb ot elba eviecer gnisaercni eht ynapmoc JKG neewteb pihsnoitaler eht )3 ,

rus sti dna namusukodnoG decneulfni ytinummoc gnidnuor eht htlaeh ,lanoitacude.sdleif erutluc dna


x

RATNAGNEP ATAK

nakhapmilem halet gnay ,sutsirK suseY nahuT adapek rukuys nad ijuP

tamhar - ludujreb gnay ispirks aggnihes ,silunep adapek ayN harajeS ajereG

ukodnoG awaJ netsirK 3191 nuhaT iraD atrakaygoY namus - naijaK utauS( 2491

)sirotsiH et tapad .nakiaselesr

anerak helO .kahip iagabreb irad nautnab takreb nususret tapad ini ispirkS

halet gnay kahip aumes adapek hisak amiret nakpacugnem silunep ,uti

nukud atres nautnab nakirebmem :ini ispirks nasilunep malad aynnag

.1 kapaB R umlI nad naurugeK satlukaF nakeD ukales ,.D.hP ,idnaho

atrakaygoY amrahD atanaS satisrevinU ,nakididneP .

.2 ubI .M ,inimuS aiserehT .arD .dP idutS margorP auteK ukales ,

nakididneP .harajeS

.3 kapaB idisuM .B .srD .M , dP es ,. gnibmibmep nesod ukal halet gnay

.nakiaselesret tapad ini ispirks nanusuynep aggnihes ,gnibmibmem

.4 eK B utiay ,atnicret ukautgnaro aud ukubI nad anuG sunitsugA ukkapa

itutsayilirS anailuY , ,ekidsaH attigirB atres leunnamE ukkida

uradnakiW anrep kat gnay , ,tagnames nakirebmem kutnu halel h

ukirid adap aod nad ,nagnorod .

.5 numan ,utasrep utas naktubes silunep tapad kadit gnay kahip aumeS

kaynab halet nagnukud irebmem nakiaselesret tapad ini ispirks aggnih

.kiab nagned

awhab aynhunepes iradaynem siluneP ispirks irad huaj hisam ini

anerak helO .anrupmes ,uti nakparahgnem silunep nad nakusam ,naras iagabreb

kitirk acabmep irad nugnabmem gnay agomeS . igab taafnamreb ini naitilenep

.sinejes naitilenep kutnu isaripsni idajnem nad acabmep

siluneP

S .G itruM ansrK sucirneH


ix

ISI RATFAD

LUDUJ NAMALAH ................................ ................................ ........................... i

GNIBMIBMEP NAUJUTESREP NAMALAH ................................ ................ ii

NAHASEGNEP NAMALAH ................................ ................................ ........... iii

AYRAK NAILSAEK NAATAYNREP ................................ ............................ vi

NAHABMESREP NAMALAH ................................ ................................ ......... v

OTTOM NAMALAH ................................ ................................ ....................... iv

ISAKILBUP NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMEL .......................... iiv

KARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... iiiv

TCARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ xi

NEP ATAK RATNAG ................................ ................................ ........................ x

ISI RATFAD ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... ix

I BAB NAULUHADNEP ................................ ................................ .............. 1

.A gnakaleB rataL ................................ ................................ ................................ 1

.B halasaM nasumuR ................................ ................................ ........................... 5

.C naujuT ...........naitileneP ................................ ................................ .................. 5

.D taafnaM naitileneP ................................ ................................ .......................... 6

E akatsuP naijaK . ................................ ................................ ................................ . 6

F. iroeT nasadnaL ................................ ................................ ................................ 8

G edoteM . naitileneP ................................ ................................ ......................... 11

H nasiluneP akitametsiS . ................................ ................................ .................... 51

II BAB AL GNAKALEB RAT NETSIRK AJEREG AYNIRIDREB

NAMUSUKODNOG AWAJ ................................ ............................ 71

.A ygoY id lijnI ayngnabmekreB nad kusaM a atrak ................................ ............ 71

..hcardaS iayK helO netsirK amagA narabeyneP .1 ............................. ........... 71

nkusaM .2 .......atrakaygoY id lijnI ay ................................ ............................. 81

.B allenorteP tikaS hamuR ayniridreB ......................................................... ......... 02

nagnatadeK .1 ..atrakaygoY ek reruehcS .G.J ................................ ................ 02

ugnabmeP .2 ...allenorteP tikaS hamuR nan ................................ .................... 22

C. naasawedeK ujuneM namusukodnoG nahtnapaP ................................ ........... 42


iix

tnebreT .1 .namusukodnoG nahtnapaP aynku ................................ ................. 42

.2 P aynsutuiD eG ayniridreB nad nawZ suilenroC atedne .. ajer ..................... 52

htnapaP .3 ..nakasawedid namusukodnoG na ................................ .................. 72

III BAB HARAJES AWAJ NETSIRK AJEREG

3191 NUHAT IRAD NAMUSUKODNOG - 2491 ............................. 92

edoireP .A 3191 nuhat - 6291 ................................ ................................ ............... 92

namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG lawA asaM .1 ................................ ....... 92

tedneP .2 amatreP imubirP a ................................ ................................ ........... 03

edoireP .B 6291 nuhat - 2491 ................................ ................................ ............... 13

uraB gnay ajereG gnudeG nanugnabmeP .1 ................................ ................... 13

nalupmukreP aynkutnebreT .2 - netsirK ajereG malad id nalupmukrep

kowaS awaJ atrakaygoY namusukodnoG rabme ................................ ........ 43

rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG id atedneP naitnagreP .3

atrakaygoY namusukodnoG ................................ ................................ ...... 53

.C naisasinagrogneP namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG malad

atrakaygoY ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 63

ajereG .a ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 73

sisalK .b ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 04

edoniS .c ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 24

VI BAB NAGNUBUH IRAD KAPMAD G JK NAMUSUKODNOG

NAGNED TAKARAYSAM AYNRATIKES ................................ .. 45

netsirK ajereG nagnubuH .A namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ

atrakaygoY takaraysaM nagned ................................ ................................ .... 54

tadaitsI tadA nad ajereG .1 ................................ ................................ ............ 54

naniwakreP .a ................................ ................................ ........................... 64

naitameK .b ................................ ................................ .............................. 94

hareaD naineseK atres asahaB nad ajereG .2 ................................ ................. 05

haread asahaB .a ................................ ................................ ....................... 05

hareaD naineseK .b ................................ ................................ ................... 15

takaraysaM nataheseK nad ajereG .3 ................................ ............................. 35

G .4 nakididneP nad ajere ................................ ................................ ............... 45


iiix

rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG nagnabmekreP kapmaD .B

atrakaygoY takaraysaM padahret namusukodnoG ................................ ......... 65

hareaD naineseK nad ,asahaB ,tadaitsI tadA .1 ................................ .............. 65

takaraysaM nataheseK .2 ................................ ................................ ............... 75

takaraysaM nakididneP .3 ................................ ................................ .............. 85

V BAB PUTUNEP ................................ ................................ ........................ 95

UP RATFAD AKATS ................................ ................................ ....................... 62

NARIPMAL ............................................................ ................................ ........... 56

otof nad nednopseR - ..................................otof ................................ ................... 56

subaliS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 07

narajalebmeP naanaskaleP anacneR ................................ ................................ ... 47


1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

.A nakaleB rataL g

aidniH lainolok hatniremep nagnadnaP - malsI amaga padahret adnaleB

.malsI nagnukgnil id lijnI narabakep ayngnaralid nakbabeynem 1 hatniremeP

aporE irad nasutu kiab ,netsirK atednep awhab ,narutarep nakraulegnem adnaleB

puata ada alibapa lijnI narabakep nakukalem naknanekrepid aynah imubirp urug nu

nizi .lardneJ runrebuG irad 2 tupul kat ,malsI haread nakapurem gnay awaJ ualuP

.ini narutarep irad atrakaygoY nanatlusaK iridnes ek rihka nagned iapmas - 91

naralret nasawak nakapurem ainolok hatniremeP .lijnI narabakep kutnu g adnaleB l

idajret nigni kadit nanatlusaK nasawak id kitilop nagnacnog .

hatniremeP babes apnat nakub ini narutarep nakraulegnem lainolok adap ,

nopiD gnarep hacep 5281 nuhat aynbabeynep idajnem gnay ,oroge ab halada asgn

kadit malsI gnaro nakatakid nakhab ,malsI amaga husum idajnem hudutid adnaleB

nad orogenopiD naregnaP .aynamaga tairays naknalajnem naknanekrepid

,amaga lah malad numan ,nagnarepep malad nahalakek imalagnem ayntukignep

atakid tapad orogenopiD naregnaP .luggnu nak 3 anerak naikimed nakatakid tapaD

.akep tagnas gnay utauses iagabes malsI amaga gnadnamem lainolok hatniremeP

nagnoloG - nagnolog malsI naklucnumem ilakes hadum kitanaf gnay

nauacakek nad nakatnorebmep lainolok nahatniremep malad , ulrep uti anerak

1 .J ,keebretloW .D awaJ ualuP id gnidneZ dabaB atrakaygoY , : lh ,5991 ,netsirK akatsuP namaT m. 7 2 regnorK M ,relleo aisenodnI ajereG harajeS .lah ,netsirK tibreneP nadaB :atrakaJ , 86 3 .po c ti . , .7 lah


2

id idajret kadit raga utauses nakahasu igal nakatnorebmep igab nagnaral utiay ,

imubirp takaraysam id lijnI narabakep .

utas halnakub sataid nasalA - nasala aynutas p gnaralem lainolok hatnireme

.aisenodnI id lijnI narabakgnep 0391 nuhat adaP , naadaek senodnI nupuam ai

adnaleB aigleB gnarep putunem kutnu raseb nikames gnatuH .kurubmem tagnas

lainolok hatniremep ,naturkgnabek iradnihgnem kutnu akaM .orogenopiD nad

nagnosokek isignem kutnu pukuc gnay lisah irebmem tapad awaJ ,parahreb tagnas

.sak 4 elO uti anerak h v adap lainolok kitilop naktasumem hcsoB ned na

natakgninep iskudorp nainatrep nad nanubekrep awhab iuhatek atik gnay itrepeS .

.kirbap nad nalapakrep ,nagnagadrep iaynupmem kadit uti taas adap adnaleB

d uti nahalasamrep irad isuloS nakajibek aynnakukalrebi anat hatniremeP .askap m

lainolok hatniremep akam ,askap manat metsis adap raseb parahreb lainolok adap

narabakep adapirad ini metsis nalisahrebek adapek naksukofmem hibel uti asam

.lijnI

ggnagnem tapad lijnI narabakep gnadnamem iridnes lainolok hatniremeP u

askap manat nagnusgnalrebek imubirp takaraysam adapek lijnI narabakep anerak ,

narutneb naklubminem tapad gnay apureb nanawalrep nad nakatnorebmep na arat

padahret kitanaf malsI nagnolog .lainolok hatniremep tapad utnet ini narutneB

nad nanamaek uggnagnem gnay ,mumu nabitretek nahutubek nakapurem

hatniremep nem malad lainolok tapaD .askap manat nakajibek naknalaj nakatakid

atniremep gnadib isurugnem hibel lainolok h .lijnI narabakep adapirad imonoke 5

4 aK onotraS ,kkd ojridotr ,V aisenodnI lanoisaN harajeS nemetrapeD :atrakaJ nad nakididneP

,5791 ,naayadubeK .7 lah 5 .po .tic .lah , 86


3

uragnepmem ataynret adnaleB id larebil mahap ayngnabmekreB ih

askap manat metsiS .aisenodnI id adnaleB lainolok hatniremep nakajibek

anep halialum nad naksupahid naidumek uata aisenodnI ek gnisa ladom naman

ladom kilimep kaynab taubmem ini kitilop nakajibeK .larebil kitilop aynukalreb

aragen irad gnisa - aporE aragen muak 91 ek rihka adap numaN .aisenodnI ek

.narudnumek imalagnem larebil 6 naktabikaid ini laH nagnolog nahasimep anerak -

ek kitilop nagnolog id amaga malad nagnoloG .adnaleB lainolok kitilop malad -

numan ,lainolok kitilop nagned nalajes ini kitilop nagnolog patet isatiolpske kitilop

.naksupahid surah isasinetsirk adap ujutret urab naulah amaga iatrap kahip iraD

uata gnidnez kitilop nakracnalid akam ,netsirK taykar naliggnap utaus iagabes

eissim .7

nI narabakep akam aisenodnI id gnidnez kitilop naknalajid kajeS ialum lij

.imubirp takaraysam igab akubret ek mirikid kaynab adnaleB siranoisim araP

ini gnidnez kitilop mulebes huaJ .lijnI narabakep nakukalem kutnu aisenodnI

awaJ id gnabmekreb ialum hadus netsirK amaga aynranebes ,nakanaskalid .

ini narabakeP nakukalid takaraysam helo lijnI rabak naktapadnem akereM .mawa

iayK ,edmE senahoY ,nelooC sneruaL darnoC ,akerem nakijam irad gnay ada

luggnuT miharbI iayK nad ,pinaS suetaM ,otnuK iasibA ,irasoT suluaP gnuluW

.rumiT awaJ id lijnI ilawagnem gnay 8 ini akerem nataigeK lawa hibel gnamem

.gnidnez arap irad tikides

6 ,kkd ojridotraK onotraS ,V aisenodnI lanoisaN harajeS ididneP nemetrapeD :atrakaJ nad nak

82 lah 5791 ,naayadubeK 7 ,.dibI 92 lah 8 onotrahdiW seogA nad ojtokeoS JKG nuhaT 001 :napudiheK gnareT nad maraG idajneM ,

,namusukodnoG 11 lah ,3102 ,atrakaygoY:aisenodnI netsirK akatsuP namaT nasayaY


4

nakajibek helo gnudnebid tapad kadit iridnes atrakaygoY id lijnI naridaheK

.uti taas adap lainok kitilop dirum arap satifitka aynada anerak idajret asib uti laH

amanreb gnay nakareg irad hcardaS iayK enagnoloG akidraM gnak netsirK gnoW ,

.nelegaB hayaliw kusam gnay heroneM nasawaK id uluB nad koleJ id 9 narabakeP

haread aynakubid gniries ,gnidnez arap helo naksuretid ayntujnales lijnI

lijnI narabakep igab atrakaygoY nad aynakukalrebid gnidnez kitilop . narabakeP

halokes aynnugnabid nagned tasep nikames naidumek lijnI - hamur nad halokes

ahasu utnabmem gnay tikas - .lijnI narabakep nakukalem gnidnez ahasu

nagned tahilret nikames naidumek atrakaygoY id netsirK amaga nagnabmekreP

usukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG aynnugnabid .nam

sirK ajereG m namusukodnoG awaJ net ikilime raseb pukuc gnay lidna

awaJ netsirK ajereG .atrakaygoY id netsirK amaga nagnabmekrep harajes malad

nakapurem gnay ,atrakaygoY id amatreP netsirK ajereG halada namusukodnoG

ajereG irad kudni - aJ netsirK ajereG taamej nad aw - .atrakaygoY id netsirK taamej

iaynupmem aguj namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG nahtnapep gnabac kana(

id ripmah )ajereG haubes irad .atrakaygoY hayaliw hurules harajeS ajereG

netsirK ,sahabid kutnu kiranem pukuc ini namusukodnoG awaJ aggnihes p silune

gnem abocnem g netsirK ajereG harajes ila awaJ namusukodnoG atrakaygoY .

uti kutnU p “ luduj libmagnem silune harajeS odnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG namusuk

3191 nuhaT irad atrakaygoY - )sirotsiH naijaK utauS( ”2491 nakparahid gnay

.aumes igab taafnamreb

9 ,.dibI 21 lah


5

.B R halasaM nasumu

id gnakaleb ratal nakrasadreB ,sata halasam adap itiletid naka gnay

halada ini naitilenep :tukireb iagabes

.1 agaB ?namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG ayniridreb gnakaleb ratal anami

.2 anamiagaB harajes namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG 91 nuhat irad 31 - ?2491

.3 gaB anamia nagned namusukodnoG JKG aratna nagnubuh irad kapmad

aynratikes takaraysam ?

.C naujuT naitileneP

t akam ,sata id halasam nasumur nakrasadreB nauju iapacid nigni gnay

: halada

.1 uT mumU nauj

nem kutnU nakispirksed harajes noG awaJ netsirK ajereG namusukod .

.2 susuhK naujuT

.a kutnU nakispirksednem harajes gnakaleb ratal awaJ netsirK ajereG ayniridreb

namusukodnoG .

.b kutnU nakispirksednem harajes ereG nuhat irad namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK aj

3191 - .2491

.c kutnU nem sisilanag sirK ajereG nagnabmekrep irad kapmad awaJ net

namusukodnoG takaraysam padahret .aynratikes


6

.D naitileneP taafnaM

M taafna irad nep nasilu harajes awaJ netsirK ajereG harajeS “ luduj nagned

halada )sirotsiH naijaK haubeS( atrakaygoY namusukodnoG :tukireb iagabes

.a siluneP igaB

ispirks nasiluneP p habmanem tapad nakparahid ini nauhategne

ianegnem harajes 3191 nuhat irad namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG - 2491 .

S uti niale , silunep parahreb aguj tapadid gnay umli nakparenem tapad s amale

nahailukrep itukignem gnay haimli ayrak haubes idajnem ugreb tapad igab an

es .amas

.b ajereG kahip igaB

tapad nakparahid ini ispirks nasiluneP id netsirK tamu utnabmem

namusukodnoG mekrep harajes gnatnet isamrofni helorepmem kutnu nagnab

ajereG tapmet .hadabireb akerem ini nasilunep aynada nagned ,uti nialeS

nakparahid tapad maid hamkih lib ayn tamu atres narep igab id nad ajereG

.ajereG nagnabmekrep malad aynhuragnep

.c amrahD atanaS satisrevinU kahip igaB

ipakgnelem nad habmanem tapad nakparahid ini haimli ayraK ayrak

ajereG harajes tukgnaynem gnay amaturet ,ada hadus gnay haimli .awaJ netsirK

.E akatsuP naijaK

rebmus nakhutubid tagnas utnet harajes nasilunep nakukalem taaS jes hara

kipot nagned natiakreb gnay .silutid naka gnay nasiluneP gnatnet haimli ayrak

harajes ini awaJ netsirK ajereG rebmus ikilimem ukub apureb gnay - gnay ukub

kipot nagned gnusgnal natiakreb .sahabid naka gnay


7

,amatreP P tapmE hulu T aameJ nuha t namusukodnoG netsirK natibret ,

tapme natagnirep gnatnet isireb ini ukuB .namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG

awaJ netsirK ajereG nuhat hulup evoN 32 laggnat adap namusukodnoG .3591rebm

iD ukub malad ini awaJ netsirK ajereG ayniridreb alum lawa gnatnet isireb

namusukodnoG ek gnay aynaisu aggnih adnaleB namaz adap ,nuhat hulup tapme

irad gnutihid gnay nakasawedid ini ajereG ilak amatrep akitek rebmevoN 32 .

,audeK 57 taameJ nuhat aS awaJ netsirK namusukodnoG rabmekow

atrakaygoY silejaM helo naktibretid gnay , rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG

atrakaygoY taamej nuhat amil hulup hujut natagnirep gnatnet isireb ini ukuB .

8891 rebmevoN 32 laggnat adap awaJ netsirK ajereG . b malad nakrabajiD ini uku

hineb alum lawa gnatnet - aggniH .atrakaygoY id netsirK amaga hineb naidumek

netsirK ajereG nakrihalem nad gnabmekreb nikames awaJ odnoG uk namus iagabes

ajereg irad kudni - ajereg K netsir .atrakaygoY hayaliw id

ukub ,agiteK iheK gnareT nad maraG idajneM JKG nuhat 001 :napud

3191 namusukodnoG - 3102 ini ukuB .onotrahdiW seogA nad ojtokeoS .H.S helo

iapmas 3191 nuhat nasitnirep asam irad namusukodnoG JKG harajes gnatnet isireb

aguj ini ukub ,uti nialeS .3102 nuhat nahaburep akimanid hagnet id asam nagned

cnem hokot utiay alabmeg arap hasik gnatnet nakatire - gnitnep narepreb gnay hokot

.namusukodnoG JKG nagnabmekrep malad

Ke tapme , ukub ajereG harajeS - awaJ netsirK ajereG gnayaB hawaB iD : -

8581 gnidneZ gnayaB - 8491 tokeoS .H.S helo .oj amiagab gnatnet isireb ini ukuB an

narabmag ualuP ,awaJ mala naadaek ,ayntakaraysam , nial nad - .nial naksalejiD

naidumek gnay ,awaJ id gnabmekreb nad kusam netsirK amaga anamiagab aguj

ajereG rihal - awaJ id netsirK ajereG .


8

eK amil ukub , ajereG - nad hubmuT gnay hineB :awaJ netsirK ajereG

kreB awaJ hanaT id gnabme . aynkusam alum lawa gnatnet nakatirecnem ini ukuB

amaga napudihek anamiagab gnatnet naksalejid aguj uti nialeS .awaJ id netsirK

.awaJ netsirK ajereG

eK mane , ludujreb gnay raalknE .H.I ukub ajereG harajeS i ukuB . isireb in

lawa gnatnet harajes G aggnih ajere pakgnel pukuc ini ukuB .ini taas ajereG

atirecnem nabmekrep nad ajereg harajes nak id nag .aynmalad

.F iroeT nasadnaL

gnay pesnok aparebeb ada ,ini nasilunep malaD gid pesnok utiay ,nakanu

harajes reG pesnok , ,aje k netsirK ajereG pesno , ad .sirotsih naijak n “ ataK harajeS ”

itra iaynupmem aisenodnI asahaB raseB sumaK turunem raneb gnay naidajek -

naidajek gnatnet naiaru uata nauhategnep nad uapmal asam adap idajret raneb

raneb gnay - uapmal asam adap idajret raneb 01 . esid barA asahab malad harajeS tub

nagned aguj ayS aj ar nut malaD .lusu lasa nad ,nanurutek ,nohop itrareb gnay

nagned amas harajes atak sirggnI asahab ,yrotsih nad nitaL asahab malad id nad

nagned tubesid inanuY .airotsih inkay inanuY asahab irad aynatak lasA rotsih uata

rotsi rareb gnay ulal asam iskurtnoker itrareb tapad aguj harajeS .iadnap gnaro it . 11

atak tahilid asib nagnidnabrep iagabeS etcihcseg gnay )namreJ asahab( itrareb

idajret halet gnay utauses . gnay ulal asam nakaracibmem harajes aynrasad adaP

jek nad ,)kinu( gnitnep paggnaid .ilak utas gnusgnalreb aynah uti naida

01 nagnabmegneP nad naanibmeP tasuP sumaK nusuyneP miT idneP nemetrapeD asahaB nad nakid

,naayadubeK aisenodnI asahaB raseB sumaK atrakaJ , : akatsuP ialaB , h ,0991 lm. .414 11 ,oyojiwotnuK ,harajeS umlI ratnagneP :atrakaygoY .71 .mlh ,5991 ,ayaduB gnetneB


9

ni ispirkS gnatnet sahabmem i harajes iracid ulrep akam ,ajereG haubes

nem kutnu ajereG ianegnem pesnok .ada halet gnay nahalasamrep bawaj ataK

“ ajereG ” irad lasareb asahab sigutroP utiay , ergI“ j ”a , ak irad lasareb gnay at

inanuY “ aiselkE ” ( akerem )nagnolog ,muak ,liggnapid gnay , yK r ekai gnay(

mid .)nahuT ikili k akaM “ ata G lasa amas ”ajere - su u atak itrepes aynl “ ”kreK

nad )adnaleB( ehcriK )namreJ( . 21 gnay gnaro nautukesrep nakapurem ajereG

ibmibid ,sutsirK malad nakutasrepid akerem haraiz malad suduK hoR helo gn

nakiapmasid kutnu natamalesek atraw amirenem halet nad apaB naajarek ujunem

naiskasek irebmem kutnu liggnapid atoggna paites nad aumeS .gnaro aumes ek

naupmamek nagned iauses aynlijnI nad sutsirK suseY gnatnet nad udek nakud ayn

gnisam - .gnisam 31

gnaro nautukesrep halai ajereG naitregnep ,raseb sirag araceS - gnaro

gnaro( ayacrep - suseY nahuT adapek ayacrep gnay nahuT nahilip nasubet gnaro

.)sutsirK 41 nautasek awhab ,ainud nautasek nagned nagnubuh ikilimem ajereG

tnic naka nami id iridnes ajereG nautasek hokok rasad nakapurem gnay hisak a

.suduK hoR malad 51 sasinagro utaus nakapurem ajereG ,uti nialeS ,i ,agabmel utaus

kah iaynupmem ajereG ,uti anerak helO .iridnes iridreb gnay mukuH nadaB utaus -

nabijawek nad kah - em atres nabijawek .iridnesret naayakek ikilim utaus iagabeS

,agabmel G atoggna anerak pudih tapad aynah ajere - ,pudih aguj aynatoggna

21 .P ,flodA ,J.S nekueH isnE ,ajereG gnatneT relupoP aidepolk atrakaygoY : suisinaK h ,6791 , l .m

.06 31 samohT v .dnE ned na anajeB malaD atraH :atrakaJ , ,nuhaT apnaT ,ailuM gnunuG KPB hl .m .7 41 P miT 57 natibrene ,namusukodnoG JKG nuhaT aS awaJ netsirK taameJ nuhaT 57 ekow rabm

,atrakaygoY namusukodnoG aJ netsirK ajereG silejaM :atrakaygoY rabmekowaS aw ,atrakaygoY namusukodnoG ,8891 hl .m 711 .

51 .amtariwanaB .B.J .takaraysaM nad ajereG .52 .laH .6891 ,suisinaK :atrakaygoY


01

idajnem gnay sutsirK adap gnutnagreb haltagnas aynatoggna napudihek nakgnades

.aynajereG alapeK

ned adebreb iridnes uti netsirK ajereG pesnoK .kilohtaK ajereG pesnok nag

gabmeL uata nadaB naajrekep irad lisah nakapurem netsirK ajereG a gnay gnidneZ

atoggna helo nakiridid uti gnidneZ agabmeL .aisenodnI id adareb uti taas adap irad

,hadabi atat ,naraja ,isidart nagned netsirK ajereG macam iagabreb rutkurts nad

adebreb gnay - .adeb halada akerem igab rasad idajnem gnay lah utas ,ipatet nakA

gnaro adap lijnI nakatirebmem kutnu tagnames - ,aynmumu adaP .imubirp gnaro

ajereG pesnok itrepes amas uti aisenodnI id naknalajid gnay netsirK ajereG pesnok

mel lasa .gnidnez agab

adebreb gnay naraja tunagnem iridnes uti netsirK ajereG - naraja utiay ,adeb

naraja ,)narehtuL( rehtuL naraja ,)deemrofereG uata demrofeR kopmolek( nivlaC

( yelseW tsidohteM .ayniagabes nad ,) kutnebret halet gnay netsirK ajereG

bmagnem naidumek aman li haread ,ajereg atoggna asgnab ukus nakrasadreb

ajereg iridreb tapmet irad aman libmagnem uata ,uti G .aynkudni ajere iagabeS

hotnoc ajereG ,aisenodnI netsirK ajereG ,)JKG( awaJ netsirK ajereG :nial aratna

)IBG( aisenodnI lehteB taK ajereG nakgnades , araces gnay ajereg nakapurem kiloh

t sigoloiselke anerak ,halasam iaynupmem kadi G idajnem halet tubesret ajere

gna amoR kilohtaK ajereG atog .

ada sirotsih naijak naitregneP irajalepmem kutnu ahasu hal , nem g ilag

atkaf - atkaf , nalupmisek nusuynem nad p ianegnem awitsire - .uapmal asam awitsirep

nad gnarakes asam kutnu nahab nakidajid tapad tubesret uapmal asam naumeT

sirotsih naijak malaD .gnatad naka gnay awitsirep naklamarem niales nakanugid

,harajes naitilenep malad tapad aguj nakanugid tilenem kutnu gnabmekrep i na


11

nakididnep metsis ,mulukiruk , nad nahab iagabes edoirep ek edoirep irad naialinep

.gnatadnem asam kutnu 61

.G doteM e naitileneP

uata ilaggnem kutnu iridnes edotem uata ajrek arac ikilimem umli paiteS

ac haubes nakapurem edoteM .ikikah nad naranebek iracnem nakanugid gnay ar

gnay halasam nahacemep irad nabawaJ .nahalasamrep nakhacemem kutnu

edotem ,harajes umli malaD .fitkeybo naranebek iapacnem surah helorepid

iulalem surah harajes edotem aynmumU .harajes edotem nagned tubesid naitilenep

kaf naijugnep sesorp .ulal asam awitsirep sitirk araces naasilanagnep atres at

d otnasuS otoN ohorguN tapadnep turuneM harajes naitilenep edotem malad i

utiay ,iulalid surah gnay pahat tapme tapadret

.1 naulrepek kutnu naveler gnay atad nalupmugnep sesorp utiay ,kitsirueH kejbus .itiletid gnay

.2 kadit uata raneb uti atad hakapa ikidileynem utiay ,harajes kitirK .

.3 irad nagnubuhreb gnilas nad ankam nakpatenem utiay ,isaterpretnI .helorepid halet gnay atkaf iagabreb

.4 )ifargoirotsiH( harajes nasiluneP , nahasignep uata narabmag nakapurem nad helorepid gnay atad nakrasadreb ,awitsirep natutnur utaus ilabmek

.aynnaranebek ijuid 71

napahat amil ada harajes naitilenep malad awhab nakatagnem oyojiwotnuK

nad ,isaterpretni ,isakifirev ,kitsirueh ,kipot nahilimep utiay ,iulalid surah gnay

goitsih .ifar 81 hakgnal icnir hibel araceS - ini silunep nakanugid gnay hakgnal

:tukireb iagabes nakrabajid

61 ,anajduS anaN ,nakididneP naialineP nad naitileneP gnudnaB : h ,9891 ,uraB raniS l .m 18 . 71 otoN ohorguN S ,otnasu H takeka ,harajeS edoteM nad harajeS atrakaJ : natakgnA harajeS tasuP

lh ,4691 ,atajnesreB .m 22 - 32 . 81 ,namharudbA gnuduD ,harajeS naitileneP igolodoteM rA:atrakaygoY - lah ,7002 ,aideM ssuR

.09


21

.1 kipot nahilimeP

malad nakitahrepid surah gnay lah aparebeb ada oyojiwotnuK turuneM

acner nad ,lautkeletni natakedek ,lanoisome natakedek utiay ,kipot nahilimep an

naaynatrep nauca iakamem tapad itilenep ,naitilenep sesorp malaD .naitilenep -

)a nagned natiakreb gnay naaynatrep erehw gnay anam haread adap kujnunem ,

)b ,naitilenep kejbo idajnem nehw )c ,hilipid gnay utkaw adap kujnunem , ohw ,

ajas apais adap kujnunem id tabilret gnay apa adap kujnunem ,tahw )d ,aynmalad

em ,yhw )e ,ukalep helo nakukalid gnay n ukalep apagnem naaynatrep adap kujnu

aynidajret anamiagab naynatrep adap kujnunem ,woh )f ,uti nataubrep nakukalem

.uti awitsirep 91

harajes nasiluneP lid ini ajereg aynada anerak itilenep helo nakuka

harajeS kipot nagned itilenep lautkeletni natakedek nad lanoisome natakedek

3191 nuhat irad atrakaygoY namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG - utaus( 2491

ut gnay itilenep irad tahilid tapad lanoisome natakedeK .)sirotsih naijak raseb hubm

id ajereG harajes silunem kiratret itilenep taubmem ini lah ,netsirK nagnukgnil

etsirK natakedeK .namusukodnoG awaJ n i silunep irad tahilid tapad lautkeletn

aguj ajereg harajeS .netsirK amaga ianegnem ukub acabmem gnires gnay

ailuk atam nakapurem atanaS satisrevinU id naktapad silunep gnay bijaw h

utnabmem tapad silunep nauhategnep nakparahid naikimed nagneD .amrahD

.awaJ netsirK ajereG harajes salugnem

91 ,oyojiwotnuK atrakayoY ,harajeS umlI ratnagneP duB gnetnaB nasayaY : .29 lah ,5991 ,aya


31

.2 )kitsirueH( atad nalupmugnep edoteM

halsurah ini harajes nasilunep malad nakanugid gnay ataD ,aynada raneb

nagned atad nakupmugnem silunep ,uti anerak helO .asayakerid kadit aynduskam

:nakukalem

.a lupmugnem nagned utiay ,akatsuP idutS nak atad - nemukod irad atad

nialeS .naitilenep nagned nagnubuhreb gnay awaJ netsirK ajereg kilim

em aguj silunep ,uti gnay kipot nagned naveler gnay ukub nakanuggn

.nakujaid

.b ,aracnawaW arac nagned nasil araces atad nalupmugnep utiay

gnaro nagned bawaj aynat nakukalem - gnay gnaro kipot nagned tiakret

naitilenep tegrat uluhad hibelret nakutnenem silunep aracnawaw malaD

gnay id naka aracnawaw i naktapadnem kutnu halada aynnaujuT .

gnay isamrofni gnay taruka .itilenep helo nakhutubid

.3 isakifireV

rebmus haleteS - hakgnal akam ,naklupmukid nakulrepid gnay rebmus

rad naujuT .isakifirev uata rebmus sata kitirk nakukalem halada ayntukireb kitirk i

kutnu uata isamrofni naranebek iuhategnem kutnu halada nakukalid gnay rebmus

,macam aud irad iridret rebmus kitirK .aynsatilibiderk nad satisitneto ijugnem

nretni kitirk nad rebmus nailsaek ijugnem kutnu anugreb gnay nretske kitirk utiay

ugid gnay .rebmus haubes irad nahasbaek naktapadnem kutnu nakan 02 nretni kitirK

tubesret atad raga atad utaus irad naranebek ialin helorepmem kutnu nakanugid

iagabreb nakgnidnabmem arac nagned nakukalid nretni kitirK .ayacrepid tapad

02 ,dibI .101 lah


41

nay atad naktapadnem kutnu rebmus kitirk adap nakgnadeS .pakgnel nad salej g

naijugnep nretske naka gnay nemukod malad atad itilenem nagned nakukalid

.ayniagabes nial nad ,aynnasilunep karoc ,asahab naiakamep iulalem ,nakanugid

.4 )narisfanep( isaterpretnI

gabes nakismusaid tapad isaterpretnI gnilas nad ankam napatenep ia

natiakretek aratna utaus nakapurem isaterpretnI .helorepid gnay atkaf iagabreb

atkaf nakrisfanem malad silunep helo hupmetid gnay hakgnal - halet gnay atkaf

kaf utaus naklisahgnem tapad ayapus rebmus sisilanagnem kutnu nad ijuid gnay at

kokop nataigek aud tapadret isaterpretni malaD .ayacrepid tapad aynnaranebek

atad )nakutaynem( sisetnis nad )nakiarugnem( sisalana utiay ,iulalid surah gnay

atkaf uata - .naklupmukid halet gnay atkaf 12

laD lana ,ini isaterpretni pahat ma i nay rebmus sis kutnu aguj nakukalid g

aynutnet harajes nasiluneP .harajes nasilunep malad satifitkeybus ignarugnem

,awij irad huragnep aynada itrepes ,satifitkeybus rusnu irad sapel tapad kadit

ipukgnilem gnay amaga nad ,laisos nagnukgnil ,nakididnep ,naayadubek

nsilunep .ay 22 .naklisahid gnay harajes nasilut adap kapmat naka tubesret huragneP

.5 natakedneP

.natakednep nautnenep halada ini nasilunep malad rihkaret gnay hakgnaL

nep malad natakednep naitregneP kip alop halada harajes naitile i arac uata r

ahret silunep irad gnadnap tudus irad harajes awitsirep uata naidajek utaus pad

nawarajes uata silunep gnadnap arac iagabes nakulrepid natakedneP .utnetret

12 otnasuS otoN ohorguN harajeS edoteM nad harajeS takekaH , nataknA harajeS tasuP:atrakaJ ,

22 lah ,4691 ,atajnesreB - .32 22 ,ojdridotraK onotraS harajeS iglodoteM malaD laisoS umlI natakedneP aidemarG:atrakaJ ,

matU akatsuP .27 lah 2991 ,a


51

utnabmem naka natakedneP .naidajek uata awitsirep utaus gnadnamem kutnu

ay anam laisos umli iagabreb nakutnenem malad nawarajes nad nakanugid ulrep gn

isnemid - idajnem natakedneP .nasilunep malad nakpakgnuid tapet gnay isnemid

harajes nasilunep lisah anerak ,harajes nasilunep igab gnitnep tagnas gnay lah utas

.iakapid gnay natakednep sinej helo nakutnetid tagnas kiab gnay

atakedneP natakednep halada silunep helo iakapid gnay n sirotsih nad

sigoloisos . sirotsih natakednep iulaleM lah nakiarugnem naka silunep - gnay lah

aygoY id namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG ayniridreb ignakalebratalem .atrak

isos natakednep iulaleM sigolo agnem silunep asilan ajereg malad laisos nagnubuh

lek kiab ,malad ek nupuam rau JKG nagnabmekrep irad laisos kapmad nad

.ratikes takaraysam padahret atrakaygoY namusukodnoG

.H nasiluneP akitametsiS

ini ispirks ianegnem huruleynem araces narabmag naktapadnem kutnU

sis akam :tukireb iagabes halada aynnasilunep akitamet

.I BAB ,halasam nasumur ,halasam gnakaleb ratal :irad iridret nauluhadneP

edotem ,iroet nasadnal ,akatsup nauajnit ,naitilenep taafnam ,naitilenep naujut

.nasilunep akitametsis atres natakednep nad ,naitilenep

.II BAB .namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG ayniridreb gnakaleb rataL

ianegnem sahabmeM mulebes namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG naasawednep

.atrakaygoY id netsirK ajereg kudni idajnem gnay

.III BAB ianegnem nakrapameM harajes awaJ netsirK ajereG

amusukodnoG 3191 nuhat irad n - .2491 p nad harajeS gnabmekre duskamid gnay na


61

namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG nasitnirep asam lawa irad nanalajrep utiay

nad rotkaf - rotkaf ajereG nanalajrep tabmahgnem nad gnorodnem gnay .

.VI BAB ianegnem naksalejid ini bab adaP nagnubuh nad ajereg

nad ,natahesek ,ayadub ,laisos kepsa itrepes ,rotkaf iagabreb malad takaraysam

ianegnem naksalejid aguj ini bab adaP .nakididnep d kapmad ira netsirK ajereG

.namusukodnoG ratikes takaraysam napudihek padahret namusukodnoG awaJ

em tubesret kapmaD ,laisos itrepes ,takaraysam napudihek kepsa iagabreb itupil

nakididnep nad ,natahesek ,ayadub .

.V BAB gnay nahalasamrep sata nabawaj utaus nakapurem nalupmiseK

halet gnay atkaf aguj nad atad iagabreb nakrasadreb sisilanaid nad nakiaruid halet

tapad silunep .naitilenep nakadagnem silunep amales nak


71

II BAB

AWAJ NETSIRK AJEREG AYNIRIDREB GNAKALEB RATAL

NAMUSUKODNOG

.A aynkusaM id lijnI ayngnabmekreB nad atrakaygoY

.1 hcardaS iayK helO netsirK amagA narabeyneP

muak irad ajrek lisah gnamem awaJ id gnabmekreb gnay netsirK amagA

id lijnI nakatirebmem gnay mawa iridnes atrakaygoY iD .awaJ takaraysam

p kadit lijnI narabake irad sapelret narep iayK amanreb gnay hokot gnaroes

.hcardaS nagned umetreb ai naidumek gnay ,umli iracnem gnay gnaroes halada aI

nad gnuluW luggnuT iayK haleteS .netsirK idajnem naidumek ai iayK utnabmem

idumek ai ,gnuluW luggnuT egaB ek hadnip kutnu naksutumem na ojerowruP ,nel

raseb lidna iaynupmem hcardaS iayK ojerowruP iD .shpilihP .yN utnabmem kutnu

.netsirK amaga narabeynep malad ased id lijnI nakatirebmem aI - gnay ased

uleb gnay licnepret .netsirK naraja hutnesret m

lijnI nakiapmaynem hcardaS iayK ,iridnes aynarac nagned ,inareb nagned

umli kuda rupmacnem nagned utiay - .lijnI narabakep malad id awaJ umli 32 I a

nagned nakiausesid tapad ini nalaj nagned tapadnepreb areles uata naadaek

ayacrepek gnaro na - ini laH .lijnI amirenem tapad akerem aggnihes awaJ gnaro

id gnay kaynab ,lisahreb gnamem iagabes sutsirK suseY amirenem akerem aratna

uruJ gnaS S .akerem tamale suret lijnI narabakep nakukalid gnay lijnI narabakeP

nad lageT ,samuynaB ,aggnih saulem .nagnolakeP

32 .I ,pW otnamuS id lijnI narabakeP harajeS kababeS :naranebeK iracneP gnaroeS hcardaS iayK

,hagneT awaJ 42.lah ,4791 ,ailuM gnunuG KPB:atrakaJ


81

.2 atrakaygoY id lijnI aynkusaM

kusaM ayn a ,igal gnudnebid tapad kadit hadus atrakaygoY ek lijnI nupad

tibib - atrakaygoY nanatluseK haread id nakrubatid gnay netsirK amaga tibib

ased id idajret aynilak amatrep kutnu netsirK taamej aynhubmut aggnih

arik heroneM nagnunugep id nakokgnarP - .hulagimaS natales halebes arik 42

gnaro irad netsirK amaga naraja helorepmem nakokgnarP ased kududneP - gnaro

ojerowruP ,uluB nad koleJ ased irad lasareb gnay netsirK lijnI naajrekep irad lisah ,

S iayK helo nakukalid gnay hcarda gnarO . - ini nakokgnarP ased irad gnaro

uruJ gnaS gnatnet nad urab amaga lah nakatirecnem S aynlucnuM .tamale

d taamej kopmolek aynhubmut taubmem uti narabagnep gnay gnuganobeK i

katelret ipet id ,ogorP iagnus atrakaygoY ,namelS ,riggniM ,oyluM gnadneS .

risisep haread iD s nad gnoleS ased ikusamem netsirK amaga ,natale

arik atrakaygoY ,ogorP noluK ,nomeT - ini ased audek iraD .5881 nuhat ialum arik

.atrakaygoY atok ikusamem rumiT hara ek gnabmekreb netsirK amaga naraja 52

adumep gnaroeS .6881 nuhat adap iridnes atrakaygoY ek kusam netsirK amagA

sahreb halet gnoleS ased irad lasareb gnay hayilE amanreb gnaroes lukgnarem li

irad ucuc p naregna irad utiay sutsirK suseY tukignep idajnem gnay malA ukaP

otoN oromsahoyruS saM nedaR .onurat 62 uaileB adap sitpab adnat amirenem

uP atok id 6881 ieM 03 laggnat rwo hisam atrakaygoY id uti taas adap anerak ,ojer

.nasitpabmep naanaskalep kutnu nagnaral ada ased id imubirp kududneP

42 miT namusukodnoG JKG nuhaT 57 natibreneP , taameJ nuhaT 57 ajereG awaJ netsirK

atrakaygoY namusukodnoG rabmekowaS , rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG silejaM :atrakaygoY ,8891 ,atrakaygoY namusukodnoG hl .m 51 .

52 ,keebretloW .D.J awaJ ualuP id gnidneZ dabaB kaygoY , atra : netsirK akatsuP namaT h ,5991 , lm . .18

62 , .dibI hl .m 18 .


91

ikak nalajreb surah aguj nomeT nupuam ,gnoleS ased ,nakokgnarP atok ek

uP rwo ojer nasitpabmep nakukalem kutnu .

s ,uti nahalasamrep tahileM bocaJ atednep ,adnaleB atednep gnaroe

ilakreb hadus imubirp adapek hisak asar nad itapmis iaynupmem gnay mlehliW -

tnimem atedneP .kaaB nav .J nediseR adapek nanohomrep nakujagnem ilak raga a

haread id amaturet ,atrakaygoY haread id nasitbabmep inayalem naknanekrepid

.kalotid ulales uti nanohomrep ipatet ,gnoleS ased nad nakokgnarP ased uraB

J utiay atrakaygoY nediser haletes . urab nediser gnaroes helo itnagid kaaB nav

elluM amanreb gnay lusu ,retsiem - mlehliW bocaJ atednep nanohomrep nad lusu

hakapa nagned natiakreb tubesret naaskiremeP .igal askirepid nad itiletid idat

gnaro napudihek nad atrakaygoY id netsirK amaga nagnabmegnep raneb - gnaro

habmem kadit netsirK amagareb hadus gnay imubirp haread hatniremep nakaya

haread id netsirK tamu awhab nakitkubmem aynnaitilenep lisaH .atrakaygoY

.nakayahabmem nad nakhaserem kadit atrakaygoY

nizi tapadnem bocaJ atednep imser araces ,1981 iraunaJ 12 laggnat adaP

fitka kutnu ,atrakaygoY hareaD hatniremep nad tasup hatniremep irad

nanatluseK haread id sitpab nemarkas nakanaskalem nad lijni nakgnabmegnem

,tubesret nizi aynraulek nagneD .atrakaygoY ahasu akam - kutnu ahasu

nagnabmegnep I rabel akubret hadus atrakaygoY haread id sutsirK lijn . ahasU -

mawa muak nakukalid gnay lijnI narabakep ahasu helo naktujnalid naidumek

.lainolok hatniremep helo gnidnez kitilop nakparetid gniries ,gnidnez


02

.B ayniridreB allenorteP tikaS hamuR

.1 atrakaygoY ek reruehcS .G.J nagnatadeK

2981 nuhat naalumrep adaP , tikaynep gnaresret mehliW bocaJ atednep

uaileb 2981 teraM 3 laggnat adap nad ,gnolotret kadit aggnih harap gnay airalam

nahuT liggnapid adum gnalibret gnay rumu nagned nuhat 73 utiay , . ini naidajeK

akus nad ,nuket ,rabas gnay lijnigneP aganet gnaroes nagnalihek .N.K.G taubmem

.imubirp nagned taked nad ,nakhutubmem gnay nupapais gnolonem

naidumek nuhates ,amal gnusgnalreb kadit uti nagnosokeK .V.Z.G.N

( lredeN sgnidneZ edreemrofereG ehcsdna )gnigineereV nakumenem tapad

adum lijnigneP aguj nad retkod gnaroes utiay ,satnap asarid gnay aynitnaggnep

nad ujutes haleteS .reruehcS tirreG naJ amanreb saul nagnadnapreb nad fitka gnay

adnaleB aidniH id naksagutid aidesreb ek nakmirikid uaileb areges nagned akam ,

P tirreG naJ retkod aynhilipiD .3981 rebmeseD 31 laggnat adap abit nad ojerewru

tnet reruehcS nagned nakgnabmitrepid hadus u .gnatam hadus uti taas adaP

aguj nakhutubid ,lijnigneP iagabes sagut awhab ulrep gnadnapid gnaroes aynada

nad tikas atirednem kaynab gnay imubirp kududnep gnolonem tapad gnay

naJ retkod helo nabmeid gnay sagut idaJ .sidem araces nagnolotrep nakhutubmem

id niales ,tareb haltagnas reruehcS tirreG sagutreb aguj uaileb nainahorek gnadib

id ek gnadib .nainamsaj

erewruP ek gnatad reruehcS .G.J haleteS id aladnek imalagnem uaileb ,oj

haleteS .imubirp kududnep nagned isakinumokreb tilus aggnihes asahab gnadib

ek hadnip kutnu naksutumem uaileb aynrihka gnatam gnay nagnabmitrep iulalem

)atrakaruS( alaS atok nagned awaJ asahab rajaleb tapad ayapus duskam nagned

tasup iagabes aynpaggnaid alaS atok babes ,kiab ret gnay awaJ naayadubek lanek .


12

aguj uaileb ,alaS atok id awaJ asahab rajaleb amaleS ,tikas gnaro itabognem

alaS atok iD .”gnulut retkod“ natubes nagned lanekid aggnihes tapad kadit uaileb

I nakrabagnem .nagnaral ada hisam anerak ,lijn

dis nakadaid gnades adnaleB id 3981 nuhat adaP S gna aratna gnay edoni

gut naigabmep ianegnem sahabmem nial aisenodnI id gnidneZ naajrekep sa malaD .

aisenodnI id gnidneZ naajrekep awhab naksutupid halet uti edoniS gnadis

naajrekep idajnem igal nakub nad taamej nabijawek sagut idajnem aynsurahes

naatirebmep naajrekep sagut aumes ,uti babes helO ..V.Z.G.N agabmel id lijnI

.taamej adapek nakharesid atrakaygoY nad nataleS hagneT awaJ haread nupadA

haread id bawaj gnuggnat lukimem kutnu hilipid gnay dreemrofereG taamej

nad madretsmA dreemrofereG taamej halai ,namusukodnoG kusamret atrakaygoY

lum ukalreb aynnaanaskalep .4981 inuJ 1 laggnat ia 72

t adaP uaileb ,atrakaygoY ek hadnip reruehcS .G.J 7981 teraM 71 laggna

.aynnamaidek tapmet iagabes naratniB gnupmak hilimem ini naratniB gnupmak iD

hagnet id sutsirK lijnI nakatirebmem aynsagut ialumem uaileb - kududnep hagnet

mubirp .i nanugnab haubes nakiridnem uaileb ,tubesret aynhamur halebes iD

gnes nakanuggnem aynpata nad ubmab irad taubret ayngnidnid gnay anahredes

itabognem kutnu kinilk iagabes nakduskamid tubesret nanugnaB .gnabmolegreb

gnaro - gnaro .tikas nuket nad rabas nagned reruehcS .G.J retkod ,aguj uti tapmet iD

taya nakacabmem - mulebes neisap arap adapek nakgnarenem nad batiklA taya

.itaboid akerem

72 .dibI , lh m . 183


22

helo utnabid reruehcS .G.J retkod ,uti aynnaajrekep naknalajnem malaD

kapab utiay ,imubirp gnaro tapme kapab ,ojerowruP irad aynawabid gnay maroY

leumaS kapab ,alaS irad lasareb gnay oyibmaS , .adailE kapab nad gnupmak iD

nakuluj tapadnem reruehcS retkod ,ini naratniB alaS atok id itrepes amas gnay

.”gnuluT retkoD“ utiay

.2 allenorteP tikaS hamuR nanugnabmeP

U nikam natahesek gnadib malad reruehcS retkod helo nakukalid gnay ahas

gnaro nad gnabmekreb nikam irah - taboreb kutnu aynadapek gnatad gnay gnaro

.kaynab nikames kutnu uaileb nanigniek hallubmit ,tubesret naadaek tahileM

es gnay tikas hamur haubes nakiridnem .ujam hibel nad aynraneb ini laH

haburep irad sapelret kat aynranebes nakukalid gnay igetarts na kutnu gnidnez

takaraysam nakisasinetsirkgnem ek hamur irad lijnI nakrabagnem itupilem gnay

ukub narabeynep atres natahesek nad nakididnep nanayalep ,hamur - ukub naacab

takaraysam ek netsirK lebes gnay netsirK narajA . arap helo nakatirebid aynmu

.batiklA nagned nagnatnetreb nad ,newajek umli naraja nagned rupmacreb mawa

surah gnidnez uti babes helO u takaraysam itah tuberem asib naraja amirenem kutn

ses gnay netsirK batiklA nagned iau awab akerem gnay .

tikas hamur aynadA nakduskamid ayapus tubesret tikas hamur tapad

gnaro gnupmanem - nay gnaro suires araces tawarid ulrep nad harap tikas g nad ,

lijnI narabakep nakirebid . rabeynem tapad lijnI narabakep ini arac nagned utneT

.saul nasagaG tikas hamur aynnugnabid adapek nakiapmasid naidumek uti

.atrakaygoY nanatlusek haread hatniremep nad tasup hatniremep tagnas aynlisaH

sop napaggnat tapadnem anerak naksaumem irS nakhab fiti ukgnemaH natluS

IIV onowuB kutnu saul tagnas gnay nanatlusaK kilim hanat nakaideynem


32

.tikas hamur gnudeg nairidnep 82 nanatlusaK awhab nakitkubmem ini laH

atrakaygoY .atrakaygoY id gnidnez nataigek gnukudnem gnay nanatlusek hanaT

gnupmak id katelret uti tikas hamur nairidnep anacner kutnu nakaidesid

.namusukodnoG

pukuc asarid napaisrep aumes haduseS nupuam nanijirep kiab

.tubesret tikas hamur nairidnep naajrekep ialumid areges akam ,aynnaayaibmep

ab nakateleP helo nakukalid ,9981 ieM 02 laggnat adap nakanaskalid amatrep ut

ikal kana utas halas - tikas hamur nanugnabmep nad naajrekeP .reruehcS retkod ikal

.ruutS .A utiay ilha gnaroes helo nipmipid tubesret uti tikas hamur nanugnabmeP

utkaw malad nakiaselesid tapad teraM 1 laggnat adap aggnihes ,nalub hulupes

urab tikas hamur naakubmep nad naimserep 0091 sgnidneZ aman irebid gnay

allenorteP laatipsoH 92 nup nakgnusgnalid tapad . aynab tikas hamur ajrekep araP k

awaJ gnaro aparebeb nad adnaleB gnaro tapadret neokideoS nedaR ,adailE itrepes

nad ,miharbI malaK ,adaseohamraD oirt nawsaW . 03 irad lasareb gnay adailE

narabakep malad atednep ignipmadnem gnay lijnI urug iagabes sagutreb nomeT

retkod neisap halada adaseohamraD neokideoS nedaR .tikas hamur id lijnI

ehcS id rajnelek nakakgnebmep atirednem gnay reru ai hubmes haletes ,aynrehel

irad kana namsaW oirT .allenorteP tikaS hamuR id tawarep idajnem naidumek

.tikas hamur id tawarep idajnem naidumek gnay ,nomeT id lijnI urug

82 ,.dibI .mlh .532 92 aid iridnes ”allenorteP“ ,inairdA nedroveoC nav atednep irtsi aman irad libm anad gnabmuynep

.tikas hamur nanugnabmep kutnu 03 & ojtokeoS ,onotrahdiW seogA 001:napudiheK gnareT nad maraG idajneM JKG nuhat

3191 namusukodnoG - ,3102 rK akatsuP namaT :atrakaygoY .mlh ,3102 ,netsi .23


42

.C P naasawedeK ujuneM namusukodnoG nahtnapa

.1 namusukodnoG nahtnapaP aynkutnebreT

taubmem namusukodnoG gnupmak id allenorteP tikas hamur ayniridreB

hamur id ajrekeb gnay netsirK agraulek aparebeb helo inuhid tubesret gnupmak

.uti tikas agraulek kaynab nikameS - d laggnit tapmetreb gnay netsirK agraulek i

kopmolek haubes idajnem nupmihreb akerem taubmem namusukodnoG gnupmak

.nahtnaP narupmac hisam uti nahtnaP agraw nad atoggnA gnaro ada utiay ,

aohgnoihT ,adnaleB .imubirp gnaro nad , uti utkaw adap atrakaygoY id nupualaW

gnay netsirK taamej haubes ada muleb tamu naadarebek ipatet ,nakasawedid

nahtnaP kopmolek idajnem nupmihreb gnay namsukodnoG gnupmak id netsirK

.9981 nuhat ialum atrakaygoY haread hatniremep helo iuhatekid nad iukaid hadus

ilawaid ,atrakaygoY atok id nakididnep rulaj iulalem lijnI narabakeP

naktapmenem nagned ,urabatoK haread id halokes naakubmep nagned misaK

urug iagabes sumiforT gnay helo mirikid .sD .L esnaairdA nasutu atednep gnaroes ,

NGKZ an nagned lanekret uti halokeS . am noL - noj 13 nikames ini halokes ,

taukrepmem atrakaygoY id lijnI narabakep . nagned itukiid uti nagnabmekreP

.nahtnap taamej nagnabmekrep id netsirK tamu nahtnaP uata licek taameJ

id aynkudni taamej irad naigab idajnem aynsutats tubesret namusukodnoG

dretsmA ,uti babes helO .madretsmA id deemrofereG netsirK taamej utiay ma

ajrek nad tare gnay nagnubuh nad madretsmA id kudni taamej aratna amas

nilajret patet uti taas adap atrakaygoY namusukodnoG id netsirK tamu nanupmih

.kiab nagned

13 ,loohcS gnoJ sdnaL na kutnu rasaD halokeS ak- .imubirp kana


52

,raseB ahaM gnaY nahuT harguna nad suduK hoR nagnibmib takreB

nad gnabmekreb tapad atrakaygoY namusukodnoG id netsirK tamu kopmolek

.aynhalmuj habmatreb allenorteP netsirK tikas hamur aynada nakanerakid ini laH

ayapu nad - J atednep helo nakukalid gnay ayapu atreseb reruehcS .G. arap

leumaS kapaB ,oyibmaS kapaB ,maroY kapaB utiay aynutnabmep , kapaB nad

hagnet id sutsirK lijnI nakatirebmem nuket gnay adailE - .imubirp kududnep hagnet

amaga naraja lanegnem aynrihka gnay imubirp kududnep irad kaynab ,aynlisaH

tsirK ne ratikes id takaraysam nupuam tikas hamur neisap makapurem gnay kiab ,

.tikas hamur

.2 ayniridreB nad namsukodnoG ek nawZ suilenroC atedneP aynsutuiD

ajereG

id netsirK tamu nagnabmekrep nad naujamek aynada tahileM

nad nagnitnepek imed akam ,namusukodnoG ahorek napudihek naanibmep ,nain

madretsmA id kudni taamej gnay adum atednep gnaroes mirignem naidumek

adum atedneP .namusukodnoG id sagut nakukalem kutnu kococ paggnaid gnilap

ubesret laggnat adap atrakaygoY id abit uaileb ,naawZ suilenroC atednep halai t 71

netsirK taamej helo sutuid gnay amatrep atednep nakapurem nad ,0091 rebotkO

abiteS .atrakaygoY namusukodnoG id inayalem kutnu madretsmA id deemrofereG

atrakaygoY id , gut nakanaskalem asib muleb uaileb asib muleb anerak aynsa

eteS .awaJ asahab nakanuggnem irajalepmem nijar nad nuket nagned rajaleb hal

riham uaileb aynrihka ,adailE kapaB nagnibmib nagned awaJ asahab

.awaJ asahab nakanuggnem naawZ suilenroC atednep awaJ asahab riham haleteS

p kududnep nagned isakinumokreb hadum hibel r .imubi


62

D 22 laggnat adaP imalagnem namusukodnoG netsirK tamu 1091 rebmese

awitsirep ,nakaribmeggnem tagnas gnay k kutnu tubesret laggnat adap anera

.suduk naumajrep inayalid tapad namusukodnoG netsirK tamu aynilak amatrep

dahid nad naawZ silenroC atednep helo inayalid ini naumajreP agraw 52 helo iri

ini awitsireP .aohgnoiT tamu 3 nad imubirp tamu 22 irad iridret gnay netsirK

.namusukodnoG netsirK tamu napudihek igab gnitnep tagnas gnay lah nakapurem

id netsirK tamu ,4091 nuhat adap igal idajret nakaribmegnem awitsireP

m namusukodnoG guna tapadne e tamu uti nuhat adap anerak ,nahuT irad har

iridnes aynajereg gnudeg ikilimem aynilak amatrep kutnu namusodnoG netsirK

.igal allenorteP kinilk id gnapmunem ulrep kadit nad 23 ay urab gnudeG iakapid gn

“ nakamanid tubesret ,naikimed nakamaniD .”namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG

uti ajereg gnudeG .namusukodnoG nalaj ipet id aynkatel anerak nugnabid

padahreb - napadah pukuc aynnagnaur nad allenorteP tikas hamur skelpmok nagned

ek gnujnugnep gnaro 003 ratikes taumem tapad nad saul .naitkab gnay urab taameJ

satifitka irad nakaynabek gnatad .allenorteP tikaS hamuR nalijnignep

gnamem ajereG utas malad aporE nad ,aohgnoiT ,awaJ sintE aynadA

nimajret aynhunepes muleb ini naamasrebek ayngnayaS .naamasrebek nakrihalem

ad awaJ sintE aratna ay nagned utas asib kadit nad ,aporE n tahilret ini laH .nial gn

i irad skalid gnay ,uggniM irah adap nakanaskalid gnay hadab a nad igap adap nakan

naitkabek audek iridahgnem nad itukignem nakbijawid ajereG agraw aumeS .eros

ni naitkabek audek anerak ,tubesret .ipakgnelem gnilas i

23 namusukodnoG JKG nuhaT 57 natibreneP miT , taameJ nuhaT 57 ajereG awaJ netsirK

atrakaygoY namusukodnoG rabmekowaS , :atrakaygoY rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG silejaMatrakaygoY namusukodnoG ,8891 , lh .m 92 .


72

anamiagabes ,nasep nad harajes gnatnet naknakenem ,irah igap id hadabI

ajereg isidart dreemrofereG isi gnatnet namahamep aynlakgnad hisam tagnigneM .

.habtohk isi imahamem nad pakgnanem asib gnujnugnep aumes kadit ,batikla

tohk igalapA pukuc nakididnepreb gnay adnaleB atednep helo nakiapmasid ini hab

tilusrepid ini naadaek nad ,iggnit aynhunepes muleb adnaleB atednep arap igal

.awaJ asahab iasugnem

aynat aynada nikgnum kadit uggniM irah naitkabek araca malad aneraK

nakadaid aynraulek nalaj akam ,taamej nagned habtohkgnep aratna bawaj

habtohk isi sahabmem kutnu ,salej tagnas aynnaujuT .irah eros adap naitkabek

eg agraw helo itregnemid gnaruk gnay igap tagnas lijnI uruG naridaheK .ajer

malad gnitnep narepreb nep iagabes utiay ini naitkabek tagnas ini araC .hamejre

.icuS batiK isi gnatnet ajereg agraw nauhategnep naktakgninem kutnu fitkefe

taamej agraw halmuJ nuhat adap iapmas atrakaygoY nahtnapeP nem 0191 iapac

.gnaro 243

.3 nahtnapaP nakasawediD namusukodnoG

id kudni ajereG akam ,tasep nikames gnay taamej nahubmutrep gnirieS

ayntaas hadus gnadnamem sdnalredeN atrakaygoY nahtnapap .nakasawedid

dnalredeN ni nekreK edreemrofereG )NKG( idumek kudni ajereG ukales na

naasawednep anacner nusuynem kutnu nawZ suilenroC atednep naksagunem

malad ek nawZ suilenroC atednep malad sahabid naidumek ini anacneR .tubesret

atednep nagnadisrep - es NKGZ nasutu atednep - .nataleS hagneT awaJ 33

33 ,onotrahdiW seogA & ojtokeoS 001:napudiheK gnareT nad maraG idajneM JKG nuhat

3191 namusukodnoG - ,3102 maT :atrakaygoY 13 lah ,3102 ,netsirK akatsuP na .


82

nagnujnuk tapadnem namusukodnoG taamej ,3191 iluJ 92 laggnat adaP

arap irad rotatisiv kjiD nav .K atednep irad iridret .A atednep nad nemubeK irad

.gnalegaM irad nijilekraM 43 nad itilenem kutnu halada ini nagnujnuk irad duskaM

netsirK tamu hakapa askiremem idajnem kutnu gnatam hadus namusukodnoG

naaskiremep nad naitilenep lisaH .iridnes iridreb nad asawed gnay taameJ haubes

aguj madretsmA id kudni taamej aggnihes ,naksaumem ataynret iujuteynem tagnas

alibapa nahtnapap ( nakasawedid areges tapad namusukodnoG g dreeutitsnie )

haleteS .iridnes aynnataukek sata iridreb nad asawed gnay taameJ haubes idajnem

sisalk gnadis malad sahabid ini naasawednep nalaosrep araces gnanewreb gnay

nagnabmitrep nagned saul - nasutupek irad lisah nad ,gnitnep gnay nagnabmitrep

akpatetid gnay taamej idajnem nakasawedid naka namusukodnoG taamej awhab n

.3191 rebmevoN 32 laggnat adap asawed

netsirK taamej 3191 rebmevoN 32 laggnat adap ayntujnaleS

namusukodnoG nagned iauses nakasawedid sisalk gnadis malad nasutupek . taameJ

netsirK iridnes aynsilejam iaynupmem helob nakasawedid haletes namusukodnoG

taamej agajnem nad anibmem ,rutagnem kutnu bawajgnuggnat irebid gnay

tapad suret namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK taamej napudihek raga namusukodnoG

.gnabmekreb

43 dibI ,. 33.mlh .


92

III BAB

HARAJES AJEREG RAD NAMUSUKODNOG AWAJ NETSIRK NUHAT I

3191 - 2491

.A P re edoi 3191 nuhaT - 6291

.1 lawA asaM ajereG namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK

nakasawedid haleteS 3191 rebmevoN 32 laggnat adap , ajereG netsirK awaJ

sukodnoG u urab kabab ikusamem ialum nam k malad uM .ayntaamej napudihe ial

uti taas ajereG awaJ netsirK ,rutagnem ,anibmem asib hadus surah namusukodnoG

agajnem , nakharagnem nad nipmipid gnay iridnes nataukek nagned ayntaamej

.alup iridnes aynsilejam helo saguT , naajrekep , bawaj gnuggnat nad ajereG

kames nagnubuhreb gnay utauses alages nakbabesid ini lah ,habmatreb ni nagned

awitsirep - sirep it aw j malad idajret nad lubmit gnay ah taame nakiaselesret tapad sur

,uti irad akaM .iridnes silejam naajrekep ajereG .tareb nikames

taamej agraW ajereG dnoG awaJ netsirK amusuko n sam ada ,narupmac hi

adnaleB gnaro , ,aniC gnaro nad gnaro halada aynagraw raseb naigabes - gnaro

.awaJ asahab ,uti babes helO habtok malad nakanugid gnay -k irah adap habto

M gnaro igab aggnihes ,awaJ asahab nakanuggnem uggni - hadus gnay gnisa gnaro

gnem awaJ asahab itre agraw idajnem nigni hisam nad j kadit nagnaral ,taame

.nakadaid j naadaeK narupmac hisam gnay taame ini iapmas gnusgnalreb arik - arik

0291 nuhat haduses babes ,3291 nuhat kaynab gnaro - asgnabreb netsirK gnaro

id laggnit tapmetreb gnay adnaleB atrakaygoY atok gnem nad itregnem kadit iasau

.awaJ asahab ini laH ubmem kutnu natilusek akerem ta itregnem nad amirenem apa


03

irah habtok isi M .awaJ asahab malad nakiapmasid gnay uggni gnarO - gnaro

khasimem naidumek ,uti awaJ asahabreb tapad kadit gnay adnaleB nad irid na

nad adnaleB asahab habtok nagned iridnes naitkabek nakadagnem nakanuggnem

.allenorteP tikas hamur kinilk gnaur ilabmek

3291 ieM 12 laggnat adaP , gnaro - irid nakhasimem gnay adnaleB gnaro

,aribmeg asarem gnudeg haubes anerak ajereG alet urab gnay nugnabid h . 53 ajereG

aro kutnu taubid susuhk ini uti nanugnab kateL .netsirK amagareb gnay adnaleB gn

skelpmok id adareb kutnu nakanugid inik gnay uraB atoK nahamurep ajereG

.)natsetorP kataB netsirK airuH( P.B.K.H 3291 nuhat adap ,uti irad akaM id

trakaygoY hadus a gnudeg aud ada ajereG .netsirK

.2 amatreP imubirP atedneP

j nagnabmekreP taame ajereG amusukodnoG awaJ netsirK n tasep nikames ,

.nakasarid tapad kaynab nikames gnay naitkabek gnujnugnep halmuj ini laH

ubmem ta ajereG sukodnoG awaJ netsirK u nakhutubmem nam imubirp ilsa atednep

m gnay ahaM gnaY nahuT nanutnut takreB .isakinumokreb taamej nakhadume

nanigniek ,hisaK taamej ajereG netsirK awaJ namusukodnoG kitit tapadnem

.gnaret sesorp iulalem haleteS aynrihka ,amal pukuc nad gnajnap 2 laggnat adap

5291 sutsugA kutnu imubirp atednep nolac nahilimep nakanaskalid tapad ajereG

.namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK iD aratna g aparebeb lijnI uru kutnu naknolacid gnay

retapoS idinoP kapaB halai hilipret gnay ,atednep natabaj .

atid mulebeS p idajnem naksibh apoS idinoP kapaB ,atedne ret nakbijawid

kutnu natujnal susruk inalajnem surah nakutnetid hadus gnay utkaw adap nad

53 namusukodnoG JKG nuhaT 57 natibreneP miT o , tic.p . , lh .m 53 .


13

riotpmerep naiju hupmenem nakutnenem kutnu ,atednep nolac igab naiju utiay

naijU .atednep idajnem tubesret atednep nolac aynkadit uata kayal ini id nakanaskal

s malad gnadi isalK s 63 . laggnat adaP retapoS idinoP kapaB 8 6291 lirpA itukignem

naiju riotpmerep nad naksaumem aynnaiju lisah ataynret akam , silejaM ajereG

nnasibhatnep laggnat nakutnenem areges namusukodnoG netsirK y utiay a adap

92 laggnat taas ialuM .6291 lirpA uti ajereG namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK

atednep iaynupmem hadus atrakaygoY nakhadumem nikames nad imubirp

.taamej agraw nagned isakinumok

.B reP edoi 6291 nuhat - 2491

.1 G nanugnabmeP gnude ajereG uraB gnay

6291 nuhaT ajereG netsirK awaJ P ikilimem halet namusukodnoG atedne

aynilak amatrep kutnu imubirp awhab nakitkubmem ini laH . ajereG awaJ netsirK

nad sitnirem inareb namusukodnoG taamej igab isaripsni idajnem - taamej di

nial hayaliw . nagnabmekreP ajereG netsirK awaJ nuhat id namusukodnoG - nuhat

tasep nikames ayntukireb nikames gnay ayntaamej halmuj irad tahilid tapad ,

.kaynab gnudeG g ajere gnay igal upmam kadit 3091 nuhat adap nugnabid

taamej gnupmanem irah adap naitkabek taas M .uggni iridreb gnay taamej kaynaB

gnudeg raul id g ajere .naitkabek taas adap

tnet ini naadaeK silejam helo nakiaselesid surah gnay nalaosrep idajnem u

g ajere tapet gnay isulos nakumenem silejam aynrihka nakaracibid haleteS . utiay

63 agit irad nagnadisrep halada sisalK ajereG iridahid ini nagnadisreP .hibel uata nasutu helo

silejam ajereG es - .tubesret sisalk K naridahe irad nasutu adnat tarus haubes iatrsid surah akerem silejam ajereG . gnay uti anerak helo nad nenamrep gnay nadab utaus nakapurem halnakub sisalK

adisrep nipmimem sisalk nagn ialumid nagnadisrep utkaw adap hilipid ulales amales ukalreb ,.rihkareb aguj nagnadisrep taas adap rihkareb naka nad gnusgnalreb nagnadisrep


23

taamej ajereG ikilimem surah namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK gnudeg ajere gnay

gnupmanem upmam gnay ,igal saul hibel nad urab gnujnugnep gnaro 0001

irah adap naitkabek M .uggni selpmok rumit halebes halada hilipid gnay isakoL

.allenortreP tikaS hamuR silejam anacneR g ajere nakiapmasid naidumek ini

taamej hurules adapek g ajere .ini anacner fitisop tubmaynem taamej nad haleteS

adnem nad nakaracibmem naidumek silejam ,taamej irad naujutesrep tap

gnudeg nanugnabmep anad helorepmem kutnu aynarac anamiagab sahabmem

g ajere .urab gnay naka ini anad nanupmihgnep ,raulek nalaj nakumetid aynrihkA

mej agraw adapek majnimem arac nagned nakukalid nanekreb gnay iridnes taa

d isagilbo nalaujnep kutneb mala gnay nopser tapadnem nupini arac ataynret nad

.taamej irad kiab

anad nalupmugneP ahaM gnaY nahuT naharumek takreb racnal nalajreb

asE aggnihes , nanugnabmep aitinap g ajere halet takgnis utkaw malad

000.04.F rasebes anad naklupmugnem ,- e( .)nedlug ubir hulup tapm haleteS

naanaskalep akam ,ipukucnem nup anad nad pukuc paggnaid napaisrep

gnudeg nanugnabmep g ajere amatrep utab nakkateleP .ialumid areges urab gnay

nakukalid ,9291 rebmevoN 81 laggnat adap p nanugnabmep naajrekep naanaskale

.retyulP amanreb gnay ketisra gnaroes adapek nakayacrepid

amirenem aitinap amatrep utab nakatelep nakadaid haletes uggnimeS

gnecnol haubes apureb namirik g ajere adap ayntapet ,kitnac nad raseb gnay

9291 rebmevoN 52 laggnat . awsis irad nagnabmus nakapurem tubesret gnecnoL -

.adnaleB ,madretsmA atok id nupmihreb gnay uggniM halokeS awsis

nanugnabmeP g ajere adap ayntapet ,nuhat utas utkaw malad nakiaselesid tapad


33

tneg ,ajab iseb irad taubret aynpata akgnareK .0391 rebmevoN nalub irad ayngni

.gnabeg nuad hapelep tiluk namayna irad taubid ajagnes aynnofalp nad ,tail hanat

isruk nad ,rabmim ,alednej ,utnip ,gner ,kusU - taubret aumes nakanugid gnay isruk

.itaj uyak irad malad id nagnauR g ajere upmaL .nup gnait utas nakanuggnem kadit

ep nad haub amil kaynabes nagnutnag ledom kirtsil upmal irad iridret aynnagnaren

raseb narukureb kitab niak rabmeles nasaih gnasap id rabmim gnidnid sata id

pitukid gnay awaJ furuh nasilut nagned Y lijnI batiK irad senaho malad gnay 61:3

rareb aisenodnI asahab ,ini ainud naka hallA hisak raseb utigeb aneraK“ :it

ayacrep gnay gnaro paites ayapus aynartuP nakainuragnem patet hallA aggnihes

adapek - .”lakek gnay pudih heloreb naknialem ,asanib kadit ayN

gnudeg naimsereP g ajere ,simaK irah adap nakgnusgnalid urab gnay 11

gnudeg awhab adnat iagabeS .0391 rebmeseD g ajere nakadaid nakanugid halet

aracapu haleteS .retapoS idinoP kapab helo nipmipid gnay naitkabek aracapu

gnudeg naakubmep naitkabek g ajere namananep nagned igal naktujnalid ,iaseles

kicek owas nohop haub aud namalah naped id g ajere nohop namananep haleteS .

gnudeg ,tubesret kicek owas g ajere nakamanid ajereG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK

.atrakaygoY namusukodnoG gnudeg naakubmep naimserep nakadaid haduseS

g ajere 41 laggnat adap utiay ayntukireb uggniM irah adap akam , 0391 rebmeseD

ajereG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK namusukodnoG iagabes nakanugid ialum uti

tamu naumetrep ialab kutnu nakanugid amal gnay gnudeg nad naitkabek tapmet

.netsirK


43

.2 nalupmukreP aynkutnebreT - malad id nalupmukreP ajereG awaJ netsirK

kodnoG rabmekowaS namusu atrakaygoY

gnay ayntujnales nagnabmekreP hagnet id kapman - taamej hagnet

G id naasgnabek asar huragnep ayntikgnab halai 0391 nuhat haduses namusukodno

agraw adumep arap aratna ajereG namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK 73 .

nad adumep aratna id kaynaB iynubmes araces netsirK rajalep - nijar iynubmes

hamarec itukignem - gnabek kitilop uabreb gnay hamarec adap nupualaw ,naas

irad tabikA .kitilopreb kutnu nagnaral ada hisam netsirK tamu igab uti utkaw

id nakinarebmem ialum netsirK adumep arap akam ,uti huragnep kutnu ir

nalupmukrep utnabmem - gnalaggnem kutnu duskam nagned nalupmukrep

nalupmukreP .nautasrep - :nial aratna tubesret nalupmukrep 83

.a urug nalupmukreP - P takgnisid gnay netsirK urug .G.C..

.b nalupmukreP iawagep - mur iawagep tikas ha nakamanid gnay netsirK sasinagro i geepreV nad sregelpreV nalupmukrep gnay uata netsirK srets

.K.V.P takgnisid .c ubi nalupmukreP - nakamanid gnay namusukodnoG taamej agraw ubi

.K.W.M takgnisid gnay uata netsirK atinaW idraM isasinagro .d akamanid gnay SMA nad OLUM takgnit rajalep arap nalupmukreP n

adumeP nalupmukreP itrareb gnay gnigineereV naregnoJ netsirhC.V.J.C takgnisid gnay uata netsirK

agraw halada raseb naigabes tubesret nalupmukrep atoggna aumeS ajereG

isasinagro aratna id nad namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK - gnay tubesret isasinagro

utkaw adap umeP nalupmukreP uata J.V.C halada lojnonem gnilap uti .netsirK ad

arap nagnalak iraD i namusukodnoG taamej agraw ub nalaggnitek nigni kadit nup

ubi nalupmukrep ,5391 nuhat adaP .nataigek naanaskalep lah malad - tubesret ubi

ep nakadagnem ahasureb ialum hadus atinaw igab furuh atub nasatnarebm - atinaw

73 namusukodnoG JKG nuhaT 57 natibreneP miT , .tic.po , lh .m 64 . 83 ,dibI lh .74.m


53

arap raga naujutreb ini akerem nataigeK .furuh lanegnem muleb gnay netsirK

.silunem nad acabmem tapad netsirK atinaw

.3 id atedneP naitnagreP ajereG awaJ netsirK rabmekowaS namusukodnoG

atrakaygoY

P taamej nagnabmekre ajereG namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK nikames gnay

ujam naktabikagnem nikgnum kadit taamej agraw igab nanayalep atres naanibmep

helO .ajas atednep gnaroes helo inagnatid aynah anerak 7391 nuhat adap ,uti

l adum aganet gnaroes liggnamem ialum namusukodnoG taamej halokeS nasulu

namusukodnoG JKG lijnI urug idajnem kutnu atrakaygoY aigoloehT anug

utnabmem .retapoS idinoP atedneP kapab amanreb uti liggnapid gnay adumeP

atedneP idajnem naidumek gnay otoyiW ajereG irasonoW awaJ netsirK

inoP atedneP aggnihes ,ludikgnunuG kutnu igal iridnes ajrekeb askapret retapoS id

.namusukodnoG taamej inayalem

nikames gnay namusukodnoG taamej inayalem malad naajrekep ayntareB

inamsaj natahesek taubmem ,aynhalmuj kaynab habmatreb retapoS idinoP atedneP

nurunem .tikas atirednem gnires nad naklucnumem gnay halini naadaeK

tareb tagnas nagned aggnihes ,namusukodnoG taamej hurules igab nanitahirpek

nuisnep nakujagnem askapret uaileb itah iapmaS .aynnatahesek nasala nagned

taamej adapek idbagnem halet retapoS idinoP atedneP ,nuisnep taas adap G ajere

aynmulebes nad atednep iagabes nuhat 52 amales namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK

.namusukodnoG JKG lijnI urug idajnem halet ai nup

reB natabaj asam aynrihka nakbabeynem retapoS idinoP atedneP

w aparebeb kutnu namusukodnoG nasawak id atednep natabaj nagnosokek .utka


63

nad nanolacnep nakadagnem naidumek silejaM ,tubesret nanitahirpek tahileM

gnay ,hilipid kutnu nakujaid gnay nolac aparebeb iraD .igal atednep nahilimep

,ojdomtahomraD tahpasoY atedneP kapaB halada kaynabret araus naktapadnem

gnaroes nakapurem uaileb .ojerowruP irad atednep uaileb ,aynadum utkaw adaP

.S.I.H urug idajnem naidumek nad gnidneZ taykaR halokeS urug gnaroes halada

.ojerowruP adaP idajnem nakhukukid tahpasoY atednep 1491 sutsugA 01 laggnat

amusukodnoG awaJ netsirK taameJ atedneP uata gnalumaP iapmas atrakaygoY n

.5691 inuJ 1 laggnat adap aynnuisnep asam adap

.C naisasinagrogneP malad ajereG tsirK rabmekowaS awaJ ne

namusukodnoG atrakaygoY

ajereG adap tasupreb gnay suigiler amasreb napudihek utaus halada

sutsirK suseY nahuT malad hallA natamaleynep kutnebid uti amasreb napudiheK .

gnaro helo - ayacrep nagned amirenem suduK hoR nagnolotrep sata gnay gnaro

naikimed naitregneP .sutsirK suseY nahuT malad id hallA natamaleynep padahret

awhab nakkujnunem ajereG li igeS .iwaisunam iges nad ihali iges ikilimem iha

ajereG asaugnep nad kilimep akam ,hallA natamaleynep haub iagabes halada

ajereG iwaisunam igeS .hallA halada ajereG amasreb napudihek iagabes halada

araces nakaraggnelesid nad nakatpicid suduK hoR nagnolotrep helo gnay ,suigiler

.aisunam helo iwagabmel

,iwagabmel gnay sugiler amasreb napudihek utaus iagabeS ajereG netsirK

nanipmimepek nasahkeK .nanipmimepek nakhutubmem awaJ ajereG awaJ netsirK

I iges adap nakrasadid iwaisunam iges nad ihal ajereG I iges iraD . ihal ajereG ,


73

ajereG awaJ netsirK haub halada nipmipid aynpudih gnay ,hallA natamaleynep

helo nipmipid aynpudih batiklA nagned suduK hoR aynajrekeb iulalem hallA helo

tala iagabes batiklA nagned suduK hoR aynajrekeb iulalem hallA - .ayN iges iraD

,iwaisunam ajereG reb napudihek utaus halada awaJ netsirK gnay suigiler amas

adnehek sata nad aisunam helo nipmipid naanaskajibek malad hallA k - ayN

.nanipmimepek sagut nakanaskalem kutnu susuhk araces liggnapid anerak helO

nipmimem malad aisunam helo nakukalid gnay uata nad naksutupid gnay apa ,uti

ajereG d surah , .hallA adapek nakbawajgnuggnatrepid tapa

malad aisunam nakadnit uata nasutupek utaus awhab nakutnenem kutnU

nipmimem ajereG ,hallA adapek nakbawajgnuggnatrepid tapad awaJ netsirK

namodep agit iakapid halada audek ,batiklA halada amatreP .gnajnejreb gnay

p koko - naraja kokop ajereG nad ,batiklA nakrasadreb taubid gnay awaJ netsirK

atat halada agitek ajereG .

atat malaD ajereG lah agit itupilem naisasinagrognep naigab awaJ netsirK

utiay ajereG .edonis nad ,sisalk ,

.a ajereG

ajereG kuh nadab sutatsreb awaJ netsirK paites naikimed nagned ,mu

ajereG nialeS .salej gnay tamala nad itsap gnay aman ikilimem ulrep awaJ netsirK

paites mukuh nakududek ,uti ajereG helo nakutnetid awaJ netsirK ajereG uti

.iridnes ajereG irad iridret tapad awaJ netsirK ajereG ahtnapep nad kudni utaS .n

aparebeb uata utas irad nahtnapep aparebeb uata ajereG halet gnay awaJ netsirK

iagabes tarays ihunemem ajereG .nakasawedid tapad awaJ netsirK tarays nupadA -

:ayntarays silejam helo nipmipid ajereG upmam ,iridnes irid rutagnem upmam ,


83

id nakgnabmegnem nakrasadreb iridnes irid iayaibmem upmam nad ,iridnes ir

kokop ,batiklA - atat atres ,naraja kokop ajereG .awaJ netsirK

agraW ajereG id sitpabid gnay gnaro halada awaJ netsirK ajereG netsirK

irad hadnip gnay gnaro nad awaJ ajereG agraw idajnem kusam nial reG aje . agraW

ajereG ,amatreP .aud idajnem nakadebid ini awaJ netsirK kana utiay sitpab agraw

idiS agraw ,audeK .ayacrep ukagnem muleb numan sitpabid hadus gnay gnaro uata

halet gnay asawed gnaro uata asawed aisu adap sitpabid hadus gnay gnaro utiay

amirenem kanak aisu adap sitpab - .ayacrep ukagnem halet nad kanak

agraw paiteS ajereG ini kaH .nabijawek nad kah ikilimem awaJ netsirK

nanayalep naktapadnem itupilem ajereG hilimem ,arahilepret aynnatamalesek raga

silejaM atoggna iagabes hilipid nad ajereG hilipid , nadab atoggna iagabes - nadab

silejaM utnabmep ajereG sata )gnidnab kah( has gnay natarebek nakujagnem nad ,

silejaM naanaskajibek ajereG . agraw nabijaweK ajereG bawajgnuggnatreb halada

napudihek sata ajereG naliggnap sagut naanaskalep nad awaJ netsirK jereG a .

naagrawek kah nad sutatS ajereG ek hadnip alibapa gnalih tapad ajereG ,nial

.ainud laggninem nad netsirK nami naklaggninem

aynrasad adaP ajereG araces gnay iridnes hallA helo nipmipid awaJ netsirK

gnaro helo nakanaskalid fitkelok - y gnaro dnehek sata gna hilipid hallA ka ,

iagabes natabaj ukgnamem kutnu nakhugetid uata naksibhatid nad ,liggnapid

silejaM tubesid ayntujnales gnay nekaid nad ,autanep ,atednep ajereG . malaD

ajereG silejaM gnadiS ada ,awaJ netsirK ajereG nakapurem ini gnadiS .

ep arap nagnadisrep natabaj ukgnam ajereG utaus iw ajereG .awaJ netsirK


93

silejaM gnadiS ajereG :macam aud malad igabret 93

.1 silejaM gnadiS ajereG nakaracibmem kutnu silejam nagnadisrep utiayhalasam - napudihek nagned natiakreb gnay halasam ajereG sagut nad

nakrasadreb aynnaliggnap .sutsirK kadnehek

.2 silejaM gnadiS ajereG iridahid gnay silejam nagnadisrep utiay akubreT agraw helo ajereG halasam nakaracibmem kutnu , - gnay utnetret halasam

napudihek nagned natiakreb ajereG nakrasadreb aynnaliggnap sagut nad.sutsirK kadnehek

S nasutupeK silejaM gnadi ajereG silejaM gnadiS nad ajereG akubreT

kokop ,batiklA nakrasadreb nakpatetid - naraja kokop ajereG atat ,awaJ netsirK

ajereG , t nad anaskal ata ajereG nakgnabmitrepmem nagned awaJ netsirK

nasutupek K nad sisal S .edoni D halet gnay nasutupeK ira taubid tubesret bijaw

irad agraw helo amiretid ajereG .natukgnasreb gnay awaJ netsirK silejaM ajereG

nadaB takgnagnem tapad aynnaliggnap sagut nakanaskalem malad - nadab

meP silejaM utnab ajereG helo takgnaid gnay gnaro kopmolek halada ini nadaB .

silejaM ereG aj y mit uata ,aitinap ,isimok iagabes utnetret sagut nakanaskalem gna

silejaM adapek bawaj gnuggnatreb nad ajereG . sagut nakanaskalem malaD

paites ,nup aynnaliggnap ajereG isartsinimda ikilimem awaJ netsirK ajereG gnay

lep ,narutagnep ,naanacnerep itupilem .isaulave nad ,nasawagnep ,naanaska

paiteS ajereG ayntakikah adap gnay naayakek ikilimem awaJ netsirK

adapek nakayacrepid aynnaalolegnep gnay hallA kilim halada tubesret naayakek

ajereG .aynnaliggnap sagut nakanaskalem akgnar malad awaJ netsirK naayakeK

eG ajer kadit nad karegreb gnarab ,agrahreb tarus ,gnau irad iridret awaJ netsirK

paites helo ikilimid gnay naayakeK .lautkeletni naayakek atres ,karegreb ajereG

93 ,JKG edoniS ataT reG aje anaskaL ataT nad ajereG awaJ netsirK , :agitalaS G edoniS ajere -

ajereG K netsir J awa , 01 .mlh ,2102


04

agraw nahabmesrep irad helorepid awaJ netsirK ajereG nagnarorep nagnabmus ,

adit gnay agabmel uata rebmus nad ,takignem k - kadit gnay nial rebmus

.netsirK nami nagned nagnatnetreb

sutats nahaburep nagned natiakreB ajereG utaus akij , ajereG awaJ netsirK

ipatet naanibmep nakadaid halet nad narudnumek imalagnem utnetret babes anerak

ahaburep imalagnem kadit iagabes airetirk ihunemem igal kadit aggnihes n ajereG

.nahtnapep idajnem habureb tapad aynsutats ,awaJ netsirK

.b sisalK

sisalK ajereG - ajereG aparebeb naamasrebek nataki halada awaJ netsirK

ajereG ukagnep adap nakrasadid gnay utnetret hayaliw id awaJ netsirK naaseek na

ajereG kokop ,batiklA malad nakataynid anamiagabes - naraja kokop ajereG netsirK

atat atres ,awaJ ajereG anaskal atat nad ajereG .awaJ netsirK naamasrebek natakI

aparebeb ajereG nad sisalK nagnadisreP malad nakdujuwid tubesret awaJ netsirK

satisiV .i aparebeB ajereG gnay sisalk aparebeb uata utas irad lasareb gnay

irid iayaibmem atres ,nakgnabmegnem ,rutagnem upmam halet nad natakedreb

.urab sisalk haubes idajnem iridreb tapad sisalk iagabes iridnes

tamala nad itsap gnay aman ikilimem sisalk paiteS nakududeK .salej gnay

.iridnes uti sisalk helo nakutnetid sisalk paites mukuh malad alibapA

aynnanayalep nakanaskalem ajereG naka akam ,halasam imalagnem awaJ netsirK

gnadiS .sisalK gnadiS nakadaid nagnadisrep halada sisalK natabaj ukgnamep arap

ajereG u iw nasut ajereG - ajereG .natukgnasreb gnay sisalK atoggna


14

:macam aud malad igabret sisalK gnadiS 04

.1 halasam nakaracibmem kutnu nagnadisrep utiay sisalK gnadiS - halasam napudihek nagned natiakreb gnay ajereG malad aynnaliggnap sagut nad

krasadreb ,sisalk pukgnil ajaR sutsirK kadnehek na ajereG . .2 nakaracibmem kutnu nagnadisrep utiay awemitsI sisalK gnadiS

halasam - nagned natiakreb gnay kasednem nad utnetret halasam napudihek ajereG ,sisalk pukgnil malad aynnaliggnap sagut nad

ajaR sutsirK kadnehek nakrasadreb ajereG .

sisalK gnadiS nad sisalK gnadiS taas adap helorepid gnay nasutupeK

kokop ,batiklA nakrasadreb nakpatetid awemitsI - naraja kokop ajereG netsirK

atat atres ,awaJ ajereG anaskal atat nad ajereG .awaJ netsirK nasutupek ,uti nialeS

takignem nup tubesret ajereG - ajereG es - .natukgnasreb gnay sisalk

nagnujnukrep halada sisalK isatisiV ajereG arap helo nakukalid gnay iw

tabajep ajereG utaus ek sisalk nagnadisrep helo kujnutid gnay iw ajereG iagabes

nataki dujuw ajereG - ajereG .sisalk nagnukgnil malad eb sisalk isatisiV naujutr

raga naktaugnem nad naktagnignem gnilas kutnu ajereG - ajereG asaitnanes

,hallA natamaleynep naatirebmep malad kiab ,aynbawaj gnuggnat nakanaskalem

.adneb atrah nad nagnauek atres ,isasinagro naatanep ,natamalesek naarahilemep

aknalajnem malad sisalK sisalK anaskaleP nadaB helo utnabid aynsagut n

.sisalK isartsinimdA nad ,)salksawaB( sisalK sawagneP nadaB ,)salklepaB(

,amatreP nakatoggnareb gnay nadab halada )salklepaB( sisalK anaskaleP nadaB

gnaro - alem kutnu sisalk nagnadisrep helo takgnaid gnay gnaro nakanask

nasutupek - naanaskalep nakbawajgnuggnatrepmem salklepaB .sisalk nasutupek

nagnadisrep helo nakitnehrebid nad ayntukireb sisalk nagnadisrep adapek aynsagut

.sisalk

04 .dibI , 31 .mlh


24

,audeK gnay nadab halada )salksawaB( sisalK sawagneP nadaB

gnaro nakatoggnareb - gnaro kutnu sisalk nagnadisrep helo takgnaid gnay

salksawaB .sisalk naayakek nad nataigek padahret nasawagnep nakanaskalem

sisalk nagnadisrep adapek aynsagut naanaskalep nakbawajgnuggnatrepmem

.sisalk nagnadisrep helo nakitnehrebid nad ayntukireb sinimdA ,agiteK sisalK isart

nataigek uata ahasu alages nasurugnep nad ,naaraggneleynep ,naatanep halada

nad ,nasawagnep ,naanaskalep ,narutagnep ,naanacnerep itupilem gnay ,sisalk

.isaulave

tubesret naayakek ayntakikah adap gnay naayakek ikilimem sisalK paiteS

lim halada akgnar malad sisalK adapek nakayacrepid aynnaalolegnep gnay hallA ki

sagut nakanaskalem .hallA natamaleynep ayrak kutnu aynnaliggnap naayakeK

atres ,karegreb kadit nad karegreb gnarab ,agrahreb tarus ,gnau irad iridret sisalK

naayakeK .lautkeletni naayakek nagnukud irad helorepid sisalK helo ikilimid gnay

ajereG - ajereG es - agraw nahabmesrep ,sisalk ajereG uata nagnaroesrep nagnabmus ,

rebmus nad ,takignem kadit gnay agabmel - nial rebmus nagnatnetreb kadit gnay

nagned .netsirK nami

.c edoniS

edoniS ajereG netsirK hurules naamasrebek nataki halada awaJ ajereG -

ajereG naaseek naukagnep adap nakrasadid gnay sisalK iulalem awaJ netsirK

ajereG kokop itaanem nagned batiklA malad nakataynid anamiagabes - kokop

naraja atat atres ,JKG ajereG ep JKG edoniS .JKG anaskal atat nad ilak amatr

.1391 iraurbeF 71 laggnat adap ,nemubeK id nakaragnelesid ukgnamep araP

natabaj ajereG rep nakukalem kahreb JKG sisalk pait nasutu iw alibapa nagnadis


34

asaib tubesret nagnadisreP .aynnaajrekep naknalajnem malad halasam ipadahgnem

niS gnadiS tubesid .edo

:aud idajnem igabret edoniS gnadiS 14

.1 halasam nakaracibmem kutnu nagnadisrep utiay edoniS gnadiS - halasam napudihek nagned natiakreb gnay ajereG malad aynnaliggnap sagut nad

ajaR sutsirK kadnehek nakrasadreb ,edonis pukgnil ajereG . .2 wemitsI edoniS gnadiS nakaracibmem kutnu nagnadisrep utiay a

halasam - nagned natiakreb gnay kasednem nad utnetret halasam napudihek ajereG ,edonis pukgnil malad aynnaliggnap sagut nad

ajaR sutsirK kadnehek nakrasadreb ajereG .

nad edoniS gnadiS taas adap helorepid gnay nasutupeK edoniS gnadiS

kokop ,batiklA nakrasadreb nakpatetid awemitsI - naraja kokop ajereG netsirK

atat atres ,awaJ ajereG anaskal atat nad ajereG amiretid surah gnay ,awaJ netsirK

.sisalk uata JKG paites helo

nagnujnukrep halada edonis isatisiV ajereG alid gnay iw arap helo nakuk

tabajep ajereG iagabes sisalk utaus ek edonis nagnadisrep helo kujnutid gnay iw

nataki dujuw ajereG - ajereG naujutreb edonis isatisiV .edonis nagnukgnil malad

kutnu uata sisalk padahret nagnipmadnep nakukalem ajereG gnay sisalk iulalem

isivid raga isat malad kiab ,aynbawaj gnuggnat nakanaskalem asaitnanes

,isasinagro naatanep ,natamalesek naarahilemep ,hallA natamaleynep naatirebmep

.adneb atrah nad nagnauek atres

edoniS anaskaleP nadaB helo utnabid aynsagut naknalajnem malad sisalK

,)nislepaB( .edoniS isartsinimdA nad ,)nisawaB( edoniS sawagneP nadaB ,amatreP

gnaro nakatoggnareb gnay nadab halada )nislepaB( edoniS anaskaleP nadaB - gnaro

nasutupek nakanaskalem kutnu edonis nagnadisrep helo takgnaid gnay - asutupek n

14 .dibI , .61 .mlh


44

nislepaB .edonis ajgnuggnatrepmem ut naanaskalep nakbaw adapek aynsag

edonis nagnadisrep rebid nad ayntukireb edonis nagnadisrep helo nakitneh .

gnay nadab halada )nisawaB( edoniS sawagneP nadaB ,audeK

gnaro nakatoggnareb - nadisrep helo takgnaid gnay gnaro edonis nag kutnu

awagnep nakanaskalem ahret nas edonis naayakek nad nataigek pad . nisawaB

edonis nagnadisrep adapek aynsagut naanaskalep nakbawajgnuggnatrepmem

.edonis nagnadisrep helo nakitnehrebid nad ayntukireb isartsinimdA ,agiteK

edoniS s nasurugnep nad ,naaraggneleynep ,naatanep halada age uata ahasu al

edonis nataigek ,naanaskalep ,narutagnep ,naanacnerep itupilem gnay ,

.isaulave nad ,nasawagnep

tubesret naayakek ayntakikah adap gnay naayakek ikilimem edoniS paiteS

malad edoniS adapek nakayacrepid aynnaalolegnep gnay hallA kilim halada

gnar .hallA natamaleynep ayrak kutnu aynnaliggnap sagut nakanaskalem ak

kadit nad karegreb gnarab ,agrahreb tarus ,gnau irad iridret edoniS naayakeK

edoniS helo ikilimid gnay naayakeK .lautkeletni naayakek atres ,karegreb

rep ,JKG paites nagnukud irad helorepid agraw nahabmes ajereG nagnabmus ,

rebmus nad ,takignem kadit gnay agabmel uata nagnaroesrep - gnay nial rebmus

.netsirK nami nagned nagnatnetreb kadit


54

VI BAB

KAPMAD NAGNUBUH IRAD AWAJ NETSIRK AJEREG

NAGNED NAMUSUKODNOG RATIKES TAKARAYSAM AYN

.A kodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG nagnubuH nagned namusu

atrakaygoY takaraysaM

.1 tadaitsI tadA nad ajereG

nakkujnunem tadaitsi tada nad naayadubek aynhadner iggniT iggnit

atat irad kutnebid naayadubek nad nabadareP .asgnab utaus nabadarep aynhadner

ialiN .tapmetes takaraysam agabmel helo icus nad ruhul gnay ialin - nad ruhul ialin

nurut naksirawid ini icus - .ayntukireb isareneg ek isareneg irad nurumet nabadareP

et gnay ialin irad kutnebret takaraysam napudihek atat irad nimrecr - ruhul ialin

.takaraysam napudihek malad id asgnab tabatram iggnit gnujnujnem nagned

latnek pukuc gnay tadaitsi tada ikilimem awaJ takaraysaM ilaucekret kadit ,

awaJ netsirK takaraysam adap aread id atrakaygoY h . isidart malad tahilret uti laH

malad nakparetid gnay naasaibek uata naniwakrep naitamek nad napudihek id

irahes - irah . kalonem kadit iridnes atrakaygoY rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG

d ulrep gnay tada anam halimem numan ,ini awaJ tadaitsi tada anam nad nakukali

.sutsirK suseY nahuT hatnirep ihalaynem kadit nad kadit gnay 24 nakukalem ajereG

id netsirK amaga nakrabeynem gnay gnidneZ arap irad nasiraw anerak ini lah

p gnidneZ .atrakaygoY K amaga narabeynep lawa asam ada awabmem netsir

aporE huragnep d .lakol naayacrepek nad ayadub padahret fitkeles pakisreb na

24 atedneP uB nagned aracnawaw lisaH BIW 03.01 lukup adap iS.S itsirK


64

.a naniwakreP

gnay satifitka aumes halada takaraysam malad napudihek ialin ataT

amret ini lah ,takaraysam napudihek malad id nimrecret tada aracapu alup kus

naniwakrep paiT . - apu iaynupmem haread pait tada nagned iauses iridnesret arac

.awaJ takaraysam ilaucekret kat ,tapmetes tadaitsi ,awaJ takaraysam malad iD

mu adap awaJ adumep ada naikimed numan ,hodoj hilimem kutnu sabeb aynmu

ta agraulek nagnubuh ada hisam gnay nagned nakhodojid gnay aguj nahilip ua

.aynautgnaro

91 nuhat aynnagnabmekrep adaP 02 - na , naktapadnem hisam gnay ajereG

gnidneZ irad huragnep nakhalasamrepmem ialum gnay hodoj nahilimep laos

nakgnabmitrepmem hisam ,tibib ,tobob tebeb gnipmas id nakgnabmitrepmem

apur naaitesek ,kataw , , tihrep nad narasap uata narihalek laggnat nagnu . 34 malad iD

naniwakrep tada napahat nad aracapu aparebeb ada awaJ .nakukalid surah gnay

napahaT - raseb sirag araces nakakumekid naka ini napahat napahat aparebeb malad

duses nad ,nahakinrep araca ,nahakinrep mulebes utiay ha mulebeS . nahakinrep

nahakinrep p , ,amatre aracapu ,inotnon o ini aracapu malad gnar gnay uata aut

gnaro ilikawem tapad paggnaid gnay sidag hamur ek gnatad adumep kajagnem aut

id kudud aynautgnaro nad adumep utkaw adaP .aynnahilip nagned kococ aynarikes

r nakgnadihgnem gnay ,tubesret sidag autgnaro helo amiretid ,umat gnau

.aynirtsi nolac idajnem libmaid naka gnay sidag halada aynnaumaj

34 atnet nagnutihrep nad nagnabmitreP narasap irah nad tebeb ,tibib ,tobob gn nanarep gnamem

napudihek malad gnitnep uti gnaro naadaek itrareb tobob ,haifarah araceS .awaJ takaraysam ,kana , .bsd ,aynukal hakgnit ,aynnaiadnapek gnaro irad sata ek sirag anamiagab nad apais itrareb toboB

ais ,uti aynnaknurunem gnay apais ,aynaut gnaro ap ynem ,tebeB . gnaro tafis nad kataw hutneaut .aynirid nad ayn


74

kutnu tapet gnilap gnay taas haluti naumaj nakgnadihgnem taas adaP

tamagnem - .aynirtsi nolac sidag itama arid halet alibapA lususid akam kococ as

aracapu nagned utiay audek hars - ,nahars ini aracapu malad gnaro adumep aut

gnarab nakhareynem - .aynirtsi nolac sidag agraulek adapek gnarab gnaraB - gnarab

tubesid uti iretup nitnagnep nolac agraulek adapek nakharesid gnay tesgninep ata u

awhab halada ini takignep adnat irad duskaM .takignep adnat halet uti sidag

rep nakgnusgnalem kutnu takiret agajnem kutnU .tubesret adumep nagned naniwak

nakirebmem mulebes ,nanikgnumek alages tesgninep tnet urep nakadaid u n nagnid

hakapa ,uluhad hibelret adumep nagned hakinem aidesreb tubesret sidag tubesret .

aracapu ,aidesreb kadit sidag is aliB hars - tesgninep nahars naka kadit

.aynhodoj muleb itrareb gnay nakanaskalid a nagneD d ,ini takignep adnat ayna

nakgnusgnalem surah uti sidag itrareb muleb ahakinrep ,uti adumep nagned aynn

lah ada alibapa naklatabid aguj tapad ipatet - id iauses gnaruk gnay lah naidumek

nalem mulebes irah M .nahakinrep nakgnusg amirenem amales asa tesgninep

nem gnilas asam halada nahakinrep ayngnusgnalreb utkaw iapmas idabirp laneg

gnisam - .gnisam

agitek aracapU halada gnasap burat utauses halada aynhuggnuses gnay ,

nagned aynnagnubuh tare gnay luyhkat amatrep gnay ini aracapu malaD .

nanugnab haubes nakulrepid non - aman nagned lanekret gnay nenamrep buraT ,

ibmur pata ,kedeg ,ubmab irad taubret itnagid aynnagnabmekrep malad nad a

aracapu malad iD .pata irebid nad iseb apip uata uyak gnait nagned gnasap burat

.ijases halmujes aynnakadaid halai gnitnepret gnay mulebeS burat ,gnasapid

akadaid 11 ,9 ,7 ,5 ,3 kutnu irudnek n mujes kutnu aynsalej ,gnaro gnay gnaro hal

.aynnagnutih lijnag ,uti nialeS gnabmek alup nakrubatid id iapmar agnub ,namates


84

id ,hamur namalah urujnep tapmeek napmiynem tapmet id nad ,idnam ramak

id aguj ijaseS .sareb id nakkatel natapmerep gnay natabmej sata id nad takedret

nagned mur .natiays irad nauggnag tapadnem kadit araca raga nakukalid ini laH .ha

napahaT halada tapmeek namaris nitnagnep nolac nakidnamem utiay , nagned

namates uynab ria uata gnay ,ignaw nitnagnep hubut raga namates agnub irad

agnep nolac audek aman kilobmis araces hakinem haletes kabremes naka nitn .

halada amilek napahaT ineradodim , nitnagnep hamurid nakukalid gnay aod utiay

nagnatadek nakparahgnem naujut nagned ,atinaw ijis gnaruk ihtakes iradodiw

nu utas gnaruk ubir hulupes halmujreb gnay nagnayak irad irtup utiay kut

.nitnagnep audek adapek utser irebmem nad nakiskaynem rihkaret gnay napahaT

aracapu halada naniwakrep naanaskalep malad naniwakrep tubesid asaib uata baji .

gnay napahat aparebeb ada hisam ,naniwakrep aynnakanaskalid haleteS

maus nagnasap helo nakukalid utiay ,irtsi i namusgnus , nagnoyob , nairebmep nad

aut aman utnabmem gnay gnaro aumes gnadnugnem naujutreb namusgnuS .

nakam kutnu natalehrep musmus gnanej gnay nagnoyob halada ayntujnaleS .

.airp nitnagnep hamur ek gnalup atinaw nitnagnep kajagnem itrareb aT gnay napah

nautasek nad nautasrep nakgnabmalem gnay aut aman nairebmep halada rihkaret

malad id sutats nahaburep adnat nakapurem aguj ,nitnagnep audek aratna

.asawed idajnem kana irad takaraysam napudihek

a uti taas adaP naaasaibek nad tad paggnaid ini awaJ naktoperem ulalret nad

K naraja nagned nagnatnetreb tubesret naniwakrep aracapU .ajereG helo netsir

etsirK takaraysam napudihek malad ulrep kadit paggnaid ,uti nialeS .awaJ n G ajere

nup ada ulrep kadit idaj apaB hallA igab kiab halada irah aumes naknakenem ayn

.kiab irah nahilimep ajereG edoniS - ulrep paggnagnem naidumek netsirK ajereG


94

pakis libmagnem .saget pukuc gnay edoniS tada mukuh haubes nakpatenem

iridnesret naniwakrep . id VI edoniS malad nakpatetid uti naniwakrep mukuH

b gnay ,5391 nuhat adap gnalegaM :isire 44

.1 ikal ,nahakinrep rumU - nuhat 51 atinaw ,nuhat 81 ikal lah malaD . - lahid aisu utnetret .nakhakinid asib rumu hawab

.2 igal hakinem helob urab ,aynimaus nagned iarecreb gnay atinaW .aynnaiarecrep irad irah 003 haduses

.3 irp nagned nahakinreP magonom pisn i, huyaw kadit )udam(.naknanekrepid

.4 kusam gnay gnaro irad hakiN K gnay hakin iagabes iukaid patet ,netsir.has

.5 kusam kadneh gnay akereM patet ,utas irad hibel irtsireb netsirKirtsi nakiarecnem kadneh ualak ,has paggnaid - .nakhelobrepid aynirtsi

ni taas adaP hadus i ” ukub naktibretid nad JKG edoniS helo iurahabrepid ataT

”awaJ netsirK ajereG anaskaL ataT nad ajereG halasam nad 5002 nuhat adap

.94 lasap anaskaL ataT malad nakpatetid ini naniwakrep

.b naitameK

gnatnet utnetret naayacrepek ikilimem awaJ takaraysaM gnarO .naitamek

.hor mala id pudih patet hisam aynhor itam halet gnay ti nialeS ,u naasaibek

natamales iulalem gnayom kenen hor itamrohgnem - aracapu nad natamales -

.naitamek ratikes aracapu halasam idajnem gnay haluti takaraysam naayacrepeK

raseb pukuc o igab ,netsirK gnar .tubesret gnakaleb ratal ikilimem akerem babes

naataynek turuneM reb nagned nakitkubid aguj gnamem gnay iagab

aracapu nakukalem ketkarp ,natamagnep nad naitilenep - hisam naitamek aracapu

netsirK gnaro helo nakukalid kaynab awaJ s gnay naadaeK . ini itrepe pukuc

gnamem edoniS ,ini nagnubuh malaD .atednep nad silejam arap nakgnugnibmem

44 eB miT IIVX edoniS hubmuT gnay hin - JKG , ajereG - ajereG hubmuT gnay hineB :awaJ netsirK

awaJ hanaT id gnabmekreB nad , atrakaygoY : 891,netsirK akatsuP namaT h ,6 l .m 631 .


05

saget araces nakpatenem kadit naitamek aracapu naknalajnem kutnu nagnaral

amal naayacrepek gnudnagnem gnay aracapu aumes inkay ,salej aynpisnirp numan

d nad gnaralid .nakadaiti nakpatenem nakhab edoniS namakamep aracapu igrutil

id nad hamur id aracapu itupilem gnay .rubuk iridnes namakamep aracapu igrutiL

id nakukalid gnay naiynayn iatresid nad aod halada id nupuam hazanej hamur

namakamep tapmet ejam helo nipmipid gnay .ajereg sil 54 aracapu igrutiL

akamep .narubihgnep nakirebid naklaggnitid gnay agraulek raga naujutreb ini nam

.nakaodid kadit laggninem hadus gnay gnaro netsirK amaga malaD ini laH

gnaro nakaodnem susak hotnoc nuputas ada kadit batiklA malad anerak nakukalid

.laggninem hadus gnay

.2 B nad ajereG asaha K atres nainese D harea

.a asahaB D harea

awaJ netsirK takaraysaM atrakaygoY ahab naanuggnep nakiratselem as

aguj akerem nakhab ,awaJ em id awaJ asahabreb naayadubek kiab nagned arahilem

k ,hadabi malad aggnat hamur naitkabe enep nad , nahal .batiklA awaJ asahaB

nakapurem id imser asahab G ajere -G awaJ netsirK ajere . nakapurem nialeS asahab

nad isakinumok tapar asahab idajnem aguj awaJ asahab ,hadabi asahab ratna

G ajere - G awaJ ajere nupuam sisalk gnadis malad aynlasim onis gnadis .ed

atok id ,2691 nuhat kajes idajret nahabureP - asahab iakapid ialum atok

aisenodnI hadabi nad habtohk malad kutnu naitkabek inayalem malad amaturet ,

.adumep idajreT yn ep a r k tubesret nahabu naidume taubmem nad awaJ asahab

aisenodnI asahab araces nakanugid pait naitnagreb .aynuggnim A atk ,edonis

54 w lisaH iS.S itsirK atedneP uB nagned aracnawa 4102 lirpA 01 , BIW 00.11 lukup


15

k nad edonis nagnadisrep sisal .aisenodnI asahab nakanuggnem aguj kadit ini laH

inis id ipatet ,ajereG malad awaJ asahab narudnumek iagabes nakatakid asib

gnem ajereG i adap gnay namaz nagnabmekrep nakiauseynem nad ituk halet uti taas

.aisenodnI asahab nakanuggnem

.b naineseK D harea

awaJ takaraysaM atrakaygoY iridnesret haread nainesek ikilimem gnay

,itrepes aynlasim uti haread naineseK .kiab nagned arahilepid hisam ines

,natiwarak gnayaw ,karpohtek ines , .aynnial nad pakiS G nainesek padahret ajere

haread nanes uluhad kajes gnamem anerak audnem pakis nakkujnunem asait ada

.artnok gnay ada nad orp gnay kalonem gnay nagnoloG paggnagnem nial aratna

rusnu gnudnagnem uti haread nainesek awhab - usnu gnay amal naayacrepek nad r

fisreb ta h kitsiudni atres kitsimina . ,uti anerak helO gnayaw uata tiluk gnayaw

rat nad gnaro i- paggnaid utnetret nairat kiab kadit irad naigab nakapurem nad

netsirK nami nagned nagnatnetreb gnay amal naayacrepek gnay nainesek sineJ .

e gnay hubut halo nakagarepmem kitor nup iagabes paggnaid aguj uata asod

.asod gnasgnarem aynkadites ini artnok nagnolog namaz nagnabmekrep gnirieS

.haread nainesek amirenem nad kanulem ialum huragnep irad sapelret kadit ini laH

aynrasad adap anerak ,radumem hadus ajereG malad id aporE aporE gnaro

.batiklA nagned nagnatnetreb tagnas amal naayacrepek paggnagnem

nay nagnoloG halada orp g aynmumu adap gnay akerem m araces gnadname

reb .nainesek haubes iagabes inrum nainesek gnadnamem utiay ,adeb ini nagnoloG

hret fitisop araces tahilem nakhab pada aggnihes ,haread nainesek nad naayadubek

.lijnI narabakep kutnu anaras iagabes aynnakgnabmegnem akerem ,aynlasiM

gnabmet ukub nakrihalem aynrihka )araus ines( - naraja isireb gnabmet ukub


25

itrepes ,nanetsirkek .akalbajT ahdnep nakanuggnem gnay ada nakhaB nad nagnal

nial haread nainesek nad ,hadabi nupuam lijnI narabakep naulrepek kutnu ayn

.netsirK natalehrep

ajereG - awaJ netsirK ajereg ikilimem hanrep nup isakinumoK isimoK

assaM nataigek iagabreb nakaraggneleynem gnay )samokoK( pu nial aratna , -

gnidarg alahd naidumek gnay ,netsirK gn anaras naktaafnamem naksutumem

.lijnI naruhysamep kutnu nagnalahdnep nad gnayaw nakhaB aguj samokoK

tapmes tek ,netsirK gnayaw nakatpicnem )nednisep( itawaraus nad ,netsirK karpoh

.netsirK c netsirK karpotek nad tiluk gnayaw susuhK icuS batiK irad libmaid atire

hokoT .uraB naijnajreP nupuam amaL naijnajreP kiab ,lijnI - gnay hokot

,duaD itrepes ,netsirK tamu icus batik malad hokot nagned iauses nup naklipmatid

hokot naklucnumem patet naralegap ,numaN .aimereY nad ,leumaS nawakanuP ,

tet dirum aman nagned gnubagid gnogaB nad ,gneraG ,kurteP aman ipa - dirum

,kurteP suitaM ,gneraG sukraM idajnem nawakanuP aman halidaj ,sutsirK suseY

.gnogaB sennahoY nad 64 aparebeb ipatet naka ,anaskalret aumes kadit ikseM

gnamem t idajnem tapmes nad anaskalret asam adap netsirK tamu nagnalak id rane

.ulal

halet haread nainesek nagnabmegnep nad naanuggnep sata isaerK

hayaliw hurules ek tabmarem nagned nagnalahdep nakgnabmegnem gnay adA .

aguj adA .aynkarpohtek aguj utigeb ,batiklA irad nokal uata atirec libmagnem

gnay aynmumu nad haibatiklA nakametreb nagned irat ines nakgnabmegnem

yarep akitek naksatnepid .inaitsirK ayar irah naa tagnas iridnes ini taas ajereG

64 w lisaH ned aracnawa lukup 4102 rebmeseD 51 laggnat ,iS.S itsirK atedneP uB nag BIW 00.11


35

nad amirenem akubret awaJ tadaitsi nad tada nagned , id taas adebreb tagnas hawab

at adap gnidneZ huragnep 3191 nuh - tadaitsi nad tada gnatnenem tagnas gnay 6291

.fitkeles pakisreb nad amal naayacrepek uabreb gnay

.3 K nad ajereG natahese M takaraysa

gnay halasam idajnem ulales natahesek halasaM gnitnep malad

.takaraysam nep tniop idajnem natahesek halasam uti kutnU nahaburep malad gnit

.lijnI narabakep nakukalem kutnau gnidnez igetarts naka takaraysam nahutubeK

nagned ihunepret idajnem natahesek t adap gnay ,tikas hamur aynada 0981 nuha - na

nanayal ada muleb reruehcS atednep uti naaadaek tahileM .takaraysam natahesek

k .0091 nuhat adap allenorteP tikaS hamuR nakiridnem kutnu sitnirem naidume

seb huragnepreb tagnas ini tikas hamur ayniridreB nagnabmekrep padahret ra

K amaga nakirebid tikas hamur ek taboreb gnay neisap paiteS .atrakaygoY id netsir

lo kiab lijnI narabakep p he K amagareb halet gnay taware helo nupuam netsir

.retkod

K neisap ,takaraysam id lijnI narabakep utnabmem tagnas utnet ini nataige

lijnI narabakep atireb tapadnem halet gnay suseY helo liggnapid asarem nad

sutsirK sirK idajnem nad ,nasitpab amirenem naidumek , kaynab nikameS .net

amagareb gnay tikas hamur sagutep nad neisap K ,fitisop kapmad irebmem netsir

.namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG aynrihal utiay aguj allenorteP tikaS hamuR

nupuam ratikes takaraysam adapek nanakam nad sitarg naaskiremep nakirebmem

halokes - .uti taas adap netsirK halokes suret ini natahesek gnadib id nanayaleP

eb G nagned amasajrekeb nad tujnalr .lijnI narabakep nakukalem kutnu ajere


45

.4 akididneP nad ajereG n

napudihek malad gnitnep rotkaf nakapurem nakididneP idajnem gnay

amatu natoros nanayalep G ajere kutnu anaras iagabes gnadnapid nakididneP .

.lijnI narabakep nakukalem tubesret nasala satA naidumek id nugnab hal halokes -

sugilakes nakididnep nanayalep nakirebmem takaraysam utnabmem kutnu halokes

.lijnI narabakep nakukalem kadit ini lah aynranebeS aynnakparetid irad sapelret

malad nagnadnap habugnem site kitiloP .lainolok hatniremep helo site kitilop

nakapurem igal kadit aisenodnI awhab napaggnareb gnay lainolok kitilop

“ ”tsewegniw ulrep gnay haread idajnem )nakgnutnugnem gnay haread(

es nakgnabmekid ayadub aynnaktakgnitid nad ,aynnaulrepek ihunepid tapad aggnih

.imubirp taykar 74 halokes nupadA - :halada nakiridid gnay halokes

.a naidumek nad iamar nikames namusukodnoG haread id naadaek 5091 nuhaT

halokes gnudeg haubes nugnabid loohcS suinehcueK utiay okeS . ini hal

kana kididnem kutnu naujutreb - urug idajnem imubirp kana - halokes urug

,nasuruj aud iaynupmem ini halokeS .awaJ id netsirk 84 utiay :

.1 ,gniledfA etsreE ed id awsis ini naigab - nad kididid susuhk aynawsislo nipmipiD .halokes urug idajnem kutnu nakpaisrepid ilha gnaroes he

.rutkerid idajnem sugilakes gnay njiw eleoK.D utiay kididnep .2 gniledfA edeewT ed awsis kididnem susuhk - tnu aynawsis nakpaisrepid ku

idajnem .rD atedneP helo nipmipid ini nasuruJ .lijnI urug nolac .F .L .rekkaB

.b d halokes akubid 7091 nuhat adaP 7 rasa nigninoK amanreb gnay nuhat

gnisid uata loohcS animlehliW .S.W.K tak nakduskamid ini halokes aynlawA

kana kididnem kutnu - nagnubuh iaynupmem hisam gnay naupmerep kana

74 ,kkd ojridotraK onotraS ,V aisenodnI lanoisaN harajeS etrapeD :atrakaJ nad nakididneP nem.83 lah 5791 ,naayadubeK

84 namusukodnoG JKG nuhaT 57 natibreneP miT , nuhat 57 ajereG namusukodnoG rabmekowaSatrakaygoY , silejaM :atrakaygoY ajereG ,atrakaygoY namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK

.03 .mlh ,8891


55

ini halokes aynnagnabmekrep malad numan ,iyayirp uata nawasgnab harad

alokes idajnem nagnabmekrep taubmem ini halokes aynadA .nuhat 7 rasad h

tasep nikames namusukodnoG taamej .

.c haubes igal nugnabid 3191 nuhat adaP nuhat 7 rasaD halokeS anerak

ini halokeS .iggnit nikames nakididnep naka naradasek aman nagned lanekid

EW LEBJIB ned tem LOOHCS NAT halokes gnarakes nad ini anugid nak

.atrakaygoY irkpoB II PMS kutnu ,aynnamaz adap relupop tagnas ini halokeS

awsis kaynab aggnihes l irad gnatad gnay halokes id halokesreb kutnu atok rau

ini .

.d nakiridid 1291 nuhat adaP rhC halokeS .O.L.U.M ekjiletsji , ta takgnites ua

,ini taas PMS ep kutnu nakiridid gnay nagneD .igal iggnit hibel gnay nakididn

naikimed awsis - hisam nad sulul hadus gnay nuhat 7 rasaD halokeS awsis

naktujnalem nigni natapmesek nakirebid patet iggnit hibel gnay nakididnep

saules - .aynsaul sakeB narakes ini halokes nanugnab 1 AMS kutnu nakanugid g

irkpoB .atrakaygoY

.e haubes igal nakiridid 2291 nuhat adaP ned tem LOOHCS rasaD halokeS

IB NOLUK LEBJ ikusamem kutnu omina anerak nakiridid ini halokeS .

rasad halokes raseb haltagnas nuhat 7 . halokes gnudeG nakanugid gnarakes ini

.atrakaygoY 5 irkpoB PMS kutnu

naujameK - kapman gnay naujamek utkaw adap nakididnep gnadib malad

,nahalokesrep surugnep aratna kiab gnay amasajrek aynada irad sapel kadit uti

tikas hamur surugnep nad ,namusukodnoG JKG taamej surugnep .allenorteP laH

halokes irad tahilid tapad ini - nay tubesret halokes .uggnim halokes nakadagnem g

,uti nialeS igap paites allenorteP tikas hamur irad mirikid gnay sidem aganet ada


65

awsis itabognem kutnu - .nagnir tikas atirednem gnay awsis ahasu aynada nagneD

halokes nairidnep - nagnabmekrep ihuragnepmem tagnas tubesret netsirK halokes

.namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG taamej halmuj irad tahilret uti laH

naitkabek gnujnugnep .aynuggnim paites adap takgninem nikames gnay

.c awaJ netsirK ajereG nagnabmekreP kapmaD waS rabmeko

padahret namusukodnoG takaraysaM atrakaygoY

.1 tadaitsI tadA , asahaB , hareaD naineseK nad

nagnabmekreP G ajere namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK id hawab

gnidneZ k padahret huragnepreb natujnale tadaitsi tada ratikes id takaraysam

.atrakaygoY gnidneZ wabmem gnay J takaraysam ek aporE huragnep a awa

ubminem .raseb pukuc gnay kapmad nakl Z a paggnagnem gnay gnidne J tad awa

les pakisreb tagnas hadner taubmem ini naadaeK .fitke iskeleynem gnidneZ tada

J b kadit gnay anam nad nakukalid helob gnay anam awa lid helo helo nakuka

J netsirK takaraysam .nahaburep awabmem ini nad awa irad tahilid tapad ini laH

takaraysam rikip alop aynhabureb malad amaturet tadaitsi tada nagned natiakreb

naitamek nad naniwakrep lah aracapu - tada nagned latnek hisam gnay aracapu

amal itrepes naijases nakanuggnem gnay naitamek aracapu naklaggnitid . nialeS

ratupes takaraysam nauhategnep ,uti naniwakrep naitamek nad nup idajnem

gnay lah anam uhat idajnem takaraysam aggnihes ,habmatreb nad nakhelobrepid

.gnaralid gnay mukuH aynada nagned hibelreT jnem naniwakreP tadA nakida

namodep iaynupmem hakinem nigni gnay nagnasap paites inalajnem malad

.aynnaniwakrep


75

takaraysam ,naikimed nup naitamek lah malaD amagareb hadus gnay

isidart nagned aracapu naknalajnem igal kadit netsirK amal paggnaid gnay

netreb a tahilid tapaD .sutsirK suseY naraja nagned nagnat nagnabmekrep nad naraj

amaga K irahes napudihek malad huragnepreb tagnas netsir - ratikes takaraysam irah

.atrakaygoY asahaB gnay isakinumok tala nakapurem irahes napudihek malad - irah

aguj kat gnep irad sapel rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG nagnabmekrep hura

namusukodnoG d , .awaJ asahab ini lah mala ugid awaJ asahaB ,hadabi malad nakan

tapar , d H .awaJ netsirK ajereG gnadis na ini la utnet hokokrepmem nikames asahab

.isakinumok tala iagabes awaJ ynnagnabmekrep malaD ialum aisenodnI asahab a

gnadis nad hadabi malad nakanugid - .nakamatuid patet awaJ asahab ipatet ,gnadis

awaJ netsirK ajereG rabmekowaS arahilemem patet aguj namusukodnoG

.gnayaw nad karhpotek itrepes ,atrakaygoY haread nainesek ajereg aynlawA

sreb tagnas hisam paggnaid gnay haread nainesek padahret fitkeles paki

amal naayacrepek gnudnagnem nuhat adap edonis gnadis nakadaid haletes numan ,

.atrakaygoY takaraysam haread nainesek amirenem ajereg ,0691 utnet ini laH

nairatselek padahret fitisop huragnepreb esek ol haread nain s ,lak tapad niale

nakujnutrep itamkinem takaraysam tapad aguj nup suseY gnatnet lanegnem hibel

.sutsirK nagnabmekrep nagned irid nakiauseynem patet ajereG aynrasad adaP

.sutsirK suseY naraja nagned sarales patet numan ,namaz

.2 araysaM nataheseK tak

namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG nagnabmekreP utnet

id aynutas halas ,atrakaygoY ratikes takaraysam igab fitisop nahaburep awabmem

.natahesek gnadib gnutnagret hisam atrakaygoY takaraysam 0091 nuhat mulebeS

aleteS .fitanretla natabognep adap ,atrakaygoY id reruehcS atednep nagnatadek h


85

ebmem reruehcS atedneP .habureb ialum naadaek amuc natahesek nanayalep nakir -

c ”gnulut retkod“ iagabes lanekid nad amu em aid naidumek aggnih nakiridn

allenorteP tikaS hamuR . alaD nad tawarep ,natahesek nanayalep m retkod hamur

gnatad gnay neisap arap adapek sutsirK suseY lijnI nakatirebmem aguj ini tikas

.lijnI nakacabmem nagned ,takaraysam utnabmem tagnas utnet ini tikas hamuR

kiab hibel gnay sidem natawarep nad natabognep naktapadnem tapad akerem ,

alasam aggnihes .gnarukreb tapad natahesek gnadib id h

.nial gnay kapmad nakirebmem ini tikas hamur ,natahesek gnadibid nialeS

nagnabmekreP nikames sutsirK suseY gnatnet atireb taubmem idajret gnay

.lanekid nikames nad rabeynem atrakaygoY takaraysam taubmem ini naadaeK

ay habmatreb nikames netsirK idajnem nad kusam gn gnay atad ada kadit numan ,

ini nahabmatrep halmuj gnatnet itsap aguj atrakaygoY ratikesid takaraysaM .

apadnem gnay kaynab .allenorteP tikaS hamuR id naajrekep t

.3 takaraysaM nakididneP

ekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG gnukudnem aguj namusukodnoG rabm

halokes aynnugnabid nagned utiay ,nakididnep gnadib malad nagnabmekrep -

.atrakaygoY ratikes id halokes halokes aynadA - atrakaygoY id halokes tagnas

.takaraysam nagnabmekrep padahret fitisop huragnepreb alumes gnay takaraysaM

p aynada nagned furuh atub gnay kaynab nakididne hagnet id ridah gnay

takaraysam napudihek furuh atub satnarebmem upmam aynada nagned ,uti nialeS .

takaraysam pudih satilauk ikiabrepmem upmam nakididnep haburem upmam nad

l gnay hara ek takaraysam rikip alop .igal kiab hibe nakrihalem aguj nakididneP

eg isaren - fitisop nahaburep awabmem upmam gnay ,nasawawreb gnay isareneg

.ratikes takaraysam napudihek igab


95

V BAB

PUTUNEP

awaJ netsirK ajereG id nakukalid gnay naitilenep lisah nakrasadreB

namusukodnoG rabmekowaS nakrapapid halet gnay nasahabmep nad atrakaygoY

lah naklupmisid tapad aynmulebes bab adap - :tukireb iagabes lah

.1 ekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG ayniridreB sukodnoG rabm atrakaygoY namu

ignakalebratalid bocaJ atedneP helo nakukalid gnay lijnI narabakep ahasu

.naawS suilenroC nad ,reruehcS .G.J ,mehliW atrakaygoY aynlawa adaP

,lijnI narabakep kutnu gnaralret haread nakapurem a atednep ahasu sat

ral mehliW bocaJ iraunaJ 1981 nuhat adap tubacid tubesret nagna kajes nad

lijnI narabakeP .gnidnez helo gnagepid atrakaygoY id lijnI narabakep taas

atrakaygoY id nikam aynnugnabid haletes tasep nagned gnabmekreb

allenorteP tikaS hamuR 0091 teraM 1 .G.J helo sitnirid gnay , .reruehcS

anaras idajnem aguj natahesek anaras idajnem niales ini tikas hamuR

,lijnI narabakep atednep helo lijnI narabakep nakirebid gnatad gnay neisap

,ajas natahesek gnadib iulalem aynah kadit lijnI narabakeP .lijnI urug nad

dajid aguj nakididnep gnadib ini laH .lijnI narabakep kutnu anaras naki

halokes aynnugnabid irad tahilret .lijnI narabakep anaras nakidajid gnay

idajid gnay halokes nad tikas hamur aynadA narabakep malad anaras nak

gnay kiab ,nahalokes nad tikas hamur ratikes takaraysam taubmem lijnI

naidumek netsirK idajnem halet gnay rajalep nad tikas hamur id ajrekeb

pmukreb ep kutnebmem nad utas idajnem lu id kudnI ajereG irad nahtnap


06

madretsmA naawS suilenroC atednep helo gnibmibid gnay . eP ini nahtnap

tifitka gniries tasep nagned gnabmekreb naidumek id lijnI narabakep sa

.imubirp rasad halokes nad allenorteP tikaS hamuR nahtnapeP

namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG idajnem nad nakasawedid

3191 rebmevoN 32 adap namusukodnoG hamuR naped id tapmetreb gnay

allenorteP tikaS .

.2 kodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG harajeS 3191 nuhat irad namusu - 2491 halada

.nasitnirep lawa asam halasam idajnem isakinumok halasam ini asam iD

ad suires gnarO .ajereG nagnabmekrep mal - gnaro gnay adnaleB idajnem

natilusek ajereg taamej ini naadaeK .awaJ asahab nagned nakiauseynem

ej naktabikagnem nakidajnem nad irid nakhasimem naidumek adnaleB taam

uti aratnemeS .hadabi tapmet iagabes allenorteP tikaS hamuR kinilk gnaur

nakiapmasid gnay habtohk isi itregnem gnaruk awaJ taamej ,nial isis id

gnay adnaleB atednep helo iggnit nakididnepreb id nupualaw , makiapmas

malad ilsa atednep aynada halada nahalasamrep irad isuloS .awaJ asahab

akaM .taamej imahamem asib nad isakinumokreb racnal gnay imubirp

halhilipid 6291 lirpA 92 laggnat adap atednep iagabes retapoS idinoP

.amatrep imubirp nabmekrep 6291 lawa adaP JKG taamej nag

igal kadit ajereG gnudeg taubmem tasep nikames gnay namusukodnoG

utnet ini laH .hadabi taas adap gnatad gnay taamej gnupmanem tapad

.ajereG surugnep igab suires gnay nalaosrep idajnem surugnep uti kutnU

kalem kutnu naksutumem naidumek ajereG naku abmep gnudeg nanugn

.urab gnay ajereg g nanugnabmeP 81 laggnat adap ialumid tubesret ajere


16

llenorteP tikas hamur rumit halebes id 9291 rebmevoN .a P 01 laggnat ada

1491 sutsugA nagnosokek nakitnagnem ojdomtahomraD tahpasoY atednep

tednep naklaggnitid gnay retapoS idinoP a nurunem aynnatahesek gnay .

taameJ .taamej adap kapmadreb aguj ajereG satifitkA - naidumek taamej

nalupmukrep nakiridnem - nupuam gnadib nagned iauses gnay nalupmukrep

uruG nalupmukreP itrepes ,taamej naajrekep - ,)C.G.P( netsirK urug

nalupmukreP )K.V.P( netsirK tikas hamur iawagep

.3 D amusukodnoG JKG nagnabmekrep irad kapma takaraysam padahret n

aynratikes tahilret ,ayadub ,laisos kepsa utiay ,kepsa iagabreb malad

nakididnep nad ,natahesek . ,laisos kepsa nagned aynnagnubuh malaD halas

aynutas halada aynnakpatetid iridnesret naniwakrep tada mukuh haubes

ajereG edoniS helo - netsirK ajereG ajereG ataT ukub malad mutnacret gnay

.5002 nuhat anaskaL ataT nad ,ayadub kepsa nagned aynnagnubuh malaD

halada aynhotnoc utas halas id gnay tiluk gnayaw nad karportek nakniam

icuS batiK irad libmaid gnay atirec nagned ubuh malaD . nagned aynnagn

natahesek kepsa raseb tama atres narep ayniridreB .allenorteP tikas hamur

aynnugnabid gnakaleb ratal utas halas idajnem gnay halini tikas hamur

namusukodnoG JKG b huragnepreb nad nagnabmekrep padahret rase

ini laH .atrakaygoY id netsirK amaga gnatad gnay neisap irad tahiret

takaraysam adapek sitarg araces naaskiremep nad lijnI narabakep nakirebid

ratikes netsirK naraja padahret kiratret takaraysam taubmem gnay . malaD

ed aynnagnubuh ,nakididnep kepsa nagn halokes iagabreb aynlucnum igab

,takaraysam ,loohcS animlehliW nigninoK ,loohcS suinehcueK utiay


26

nad ,.O.L.U.M ekjiletsjirhC halokeS ,NATEW LEBJIB ned tem LOOHCS

.NOLUK LEBJIB ned tem LOOHCS rasaD halokeS


36

RATFAD AKATSUP

:ukuB rebmuS

amtariwanaB J , .B . .6891 .takaraysaM nad ajereG .suisinaK :atrakaygoY

.3102 .H ,fohkreB ajereG harajeS . atrakaJ : .ailuM gnunuG KPB

.7991 .dubkidpeD .atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD tadaitsI tadA :atrakaJ

ubeK nad nakididneP nemetrapeD .naayad

namharudbA gnuduD . .7002 harajeS naitileneP igolodoteM . rA:atrakaygoY - ssuR

aideM .

nekueH , flodA . .6791 isnE .ajereG gnatneT relupoP aidepolk atrakaygoY :

suisinaK .

oyojiwotnuK .5991 . harajeS umlI ratnagneP . :atrakaygoY .ayaduB gnetneB

ajereG silejaM atrakaygoY namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK .8891 . 57

namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG taameJ nuhaT

atrakaygoY .atrakaygoY ,

.9791 .ogoriwojdraH nugnabraM hisaM gnaroeseS iradeS :awaJ tadaitsI tadA

gaL adaiT aI haduseS aggniH nagnudnaK malaD i amtaP :gnudnaB . .

M ,relleo regnorK . .)nuhat apnaT( aisenodnI ajereG harajeS . nadaB :atrakaJ

netsirK tibreneP .

anaN anajduS . .9891 nakididneP naialineP nad naitileneP . gnudnaB uraB raniS : .

otoN ohorguN otnasuS . .4691 kaH .harajeS edoteM nad harajeS take J atraka : tasuP

rajeS atajnesreB natakgnA ha .

onotraS ojridotraK . .3991 harajeS igolodoteM malad laisoS umlI natakedneP .

aidemarG :atrakaJ .amatU akatsuP


46

.2102 .JKG edoniS awaJ netsirK ajereG anaskaL ataT nad ajereG ataT . talaS .agi

ojtokeoS . .9002 eG harajeS ajer - gnayaB hawaB iD :1 diliJ awaJ netsirK ajereG -

8581 gnidneZ gnayab - 8491 :atrakaygoY . namaT netsirK akatsuP

aisenodnI .

ojtokeoS & onotrahdiW seogA . G idajneM 001 :napudiheK gnareT nad mara

T namusukodnoG JKG nuha . namaT nasayaY :atrakaygoY netsirK akatsuP

aisenodnI .

.4791 .pW ,I ,otnamuS kababeS :naranebeK iracneP gnaroeS hcardaS iayK

hagneT awaJ id lijnI narabakeP harajeS . .ailuM gnunuG KPB:atrakaJ

IIVX edoniS hubmuT gnay hineB miT - JKG .6891 . ajereG - reG e :awaJ netsirK aj

id gnabmekreB nad hubmuT gnay hineB awaJ hanaT . atrakaygoY : namaT

netsirK akatsuP .

nemetrapeD asahaB nagnabmegneP nad naanibmeP tasuP sumaK nusuyneP miT

eK nad nakididneP .0991 .naayadub aisenodnI asahaB raseB sumaK ,

akatsuP ialaB :atrakaJ .

V E ned na samohT ,dn . . )nuhat apnaT( jeB malaD atraH ana KPB :atrakaJ .

.ailuM gnunuG

.5891 .samohT ,ajajdiwatarB asayiW awaJ tadA naniwakreP aracapU . atrakaJ :

.naparaH raniS

,keebretloW .D.J .5991 awaJ ualuP id gnidneZ dabaB . atrakaygoY : namaT

netsirK akatsuP .

:aracnawaW rebmuS

atedneP ubI nagned aracnawaW 01 :atrakaygoY( BIW 00.11 lukup ,iS .S ,itsirK

4102 lirpA 4102 rebmeseD 51 nad .)


NARIPMAL


56

amaN rebmusaraN nad rabmaG

.1 rebmusaraN

amaN : .isS ,itsirK atedneP

LTT : 5891 ,atrakaygoY ,namelS ,inatramoniM

tadaitsi tada nad ajereG nagnubuh ianegnem aracnawaW igab ajereG kapmad atrestakaraysam .

.2 rabmaG

.1 rabmaG ilak amatrep gnay kinilK naratniB id nugnabid :rebmus( )namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG nuhaT 57

56


.1 rebmusaraN




.2 rabmaG


56


.1 rebmusaraN




.2 rabmaG



66

adap nakimserid gnayallenorteP tikaS hamuR amatu nanugnaB .2 rabmaG.0991 teraM 1 laggnat

:rebmus( )namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG nuhaT 57

waJ netsirK ajereG gnudeG .3 rabmaG ,amatrep gnay namsukodnoG a

.4091 nuhat adap nakanugid ialum :rebmus( )namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG nuhaT 57

66





66






76

aynawsis nad netsirK uruG nolaC nagnalumaP.5 rabmaG


H .6 rabmaG nateW lebjiB tem .S.J.


noluK lebjiB tem .S.J.H .7 rabmaG :rebmus( )namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG nuhaT 57

76






76







86

6291 lirpA adap retapoS.P riotpmerep naijU .8 rabmaG


.9 rabmaG .amatrep imubirp atednep ,retapoS idinoP atedneP


86





86






96

1391 nuhat atrakaygoY namusukodnoG ajereG gnudeG .01 rabmaG


tahpasoY atedneP .11 rabmaG 1491(audek imubirp atednep ,ojdomtahomraD -.)0591


96





96






07


17

SUBALIS

halokeS amaN AMS : atrakaygoY airaM atnaS

narajaleP ataM aisenodnI harajeS :

saleK IX :

itnI isnetepmoK :

.1 itayahgneM nad naklamagnem ayntunaid gnay amaga naraja

.2 iludep ,bawaj gnuggnat ,nilpisid ,rujuj ukalirep naklamagnem nad itayahgneM ,)iamad ,narelot ,amasajrek ,gnoyor gnotog(

orp nad ,fisnopser ,nutnas - iskaretnireb malad nahalasamrep iagabreb sata isulos irad naigab iagabes pakis nakkujnunem nad fitka

gabes irid naktapmenem malad atres mala nad laisos nagnukgnil nagned fitkefe araces .ainud naluagrep malad asgnab nanimrec ia

.3 sisilanagnem nad ,nakparenem ,imahameM nauhategnep ,lautpesnok ,lautkaf larudesorp gnatnet aynuhat nigni asar nakrasadreb

nabek ,naaisunamek nasawaw nagned aroinamuh nad ,ayadub ,ines ,igolonket ,nauhategnep umli nad ,naaragenek ,naasg

iauses kifiseps gnay naijak gnadib adap larudesorp nauhategnep nakparenem atres ,naidajek nad anemonef tiakret nabadarep

.halasam nakhacemem kutnu ayntanim nad takab nagned

.4 anar nad terknok hanar malad ijaynem nad ,ralanem ,halogneM id aynirajalepid gnay irad nagnabmegnep nagned tiakret kartsba h

.naumliek hadiak iauses adotem nakanuggnem upmam nad ,iridnam araces halokes


27

rasaD isnetepmoK rotakidnI kokoP iretaM narajalebmeP naialineP isakolA

utkaW

rebmuS

rajaleB

5.3 akifitnedigneM is

,kitilop kapmadlaisos ,ayadub - nad ,imonoke

adap nakididnep nahajajnep asam

malad taraB asgnab napudihek

asam aisenodnI.inik

1.3 neM nakispirksed

gnakaleb ratal JKG ayniridreb

namusukodnoG

2.3 akispirksedneM n nagnabmekrep

JKGodnoG namusuk

3191 nuhat irad -2491

3.3 eM isakifitnedign ajereg nagnubuh

takaraysam nad kapmad atres

nagnabmekrep JKG

namusukodnoG padahret

takaraysam

nagnabmekreP netsirK ajereG

J awa namusukodnoGirad atrakaygoY

3191 nuhat - 2491

leb rataL gnaka JKG ayniridreb

namusukodnoG

nagnabmekreP JKG

namusukodnoG3191 nuhat irad -

2491 ajereg nagnubuH

takaraysam nad kapmad atres

nagnabmekrep JKG

itamagneM

awsiS em itamagn rabmag gnatnet

lebmep iretam naraja

aynaneM nad aynatreb awsiS

nakiapmaynem tapadnep gnatnet

raja iretam adapek g uru

eM naklupmugnisamrofnI

naklupmugneM tiakret isamrofni

nagned iretam ,naacab iulalem

tenretni , nadrebmus - rebmusaynnial

:isavresbO itamagnem

atresep nataigekdid malad ki

nad isuksidisatneserp

silutret seT : ialinem

naupmamek kidid atresep

imahamem maladiretam

saguT: rutkurtsret

taubmem lekitra

4 X 2 5

tinem

nuhat 57

taameJ awaJ netsirK rabmekowaS

musukodnoG na

atrakaygoY

idajneM nad maraG

gnareT napudiheK

nuhat 001 JKG

musukodnoGna

I tenretn


37

atrakaygoY

namusukodnoG padahret

takaraysamatrakaygoY

isaisosagneM sisilanagneM

nad isamrofni atad kiab tapadid gnay

nupuam naacab iradrebmus irad - rebmus

pait nad tiakret isuksidreb kopmolek

naktapadnem kutnu gnatnet nalupmisek aynlisah nad iretam

id silut id satrek

nakisakinumokgneM sisilana lisaH

nad nakisatneserpid aynat nakukalem

jnales bawaj ayntu malad nakropalid

gnay nasilut kutnebnagned tiakret iretam


47

R ANACNE NARAJALEBMEP NAANASKALEP

nakididneP nautaS AMS : atrakaygoY airaM atnaS

retsemeS/saleK : lasaG/IX

narajaleP ataM : harajeS

kokoP iretaM : harajeS ereG usukodnoG awaJ netsirK aj m irad na nuhat

3191 - 2491

ek naumetreP 1 :

.A isnetepmoK itnI

.1 tayahgneM .ayntunaid gnay amaga naraja naklamagnem nad i

.2 ,bawajgnuggnat ,nilpisid ,rujuj ukalirep naklamagnem nad itayahgneM

,nutnas ,)iamad ,narelot ,amas ajrek ,gnoyor gnotog( iludep evisnopser ,

orp nad - sata isulos irad naigab iagabes pakis nakkujnunem malad fitka

reb malad nahalasamrep iagabreb i nagned fitkefe araces iskaretn

iagabes irid naktapmenem malad atres mala nad laisos nagnukgnil

.ainud naluagrep malad asgnab nanimrec

.3 mahameM ,lautkaf nauhategnep sisilanagnem nad ,nakparenem ,i

b larudesorp nad ,lautpesnok t aynuhat nigni asar nakrasadre umli gnatne

lonket ,nauhategnep gned aroinamuh nad ,ayadub ,ines ,igo w na nasawa

babeynep tiakret nabadarep nad ,naaragenek ,naasgnabek ,naaisunamek

adap larudesorp nauhategnep nakparenem atres ,naidajek nad anemonef

jak gnadib kutnu ayntanim nad takab nagned iauses kifiseps gnay nai

.halasam nakhacemem

.4 terknok hanar malad ijaynem nad ,ralanem ,halogneM nad kartsba hanar

d nagnabmegnep nagned tiakret i araces halokes id aynirajalepid gnay ir

es edotem nakanuggnem upmam nad ,iridnam .naumliek hadiak iaus


57

.B rasaD isnetepmoK

1.1 ialin itayahgneM - nagnaujrep malad utasreb nanigniek nad nautasrep ialin

nahuT ainurak iagabes asgnab naakedremek ujunem lanoisan nakaregrep

aisenodnI aragen nad asgnab padahret asE ahaM gnaY

5.2 eb nad rujuj ukalreB gnuggnatr - sagut nakajregnem malad bawaj - irad sagut

arajes narajalebmep .h

5.3 M laisos ,ayadub ,kitilop kapmad isakifitnedigne - nakididnep nad ,imonoke

.inik asam aisenodnI asgnab napudihek malad taraB nahajajnep asam adap

5.4 laisos ,ayadub ,kitilop kapmad ralaneM -e adap nakididnep nad imonok

nad inik asam aisenodnI asgnab napudihek malad taraB nahajajnep asam

harajes atirec kutneb malad aynnakijaynem .

.C isnetnepmoK naiapacneP rotakidnI

1.1 itayahgneM ialin - nagnaujrep malad utasreb nanigniek nad nautasrep ialin

nakaregrep nahuT ainurak iagabes asgnab naakedremek ujunem lanoisan

aisenodnI aragen nad asgnab padahret asE ahaM gnaY .

1.2 sagut nakajregnem malad bawajgnuggnatreb nad rujuj ukalreB - irad sagut

harajes narajalebmep .

1.3 neM odnoG JKG ayniridreb gnakaleb ratal nakispirksed namusuk .

2.3 akispirksedneM n harajes 3191 nuhat irad namusukodnoG JKG - 2491 .

3.3 eM gn sisilana kapmad atres takaraysam nad ajereg nagnubuh

atrakaygoY takaraysam padahret namusukodnoG JKG nagnabmekrep .

1.4 gnatnet isamrofni halogneM os ,ayadub ,kitilop kapmad lais - nad imonoke

asgnab napudihek malad taraB nahajajnep asam adap nakididnep

harajes atirec kutneb malad aynnakijaynem nad inik asam aisenodnI .

.D narajalebmeP naujuT

isuksid iulaleM lekitra taubmem sagut nad : tapad awsis

.1 ialin nakdujuweM - nautasrep ialin .utasreb nanigniek nad


67

.2 isnarelot pakis nakdujuwem nad amaga ratna naadebrep iagrahgneM

irahes napudihek malad - .irah

.3 narajalebmep nataigek malad rujuj pakis nad ukalirp nakdujuweM

.4 neM reb gnakaleb ratal nakispirksed rid i .namusukodnoG JKG ayn

.5 nakispirksedneM s haraje namusukodnoG JKG nuhat irad 3191 - .2491

.6 gneM lana i sis .atrakaygoY takaraysam nagned ajereg aratna nagnubuh

.7 padahret namusukodnoG JKG nagnabmekrep kapmad isakifitnedigneM

.atrakaygoY takaraysam

.8 M kapmad nakispirksedne laisos ,ayadub ,kitilop - nad imonoke nakididnep

inik asam aisenodnI asgnab napudihek malad taraB nahajajnep asam adap .

.E rajA iretaM

.1 gnakaleb rataL namusukodnoG JKG ayniridreb .

.2 harajeS 3191 nuhat irad namusukodnoG JKG - 2491 .

.3 JKG nagnabmekrep kapmad atres takaraysam nad ajereg nagnubuH

sukodnoG atrakaygoY takaraysam padahret namu .

.F utkaw isakolA :

1 tinem 54 x

.G edoteM nad ledoM ,natakedneP narajalebmeP

natakedneP : cifitneicS

edoM l : evitarepooC epit sevnI puorG it noitag

edoteM ,hamareC : d ,isuksi ynat nad isatneserp bawaj a


77

.H P nataigeK narajalebme

nataigeK nataigeK isakolA

utkaW

nauluhadneP .a awsis utas halas nakalisrepmem uruGaod nipmimem .

.b malas nakirebmem uruG .

.c nad napaisek awsis adapek nakaynaneMrajaleb kutnu namaynek .

.d .awsis naridahek kecegneM

.e gnay naaynatrep aparebeb nakujagneMeb narajalebmep iretam nagned natiakr .

.f narajalebmep naujut naksiluneM . .g kiapmayneM na nataigek anacner

arajalebmep n.

5 tinem

itnI igabmem uruG malad ek awsis 4 kopmolek nakatoggnareb gnay 5 nad gnaro nakirebmem

gnisam - gnisam .adebreb gnay kipot

gneM itama rabmag aparebeb naktahilrepmem uruG

adapek namusukodnoG JKG gnatnet.awsis

em awsiS gnay iretam nasakgnir acabm gnatnet harajes .namusukodnoG JKG

aynaneM natapmesek nakirebmem uruG adapek

nakaynanem kutnu awsis iretam irad isitubesret

aynatreb awsiS kiapmaynem nad na.tapadnep

kutnu kidid atresep isatilisafmem uruGnaaynatrep sata nabawaj nakiapmaynem -


87

atrep gnatnet naayn JKG harajes iretam namusukodnoG tubesret .

isamrofnI naklupmugneM isamrofni naklupmugneM ukub iulalem

enretni nad nagned tiakret : .1 L ata gnakaleb r JKG ayniridreb

namusukodnoG .2 S haraje irad namusukodnoG JKG

3191 nuhat - 2491 . .3 H ubu takaraysam nad ajereg nagn .4 D JKG nagnabmekrep kapma

takaraysam padahret namusukodnoGatrakaygoY .

isaisosagneM isamrofni sisilanagneM gnay atad nad

id helorep rad kiab irad nupuam naacab irebmus - kopmolek pait nad tiakret rebmus

nalupmisek naktapadnem kutnu isuksidreb gnatnet tubesret iretam aynlisah atres

id silut satrek adap . nakisakinumokgneM

kutnu natapmesek irebid kopmolek paiTem aynisuksid lisah nakisatneserpm .

saH nad nakisatneserpid sisilana li ayntujnales bawaj aynat nakukalem gnay nasilut kutneb malad nakropalid

gnakaleb ratal nagned tiakret ayniridreb ,namusukodnoG JKG harajes JKG

3191 nuhat irad namusukodnoG - 2491 nad ,h atres takaraysam nad ajereg nagnubu

kapmad JKG nagnabmekrep takaraysam padahret namusukodnoG

atrakaygoY .

3 tinem 0

putuneP .a helo utnabid awsis nalupmisek/isakifiralK urug kutnu iretam naklupmiynem gnatnet

awaJ netsirK ajereG harajeSusukodnoG m 3191 nuhat adap na - 2491

.b ukugnem kutnu isaulavE naiapacretek r


97

narajalebmep naujut .c gnatnet iskelfer nakukalem awsiS

narajalebmep naanaskalep .d sagut taubmem awsiS apureb natujnal

ratna nagnubuh gnatnet lekitra tamu ,udividni sagut( aisenodnI id amagareb

)naidumek uggnim utas naklupmukid .e uruG m s nakpacugne mala

01 tinem

.I rajaleB lisaH naialineP

.a : tseT )ripmalret( naiarU

.b : tseT noN

.1 )ripmalret( isuksid natamagnep rabmeL

.2 )ripmalret( isatneserp natamagnep rabmeL

.3 )ripmalret( pakis natamagnep rabmeL

.4 sreT nasaguneP t : rutkur u napudihek gnatnet lekitra taubmem tam

aisenodnI id amagareb )ripmalret(

nasilunep tamroF lekitra :

aenilA 1 nauluhadneP

aenilA 2-3 isI

4 aenilA nalupmiseK

nakujuR ratfaD

: natataC

itekid halakaM furuh nakanuggnem nagned k 1 ,namoR weN semiT ,2

,5,1 isaps p ir tn - tuo 4A satrek .

.J nad rebmuS rajaleB aideM

.1 : rebmuS

.a akatsuP

.3102 .onotrahdiW seogA nad .H.S ,ojtokeoS nad maraG idajneM

namusukodnoG JKG nuhat 001 napudiheK gnareT :atrakaygoY .

.aisenodnI netsirK akatsuP namaT nasayaY


08

namusukodnoG JKG nuhat 57 nagnaneK ukuB natibreneP miT

atrakaygoY .8891 . T 57 rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK taameJ nuha

atrakaygoY namusukodnoG netsirK ajereG silejaM :atrakaygoY .

.atrakaygoY namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ

ojtokeoS . .9002 ajereG harajeS - iD :1 diliJ awaJ netsirK ajereG

gnayaB hawaB - 8581 gnidneZ gnayab - 8491 aygoY . :atrak namaT

aisenodnI netsirK akatsuP .

.b tenretnI

.2 aideM

.a draob etihW

.b tniop rewoP

,iuhategneM ,atrakaygoY lirpA 4102

,halokeS alapeK ,lepaM uruG

rD .dP.M ,idisuM .B .s S.G.M ansrK sucirneH


18

iretaM nasakgniR :1 naripmaL

.1 L gnakaleb rata namusukodnoG JKG ayniridreb

namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG ayniridreB

helo ignakalebratalid atrakaygoY mehliW bocaJ atedneP ahasu . hareaD

wa adap atrakaygoY ek daba la - amaga narabeynep kutnu nagnaral ada hisam 91

.netsirK awaJ ualuP id nasawak ,adnaleB aidniH lainolok hatniremep igaB

nanatlusaK nad atrakaruS nananusaK utiay ,naajarek nasawak amaturet

atrakajgojagN arabakeP .lijnI narabakep irad nakhuajid surah nasawak id lijnI n

lainolok hatniremeP .lainolok kitilop naanaskalep igab ayahabreb ialinid ini

.nanatlusak nasawak id kitilop nagnacnogek idajret nigni kadit adnaleB aidniH

nakrabagnem patet kutnu mehliW bocaJ atednep isavitomem gnay ini laH lijnI .

uaileB hatniremep adapek nanohomrep nakujagnem ahasureb suret

hatniremep 1981 iraunaJ 12 laggnat adap ,aynrihka adap aggniH .atrakaygoY

netsirK naraja raga nizi irebmem imser araces atrakaygoY haread nad tasup

.atrakaygoY id kusam helob

bocaJ atednep nagnaujreP netsirK amaga nakrabeynem malad mehliW

nahuT liggnapid uaileb anerak ,amal gnusgnalreb kadit 2981 nuhat adap

,mehliW bocaJ atednep laggninepeS .adum gnalibret gnay rumu nagned

naidumek nuhates iseforpreb sugilakes gnay reruehcS tirreG naJ halhilipid

gabes hadus uti taas adaP .lijnigneP iagabes isim naktujnalem kutnu retkod ia

gnay gnaroes aguj nakhutubid ,lijnigneP iagabes niales awhab ulrep gnadnapid

nad tikas atirednem kaynab gnay imubirp kududnep gnolonem tapad

.sidem araces nagnolotrep nakhutubmem asalA aynrihka adap gnay halini n

namusukodnoG gnupmak id allenorteP tikas hamur nugnabid 9981 nuhat .

inuhid tubesret gnupmak taubmem allenorteP tikas hamur ayniridreB

idajnem nupmihreb akerem taubmem aggnihes ,netsirK agraulek kaynab helo

ahtnaP kopmolek haubes .n id netsirK tamu kopmolek amal nikameS

.aynhalmuj habmatreb nad gnabmekreb tapad atrakaygoY namusukodnoG laH

nakanerakid ini tikas hamur aynada ayapu nad allenorteP - gnay ayapu

kapaB utiay aynutnabmep arap atreseb reruehcS .G.J atednep helo nakukalid

aroY leumaS kapaB ,oyibmaS kapaB ,m , nuket gnay adailE kapaB nad


28

hagnet id sutsirK lijnI nakatirebmem - kududnep hagnet ,aynlisaH .imubirp

netsirK amaga naraja lanegnem aynrihka gnay imubirp kududnep irad kaynab .

ukodnoG netsirK tamu 1091 rebmeseD 22 laggnat adaP namus

,nakaribmeggnem tagnas gnay awitsirep imalagnem k nera adap a laggnat

inayalid tapad namusukodnoG netsirK tamu aynilak amatrep kutnu tubesret

.suduk naumajrep nad naawZ silenroC atednep helo inayalid ini naumajreP

et gnay netsirK agraw 52 helo iridahid tamu 3 nad imubirp tamu 22 irad iridr

.aohgnoiT 091 nuhat adap igal idajret nakaribmegnem awitsireP tamu anerak ,4

namusukodnoG id netsirK ajereg gnudeg ikilimem aynilak amatrep kutnu

.igal allenorteP kinilk id gnapmunem ulrep kadit nad iridnes urab gnudeG gnay

namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG nakamanid tubesret iakapid .

nagnujnuk tapadnem namusukodnoG taamej ,3191 iluJ 92 laggnat adaP

arap irad rotatisiv atednep nad nemubeK irad kjiD nav .K atednep irad iridret

.gnalegaM irad nijilekraM .A ujnuk irad duskaM itilenem kutnu halada ini nagn

kutnu gnatam hadus namusukodnoG netsirK tamu hakapa askiremem nad

.iridnes iridreb nad asawed gnay taameJ haubes idajnem nakrasadreB lisah

,rotatisiv arap naitilenep adap aynrihka netsirK taamej 3191 rebmevoN 32

namusukodnoG sisalk gnadis malad nasutupek nagned iauses nakasawedid .

iaynupmem helob nakasawedid haletes namusukodnoG netsirK taameJ

nad anibmem ,rutagnem kutnu bawajgnuggnat irebid gnay iridnes aynsilejam

awaJ netsirK taamej napudihek raga namusukodnoG taamej agajnem

.gnabmekreb tapad suret namusukodnoG

.2 harajeS 3191 nuhat irad namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG - 2491

.a amatrep napahaT ( 3191 - 6291 )

aynhilipret nad namusukodnoG JKG lawa asam gnatnet naksalejneM

asam adaP .amatrep imubirp atednep iagabes retapoS idinoP kapaB lawa

aynhasipret itrepes natabmah iumenem namusukodnoG JKG ,aynnanalajrep

.adnaleB asgnabreb gnay taamej utkaw adap gnay namusukodnoG JKG taameJ

awaJ gnaro raseb naigabes nad ,aniC gnaro ,adnaleB gnaro irad iridret uti

taubmem k malad nakanugid gnay asahab habto - irah adap habtok M uggni


38

awaJ asahab nakanuggnem adnaleB asgnabreb gnay akerem taubmem ini laH .

imalagnem habtok isi apa itregnem nad amirenem kutnu natilusek gnay

.awaJ asahab malad nakiapmasid akerem taubmem tubesret naadaeK

gnem nad irid nakhasimem asahab habtok nagned iridnes naitkabek nakada

adnaleB . gnay ajereg haubes nugnabmem nup akerem ,uti nialeS taubid susuhk

netsirK amagareb gnay adnaleB gnaro kutnu . id 3291 nuhat adap ,uti irad akaM

.netsirK ajereg gnudeg aud ada hadus atrakaygoY

nabmekreP amusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG taamej nag n gnay

tasep nikames nad tapad kaynab nikames gnay naitkabek gnujnugnep halmuj

nakasarid ini laH . ubmem G ta JK sukodnoG u ilsa atednep nakhutubmem nam

m gnay imubirp .taamej nagned isakinumokreb kutnu nakhadume hka naD aynri

gnay amatrep imubirp atednep iagabes retapoS idinoP kapaB halhilipret

laggnat adap naksibhatid 6291 lirpA 92 . ,atednep idajnem naksibhatid mulebeS

adap nad natujnal susruk inalajnem kutnu nakbijawid retapoS idinoP kapaB

ah nakutnetid hadus gnay utkaw nakadaid gnay riotpmerep naiju hupmenem sur

gnadis malad isalK s .

.b audek napahaT ( 6291 - 2491 )

M ,urab gnay ajereg gnudeg nanugnabmep gnatnet naksalejne

naitnagrep nad ,namusukodnoG JKG malad id nalupmukrep aynkutnebret

ej halmuj aynhabmatreb nikameS .atednep ajereg gnudeg naktabikagnem taam

,uggniM irah adap naitkabek taas taamej gnupmanem igal upmam kadit

gnay ajereg gnudeg nugnabid ialum 9291 rebmevoN 81 laggnat adap aggnihes

.urab ayntapet ,nuhat utas utkaw malad nakiaselesid tapad ajereg nanugnabmeP

b adap urab gnay ajereg gnudeg naimsereP .0391 rebmevoN nalu

awhab adnat iagabeS .0391 rebmeseD 11 ,simaK irah adap nakgnusgnalid

helo nipmipid gnay naitkabek aracapu nakadaid nakanugid halet ajereg gnudeg

.retapoS idinoP kapab

agnem gnay ajas ajereg aynah nakuB taamej numan ,nagnabmekrep imal

.kiab gnay nagnabmekrep imalagnem nup rajalep nad adumep aratna id kaynaB

iynubmes araces netsirK - hamarec itukignem nijar iynubmes - gnay hamarec

hisam netsirK tamu igab uti utkaw adap nupualaw ,naasgnabek kitilop uabreb


48

l ada adumep arap akam ,uti huragnep irad tabikA .kitilopreb kutnu nagnara

nalupmukrep utnabmem kutnu irid nakinarebmem ialum netsirK - nalupmukrep

.nautasrep gnalaggnem kutnu duskam nagned nalupmukreP - nalupmukrep

:nial aratna tubesret

urug nalupmukreP - etsirK urug ..C.G.P takgnisid gnay n

iawagep nalupmukreP - nakamanid gnay netsirK tikas hamur iawagep

uata netsirK sretsgeepreV nad sregelpreV nalupmukrep isasinagro

.K.V.P takgnisid gnay

ubi nalupmukreP - nakamanid gnay namusukodnoG taamej agraw ubi

inaW idraM isasinagro .K.W.M takgnisid gnay uata netsirK at

nakamanid gnay SMA nad OLUM takgnit rajalep arap nalupmukreP

adumeP nalupmukreP itrareb gnay gnigineereV naregnoJ netsirhC

.V.J.C takgnisid gnay uata netsirK

gnay namusukodnoG taamej inayalem malad naajrekep ayntareB

s atedneP inamsaj natahesek taubmem ,aynhalmuj kaynab habmatreb nikame

gnay halini naadaeK .tikas atirednem gnires nad nurunem retapoS idinoP

aggnihes ,namusukodnoG taamej hurules igab nanitahirpek naklucnumem

ujagnem askapret uaileb itah tareb tagnas nagned nasala nagned nuisnep nak

.aynnatahesek 52 haletes retapoS idinoP atedneP natabaj asam aynrihkareB

atednep idajnem nuhat JKG id atednep natabaj nagnosokek nakbabeynem

aynrihka tubesret isisop nagnosokeK .namusukodnoG atedneP helo nakitnagid

homraD tahpasoY 1491 sutsugA 01 laggnat adap naksibhatid gnay ojdomta .

.3 H atres takaraysam nad ajereg nagnubu nagnabmekrep irad kapmad

awaJ netsirK ajereG namusukodnoG atrakaygoY takaraysam padahret

H G nagnabmekrep irad kapmad atres takaraysam nad ajereg nagnubu JK

sukodnoG namu atrakaygoY takaraysam padahret iagabreb malad tahilret

.nakididnep nad ,natahesek ,ayadub ,laisos kepsa utiay ,kepsa


58

.1 )naitamek nad naniwakrep tadaitsi tada( laisos kepsA

kadit ,latnek pukuc gnay tadaitsi tada ikilimem awaJ takaraysaM

dap ilaucekret uti laH .atrakaygoY haread id awaJ netsirK takaraysam a

naniwakrep malad nakparetid gnay naasaibek uata isidart malad tahilret

naitamek nad irahes napudihek id - irah . awaJ netsirK ajereG

,ini awaJ tadaitsi tada kalonem kadit iridnes atrakaygoY rabmekowaS

an kadit gnay anam nad nakukalid ulrep gnay tada anam halimem num

.sutsirK suseY nahuT hatnirep ihalaynem kadit nad ,uti anerak helO

ajereG edoniS - libmagnem ulrep paggnagnem naidumek netsirK ajereG

tada mukuh haubes nakpatenem edoniS .saget pukuc gnay pakis

p edoniS malad nakpatetid uti naniwakrep mukuH .iridnesret naniwakre

:isireb gnay ,5391 nuhat adap gnalegaM id VI

ikal ,nahakinrep rumU - malaD .nuhat 51 atinaw ,nuhat 81 ikal

lah - id aisu utnetret lah .nakhakinid asib rumu hawab

aus nagned iarecreb gnay atinaW hakinem helob urab ,aynim

.aynnaiarecrep irad irah 003 haduses igal

magonom pisnirp nagned nahakinreP i , huyaw kadit )udam(

.naknanekrepid

hakin iagabes iukaid patet ,netsirK kusam gnay gnaro irad hakiN

.has gnay

l irtsireb netsirK kusam kadneh gnay akereM patet ,utas irad hibe

irtsi nakiarecnem kadneh ualak ,has paggnaid - aynirtsi

.nakhelobrepid

nagned natiakreB ,naitamek halasam kadit gnamem edoniS

naitamek aracapu naknalajnem kutnu nagnaral saget araces nakpatenem

racapu aumes inkay ,salej aynpisnirp numan gnudnagnem gnay a

nakpatenem nakhab edoniS .nakadaitid nad gnaralid amal naayacrepek

namakamep aracapu igrutil id nad hamur id aracapu itupilem gnay

.rubuk


68

.2 )haread nainesek nad haread asahab( ayadub kepsA

p nakiratselem atrakaygoY awaJ netsirK takaraysaM naanuggne

naayadubek kiab nagned arahilemem aguj akerem nakhab ,awaJ asahab

id awaJ asahabreb nad ,aggnat hamur naitkabek ,hadabi malad

.batiklA nahaalenep id imser asahab nakapurem awaJ asahaB G ajere -

G isakinumok asahab nakapurem nialeS .awaJ netsirK ajere asahab nad

ratna tapar asahab idajnem aguj awaJ asahab ,hadabi G ajere -G ajere

.edonis gnadis nupuam sisalk gnadis malad aynlasim awaJ

haread nainesek ikilimem atrakaygoY awaJ takaraysaM

uti haread naineseK .kiab nagned arahilepid hisam gnay iridnesret

asim ,itrepes aynl ,natiwarak ines gnayaw ,karpohtek ines , .aynnial nad

taamej aynrihka ,tubesret nainesek nakiratselem kutnU

aynnakgnabmegnem .lijnI narabakep kutnu anaras iagabes ,aynlasiM

gnabmet ukub nakrihalem aynrihka )araus ines( - isireb gnabmet ukub

raja itrepes ,nanetsirkek na .akalbajT nakanuggnem gnay ada nakhaB

narabakep naulrepek kutnu aynnial haread nainesek nad nagnalahdnep

.netsirK natalehrep nad ,hadabi nupuam lijnI

.3 natahesek kepsA

gnitnep gnay halasam idajnem ulales natahesek halasaM malad

raysam ihunepret idajnem natahesek naka takaraysam nahutubeK .taka

aynnugnabid irasadnem gnay halini laH .tikas hamur aynada nagned

huragnepreb tagnas ini tikas hamur ayniridreB .allenorteP tikas hamur

iteS .atrakaygoY id netsirK amaga nagnabmekrep padahret raseb pa

helo kiab lijnI narabakep nakirebid tikas hamur ek taboreb gnay neisap

.retkod helo nupuam netsirK amagareb halet gnay tawarep

id lijnI narabakep utnabmem tagnas utnet ini nataigeK

nad lijnI narabakep atireb tapadnem halet gnay neisap ,takaraysam

sarem nad ,nasitpab amirenem naidumek ,sutsirK suseY helo liggnapid a

gnay tikas hamur sagutep nad neisap kaynab nikameS .netsirK idajnem

ajereG aynrihal utiay ,fitisop kapmad irebmem netsirK amagareb

.namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK


78

.4 nakididnep kepsA

apurem nakididneP gnay napudihek malad gnitnep rotkaf nak

iagabes gnadnapid nakididneP .ajereg nanayalep amatu natoros idajnem

.lijnI narabakep nakukalem kutnu anaras tubesret nasala satA naidumek

id nugnab hal halokes - nakirebmem takaraysam utnabmem kutnu halokes

ep nanayalep .lijnI narabakep nakukalem sugilakes nakididn nupadA

halokes - :halada nakiridid gnay halokes

naujutreb ini halokeS .loohcS suinehcueK nugnabid 5091 nuhaT

kana kididnem kutnu - urug idajnem imubirp kana - halokes urug

j aud iaynupmem ini halokeS .awaJ id netsirk utiay ,nasuru ed

,gniledfA etsreE awsis ini naigabid - nad kididid susuhk aynawsis

,audeK .halokes urug idajnem kutnu nakpaisrepid edeewT ed

gniledfA awsis kididnem susuhk - nakpaisrepid kutnu aynawsis

.lijnI urug nolac idajnem

halokes nugnabid 7091 nuhat adaP nigninoK amanreb gnay

ini halokes aynlawA .S.W.K takgnisid uata loohcS animlehliW

kana kididnem kutnu nakduskamid - hisam gnay naupmerep kana

numan ,iyayirp uata nawasgnab harad nagnubuh iaynupmem

7 rasad halokes idajnem ini halokes aynnagnabmekrep malad

at .nuh

haubes igal nugnabid 3191 nuhat adaP s haloke d nuhat 7 rasa

gnay aman nagned lanekid LEBJIB ned tem LOOHCS

NATEW .

nakiridid 1291 nuhat adaP uata ,.O.L.U.M ekjiletsjirhC halokeS

ini taas PMS takgnites . awsis naikimed nagneD - halokeS awsis

y nuhat 7 rasaD naktujnalem nigni hisam nad sulul hadus gna

kutnu natapmesek nakirebid patet iggnit hibel gnay nakididnep

.nakididnep maynegnem


88

haubes igal nakiridid 2291 nuhat adaP LOOHCS rasaD halokeS

omina anerak nakiridid ini halokeS .NOLUK LEBJIB ned tem

usamem kutnu .raseb haltagnas nuhat 7 rasad halokes ik

seT laoS : 2 naripmaL

naiarU laoS

.1 namusukodnoG JKG ayniridreb ignakalebratalem gnay apa naksaleJ

?atrakaygoY

.2 nuhat irad atrakaygoY namusukodnoG JKG harajes sakgnir araces naksaleJ

3191 - ?2491

.3 krep kapmad halsisilanA atrakaygoY namusukodnoG JKG nagnabme

!ratikes takaraysam padahret

nabawaJ icnuK

.1 atrakaygoY namusukodnoG rabmekowaS awaJ netsirK ajereG ayniridreB

bocaJ atedneP helo nakukalid gnay lijnI narabakep ahasu ignakalebratalid

suilenroC nad ,reruehcS .G.J ,mehliW atrakaygoY aynlawa adaP .naawS

bocaJ atednep ahasu sata ,lijnI narabakep kutnu gnaralret haread nakapurem

taas kajes nad iraunaJ 1981 nuhat adap tubacid tubesret nagnaral mehliW

id lijnI narabakeP .gnidnez helo gnagepid atrakaygoY id lijnI narabakep

kaygoY hamuR aynnugnabid haletes tasep nagned gnabmekreb nikam atra

tikas hamuR .reruehcS .G.J helo sitnirid gnay ,0091 teraM 1 allenorteP tikaS

,lijnI narabakep anaras idajnem aguj natahesek anaras idajnem niales ini

lijnI narabakep nakirebid gnatad gnay neisap .lijnI urug nad atednep helo

nakididnep gnadib ,ajas natahesek gnadib iulalem aynah kadit lijnI narabakeP

aynnugnabid irad tahilret ini laH .lijnI narabakep kutnu anaras nakidajid aguj

.lijnI narabakep anaras nakidajid gnay halokes nad tikas hamur aynadA

s takaraysam taubmem lijnI narabakep malad anaras nakidajid gnay haloke

nad tikas hamur id ajrekeb gnay kiab ,nahalokes nad tikas hamur ratikes

pmukreb naidumek netsirK idajnem halet gnay rajalep nad utas idajnem lu

ep kutnebmem A id kudnI ajereG irad nahtnap madretsm helo gnibmibid gnay

naawS suilenroC atednep . eP tasep nagned gnabmekreb naidumek ini nahtnap

rasad halokes nad allenorteP tikaS hamuR id lijnI narabakep satifitka gniries


98

.imubirp nahtnapeP netsirK ajereG idajnem nad nakasawedid namusukodnoG

G awaJ naped id tapmetreb gnay 3191 rebmevoN 32 adap namusukodno

.allenorteP tikaS hamuR

.2 3191 nuhat irad namusukodnoG awaJ netsirK ajereG harajeS - 2491 halada

halasam idajnem isakinumok halasam ini asam iD .nasitnirep lawa asam

rO .ajereG nagnabmekrep malad suires gna - idajnem gnay adnaleB gnaro

ini naadaeK .awaJ asahab nagned nakiauseynem natilusek ajereg taamej

nakidajnem nad irid nakhasimem naidumek adnaleB taamej naktabikagnem

id uti aratnemeS .hadabi tapmet iagabes allenorteP tikaS hamuR kinilk gnaur

,nial isis helo nakiapmasid gnay habtohk isi itregnem gnaruk awaJ taamej

malad makiapmasid nupualaw ,iggnit nakididnepreb gnay adnaleB atednep

imubirp ilsa atednep aynada halada nahalasamrep irad isuloS .awaJ asahab

.taamej imahamem asib nad isakinumokreb racnal gnay laggnat adap akaM

.amatrep imubirp atednep iagabes retapoS idinoP halhilipid 6291 lirpA 92

nikames gnay namusukodnoG JKG taamej nagnabmekrep 6291 lawa adaP

gnay taamej gnupmanem tapad igal kadit ajereG gnudeg taubmem tasep

ini laH .hadabi taas adap gnatad igab suires gnay nalaosrep idajnem utnet

kutnu naksutumem naidumek ajereG surugnep uti kutnU .ajereG surugnep

ajereg nanugnabmeP .urab gnay ajereg gnudeg nanugnabmep nakukalem

hamur rumit halebes id 9291 rebmevoN 81 laggnat adap ialumid tubesret

teP tikas .allenor P tahpasoY atednep 1491 sutsugA 01 laggnat ada

idinoP atednep naklaggnitid gnay nagnosokek nakitnagnem ojdomtahomraD

retapoS kurubmem aynnatahesek gnay adap kapmadreb aguj ajereG satifitkA .

taameJ .taamej - nalupmukrep nakiridnem naidumek taamej - krep gnay nalupmu

uruG nalupmukreP itrepes ,taamej naajrekep nupuam gnadib nagned iauses -

)K.V.P( netsirK tikas hamur iawagep nalupmukreP ,)C.G.P( netsirK urug

.3 JKG nagnabmekrep irad kapmad atres takaraysam nad ajereg nagnubuH

goY takaraysam padahret namusukodnoG iagabreb malad tahilret atrakay

malaD .nakididnep nad ,natahesek ,ayadub ,laisos kepsa utiay ,kepsa

haubes aynnakpatetid halada aynutas halas ,laisos kepsa nagned aynnagnubuh

ajereG edoniS helo iridnesret naniwakrep tada mukuh - netsirK ajereG gnay


09

mutnacret .5002 nuhat anaskaL ataT nad ajereG ataT ukub malad malaD

halada aynhotnoc utas halas ,ayadub kepsa nagned aynnagnubuh karportek

icuS batiK irad libmaid gnay atirec nagned nakniamid gnay tiluk gnayaw nad .

natahesek kepsa nagned aynnagnubuh malaD aseb tama r hamur atres narep

ratal utas halas idajnem gnay halini tikas hamur ayniridreB .allenorteP tikas

padahret raseb huragnepreb nad namusukodnoG JKG aynnugnabid gnakaleb

ini laH .atrakaygoY id netsirK amaga nagnabmekrep gnay neisap irad tahiret

irebid gnatad adapek sitarg araces naaskiremep nad lijnI narabakep nak

naraja padahret kiratret takaraysam taubmem gnay ratikes takaraysam

.netsirK iagabreb aynlucnum ,nakididnep kepsa nagned aynnagnubuh malaD

W nigninoK ,loohcS suinehcueK utiay ,takaraysam igab halokes animlehli

ekjiletsjirhC halokeS ,NATEW LEBJIB ned tem LOOHCS ,loohcS

NOLUK LEBJIB ned tem LOOHCS rasaD halokeS nad ,.O.L.U.M .

naialineP airetirK

.1 aynroks 1 laoS 03

.2 03 aynroks 2 laoS

.3 04 aynroks 3 laoS

= ialiN nahelorep roks ∑

1( 0 )

: ialin nagnareteK 08 = A - 001 : ilakeS kiaB , 07 = B - 97 : kiaB , 06 = C - 96 : pukuC


19

isuksiD natamagneP rabmeL : 3 naripmaL

oN awsiS amaN

natamagneP kepsA

halmuJ

rokS

ialiN

teK

ajreK

amas

knumokgneM

nakisa

tapadnep

nafitkaeK

iagrahgneM

tapadnep

namet

: rokS nagnareteK

gnisaM - :airetirk nagned isiid molok gnisam

4 ilakeS kiaB =

3 kiaB =

2 pukuC =

1 gnaruK =

= ialiN 001 X nahelorep roks ∑

)61(

gnareteK : ialin na

08 = A - 001 ilakeS kiaB : 06 = C - 96 pukuC :

07 = B - 97 kiaB : = D 06 � gnaruK :


29

isatnesreP natamagneP rabmeL : 4 naripmaL

oN awsiS amaN

natamagneP kepsA

halmuJ

rokS

ialiN

teK nagnare

fitatinumoK nasawaW

saisutnA

maneP

nalip

: rokS nagnareteK

gnisaM - :airetirk nagned isiid molok gnisam

4 ilakeS kiaB =

3 kiaB =

2 pukuC =

1 gnaruK =


)61(

: ialin nagnareteK

08 = A - 001 ilakeS kiaB : 06 = C - 96 pukuC :

07 = B - 97 kiaB : = D 06 � gnaruK :


39

pakiS natamagneP rabmeL : 5 naripmaL

.oN amaNawsiS

natamagneP kepsA lmuJ

rokS ialiN .teK

rujuJ nilpisiD bawaJ gnuggnaT

: rokS nagnareteK

gnisaM - k gnisam :airetirk nagned isiid molo

.A : rujuJ

4 rokS uam kadit nad nataubrep nad naatakrep malad rujuj ulaleS :

nupapa naadaek malad naiju/nagnalu utkaw adap ketnoynem

3 rokS kadit nad ,nataubrep nad naatakrep malad rujuj ayapureb ulaleS :

nalu utkaw adap ketnoynem nasawagnep malad naiju/nag

naiju/nagnalu sawagnep/urug

2 rokS gnadaK : - nad ,nataubrep nad naatakrep malad rujuj gnadak

naiju/nagnalu utkaw adap ketnoynem ilak aparebeb

1 rokS gnires nad ,nataubrep nad naatakrep malad rujuj kadit gnireS :

aw adap ketnoynem naiju/nagnalu utk

.B nilpsiD

4 rokS ,utkaw tapet ,naiakapreb malad nilpsid kadnitreb ulaleS :

atat nagned iauses tabmalret hanrep kadit nad ,sagut nakanaskalem

bitret


49

3 rokS utkaw tapet ,naiakapreb malad nilpisid kutnu ayapureb ulaleS :

d sagut nakanaskalem nagned iauses tabmalret kadit ahasureb na

bitret atat

2 rokS utkaw tapet kadit ,naiakapreb malad nilpsid gnaruk kadnitreB :

tabmalret ilak 5 irad hibel nad ,sagut nakanaskalem

1 rokS utkaw tapet kadit ulales ,naiakapreb malad nilpsid kadit kadnitreB :

alad tabmalret gnires nad ,sagut nakanaskalem m

.C bawaJ gnuggnaT

4 rokS nad naradasek hunep nagned sagut nakanaskalem ulaleS :

kiabret lisah kutnu lamiskam ayapu nakukalem

3 rokS nad naradasek hunep nagned sagut nakanaskalem ayapureB :

kiab gnay lisah nagned

okS 2 r namacna/hirmap nagned atnimid alibapa sagut nakanaskaleM :

isknas

1 rokS sagut nakanaskalem kadit gnireS :


)21(

: ialin nagnareteK

08 = A - 001 ilakeS kiaB :

07 = B - 97 kiaB :

06 = C - 96 pukuC :

= D 06� gnaruK :


59

: 6 naripmaL kirbuR lekitrA saguT

rutkurtShalakaM

tagnaSnaksaumeM

naksaumeM pukuC gnaruK tagnaSgnaruK

luhadneP nau

)%52(

,gnakaleb rataL nasumur

nad ,halasam naujut

nasilunepsalej nad iauses

12( - )52

rataL ,ayngnakaleb

nasumur nad halasam

naujut nasilunep

numan iausessalej gnaruk

61 ( - )02

rataL ,gnakaleb

nasumur nad halasam

naujut nasilunep

iauses kadit

11 ( - )51

L ,gnakaleb rata nasumur

nad ,halasam nasilunep naujut

ada kadit

6( - )01

rataL ,gnakaleb

nasumur halasam

,iauses kadit naujut nad

nasilunep iauses kadit

kadit nadsalej

0( - )5

isI

)%05(

S rutkurt nasilunep

nagned nususid iauses salej

edotem gnay asahab ,iakapid

iakapid gnay iauses ,DYE

akatsup ratfad tapad gnay

jgnuggnatrepid nakbawa

14( - )05

S rutkurt nasilunep

nagned nususid iauses salej

gnay edotem asahab ,iakapid

iakapid gnaynakub iausesnagned ,DYE

akatsup ratfad kadit gnay

tapadtrepid jgnuggna

nakbawa

13( - )04

S rutkurt nasilunep

nususid nagned

salej gnaruk kadit nad

edotem iauses ,iakapid gnay

gnay asahab nakub iakapid

ratfad ,DYE gnay akatsup

tapad kaditgnuggnatrepid

nakbawaj

12( - )03

S rutkurt

nasilunep

nagned nususid

ad salej gnaruk n

edotem iauses

,iakapid gnay

gnay asahab

nakub iakapid

ratfad ,DYE

gnay akatsup

tapad kadit

ajgnuggnatrepid

nakbaw

11( - )01

aruK tapet gn

malad

rutkurts

nasilunep

nususid

nagned

salej gnaruk

kadit nad

iauses

gnay edotem

,iakapid

gnay asahab

iakapid

DYE nakub ,

ratfad

gnay akatsup

tapad kadit


69

nuggnatrepid

nakbawajg

0( - )01

nalupmiseK

)%52(

K nalupmise iauses halasam

naras nad nagned naveler

nad naijak nasep isireb

kutnu natakgninep

nailudepek lisah padahret

nalaggninepharajes

12( - )52

nalupmiseK iauses nagned

sam nad hala naveler naras naijak nagned

isireb kadit nad kutnu nasep natakgninep

nailudepek lisah padahret

nalaggninepharajes

61( - )02

pmiseK nalu iauses kadit

nagned nad halasam naveler naras naijak nagned

kadit nad nasep isireb

kutnu natakgninep

nailudepekt lisah padahre

nalaggninepharajes

11( - )51

upmiseK nal iauses kadit

ned nag halasam naras ada nad

kadit numangnubmayn

6( - )01

pmiseK nalu iauses kadit

nagned nad halasam

ada kadit gnay naras

silutid

0( - )5


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