perubahan kependudukan menyongsong abad ke-21

Ekonomi dan Keuanaan Indonesia Volume XLIII Nomor 3, 1991

Perubahan Kependudukan Menyongsong Abad Ke-21

Prijono Tjiptoherijanto

Abstract

H u m a n resources d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l become a serious issue i n t h e n e x t f e w y e a r s . G l o b a l i z a t i o n t h a t b r i n g s h i g h e r c o m p e t i t i o n a m o n g f i r m s needs t o be a n t i c i p a t e d c a r e f u l l y if t h e I n d o n e s i a n t a r g e t o f 7 % e c o n o m i c g r o w t h w o u l d be m a i n t a i n e d . R e g a r d i n g t o t h i s issue, it is i m p o r t a n t t o d e v e l o p h u m a n resources i n I n d o n e s i a i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t i v i t y , w h i c h i n t u r n w i l l affect t h e e c o n o m i c g r o w t h . I n c r e a s i n g n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t i v i t y c a n he a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h a m o d e r n t e c h n o l o g y , w h i c h w i l l need m o r e s k i l l e d l a b o r s .

T h i s a r t i c l e i s f o c u s i n g o n h u m a n resources p r o f i l e i n I n d o n e s i a , p a r t i c u l a r l y a b o u t t h e changes i n h u m a n resources p r o f i l e t o a n t i c i p a t e t h e c o m i n g t w e n t y - f i r s t c e n t u r y .

205

Tjiptoherijanto

I . P E N D A H U L U A N

T a n t a n g a n d a l a m p e n g e m b a n g a n s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a d i m a s a d e p a n a m a t l a h l u a s . T a n t a n g a n p e r t a m a i a l a h p e n i n g k a t a n k e s e j a b t e r a a n m e l a l u i i n d u s t r i a l i s a s i d a n p e n i n g k a t a n n i l a i t a m b a b . T a n t a n g a n i n i m e n u n t u t u n t u k m e n c a p a i k e u n g g u l a n d a l a m p e m b a n g u n a n n a s i o n a l , d e n g a n s a s a r a n a g a r d a p a t m e m p e r t a b a n k a n p e r t u m b u h a n e k o n o m i s e k i t a r 7 % p e r t a h u n . U n t u k i t u , p r o d u k t i v i t a s n a s i o n a l h a r u s d i t i n g k a t k a n . P i l i h a n y a n g t e p a t u n t u k m e n c a p a i s a s a r a n i t u a d a l a h m e l a l u i i n t e r v e n s i t e k n o l o g i , k a r e n a t e k n o l o g i d i s a m p i n g d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n n i l a i t a m b a b , j u g a d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n e f i s i e n s i . N a m u n , d a l a m e r a g l o b a l s e k a r a n g , p r o d u k t i v i t a s s a j a b e l u m c u k u p u n t u k m e n i n g k a t k a n k e u n g g u l a n , p r o d u k t i v i t a s h a r u s d i d u k u n g o l e h k e m a m p u a n b e r s a i n g s e c a r a g l o b a l . G u n a m e w u j u d k a n k e h e n d a k t e r s e b u t , m a k a d i p e r l u k a n s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a y a n g u n g g u l , y a i t u y a n g m e n g u a s a i k e a h l i a n d a l a m i l m u p e n g e t a h u a n d a n t e k n o l o g i .

T a n t a n g a n k e d u a , f e n o m e n a y a n g b e r s u m b e r d a r i g l o b a l i s a s i t e l a h m e n g a k i b a t k a n b a t a s - b a t a s p o l i t i k d a n e k o n o m i a n t a r b a n g s a m e n j a d i s a m a r d a n h u b u n g a n a n t a r b a n g s a m e n j a d i b e g i t u t r a n s p a r a n . G l o b a l i s a s i m e m p u n y a i i m p l i k a s i y a n g l u a s t e r h a d a p k e h i d u p a n b e r b a n g s a d a n b e r n e g a r a , b a i k d i b i d a n g i d e o l o g i , p o l i t i k , k e a m a n a n , s o s i a l b u d a y a , m a u p u n e k o n o m i . D a l a m k a i t a n i n i m a s a l a h g l o b a l i s a s i p e r l u d i p a n d a n g d a r i p e r s p e k t i f d a n d i m e n s i y a n g l e b i h l u a s .

D a r i p e r s p e k t i f k e b a n g s a a n , g l o b a l i s a s i m e n u m b u h k a n k e s a d a r a n b a h w a I n d o n e s i a m e r u p a k a n w a r g a d a r i s u a t u m a s y a r a k a t g l o b a l d a n h a r u s d a p a t m e n g a m b i l m a n f a a t d a r i p a d a n y a . D i p i h a k l a i n m a k i n t u m b u h p u l a d o r o n g a n u n t u k l e b i h m e l e s t a r i k a n d a n m e m p e r k u a t i d e n t i t a s k e b a n g s a a n . D u a a r u s k e s a d a r a n i t u t i d a k l a h b e r t e n t a n g a n , b u k a n p u l a m e r u p a k a n p i l i h a n m e l a i n k a n b e r s i f a t s a l i n g m e l e n g k a p i ( k o m p l e m e n t e r ) . T i d a k m u n g k i n h a n y a m e m i l i h d a n m e n g i k u t i a r u s , k a r e n a k o n s e k u e n s i n y a b i s a b e r b a h a y a . H a n y u t d a l a m a r u s g l o b a l i s a s i a k a n m e n g a k i b a t k a n l u n t u r n y a n a s i o n a l i s m e d a n p a t r i o t i s m e . S e d a n g k a n t e n g g e l a m d a l a m n a s i o n a l i s m e p a d a e r a g l o b a l i s a s i a k a n m e n j u r u s p a d a t u m b u h n y a s i k a p n a s i o n a l i s m e s e m p i t d a n t a k u t k e p a d a h a l - h a l y a n g a s i n g .

D a r i p e r s p e k t i f e k o n o m i , g l o b a l i s a s i m e r u p a k a n t a n t a n g a n u n t u k m e n g a m b i l m a n f a a t y a n g m a k s i m a l . S e p e r t i d i k e t a h u i , w a t a k d a n p e r i l a k u e k o n o m i d i m a n a p u n t e l a h t e r b u k a d a n s e d a p a t m u n g k i n s e m a k i n m e l u a s s k a l a n y a . P e r i l a k u e k o n o m i p a d a d a s a r n y a t i d a k d a p a t d i p a t o k o l e h b a t a s -b a t a s g e o g r a f i s d a n p o l i t i s s e p e r t i y a n g b e r l a n g s u n g d e w a s a i n i . K o n s e k u e n s i n y a a d a l a h , a g a r s e c a r a e k o n o m i d a p a t m e n g a m b i l m a n f a a t d a r i g l o b a l i s a s i , m a k a I n d o n e s i a h a r u s m e n i n g k a t k a n d a y a s a i n g k i t a d a l a m

2 0 6

I

Perubahan Kependudukan Menyongsong Abad ke-21

p e r c a t u r a n g l o b a l .

T a n t a n g a n b e s a r k e t i g a y a n g d i h a d a p i a d a l a h b e r s u m b e r d a n m u n c u l n y a p e n j a j a h a n b a r u y a i t u p e n j a j a h a n d i b i d a n g I l m u p e n g e t a h u a n d a n t e k n o l o g i ( I p t e k ) , m e n g g a n t i k a n p e n j a j a h a n p o l i t i k y a n g s u d a h k e t i n g g a l a n j a m a n s e j a k t a h u n 1 9 6 0 - a n . H a r u s d i s a d a r i b a h w a d a l a m e r a p e r s a i n g a n g l o b a l s e k a r a n g i n i , k e l e m a h a n d a l a m p e n g u a s a a n I p t e k y a n g d i s e b a b k a n o l e h k e l e m a h a n d a l a m k u a l i t a s s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a , m e r u p a k a n a n c a m a n y a n g n y a t a b a g i b a n g s a I n d o n e s i a d a l a m m e r e b u t m a s a d e p a n n y a . U n t u k m e n a n g g a p i t a n t a n g a n i n i , m a k a k e g i a t a n d i b i d a n g I p t e k p e r l u d i t e k a n k a n k e p a d a b i d a n g - b i d a n g y a n g m e m b e r i k a n m a n f a a t b a g i p e m b a n g u n a n . T e r u t a m a d a l a m u p a y a p e n i n g k a t a n d a y a s a i n g d e n g a n b a n g s a - b a n g s a l a i n . D a y a s a i n g i t u s e n d i r i d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n j i k a b e r h a s i l m e m b a n g u n m a n u s i a - m a n u s i a I n d o n e s i a y a n g t a n g g u h , y a n g m e m i l i k i k e m a m p u a n , b u k a n h a n y a m e n d a y a g u n a k a n p r o d u k - p r o d u k t e k n o l o g i y a n g d i b u a t o l e h b a n g s a l a i n , t e t a p i m a m p u m e n g e m b a n g k a n s e n d i r i t e k n o l o g i y a n g t e p a t g u n a b a g i k e h i d u p a n b a n g s a I n d o n e s i a s e n d i r i .

I I . P E M B A N G U N A N S U M B E R D A Y A M A N U S I A D A L A M P J P I I K H U S U S N Y A R E P E L I T A V I

G B H N p e r t a m a - t a m a b e r b i c a r a m e n g e n a i m a s a l a h m a n u s i a , s e b a g a i i n s a n , y a n g h a r u s d i b a n g u n k e h i d u p a n n y a , k a r e n a m e m a n g b e g i t u l a h h a k i k a t p e m b a n g u n a n s e b a g a i p e n g a m a l a n P a n c a s i l a . G B H N j u g a b e r b i c a r a m e n g e n a i m a n u s i a s e b a g a i s u m b e r d a y a p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g h a r u s t e r u s d i t i n g k a t k a n k u a l i t a s d a n k e m a m p u a n n y a u n t u k m e n g a n g k a t h a r k a t d a n m a r t a b a t n y a . G B H N j u g a m e n e g a s k a n m a n u s i a I n d o n e s i a s e b a g a i f a k t o r d o m i n a n y a n g i n g i n d i b a n g u n a g a r m e n j a d i m o d a l d a s a r p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g e f e k t i f .

K e d u a , p e m b a n g u n a n d a l a m P J P I I h a r u s m a k i n m e w u j u d k a n k e a d i l a n d a n p e m e r a t a a n . W a l a u p u n G B H N m e n e g a s k a n b a h w a k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e m b a n g u n a n t e t a p b e r t u m p u p a d a T r i l o g i P e m b a n g u n a n , y a n g d a l a m P J P I t e r b u k t i t e l a h b e r h a s i l s e b a g a i s t r a t e g i p e m b a n g u n a n , n a m u n j e l a s t e k a n a n n y a a d a l a h p a d a u p a y a u n t u k m e m b a n g u n m a s y a r a k a t y a n g m a k i n b e r k e a d i l a n . G B H N s e c a r a k h u s u s m e n g i n g a t k a n b a h w a k e t i m p a n g a n e k o n o m i d a n k e s e n j a n g a n s o s i a l m e n u n t u t u s a h a y a n g s u n g g u h - s u n g g u h u n t u k m e n g a t a s i n y a , a g a r t i d a k b e r k e l a n j u t a n d a n b e r k e m b a n g k e a r a h k e a n g k u h a n d a n k e c e m b u r u a n s o s i a l . D a l a m k e r a n g k a i n i d i l a k u k a n b e r b a g a i g e r a k a n n a s i o n a l u n t u k m e n g a t a s i k e m i s k i n a n .

K e t i g a , G B H N m e n g a m a n a t k a n b a h w a s a s a r a n p e m b a n g u n a n a d a l a h m e n c i p t a k a n k u a l i t a s m a n u s i a d a n m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a y a n g m a j u d a n m a n d i r i . S u a t u b a n g s a a k a n m a j u d a n m a n d i r i k a l a u m a n u s i a n y a b e r k u a l i t a s

2 0 7

Tjiptoherijanto

d a n e k o n o m i n y a k o k o h . O l e h k a r e n a i t u G B H N m e l e t a k k a n t i t i k b e r a t p e n i b a n g u n a n p a d a b i d a n g e k o n o m i s e i r i n g d e n g a n p e n i n g k a t a n k u a l i t a s s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a .

S u a t u b a n g s a a k a n d i k a t a k a n s e m a k i n m a j u a n t a r a l a i n a p a b i l a s e m a k i n t i n g g i t i n g k a t p e n d i d i k a n p e n d u d u k , s e m a k i n t i n g g i t i n g k a t k e s e h a t a n y a n g a n t a r a l a i n t e r c e r m i n d a r i t i n g g i n y a t i n g k a t h a r a p a n h i d u p , s e r t a s e m a k i n t i n g g i t i n g k a t p e n d a p a t a n p e n d u d u k , d a n s e m a k i n m e r a t a p e n d i s t r i b u s i a n n y a .

S u a t u b a n g s a d a p a t d i k a t a k a n s e m a k i n m a n d i r i a p a b i l a b a n g s a t e r s e b u t s e m a k i n m a m p u m e m e l i h a r a k e h i d u p a n d a n m e l a n j u t k a n p e m b a n g u n a n n y a d e n g a n k e k u a t a n n y a s e n d i r i . D a r i a s p e k e k o n o m i i n i b e r a r t i p e m b a n g u n a n m a k i n m e n g a n d a l k a n s u m b e r - s u m b e r y a n g b e r h a s i l d i m i l i k i d a n b e r h a s i l d i k e m b a n g k a n s e n d i r i . S e m a k i n t i n g g i k u a l i t a s s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a a k a n t e r c e r m i n d a r i s e m a k i n b a n y a k n y a t e n a g a p r o f e s i o n a l y a n g m a m p u m e m e n u b i k e b u t u h a n d a n t u n t u t a n p e m b a n g u n a n n y a , s e m a k i n m e m i l i k i k e m a m p u a n u n t u k m e m e n u b i s e n d i r i k e b u t u h a n p o k o k , d a n a p a b i l a k a r e n a k o n d i s i o b y e k t i f t i d a k m e m u n g k i n k a n , k e t e r g a n t u n g a n i t u d a p a t d i i m b a n g i d e n g a n k e u n g g u l a n l a i n , s e h i n g g a t i d a k m e m b u a t k e l e m a h a n d a n k e r a w a n a n . D a n s e c a r a u m u m m e m i l i k i d a y a t a h a n e k o n o m i t e r h a d a p p e r k e m b a n g a n d a n g e j o l a k e k o n o m i d u n i a .

K e e m p a t , G B H N m e n g a m a n a t k a n t u m b u h n y a s i k a p k e m a n d i r i a n d a l a m d i r i m a n u s i a d a n m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a t e r s e b u t d i l a k u k a n m e l a l u i p e n i n g k a t a n p e r a n s e r t a , e f i s i e n s i d a n p r o d u k t i v i t a s r a k y a t . U n s u r - u n s u r i n i a k a n m e n j a d i b e n a n g m e r a h y a n g m e n j a l i n p e m b a n g u n a n s e l a m a R e p e l i t a V I s e b a g a i t a h a p a w a l P J P I I .

G B H N m e n g a m a n a t k a n p e m b a n g u n a n m a n u s i a s e b a g a i i n s a n h a r u s d i l a k u k a n d a l a m k e s e l u r u h a n p r o s e s k e h i d u p a n n y a , m u l a i d a r i d a l a m k a n d u n g a n . B a h k a n j a u h s e b e l u m n y a y a i t u d e n g a n m e m p e r h a t i k a n t i n g k a t k e s e j a b t e r a a n p a r a c a l o n i b u , k e m u d i a n s e b a g a i b a y i , b a l i t a , u s i a s e k o l a h , r e m a j a , p e m u d a s a m p a i k e p a d a m e n c a p a i u s i a l a n j u t . U n t u k p e r t a m a k a l i n y a G B H N m e n c a n t u m k a n p e m b a n g u n a n a n a k d a n r e m a j a s e h a g a i s e k t o r p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g b e r d i r i s e n d i r i . H a l i n i m e n u n j u k k a n b e t a p a p e m b a n g u n a n s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a h a r u s d i m u l a i s e j a k u s i a d i n i .

S e b a g a i s u m b e r d a y a p e m b a n g u n a n p e r b a t i a n u t a m a d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a u p a y a u n t u k m e m p e r s i a p k a n d a n m e n i n g k a t k a n k u a l i t a s p e n d u d u k u s i a k e r j a a g a r b e n a r - b e n a r m e m p e r o l e h k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k t u r u t b e r p e r a n s e r t a d a n m e m i l i k i k e m a m p u a n u n t u k i k u t d a l a m u p a y a p e m b a n g u n a n .

D a l a m u p a y a i n i t e r a m a t p e n t i n g a d a l a h p e m b a n g u n a n p e n d i d i k a n d a n k e s e h a t a n , o l e h k a r e n a k u a l i t a s s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a a m a t d i t e n t u k a n o l e h t i n g k a t p e n g e t a h u a n d a n k e t r a m p i l a n y a n g d i p e r o l e h m e l a l u i p e n d i d i k a n ,

2 0 8


d a n p e n i n g k a t a n d e r a j a t k e s e b a t a n n y a . M a n u s i a y a n g m a j u , p r o f e s i o n a l d a n p r o d u k t i f a d a l a h m a n u s i a y a n g d a l a m j a t i d i r i n y a t e r d a p a t k a d a r i l m u p e n g e t a h u a n d a n t e k n o l o g i y a n g m e m u n g k i n k a n n y a u n t u k m a n d i r i d a n m e n y u m b a n g k a n p a d a m a s y a r a k a t d a n m e m p e r t a j a m k e m a m p u a n d a y a s a i n g b a n g s a d a l a m d u n i a y a n g m a k i n k e t a t p e r s a i n g a n n y a .

M e m b a n g u n m a n u s i a y a n g d a p a t m e n o l o n g d i r i n y a s e n d i r i h a r u s d i m u l a i d a r i p e m b a n g u n a n k e l u a r g a n y a . M a k a p e m b a n g u n a n k e l u a r g a s e j a h t e r a m e n d a p a t t e k a n a n y a n g k u a t d a l a m G B H N , d e n g a n g e r a k a n K e l u a r g a B e r e n c a n a n a s i o n a l m e n j a d i s a l a h s a t u k e g i a t a n p o k o k n y a . K e s e m u a n y a i t u h a r u s t e r c a k u p d a l a m k e b i j a k s a n a a n k e p e n d u d u k a n n a s i o n a l , y a n g h a r u s m e n g a r a b k a n p e r k e m b a n g a n k e p e n d u d u k a n a g a r m e n j a d i k e k u a t a n p e n d u k u n g p e m b a n g u n a n . D i s i n i t e r l i h a t p e n t i n g n y a u p a y a m e n g e n d a l i k a n p e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k s e r t a p e r s e b a r a n d a n m o b i l i t a s n y a y a n g h a r u s t e r a r a h m e n u n j a n g p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g m a k i n m e r a t a d i s e l u r u h w i l a y a b t a n a h a i r , s e r a s i d e n g a n p o t e n s i d a n d a y a d u k u n g a l a m y a n g b e r b e d a d i t i a p - t i a p d a e r a h . M a s a l a h d a y a d u k u n g a l a m d a n l i n g k u n g a n s e r t a m a s a l a h k e p e n d u d u k a n m e r u p a k a n d u a s e g i y a n g a m a t p o k o k d a l a m m e r u m u s k a n k e b i j a k s a n a a n - k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e m b a n g u n a n u n t u k m e n j a m i n k e l a n j u t a n n y a .

D a l a m r a n g k a p e m b a n g u n a n k e p e n d u d u k a n , s e j a k d i n i h a r u s d i a n t i s i p a s i p r o f i l k e p e n d u d u k a n d i I n d o n e s i a d a l a m P J P I I , s e h i n g g a k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e m b a n g u n a n d a p a t s e c a r a t e p a t m e m a n f a a t k a n p e l u a n g -p e l u a n g y a n g t i m h u l d a r i p e r k e m b a n g a n t e r s e b u t m a u p u n k e n d a l a n y a .

C i r i - c i r i p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a d i m a s a d e p a n a n t a r a l a i n a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

( a ) P e n d u d u k m a k i n b e r p e n d i d i k a n

( b ) P e n d u d u k m a k i n s e h a t , d a n a n g k a h a r a p a n h i d u p n a i k

( c ) P e n d u d u k a k a n b e r g e s e r k e u s i a y a n g l e b i h t u a

( d ) P e n d u d u k y a n g t i n g g a l d i p e r k o t a a n a k a n l e b i h b a n y a k

( e ) J u m l a h d a n u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a y a n g m a k i n k e c i l

( f ) M o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k m a k i n t i n g g i

( g ) B a n y a k t e r j a d i n y a p e r u b a h a n l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n , d a n

( h ) P e n i n g k a t a n p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a

A . P e n d u d u k M a k i n B e r p e n d i d i k a n

J u m l a h p e n d u d u k a k a n m e n i n g k a t d a r i 1 8 0 , 4 j u t a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 , m e n j a d i 2 1 0 , 3 j u t a p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , d a n m e n j a d i 2 5 3 , 7 j u t a p a d a t a h u n 2 0 2 0 , d e n g a n p e r t a m h a h a n y a n g s e m a k i n m e n u r u n ( A n a n t a , 1 9 9 1 ) . A n g k a

2 0 9

Tjiptoherijanto

p e i t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k d i I n d o n e s i a t e l a h m e n u i ^ i n d e n g a n c e p a t s e j a k a w a l t a h u n P e i i t a . A n g k a p e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k s e b e s a r 1 , 6 4 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 5 , d i p e r k i r a k a n a k a n m e n u r u n s e h i n g g a m e n j a d i 1 , 0 4 % p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 1 0 , d a n a k a n m e n u r u n l a g i m e n j a d i 0 , 6 6 % p a d a t a h u n 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 2 0 . A n g k a k e i a h i r a n d i p e r k i r a k a n a k a n t u r u n d a r i 2 4 , 6 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 5 , m e n j a d i 1 8 , 0 p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 1 0 , d a n t u r u n l a g i m e n j a d i 1 4 , 6 % p a d a t a h u n 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 2 0 . S e d a n g k a n a n g k a k e m a t i a n n y a a k a n m e n u r u n m e n j a d i 7 , 9 % p a d a t a h u n 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 2 0 .

A k i b a t d a r i m e n u r u n n y a a n g k a k e i a h i r a n , m a k a p e n d u d u k u s i a s e k o l a h j u g a m e n u r u n . F e n o m e n a p e n u r u n a n p e n d u d u k u s i a s e k o l a h i n i a k a n t a m p a k j e l a s d i I n d o n e s i a . A n a n t a , W o n g k a r e n , d a n C i c i h ( 1 9 9 5 ) m e m p e r k i r a k a n b a h w a a n a k u s i a s e k o l a h d a s a r 7 - 1 2 t a h u n , a k a n m e n u r u n d a r i 2 7 j u t a ( 1 4 % d a r i j u m l a h p e n d u d u k ) p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 m e n j a d i 2 3 j u t a ( 9 % d a r i j u m l a h p e n d u d u k ) p a d a t a h u n 2 0 2 0 . J u m l a h a n a k u s i a s e k o l a h m e n e n g a h p e r t a m a , 1 3 - 1 5 t a h u n j u g a a k a n m e n u r u n d a r i 1 3 , 7 j u t a d i t a h u n 1 9 9 5 m e n j a d i 1 1 , 8 j u t a d i t a h u n 2 0 2 0 . J u m l a h a n a k u s i a s e k o l a h m e n e n g a h a t a s , 1 6 - 1 8 t a h u n j u g a m e n u r u n d a r i 1 4 j u t a t a h u n 2 0 0 0 m e n j a d i 1 2 j u t a t a h u n 2 0 2 0 . S e m e n t a r a p e n d u d u k u s i a p e n d i d i k a n t i n g g i m e n i n g k a t d a r i 1 9 , 7 j u t a d i t a h u n 1 9 9 5 m e n j a d i 2 7 j u t a d i t a h u n 2 0 0 5 , k e m u d i a n m e n u r u n m e n j a d i 2 4 , 8 j u t a t a h u n 2 0 2 0 ( T a b e l 1 ) .

Tabel 1

Penduduk Usia Sekolah Indonesia, 1995-2025 (dalam jutaan jiwa)

Umuf 1995 2000 2005 20T0 2015 . 2020 2025 Laki-laki + Perempuan

Total 75.719.149 77.274.208 77.177.772 71.588.763 73.875.739 71.759.592 68.872.450

7-12 26.419.340 24.856.004 25.605.507 24.628.732 23.817.690 23.141.986 21.791 505

13-15 13.743.719 12.816.821 12.534.117 12.726.916 12.202 416 11.881.336 11.499.620

16-18 12.773.207 13.945.904 12.052.895 12.826.786 12.526.179 11.948.140 1 1.776.114

19-24 22.782.883 2.5655.479 26.985.253 24.406.329 2.529.454 24.788.130 23.805.212

Laki-laki

Total 38.672.438 39.603.204 39.467.093 38.082.946 37.692.795 36.650.381 35.198.883

7-12 13.553.839 12.700.675 13.057.974 12.577.747 12.174.918 11.834.787 11.147.466

13-15 7.059.308 6.571.391 6.397 329 6.490.766 6.231.526 6.072.761 5.879.853

16-18 6.564.075 7.1.58.668 6.173.490 6.532.975 6.390.057 6.102.570 6.018.783

19-24 11.495.216 13.172.470 13.838.300 12.481.458 12.896.293 12.640.264 12.152.781

Perempuan

T o t a l 37.046.711 37.671.004 37.710.680 36.505.818 36.182.943 35.109.210 33.673.567

7-12 12.865.501 12.155.330 12.547.533 12.050.985 11.642.771 11.307.199 10.644.038

13-15 6.684.411 6.245.430 6.136.788 6.236.150 .5.970.890 5.808.574 5.619.767

16-18 6.209.132 6.787.236 5.879.405 6.293.812 6.136.122 5.845.570 5.757.331

19-24 11.287.667 12 483.008 13.146.953 11.924.871 12.433.161 12.147.866 11.652.431

S u m b e r : A n a n t a , W o n g k a r e n d a n C i c i h ( 1 9 9 5 )

210


P r o p o r s i t e n a g a k e r j a y a n g b e r p e n d i d i k a n d a s a r a t a u k u r a n g a k a n s e m a k i n b e r k u r a n g d e n g a n m e n i n g k a t n y a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i d a n m e r e k a y a n g b e r h a s i l m e n a m a t k a n p e n d i d i k a n m e n e n g a h d a n p e n d i d i k a n t i n g g i a k a n s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t . T e n a g a k e r j a y a n g t i d a k m e m p e r o l e h p e n d i d i k a n a k a n s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t p a d a a w a l p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i , t e t a p i k e m u d i a n s e m a k i n m e n u r u n p a d a t a h a p p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i b e r s a m a a n d e n g a n m e n i n g k a t n y a j u m l a h m e r e k a y a n g b e r p e n d i d i k a n d a s a r , m e n e n g a h d a n b e r p e n d i d i k a n t i n g g i .

K o m p o s i s i t e n a g a k e r j a m e n u r u t p e n d i d i k a n d i I n d o n e s i a p a d a a k h i r t a h u n 1 9 8 0 - a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a j u m l a h t e n a g a k e r j a y a n g t i d a k b e r s e k o l a h s e b e s a r 3 5 % , m e r e k a y a n g b e r p e n d i d i k a n d a s a r s e b e s a r 3 4 % , m e r e k a y a n g b e r p e n d i d i k a n m e n e n g a h 1 1 % , m e r e k a y a n g b e r p e n d i d i k a n U n i v e r s i t a s s e b e s a r 2 % . P a d a a k h i r P J P I I , p r o p o r s i t e n a g a k e r j a y a n g t i d a k b e r p e n d i d i k a n d i d u g a p e r l u d i k u r a n g i d a r i 5 3 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 - a n m e n j a d i 1 1 % . M e r e k a y a n g b e r p e n d i d i k a n d a s a r d a n m e n e n g a h m a s i n g -m a s i n g d i t i n g k a t k a n d a r i 3 4 % d a n 1 1 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 - a n b e r t u r u t - t u r u t m e n j a d i 5 2 % d a n 3 2 % . A d a p u n m e r e k a y a n g b e r p e n d i d i k a n t i n g g i d i t i n g k a t k a n d a r i 2 % m e n j a d i 5 % , d e n g a n a n g g a p a n t i n g k a t p e r t u m b u h a n e k o n o m i 7 % ( B o e d i o n o d k k , 1 9 9 0 ) .

P e n d u d u k y a n g m a k i n b e r p e n d i d i k a n d a n s e h a t a k a n m e m b e n t u k s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a y a n g m a k i n p r o d u k t i f . T a n t a n g a n n y a a d a l a h m e n c i p t a k a n l a p a n g a n k e r j a y a n g m e m a d a i . J i k a t i d a k , j u m l a h p e n g a n g g u r y a n g b e r p e n d i d i k a n a k a n b e r t a m b a h , y a n g d e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a m e r u p a k a n p e m b o r o s a n t e r h a d a p i n v e s t a s i n a s i o n a l y a n g t e r c u r a h d a l a m u p a y a p e n d i d i k a n n y a , d i s a m p i n g k e m u n g k i n a n a d a n y a b e r b a g a i i m p l i k a s i s o s i a l l a i n n y a .

B . P e n d u d u k y a n g M a k i n S e h a t d a n A n g k a H a r a p a n H i d u p N a i k

S e b a g a i a k i b a t k e b e r h a s i l a n p e m b a n g u n a n d i b i d a n g k e s e h a t a n , d a n p e r b a i k a n g i z i m a s y a r a k a t , m a k a u s i a h a r a p a n h i d u p t e l a h m e n i n g k a t d a r i 4 5 t a h u n u n t u k l a k i - l a k i d a n 4 8 t a h u n u n t u k p e r e m p u a n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 6 7 -1 9 7 0 m e n j a d i m a n s i n g - m a s i n g 6 1 , 2 9 t a h u n d a n 6 4 , 3 6 t a h u n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 5 . D i p e r k i r a k a n h a r a p a n h i d u p a k a n t e r u s n a i k m e n j a d i 6 9 , 1 4 t a h u n u n t u k l a k i - l a k i d a n 7 1 , 2 8 t a h u n u n t u k p e r e m p u a n p a d a p e r i o d e t a h u n 2 0 2 0 - 2 0 2 5 ( A n a n t a d a n A n w a r , 1 9 9 4 ) .

U s i a h a r a p a n h i d u p y a n g t i n g g i d a n j u m l a h p e n d u d u k u s i a l a n j u t y a n g l e b i h b e s a r a k a n j u g a m e n u n t u t k e b i j a k s a n a a n - k e b i j a k s a n a a n y a n g s e r a s i d a l a m j a m i n a n s o s i a l a s u r a n s i h a r i t u a , d a n s e b a g a i n y a . S u a t u t a n t a n g a n p u l a u n t u k d a p a t m e m a n f a a t k a n t e n a g a p e n d u d u k u s i a l a n j u t a g a r d a p a t d i m a n f a a t k a n s e s u a i p e n g a l a m a n d a n p e n g e t a h u a n n y a .

2 1 1

Tjiptoherijanto

Tabel 2

Angka Harapan Hidup Waktu lahir

Tahun Laki-laki Perempuan 1967-1970* 45,00 48,00 1976-1979* 50,90 54,00 1990-1995 61.29 64,36 1995-2000 63,33 66,07 2000-2005 65,00 67,50 2005-2010 66,37 68,70 'X AX X AX 'X AX-t

2010-2015 67,48 69,72 2015-2020 68,40 70,56 2020-2025 69,14 71,28

Sumber: Ananta dan Anwar, 1994

*Biro Pusat Statistik, 1988

C . P e n d u d u k a k a n B e r g e s e r k e U s i a y a n g L e b i h T u a

S t r u k t u r p e n d u d u k d i m a s a d e p a n a k a n b e r u b a h . P e n d u d u k u s i a d i b a w a h 2 0 t a h u n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 , m e r u p a k a n j u m l a h y a n g p a l i n g b e s a r d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n u s i a - u s i a l a i n n y a . P a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 5 , s t r u k t u r p e n d u d u k t e r s e b u t a g a k n y a b e r u b a h m e n j a d i l e b i h t u a , k a r e n a j u m l a h y a n g p a l i n g b e s a r a d a l a h m e r e k a y a n g b e r u s i a 3 0 t a h u n k e b a w a h . S e l a n j u t n y a p a d a t a h u n 2 0 2 0 , s t r u k t u r p e n d u d u k a k a n b e r u b a h b e r t a m b a h t u a , k a r e n a j u m l a h p e n d u d u k t e r b e s a r a d a l a h m e r e k a y a n g b e r u s i a 4 0 t a h u n k e b a w a h . D e n g a n p e r k a t a a n l a i n , s t r u k t u r p e n d u d u k y a n g s e k a r a n g b e r b e n t u k p i r a m i d a y a i t u l e b i h b a n y a k u s i a m u d a , a k a n b e r u b a h m e n j a d i s t u p a y a i t u s e m a k i n l e b i h t u a d i m a s a m e n d a t a n g .

T a b e l 3 m e n y a j i k a n p r o y e k s i a n g k a h a r a p a n h i d u p p a d a b e b e r a p a u s i a t e r p i l i h ( u s i a 2 5 d a n 6 0 t a h u n ) . T e r l i h a t d a r i t a b e l t e r s e b u t b a h w a p e n d u d u k b e r u s i a 2 5 t a h u n d i p r o y e k s i k a n a k a n m e m p u n y a i " j a n g k a w a k t u h i d u p y a n g m a k i n l a m a " . S e b a g a i c o n t o h , u n t u k t a h u n 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 5 a n g k a h a r a p a n h i d u p w a k t u l a h i r p e r e m p u a n s e k i t a r 6 4 , 3 6 t a h u n , a r t i n y a b a h w a p a d a s a a t l a h i r s e o r a n g p e r e m p u a n m e m p u n y a i k e m u n g k i n a n u n t u k b e r t a h a n h i d u p s e l a m a 6 4 , 3 6 t a h u n . D e n g a n m e l i h a t a n g k a h a r a p a n h i d u p u s i a 2 5 t a h u n , t e r n y a t a a n g k a h a r a p a n h i d u p n y a l e b i h p a n j a n g d a r i p a d a s a a t l a h i r , y a i t u s e k i t a r 4 6 , 1 2 t a h u n . B e r a r t i o r a n g t e r s e b u t m e m p u n y a i h a r a p a n h i d u p h i n g g a u s i a s e k i t a r 7 1 t a h u n . A r t i n y a , m e r e k a a k a n m a k i n m e m p u n y a i " p o t e n s i " u n t u k m e n i k m a t i h a s i l i n v e s t a s i m o d a l m a n u s i a y a n g t e l a h m e r e k a l a k u k a n s e l a m a 2 5 t a h u n p e r t a m a h i d u p m e r e k a . P e r p a n j a n g a n h a r a p a n h i d u p p a d a u s i a 2 5 t a h u n i n i j u g a b e r a r t i m e r e k a l e b i h m u n g k i n u n t u k m a s i h m e l a k u k a n i n v e s t a s i d a l a m m o d a l m a n u s i a k a r e n a m e r e k a m e m i l i k i w a k t u m e n i k m a t i y a n g m a k i n p a n j a n g .

212

I


T a b e l 3

A n g k a H a r a p a n H i d u p U s i a 2 5 d a n 6 0 t a h u n : I n d o n e s i a 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 2 5

Tahun Laki-laki Perempuan 25 tahun 60 tahun 25 tahun 60 tahun

1990-1995 44,91 16,71 46,12 16,88 1995-2000 45,82 17,11 46,89 17,18 2000-2005 46,58 17,44 47,53 17,43 2005-2010 47,21 17,72 48,10 17,67 2010-2015 47,70 17,94 48,59 17,87 2015-2020 48,11 18,12 49,04 18,07 2020-2025 48,47 18,29 50,28 19,29

Sumber: Diolah dari Ananta dan Anwar, 1994

D i p i h a k l a i n , s e b a g a i a k i b a t r e v o l u s i f e r t i l i t a s d a n m o r t a l i t a s , j u m l a h p e n d u d u k l a n j u t u s i a ( 6 0 + ) m e n i n g k a t s e k i t a r 7 , 9 j u t a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 0 m e n j a d i k i r a - k i r a 1 1 , 3 j u t a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 , d a n d i p e r k i r a k a n m e n j a d i k u r a n g l e b i h 2 8 , 8 j u t a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 5 , d a n 1 7 , 7 j u t a p e n d u d u k l a n j u t u s i a ( l a n s i a ) p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 5 . P a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 5 s e k i t a r 4 , 3 8 9 j u t a p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a y a n g b e r u s i a 6 0 t a h u n a k a n h t d u p r a t a - r a t a 1 6 , 8 8 t a h u n l a g i . P a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 5 p e n d u d u k b e r u s i a 6 0 t a h u n y a n g b e r j u m l a h 6 , 5 5 2 j u t a a k a n h i d u p r a t a - r a t a 1 7 , 4 3 t a h u n , l e b i h l a m a d a r i m e r e k a y a n g b e r u s i a 6 0 t a h u n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 5 . P a d a t a h u n 2 0 1 5 m e r e k a a k a n h i d u p l e b i h l a m a l a g i . M e r e k a y a n g b e r u m u r 6 0 t a h u n p a d a t a h u n i t u r a t a - r a t a a k a n h i d u p 1 8 , 0 7 t a h u n l a g i . J u m l a h m e r e k a 8 , 9 6 3 j u t a . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n , j u m l a h p e n d u d u k u s i a 6 0 t a h u n ( d a n j u g a d i a t a s n y a ) a k a n m a k i n b a n y a k d a n r a t a -r a t a a k a n h i d u p l e b i h l a m a .

L e b i h l a m a n y a h i d u p p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a m e m b e r i k a n k e m u n g k i n a n y a n g l e b i h b e s a r u n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n t e n a g a k e r j a p a d a u s i a y a n g l e b i h t u a . A d a n y a t a m h a h a n f a k t o r p r o d u k s i i n i , t e n a g a k e r j a y a n g b e r u s i a l a n j u t m e r u p a k a n s u a t u f a k t o r p r o d u k s i y a n g k h u s u s d a n b e r b e d a d a r i f a k t o r p r o d u k s i y a n g l a i n , k a r e n a k e k h u s u s a n k e m a m p u a n f i s i k d a n m e n t a l m e r e k a . P e k e r j a a n y a n g d a p a t m e r e k a k e r j a k a n p u n a k a n b e r b e d a . P a s a r k e r j a m a s a d e p a n a k a n m a k i n p e r l u m e m p e r h a t i k a n p e n i n g k a t a n k e t e r s e d i a a n j e n i s t e n a g a k e r j a s e m a c a m i n t .

D . P e n d u d u k y a n g T i n g g a l d i P e r k o t a a n S e m a k i n B a n y a k

M a s a l a h u r b a n i s a s i a k a n m e n j a d i m a s a l a h y a n g m a k i n m e n o n j o l . P e n d u d u k u r b a n a d a l a h m a s y a r a k a t y a n g m e m a s u k i t a h a p m o d e r n i s a s i . N a m u n d a r i k e c e n d e r u n g a n i n i a k a n t i m h u l b a n y a k m a s a l a h e k o n o m i , s o s i a l m a u p u n p o l i t i k .

L a j u p e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k p e r k o t a a n p a d a p e r i o d e 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 0 t e l a h m e n c a p a i 5 , 4 % p e r t a h u n , j a u h l e b i h t i n g g i d a r i a n g k a l a j u p e r t u m b u h a n

2 1 3

Tjiptoherijanto

p e n d u d u k n a s i o n a l y a n g m e n c a p a i 1 , 9 7 % p e r t a h u n . P a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 1 j u m l a h p e n d u d u k p e r k o t a a n a d a l a h s e k i t a r 2 3 j u t a , a t a u s e k i t a r 1 9 % d a r i t o t a l p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a , d a n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 0 m e n j a d i s e k i t a r 3 2 , 8 j u t a j i w a a t a u 2 2 % d a r i p e n d u d u k t o t a l , d a n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 m e n j a d i 5 5 , 4 j u t a j i w a a t a u 3 1 % d a r i s e l u r u h p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a .

Tabel 4

Jumlah Penduduk Perkotaan dan Pedesaan: Indonesia 1990-2025

Tahun Perkotaan Pedesaan 1990 55.432.788 123.810.587 1995 71.656.845 123.143.261 2000 87.577.148 121.958.342 2005 102.534.128 120.307.324 2010 116.480.985 118.590.394 2015 129.245.269 116.453.624 2020 140.309.949 113.904.960 2025 150.052.009 111.389.001

Sumber: D i o l a h d a r i A n a n t a d a n A n w a r , 1994

E . J u m l a h d a n U k u r a n R u m a h T a n g g a y a n g M a k i n K e c i l

P e r u b a h a n u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a ( F a m i l y a t a u H o u s e h o l d s i z e ) e r a t k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n p o l a f e r t i l i t a s d a n m o r t a l i t a s d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t . S e b a g a i m a n a d i k e t a h u i , t i n g k a t f e r t i l i t a s d i I n d o n e s i a t e l a h m e n u r u n d e n g a n s a n g a t d r a s t i s s e j a k d i c a n a n g k a n n y a g e r a k a n K e l u a r g a B e r e n c a n a . J i k a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 1 s e o r a n g w a n i t a k a w i n d a l a m m a s a r e p r o d u k s i n y a r a t a - r a t a m e m i l i k i a n a k s e b a n y a k 5 , 6 0 m a k a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 1 a n g k a i n i t u r u n m e n j a d i 3 , 2 2 ( l i h a t K a n t o r M e n t e n N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N 1 9 9 5 ) . D e m i k i a n j u g a a n g k a k e m a t i a n d i I n d o n e s i a t e l a h m e n g a l a m i p e n u r u n a n y a n g s a n g a t d r a s t i s d a l a m 3 0 t a h u n t e r a k h i r i n i . A n g k a k e m a t i a n k a s a r d i I n d o n e s i a t e l a h b e r h a s i l d i t u r u n k a n d a r i 2 0 p e r 1 0 0 0 p e n d u d u k p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 0 m e n j a d i s e k i t a r 8 p e r 1 0 0 0 p e n d u d u k p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 5 . S e d a n g k a n a n g k a k e m a t i a n b a y i b e r h a s i l d i t u r u n k a n d a r i 1 4 2 p e r 1 0 0 0 k e i a h i r a n h i d u p p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 1 m e n j a d i 7 0 p e r 1 0 0 0 k e i a h i r a n h i d u p m e n j e l a n g t a h u n 1 9 9 0 .

P e r u b a h a n a t a u t r a n s i s i d e m o g r a f i s e p e r t i d i g a m b a r k a n d i a t a s l e b i h c e p a t d i a l a m i o l e h p e n d u d u k d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p e n d u d u k d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . F e r t i l i t a s p e n d u d u k y a n g b e r t e m p a t t i n g g a l d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d i k e t a h u i s e k i t a r 2 2 - 2 3 % l e b i h r e n d a h d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n f e r t i l i t a s d a r i p e n d u d u k y a n g t i n g g a l d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . D e m i k i a n j u g a p a d a k u r u n w a k t u 1 9 8 1 - 1 9 8 3 d a n 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 7 , p e n u r u n a n f e r t i l i t a s p e n d u d u k p e r k o t a a n d i k e t a h u i l e b i h c e p a t d a r i p a d a p e n u r u n a n f e r t i l i t a s p e n d u d u k p e d e s a a n ( l i h a t T a b e l 5 ) .

214

1


Tabel 5

T F R dan Laju Penurunan T F R Berdasarkan Daerah Tempat

Tahun 1981-1991

Tempat % Penu- % Penu- % Penu-Tinggal 1981-1983 1984-1987 1988-1991 runan I runan It runan III Perkotaan 3 , 7 2,8 2,6 24 7 30 Pedesaan 4,5 3,6 3,2 20 1 1 29 Total 4 3 3 3 3T) 23 9 30

S u m b e r : K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N , 1 9 9 5 [

T i n g k a t k e m a t i a n k h u s u s n y a k e m a t i a n b a y i a n t a r a d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d a n p e d e s a a n l e b i h m e m b e r i k a n g a m b a r a n y a n g j e l a s t e n t a n g a d a n y a p e r b e d a a n k o n d i s i s o s i a l e k o n o m i d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d a n d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . S e b a g a i m a n a d i k e t a h u i k e m a t i a n b a y i m e r u p a k a n u k u r a n y a n g s e n s i t i f u n t u k m e n i l a i p e r k e m b a n g a n s o s i a l e k o n o m i m a s y a r a k a t . H a l i n i j e l a s o l e h k a r e n a p o l a k e m a t i a n b a y i s a n g a t t e r k a i t d e n g a n k e t e r s e d i a a n f a s i l i t a s k e s e h a t a n , p o l a k e s e h a t a n y a n g a d a d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t , t i n g k a t p e n d i d i k a n , k e s e h a t a n l i n g k u n g a n d a n l a i n s e b a g a i n y a .

T a b e l 6 m e n g g a m h a r k a n t i n g k a t k e m a t i a n b a y i b e r d a s a r k a n p e r b e d a a n t e m p a t t i n g g a l ( d e s a / k o t a ) p a d a b e b e r a p a t a h u n p e n g u k u r a n y a n g b e r b e d a . D a n d a t a t e r s e b u t t e r l i h a t b a h w a t i n g k a t k e m a t i a n b a y i d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n j a u h l e h i h r e n d a h d a r i p a d a t i n g k a t k e m a t i a n b a y i d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . C a t a t a n p e r l u d i b e r i k a n d a l a m m e m b a c a h a s i l p e n g u k u r a n t i n g k a t k e m a t i a n b a y i d i I n d o n e s i a b e r d a s a r k a n d a t a S U P A S 1 9 8 5 . D a r i T a b e l 6 t e r l i h a t b a h w a a n g k a k e m a t i a n b a y i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 s e d i k i t l e b i h r e n d a h d a r i p a d a a n g k a k e m a t i a n b a y i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 , b a i k u n t u k d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n m a u p u n d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . K o n d i s i i n i b u k a n d i s e b a b k a n k o n d i s i k e s e h a t a n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 l e b i h b u r u k d a r i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 y a n g m e n y e b a b k a n n a i k n y a t i n g k a t k e m a t i a n b a y i n a m u n p e n i n g k a t a n a n g k a k e m a t i a n b a y i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 l e b i h d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a m a s a l a h p e n g u k u r a n d a n p e r b i t u n g a n t e r h a d a p t i n g k a t k e m a t i a n b a y i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 y a n g d i a n g g a p t e r l a l u r e n d a h .

Tabel 6

Tingkat Kematian Bayi Berdasarkan Tempat Tinggal

Tempat Tinggal 1980 1985 1990 Perkotaan 82 49 52 Pedesaan 111 79 78 Total 106 72 73 S u m b e r : K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N , 1 9 9 5

2 1 5

Tjiptoherijanto

Tabel 7

Angka Kematian Bayi Menurut Pendidikan Ibu dan Tempat Tinggal

tahun 1971 dan 1980

Tingkat Perkotaan Pedesaan Perkotaan + Pedesaan Pendidikan

I b u

1971 Tidak Sekolah 0,160 0,155 0,171 Tidak Tamat SD 0,129 0,142 0,160 SD 0,091 0,106 0,113 SMTP 0,061 0,082 0,071 SMTA+ 0,047 0,068 0,057

Indeks* Tidak Sekolah 100 100 100 Tidak Tamat SD 81 92 94 SD 57 68 66 SMTP 57 53 42 SMTA+ 29 44 33

1980 Tidak Sekolah 0,127 0,127 0,127 Tidak Tamat SD 0,102 0,117 0,113 SD 0,074 0,090 0,087 SMTP 0,052 0,074 0,063 SMTA+ 0,043 0,073 0,053

Indeks* Tidak Sekolah 100 100 • 100 Tidak Tamat SD 80 92 89 SD 58 71 69 SMTP 41 58 50 SMTA+ 34 57 42

Catatan * Indeks, tidak sekolah =100

Sumber: Hul l dan Soenaryo (1978), Adioetomo (1983).

P e r k i r a a n y a n g d i b u a t o l e h A d i o e t o m o (1983) d a r i d u a S e n s u s P e n d u d u k t a h u n 1971 d a n 1980 m e n u n j u k k a n s e c a r a j e l a s b a h w a a n a k - a n a k y a n g l a h i r d a r i i b u - i b u d e n g a n t i n g k a t p e n d i d i k a n l e b i h t i n g g i m e m p u n y a i r e s i k o k e m a t i a n b a y i l e b i h r e n d a h ( T a b e l 7). A n g k a k e m a t i a n b a y i y a n g i b u n y a m e n a m a t k a n s e k o l a h d a s a r ( S D ) , 2 5 % l e b i h k e c i l d a r i p a d a a n g k a k e m a t i a n b a y i y a n g i b u n y a t i d a k t a m a t S D . S e b a g a i t a m h a h a n , a n g k a k e m a t i a n b a y i y a n g l a h i r d a r i w a n i t a y a n g p a l i n g s e d i k i t m e n a m a t k a n

216


s e k o l a h l a n j u t a n , 5 0 % l e b i h r e n d a h d a r i p a d a a n g k a k e m a t i a n b a y i y a n g l a h i r d a r i w a n i t a y a n g t i d a k s e k o l a h .

S e c a r a u m u m , t r a n s i s i f e r t i l i t a s d a n m o r t a l i t a s d i I n d o n e s i a m e m b a w a d a m p a k p a d a p e r u b a h a n j u m l a h d a n u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a . T a b e l 8 m e m p e r l i h a t k a n p e r u b a h a n k a r a k t e r i s t i k r u m a h t a n g g a d i I n d o n e s i a d a l a m k u r u n w a k t u 1 5 t a h u n t e r a k h i r i n i . T e r l i h a t b a h w a j u m l a h r u m a h t a n g g a d i I n d o n e s i a m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n y a n g c u k u p b e r a r t i d a l a m 1 5 t a h u n t e r a k h i r n a m u n s e b a l i k n y a u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a m e n j a d i s e m a k i n k e c i l . P e r u b a h a n j u m l a h d a n u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a i n i a k a n b e r d a m p a k p a d a p e r u b a h a n p e r i l a k u s o s i a l e k o n o m i b a g i p a r a a n g g o t a r u m a h t a n g g a t e r s e b u t .

T a b e l 8

P r o y e k s i R u m a h t a n g g a d i I n d o n e s i a 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 5 ( d a l a m R i b u )

Karakteristik 1980 1990 1995 Jumlah Rumah tangga 30.377 40.677 46.696 Jumlah Penduduk 146.692 182.451 199.519 Rata-Rata Anggota R.T 4,83 4,49 4,27 Jumlah Anak per R.T 1,97 1,65 Belum ada data Jumlah Orang Tua per R.T 0,157 0,175 Belum ada data Perubahan per tahun 995 1.204 1.334 Sumber: East West Center Population Instintte, 1990

A d a n y a p e r b e d a a n p o l a t r a n s i s i f e r t i l i t a s d a n m o r t a l i t a s a n t a r a d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d a n d a e r a h p e d e s a a n b e r d a m p a k p a d a a d a n y a p e r b e d a a n b e s a r n y a r u m a h t a n g g a { h o u s e h o l d s i z e ) a n t a r a d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d a n d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . W a l a u p u n a n a l i s a m e n g e n a i j u m l a h d a n u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a a n t a r a d a e r a h p e d e s a a n d a n d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n b e l u m t e r s e d i a , n a m u n m e l i h a t a d a n y a p e r b e d a a n p o l a f e r t i l i t a s d a n m o r t a l i t a s a n t a r a k e d u a d a e r a h t e r s e b u t , d a p a t d i s i m p u l k a n b a h w a u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n c e n d e r u n g l e b i h k e c i l d a r i p a d a u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . D i s a m p i n g i t u , j u m l a h a n a k d a l a m r u m a h t a n g g a u n t u k d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n a k a n l e b i h s e d i k i t d a r i p a d a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . S e b a l i k n y a j u m l a h r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n c e n d e r u n g l e b i h b e s a r d a r i p a d a r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n .

I m p l i k a s i a p a y a n g d a p a t d i t a r i k d a r i k a r a k t e r i s t i k r u m a h t a n g g a i n i ? P e r t a m a , r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n l e b i h m e m i l i k i k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k m e l a k u k a n i n v e s t a s i t e r h a d a p p e n i n g k a t a n k u a l i t a s k e l u a r g a d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . L e b i h k e c i l n y a u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a m e m b e r i k a n k e s e m p a t a n k e p a d a k e p a l a r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n u n t u k m e l a k u k a n s a v i n g t e r h a d a p p e n d a p a t a n y a n g d i p e r o l e h a t a u m e n g k o n s u m s i p e n d a p a t a n t e r s e b u t p a d a h a l - h a l y a n g l e b i h

217

Tjiptoherijanto

b e r k u a l i t a s d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n m e r e k a y a n g t i n g g a l d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . K e d u a ; d e n g a n m a k i n m e n g e c t l n y a u k u r a n r u m a h t a n g g a d a n j u m l a h a n a k d a l a m r u m a h t a n g g a , m a k a w a n i t a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n m e m p u n y a i k e s e m p a t a n y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i u n t u k b e k e r j a d i l u a r r u m a h d a n i t u b e r a r t i p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a a k a n m e n i n g k a t . K e t i g a , m e n i n g k a t n y a j u m l a h r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n m e m b a w a d a m p a k p a d a m a k i n s u l i t n y a p e n g a d a a n r u m a h b a g i k e l u a r g a . K o n d i s i i n i a k a n b e r d a m p a k p a d a m a k i n k e c i l n y a u k u r a n r u m a h . D i s a m p i n g i t u , l o k a s i p e m u k i m a n c e n d e r u n g a k a n s e m a k i n m e n y e b a r d a n b e r j a u h a n d e n g a n l o k a s i t e m p a t b e k e r j a . K e e m p a t , r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n l e b i h ' m o b i l ' d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . A d a n y a k e b u t u h a n y a n g l e b i h b e s a r d a n k e s e m p a t a n y a n g l e b i h t e r b u k a b a g i p a r a w a n i t a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n u n t u k b e k e r j a m e n y e b a b k a n t i n g k a t p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n m e n i n g k a t t a j a m . A k a n t e t a p i k o n d i s i t e r s e b u t k e m u d i a n b e r d a m p a k p a d a m a k i n k u r a n g n y a k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k b e r k u m p u l d a l a m k e l u a r g a . K e l i m a , j u m l a h p e n d u d u k d a n r u m a h t a n g g a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n a k a n s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t . D a t a i n i m e m p e r l i h a t k a n h a h w a t i n g k a t u r b a n i s a s i d i I n d o n e s i a t e l a h m e n i n g k a t d e n g a n p e s a t d a r i s e k i t a r 2 2 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 0 m e n j a d i 3 4 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 5 . T i n g k a t u r b a n i s a s i i n i d i p e r k i r a k a n a k a n t e r u s m e n i n g k a t d i m a s a m e n d a t a n g . N a m u n d e m i k i a n , p e n i n g k a t a n j u m l a h p e n d u d u k d a n r u m a h t a n g g a d i p e r k o t a a n i n i k u r a n g d i i k u t i d e n g a n p r o s e s p e n d i d i k a n m e n g e n a i urban way of life. K u r a n g n y a p e n d i d i k a n y a n g b e r w a w a s a n p a d a n i l a i - n i l a i p o s i t i f t r a d i s i o n a l s e p e r t i g o t o n g - r o y o n g , m a u p u n u n t u k k e h i d u p a n m o d e r n s e p e r t i p e n g g u n a a n f a s i l i t a s u m u m d a n k e m a m p u a n b e r a d a p t a s i m e n y e b a b k a n b a n y a k w a r g a k o t a m e n g a l a m i k r i s i s i d e n t i t a s d i r i .

F . M o b i l i t a s P e n d u d u k y a n g M a k i n T i n g g i

P e s a t n y a p e r t a m h a h a n p e n d u d u k p e r k o t a a n t e r u t a m a d i s e b a b k a n o l e h a d a n y a m i g r a s i d a r i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n k e d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n , t e r u t a m a d e n g a n a l a s a n - a l a s a n e k o n o m i u n t u k m e n c a r i p e n d a p a t a n y a n g l e b i h b a i k , m i s a l n y a a d a n y a p e r t a m h a h a n k e s e m p a t a n k e r j a p a d a s e k t o r i n d u s t r i d a n j a s a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n .

M o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k y a n g t i n g g i m e n u n t u t j a r i n g a n p r a s a r a n a y a n g m a k i n b a i k d a n l u a s , s e r t a a k a n m e m b a w a k e p a d a p e r g e s e r a n n o r m a - n o r m a m a s y a r a k a t , s e p e r t i i k a t a n k e l u a r g a d a n k e k e r a b a t a n , y a n g d a p a t m e m b a w a d a m p a k h e r j a n g k a p a n j a n g b a g i s i f a t - s i f a t s o s i a l b u d a y a m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a .

J u m l a h p e n d u d u k y a n g m e l a k u k a n m o b i l i t a s t e r n y a t a c u k u p b e s a r . J u m l a h m i g r a s i t o t a l a n t a r p r o p i n s i m e n i n g k a t d a r i 6 , 2 4 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 1

218

Perubahan Keptendudukan Menyongsong Abad ke-21

m e n j a d i 7 , 8 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 0 d a n m e n j a d i 9 , 9 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 . M o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d i I n d o n e s i a a k a n l e b i h t m g g i l a g ; b i l a m e m p e r h i t u n g k a n j u g a m i g r a s i y a n g t e r j a d i m a s i h d a l a m b a t a s p r o p i n s i ( M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N , 1 9 9 5 ) .

D K I J a k a r t a t e t a p m e n j a d i d a e r a h t u j u a n u t a m a m i g r a n , d i s e r t a i d e n g a n m a k i n m e n i n g k a t n y a p e r a n a n J a w a B a r a t s e b a g a i d a e r a h t u j u a n . P a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 1 , D K I J a k a r t a m e n a m p u n g 2 5 , 2 9 % m i g r a n a n t a r p r o p i n s i d i I n d o n e s i a . P a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 , p r o p o r s i y a n g m e n u j u D K I J a k a r t a m e n u r u n m e n j a d i 1 8 , 1 2 % , n a m u n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 J a w a B a r a t m e n j a d i d a e r a h t u j u a n k e d u a , y a i t u m e n a m p u n g 1 7 , 3 2 % . J a d i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 D K I J a k a r t a d a n J a w a B a r a t m e n a m p u n g 3 5 , 4 4 d a r i t o t a l m i g r a n a n t a r p r o p i n s i d i I n d o n e s i a ( T a b e l 9). D a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 9 0 a r u s m i g r a s i k e l u a r D K I J a k a r t a l e b i h b e s a r d a r i p a d a m i g r a s i m a s u k . H a l i n i d i d u k u n g d e n g a n p e r k e m b a n g a n " r e a l e s t a t e " d a n k a w a s a n p e m u k i m a n b a r u d i p i n g g i r a n k o t a J a k a r t a s e p e r t i m i s a l n y a d i d a e r a h B O T A B E K ( B o g o r , T a n g e r a n g , B e k a s i ) .

Tabel 9

Indonesia: Persentase Migrasi Total (Masuk dan Keluar) Menurut Propinsi

tahun 1971, 1980 dan 1990

Propinsi Migrasi Masuk Migrasi Keluar 1971 1980 1990 1971 1980 1990

D.I. Aceh 1,23 1,43 1,26 1,61 1,91 0.93 Sum-UI 8.18 5,39 3,18 4,25 3.92 4,69 Sum-Bar 3,59 2,19 2,29 4,61 1,35 3,52 Riau 3,22 3,25 4,02 1,96 1.27 1,56 Jambi 2,30 2,69 2,76 1,49 0.84 1.05 Sum-Sel 5,17 5,68 5,65 4,72 3.68 3.80 Bengkulu 0,60 1,14 1,50 0,57 0.38 0.47 Lampung 13.83 15,85 9,90 1,57 0.93 2.06 DKI Jakarta 25,29 23,05 18.12 6,78 6.84 13,60 la Bar 8,19 10,92 17,32 18,36 13,75 11,25 la-Teng 8,19 5,06 6,97 2o,09 26,97 24,46 D.I.Yogyakarta 1.97 1,98 2,25 4,01 2,23 2,98 la-Tim 5,88 5,44 5,93 11.00 1 3.95 14,12 Ball 0,62 0,71 0,83 0,99 1,08 1,47 NTB 0,63 0,61 0,59 0,33 0,42 0,62 NTT 0,39 0,50 0.43 0,42 0.64 0,61 Tim-Tim 0,00 0,00 0,28 0,00 0,11 0.23 Kal Bar 0,41 1,05 1,21 0,79 0.75 0,87 Kal-Teng 0.79 1.31 1.43 0,37 0,29 0.57 Kal-Sel 1.34 1 1.82 1,51 1.70 1.51 Kal-Tim 0.61 2,65 3.46 0,82 0.53 1.04 Sul Ut 1,65 1,22 0,80 0,99 1.12 0.96 Sul-Teng 0.86 1.75 1,74 0.92 0,41 0.50 Sul-Sel 2,01 1.54 2.05 3.80 4.50 -1.78

219

Tjiptoherijanto

L a n j u t a n T a b e l 9

Propinsi Migrasi Masuk Migrasi Keluar Propinsi 1971 1980 1990 1971 1980 1990

Sill Tm 0,53 1.0.5 1.51 0,53 0,80 0,77 Maiiikii 0,77 1.24 1,18 0,87 0,73 0.74 Irian Jaya 0,50 0.88 1.52 0,41 0.30 0.53 Luar Negeri 2,20 1.04 1.31 Tidak tahu 0,00 5,53 Jiimah Persentase Jumlah absolut

100 7.382.013

100 17.830.555

ton 1 1.443.174

too 1 1.443.174

100 7.382.013

too 17.830.555

S u m b e r : B P S , 1 9 7 5 , T a b e l 2 4 ; B P S , 1 9 8 3 B P S , 1 9 9 2 , t a b e l 0 9 . 9

S e l a m a k u r u n w a k t u 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 9 0 a n t a r a J a w a d a n l u a r J a w a h a n y a t e r j a d i r e d i s t r i b u s i p e n d u d u k s e b e s a r 4 , 2 4 % , d i m a n a t a h u n 1 9 7 1 p r o p o r s i p e n d u d u k y a n g t i n g g a l d i J a w a 6 4 , 2 3 % , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 m e n u r u n m e n j a d i 5 9 , 9 9 % . S e b a l i k n y a l u a r J a w a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 1 d i h u m o l e h 3 5 , 7 7 % p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 d i h u n i o l e h 4 0 % p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a . P o l a m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a b e r d a s a r k a n t a h u n 1 9 7 1 d a n t a h u n 1 9 8 0 h a m p i r s a m a d e n g a n p o l a t a h u n 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 0 y a i t u d i d o m i n a s i o l e h J a w a - S u m a t e r a . D e n g a n m e n i n g k a t n y a i n t e n s i t a s p e m b a n g u n a n d i I n d o n e s i a B a g i a n T i m u r ( I B T ) , m a k a a r a h m i g r a s i a n t a r p u l a u / d a e r a h m u l a i b e r g e s e r k e a r a h t i m u r .

S a m p a i s e k a r a n g b e l u m t e r d a p a t d a t a m i g r a s i p e d e s a a n - p e r k o t a a n s e c a r a m a k r o . D a r i d a t a s e n s u s p e n d u d u k h a n y a d a p a t d i k e t a h u i b e s a r n y a m i g r a s i k e d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n ( m a u p u n k e d a e r a h p e d e s a a n ) , w a l a u p u n t i d a k d i k e t a h u i s p e s i f i k a s i d a e r a h a s a l n y a a p a k a h p e d e s a a n a t a u p e r k o t a a n ,

T a b e l 1 0 m e n y a j i k a n j u m l a h m i g r a s i s e m a s a h i d u p d a n m i g r a s i r i s e n y a n g m e n u j u d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d i s e t i a p p r o p i n s i s e r t a p r o p o r s i n y a t e r h a d a p s e l u r u h m i g r a n m a s u k d i m a s i n g - m a s i n g p r o p i n s i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 .

T a b e l 10

Indonesia: Jumlah Migrasi Semasa Hidup dan Migrasi Risen Menuju Daerah Perkotaan Menurut Propinsi, Tahun 1990

Propinsi Migrasi Semasa Hidup Migrasi Risen Propinsi Jumlah Proporsi* {%) Jumlah Proporsi* (%)

D.I.Aceh 58.187 30,04 22.239 39,48 Sum-Ut 223.800 48,69 63.927 59,26 Sum-Bar 70.809 32,51 40.472 31,36 Riau 290.327 42,14 97.600 39,76 Iambi 113.841 24,05 35.375 25,94 Sum-Sel 232.423 24,81 65.935 31,07 Bengkulu 78.235 31,09 32.956 39,79 Lampung 191.830 11,08 41.755 19,67

220


Lan jutan Tabel 10

Propinsi Migrasi Semasa Hidup Migrasi Risen Jumlah Proporsi* (%) jumlah Proporsi' (%)

DKI Jakarta 3.170.215 100.00 833.029 100,00 Ja-Bar 1.950.385 80,98 1.032.427 76,44 )a-Teng 317.364 61.47 156.297 40,62 DI.Yogyakarta 215.092 80,71 118.094 73,01 Ja-Tim 412.297 71,64 178.256 54,25 Bali 92.137 80.18 48.964 74.22 NTB 42.049 60.53 18.784 50,22 NTT 29.420 61.09 13.550 49,99 Tim-Tim 14.251 30.53 7.623 29,03 Kal-Bar 60.554 30,30 20.144 45,98 Kal-Teng 68.608 28,45 24.132 30,63 Kal-Sel 86.586 31,52 35.828 36,44 Kal-Tim 351.920 58,21 117.491 60,40 Sul-Ut 40.434 45,38 17.095 49,21 Sul-Teng 71.284 24,80 24.031 34,31 Sul-Sel 99.691 36,28 53.611 44,88 Sul-Tra 48.242 20,30 18.650 26,21 Maluku 57.036 30,54 20.168 29,36 Irian )aya 138.707 52,77 45.880 62,19 Jumlah 8.526.024 57.69 3.184.313 60.64

Catatan : * Proporsi terhadap seluruh migrasi masuk kc propinsi yang bersangkutan

Sumber: BPS, 1992, Tabel 08.3 ; Tabel 10.3.

J u m l a h m i g r a s i s e m a s a h i d u p k e d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d i I n d o n e s i a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 m e n c a p a i 8 , 5 j u t a o r a n g a t a u 5 7 , 6 9 % d a r i s e l u r u h m i g r a n s e m a s a h i d u p ( y a n g m e n u j u k e d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d a n p e d e s a a n ) y a n g b e r j u m l a h 1 4 , 8 j u t a o r a n g .

T a b e l 1 0 m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a p r o p o r s i m i g r a s i s e m a s a h i d u p y a n g m e n u j u k e d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n u n t u k p r o p i n s i - p r o p i n s i d i J a w a l e b i h t i n g g i d a r i p a d a p r o p o r s i u n t u k I n d o n e s i a s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n , s e d a n g k a n u n t u k p r o p i n s i - p r o p i n s i d i L u a r J a w a p a d a u m u m n y a l e b i h r e n d a h d a r i p a d a p r o p o r s i n a s i o n a l ( k e c u a l i P r o p i n s i B a l i , N u s a T e n g g a r a B a r a t , N u s a T e n g g a r a T i m u r , d a n K a l i m a n t a n T i m u r ) . R u p a n y a m i g r a s i s e m a s a h i d u p k e L u a r J a w a l e b i h b a n y a k t e r k a i t d e n g a n p r o g r a m t r a n s m i g r a s i , y a n g d a e r a h t u j u a n n y a a d a l a h d a e r a h p e d e s a a n .

J u m l a h m i g r a s i a n t a r p r o p i n s i d a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 9 0 y a n g m e n u j u d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n t e r c a t a t 3 , 2 j u t a o r a n g a t a u 6 0 , 6 4 % d a r i s e l u r u h m i g r a s i r i s e n t a h u n 1 9 9 0 y a n g b e r j u m l a h 5 , 3 j u t a o r a n g .

2 2 1

Tjiptoherijanto

G . B a n y a k T e r j a d i P e r u b a h a n L a p a n g a n P e k e r j a a n

S e j a l a n d e n g a n p e r k e m b a n g a n e k o n o m i d a n p e m b a n g u n a n p a d a u m u m n y a , l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n p e n d u d u k b e r u b a h d a r i y a n g b e r s i f a t p r i m e r s e p e r t i p e r t a n i a n , p e r t a m b a n g a n , m e n u j u l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n s e k u n d e r s e p e r t i i n d u s t r i a t a u b a n g u n a n d a n a k h i r n y a m e n u j u l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n t e r s i e r ( j a s a d a n i n f o r m a s i ) .

D a r i d a t a y a n g a d a ( T a b e l 11) t e r l i h a t b a h w a t e r d a p a t p e r b e d a a n m e n y o l o k d a l a m l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n a n t a r a d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d a n d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . P e k e r j a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n m a s i h t e r k o n s e n t r a s i p a d a l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n p r i m e r ( p e r t a n i a n , p e r t a m b a n g a n d a n s e b a g a i n y a ) . S e b a l i k n y a l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n s u d a h m u l a i m e n g a l a m i t r a n s i s i a t a u p e r u b a h a n m e n u j u l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n s e k u n d e r m a u p u n t e r s i e r .

T r a n s i s i l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n d a r i s e k t o r p r i m e r m e n u j u s e k t o r s e k u n d e r d a n t e r s i e r d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n , t e r g a m b a r p u l a d a r i s t a t u s p e k e r j a a n a n t a r a p e k e r j a a n f o r m a l d a n n o n f o r m a l d i p e r k o t a a n . P a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 2 , p e r s e n t a s e p e n d u d u k y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r f o r m a l d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n l e b i h t i n g g i d a r i p a d a m e r e k a y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r n o n f o r m a l . S e b a l i k n y a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n p e r s e n t a s e p e n d u d u k y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r n o n f o r m a l j a u h m e l a m p a u i p e r s e n t a s e m e r e k a y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r f o r m a l .

G a m b a r a n l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n p e n d u d u k t e r s e b u t d i a t a s m e n u n j u k k a n a d a n y a p e r u b a h a n s e k t o r e k o n o m i p e n d u d u k d a r i y a n g b e r s i f a t a g r a r i s m e n u j u k e e k o n o m i y a n g b e r s i f a t i n d u s t r i . G e j a l a p e r u b a h a n i n i l e b i h c e p a t b e r l a n g s u n g d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . P e r u b a h a n p e r e k o n o m i a n d a r i s e k t o r y a n g b e r s i f a t a g r a r i s m e n u j u i n d u s t r i a t a u b a h k a n j a s a b u k a n s a j a b e r d a m p a k p a d a p e r u b a h a n p o l a h u b u n g a n k e r j a a n t a r a a r a s a n d a n b a w a h a n t e t a p i j u g a m e r u b a h p o l a k e h i d u p a n p e k e r j a a n d i l u a r s i t u a s i p e k e r j a a n .

T a b e l 1 1

L a p a n g a n P e k e r j a a n P e n d u d u k b e r d a s a r k a n T e m p a t T i n g g a l t a h u n 1 9 9 2

Tempat Tinggal

Sektor Kota Desa % Total %

1. Agriculture, Forestty, 2.324.935 11.48 39.828.270 69,55 42.153.205 54.38 Hunting, and Ffsher

2. Mining and Quarrying 154.053 0,76 370.871 0,65 524.924 0.68

3. Manutacluring industry 3.757.988 18,56 4.497.508 7,85 8.255.496 10.65

4. Electricity, gas, and 117.709 0,58 44.658 0,08 162.367 0.21 water

5. Construction 198.662 0,98 1.316.082 2.30 1.514.744 1.95

222


Lan ju tan Tabe l 11.

Tempat Tinggal

Sektor Kota % Desa % Total %

6. Wholesale, retail. 6.107.994 30,16 5.638.819 9.85 11.746.813 15,15 restaurant and hotel

7. Transpodation. storage 1.397.024 6.90 1.176.785 - 2.05 2.573.809 3,32 and communication

8. Financing, insurance. . 406.902 2,01 167.683 0.29 574.585 0.74 real estate and business services

9. Community, social and ,S.766.6S1 28,48 4.144.927 7.24 9.911.578 12,79 personal services

10. Others 18.817 0,09 82.034 0,14 100.851 0,13

Total 20.250.735 100.00 57.267.637 100.00 77.518.372 100,00

Sumber: BPS, 1993, Keadaan Angkatan Kerja di Indonesia tahun 1993

. T a b e l 12

Kompos i s i Pekerjaan Berdasarkan Sektor Fo rma l dan N o n F o r m a l di D a e r a h Perkotaan dan Pedesaan T a h u n 1992

Tempat Tinggal Formal Non Formal Total Kota 11,681.608 9.569.127 21.250.735

54.97% 45 .03% lOO"/.̂ Desa 12.000.310 45.267.327 57.267.637

20 .95% 79 .05% 100% Total 23.681.918 54.836.454 78.518.372

30 .16% 69.84% 100% Sumber :BPS 1993, Keadaan Angkatan Kerja di Indonesia tahun 1992

M e r e k a y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r f o r m a l a k a n m e m i l i k i j a m k e r j a y a n g l e b i h t e r a t u r d a n p a n j a n g , H a l i n i t e n t u n y a m e m b a w a k o n s e k u e n s i p a d a p e r u b a h a n p o l a k e h i d u p a n d a n h u b u n g a n d a l a m k e l u a r g a . B e r k u r a n g n y a w a k t u l u a n g d i d a l a m r u m a h t a n g g a h a r u s d i i m b a n g i d e n g a n k e h a d i r a n p i h a k k e t i g a ( p e m b a n t u r u m a h t a n g g a ) u n t u k m e m b a n t u m e n g u r u s i k e g i a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a s e h a r i - h a r i . H a l i n i t e n t u s a j a b e r d a m p a k p a d a l e b i h f o r m a l n y a h u b u n g a n k e l u a r g a d a l a m r u m a h t a n g g a s e b a g a i d a m p a k d a r i k e h a d i r a n p i h a k k e t i g a t e r s e b u t .

H . P e n i n g k a t a n P a r f i s i p a s i A n g k a t a n K e r j a W a n i t a

S e j a l a n d e n g a n t r a n s i s i l a p a n g a n p e k e r j a a n d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n m a k a p o l a p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n p u n m e n g a l a m i p e r u b a h a n . S e c a r a u m u m , t i n g k a t p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a d i

2 2 3

Tjiptoherijanto

I n d o n e s i a m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n y a n g c u k u p b e s a r y a i t u 3 3 , 1 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 1 m e n j a d i 3 2 , 7 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 0 d a n 3 9 , 0 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 . P e n i n g k a t a n p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a t a m p a k p a d a s e m u a k e l o m p o k u m u r . K e a d a a n i n i d a p a t m e n u n j u k k a n p e n i n g k a t a n p e r a n s e r t a w a n i t a s e j a l a n d e n g a n k e m a j u a n e k o n o m i y a n g t e l a h d i c a p a i . N a m u n d e m i k i a n , p e n i n g k a t a n t i n g k a t p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a d a p a t p u l a m e n c e r m i n k a n a d a n y a d e s a k a n e k o n o m i , y a n g m e n g h a r u s k a n w a n i t a y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n u n t u k m a s u k p a s a r k e r j a .

D a l a m T a b e l 1 3 t e r l i h a t b a h w a s e l a m a p e r i o d e 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 0 t i n g k a t p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a u n t u k k e l o m p o k u m u r 1 0 - 1 4 t a h u n m e n g a l a m i p e n u r u n a n . H a l i n i d a p a t m e r u p a k a n i n d i k a s i m e n i n g k a t n y a p e n d u d u k u s i a 1 0 t a h u n k e a t a s y a n g l e b i h m e m i l i h m e l a n j u t k a n p e n d i d i k a n d a r i p a d a m a s u k p a s a r k e r j a d a l a m u s i a m u d a . H a l i n i d a p a t d i s e b a b k a n o l e h m a k i n s u l i t n y a m e m p e r o l e h p e k e r j a a n d e n g a n t i n g k a t p e n d i d i k a n y a n g r e n d a h . N a m u n d e m i k i a n g a m b a r a n p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d a n p e d e s a a n m e m i l i k i k a r a k t e r i s t i k y a n g b e r b e d a s a t u d e n g a n l a i n n y a .

Tabel 13

Indonesia: Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Wanita Menurut Umur

1971, 1980, 1990, dan 2005

Umur 1971a 1980b 1990c 2005d 10-14 14,42 9,36 8,85 7,97 15-19 28,64 31,08 33,63 37,37 20-24 31,84 33,95 43,48 51,53 25-29 34,14 35,86 45,68 55,89 30-34 37,82 39,23 48,44 56,78 35-39 40,33 42,44 51,40 60,76 40-44 42,59 45,68 53,40 60,78 45-49 44,16 46,51 53,87 60,73 50-54 42,34 44,02 51,59 59,40 55-59 39,80 40,53 48,11 57,24 60-64 33,05 32,65 40,27 50,61 65+ 22,81 18,82 23,54 30,81

Jumlah 53,06 32,43 38,08 47,45 Sumber: a. BPS, 1972 b. BPS, 1983 c. BPS, 1992 d. Ananta dan Anwar, 1994.

P e n i n g k a t a n t i n g k a t p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n p r o s e s t r a n s f o r m a s i s o s i a l e k o n o m i y a n g d i i k u t i o l e h p e n i n g k a t a n d a n p e r g e s e r a n d a l a m p e r m i n t a a n t e n a g a k e r j a , t e r m a s u k d i d a l a m n y a t e n a g a k e r j a w a n i t a . B a h k a n d i s e k t o r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i t e r t e n t u d i b u t u h k a n s e c a r a s p e s i f i k t e n a g a k e r j a w a n i t a . K o n d i s i i n i t e n t u n y a m e m b e r i k a n p e l u a n g b a g i t e n a g a k e r j a w a n i t a u n t u k m a s u k d a l a m p a s a r k e r j a .

224


S e j a k t a h u n 1 9 6 0 - a n k e n a i k a n t i n g k a t p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a m a j u s e p e r t i A m e r i k a , J e r m a n , I n g g r i s , d a n K a n a d a , t e r u t a m a d i s e b a b k a n o l e h p e n i n g k a t a n p a r t i s i p a s i w a n i t a m e n i k a b d e n g a n a n a k b a l i t a d i p a s a r k e r j a . K e a d a a n i n i t i d a k s e p e r t i y a n g d i d u g a ; p a r t i s i p a s i w a n i t a m e n i k a b d i p a s a r k e r j a s a n g a t d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h j u m l a h d a n u m u r a n a k y a n g d i m i l i k i . B i a s a n y a , m a k i n b a n y a k a n a k u m u r b a l i t a y a n g d i m i l i k i , m a k i n k e c i l p r o b a b i l i t a s p e r e m p u a n m e n i k a b y a n g m a s u k p a s a r k e r j a . K e a d a a n y a n g t e r j a d i d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a m a j u s e p e r t i d i u r a i k a n d i a t a s , s e l a i n d a p a t m e r u p a k a n a k i b a t g e r a k a n f e m i n i s m e y a n g m e l u a s , d a p a t j u g a m e n u n j u k k a n k e h a r u s a n w a n i t a m e n i k a b u n t u k m a s u k p a s a r k e r j a d e m i m e m e n u b i k e b u t u h a n e k o n o m i r u m a h t a n g g a m e r e k a . J i k a p a r t i s i p a s i w a n i t a d i p a s a r k e r j a d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h j u m l a h a n a k y a n g d i m i l i k i , m e m b u d a y a n y a n o r m a k e l u a r g a k e c i l d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n p a r t i s i p a s i w a n i t a m e n i k a b d i p a s a r k e r j a I n d o n e s i a . |

D a t a m e m p e r l i h a t k a n b a h w a p r o p o r s i p e k e r j a w a n i t a d a r i k e s e l u r u h a n p e k e r j a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n m e n i n g k a t d a r i 2 9 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 0 m e n j a d i 3 3 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 . P e n i n g k a t a n p r o p o r s i w a n i t a p e k e r j a i n i e r a t k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n m a k i n m e n i n g k a t n y a p a r t i s i p a s i k a u m w a m t a d a l a m s e k t o r f o r m a l . |

D a l a m h a l i n i p e r b e d a a n a n t a r a s e k t o r f o r m a l d a n n o n f o r m a l d i l a k u k a n m e n g i k u t i s i s t e m p e n c a t a t a n B P S d i m a n a m e r e k a y a n g d i k a t e g o r i k a n b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r f o r m a l a d a l a h ( 1 ) b e r u s a h a d e n g a n b u r u h t e t a p , d a n ( 2 ) b u r u h / k a r y a w a n , b e r a r t i b a h w a m e r e k a m e n e r i m a b a y a r a n . S e b a l i k n y a s e k t o r n o n f o r m a l m e l i p u t i : ( 1 ) b e r u s a h a s e n d i r i t a n p a b a n t u a n o r a n g l a i n , ( 2 ) b e r u s a h a d e n g a n b a n t u a n a n g g o t a r u m a h t a n g g a a t a u b u r u h t i d a k t e t a p , ( 3 ) p e k e r j a k e l u a r g a y a n g t i d a k d i b a y a r .

B e r d a s a r k a n p e m b a g i a n s e k t o r k e r j a k e d a l a m f o r m a l d a n n o n f o r m a l t e r s e b u t , m a k a d a t a m e m p e r l i h a t k a n b a h w a p r o p o r s i w a n i t a ( d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p r i a ) y a n g m a s u k d a l a m s e k t o r f o r m a l m e n i n g k a t d a r i 2 5 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 0 m e n j a d i 3 1 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 . D i s e k t o r s e k u n d e r t e r j a d i p e n i n g k a t a n d a r i 2 3 % m e n j a d i 2 9 % d a n d i s e k t o r t e r s i e r d a r i 2 6 % m e n j a d i 3 4 % p a d a k u r u n w a k t u y a n g s a m a . I n i b e r a r t i t i n g k a t p a r t i s i p a s i w a n i t a y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r f o r m a l m e n i n g k a t c u k u p t a j a m .

S e b a l i k n y a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n w a l a u p u n t i n g k a t p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a m e n u n j u k k a n p e n i n g k a t a n n a m u n s u m b a n g a n t e r b e s a r a d a l a h p a d a m e r e k a y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r n o n f o r m a l . D a l a m k u r u n w a k t u 1 9 8 0 -1 9 9 0 p r o p o r s i w a n i t a y a n g b e k e r j a ( d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p r i a ) d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n d a n 3 4 % m e n j a d i 3 7 % . P r o p o r s i w a n i t a ( d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p r i a ) y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r n o n f o r m a l d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n m e n g a l a m i p e n i n g k a t a n d a r i 3 4 % m e n a j d i 3 9 % . S e b a l i k n y a

215

Tjiptoherijanto

p r o p o r s i ( d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p r i a ) y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r f o r m a l d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n m e n g a l a m i p e n u r u n a n d a l a m k u r u n w a k t u t e r s e b u t ( 1 9 8 0 -1 9 9 0 ) .

K a u m w a n i t a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n m e m i l i k i k e s e m p a t a n y a n g l e b i h b a i k u n t u k m a s u k k e d a l a m p e k e r j a a n y a n g b e r s i f a t f o r m a l d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n r e k a n n y a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . D i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n t e r u t a m a k o t a -k o t a b e s a r b a n y a k t e r l i h a t p a r a w a n i t a ( t e r u t a m a p a d a u s i a m u d a ) b e k e r j a d i b e r b a g a i s e k t o r p r i m e r . D i s a m p i n g i t u , s e k t o r t e r s i e r ( j a s a ) j u g a t e l a h b a n y a k m e m b u k a k e s e m p a t a n b a g i k a u m w a n i t a d e n g a n d i l a k s a n a k a n n y a b e r b a g a i d e r e g u l a s i b a i k d i d u n i a p e r b a n k a n m a u p u n p e r d a g a n g a n .

W a n i t a d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n s e b a l i k n y a t e r p a k s a b e r p a r t i s i p a s i d a l a m p a s a r k e r j a w a l a u p u n t a n p a m e n e r i m a u p a h / g a j i . M e r e k a t e r p a k s a m e m b a n t u s u a m i a t a u k e l u a r g a l a i n s e b a g a i s t r a t e g i m e n y a m b u n g h i d u p k e l u a r g a n y a . M e r e k a t e r u t a m a t e r j u n m e m b a n t u d a l a m b i d a n g p e r t a n i a n d a n s e k t o r i n d u s t r i r u m a h t a n g g a y a n g p a d a u m u m n y a m e n g h a s i l k a n b a r a n g d e n g a n n i l a i j u a l s a n g a t r e n d a h .

P e r b e d a a n k a r a k t e r i s t i k p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d a n p e d e s a a n t e r s e b u t m e m b a w a i m p l i k a s i p a d a p e r b e d a a n s i s t e m n i l a i d a n p a n d a n g a n h i d u p a n t a r a k a u m w a n i t a p a d a k e d u a d a e r a h t e r s e b u t . M e n i n g k a t n y a p r o p o r s i w a n i t a d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r f o r m a l , m e m i l i k i i m p l i k a s i p a d a m e n i n g k a t n y a k e m a n d i r i a n w a n i t a d a l a m m e n g a m b i l k e p u t u s a n b a i k d i d a l a m r u m a h t a n g g a a t a u k e l u a r g a m a u p u n d i l u a r k e l u a r g a . D e m i k i a n p u l a k e p u t u s a n s e p e r t i m e n e n t u k a n j u m l a h a n a k , s e k a r a n g t i d a k l a g i m e n j a d i k e p u t u s a n s u a m i n a m u n j u g a k e p u t u s a n i s t r i k a r e n a i s t r i j u g a m e m i l i k i k e t e r b a t a s a n { c o n s t r a i n t ) t e r h a d a p w a k t u s e b a g a i d a m p a k d a r i b e k e r j a d i l u a r r u m a h .

M e n i n g k a t n y a p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a t e r u t a m a d a l a m s e k t o r f o r m a l b e r d a m p a k p a d a m a k i n b e r a t n y a p e r a n y a n g d i h a d a p i o l e h k a u m w a n i t a . D i s a t u s i s i m e r e k a d i t u n t u t b e k e r j a d i l u a r r u m a h p a d a j a m - j a m t e r t e n t u d a n d i s i s i l a i n m e r e k a j u g a t e t a p d i t u n t u t u n t u k m e n g e r j a k a n h a l -h a l r u m a h t a n g g a ( d o m e s t i k ) . M e n i n g k a t n y a p e r a n g a n d a d i k a l a n g a n w a n i t a p e k e r j a m e r u p a k a n f e n o m e n a b a r u d i b e b e r a p a k o t a b e s a r d i I n d o n e s i a . A d a n y a p e r a n g a n d a d i k a l a n g a n w a n i t a i n i t e n t u s a j a b e r d a m p a k p a d a p e r u b a h a n p r o s e s a d a p t a s i b a i k d i l i n g k u n g a n p e k e r j a a n m a u p u n l i n g k u n g a n k e l u a r g a .

B e r t a m b a h n y a w a n i t a y a n g b e k e r j a d a n s i a p u n t u k b e k e r j a a k a n m e m b a w a p e r u b a h a n p o l a d a l a m k e h i d u p a n m a s y a r a k a t d a n k e l u a r g a , d i s a m p i n g b e r k e m b a n g n y a p o t e n s i t e n a g a p r o d u k t i f y a n g d a p a t h e r p e r a n b e s a r d a l a m p e r e k o n o m i a n .

226

I


r v . P E N U T U P

G l o b a l i s a s i y a n g d i a k i b a t k a n o l e h a d a n y a r e v o l u s i d i b i d a n g k o m u n i k a s i d a n t r a n s p o r t a s i b e r d a m p a k p a d a p e r u b a h a n p o l a p e r i l a k u , t e r m a s u k p e r i l a k u d e m o g r a f i s p e n d u d u k . P e r u b a h a n p e r i l a k u i n i l e b i h c e p a t t e r j a d i d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n d i d a e r a h p e d e s a a n . D a m p a k d a r i p e r u b a h a n i n i t e r l i h a t p a d a p e r u b a h a n s t r u k t u r r u m a h t a n g g a d a n p o l a p e k e r j a a n p e n d u d u k d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n .

D a m p a k g l o b a l i s a s i t e r h a d a p p o l a p e k e r j a a n p e n d u d u k a k a n s e m a k i n n a m p a k n y a t a b i l a g l o b a l i s a s i p e r d a g a n g a n d u n i a s u d a h b e r j a l a n . P a d a m a s a t e r s e b u t , p e r s e n t a s e p e k e r j a y a n g b e k e r j a d i s e k t o r f o r m a l a k a n s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t d i t a m b a h d e n g a n m a k i n b e s a r n y a p e m b a u r a n a n t a r b a n g s a d a l a m l i n g k u n g a n p e k e r j a a n . S e m u a n y a i n i t e n t u m e m b a w a d a m p a k p a d a p e r u b a h a n s t r u k t u r r u m a h t a n g g a d a n p o l a p e r i l a k u k e h i d u p a n k e l u a r g a .

J u m l a h a n g g o t a k e l u a r g a y a n g s e m a k i n m e n g e c i l , p e k e r j a a n y a n g l e b i h d i d o m i n a s i o l e h s e k t o r f o r m a l , t i n g g a l d i l i n g k u n g a n p e r u m a b a n y a n g s e m a k i n k e c i l d a n t e r t u t u p (compact), k e h i d u p a n y a n g s e m a k i n i n d i v i d u a l i s t i s m e r u p a k a n b e b e r a p a c i r i m a s y a r a k a t i n d u s t r i . G e j a l a i n i s u d a h m u l a i n a m p a k p a d a b e b e r a p a s e g m e n p e n d u d u k d i d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n . A p a k a h g e j a l a i n i a k a n s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t d i m a s a m e n d a t a n g ? A p a k a h f e n o m e n a k e h i d u p a n i n i c o c o k d e n g a n s i s t e m n i l a i d a n b u d a y a y a n g d i i k u t i s e l a m a i n i ? B a g a i m a n a u p a y a m e n g b a d a p i p r o s e s i n d u s t r i a l i s a s i d e n g a n t e t a p m e m p e r t a b a n k a n s i s t e m n i l a i d a n b u d a y a y a n g a d a s e k a r a n g i n i ? I n i l a h b e b e r a p a p e r t a n y a a n y a n g h a r u s d i j a w a b b e r s a m a .

2 2 7

Tjiptoherijanto

D A F T A R P U S T A K A

A d i o e t o m o , S r i M o e r t i n i n g s i h . 1 9 8 3 . Infant and Child Mortality Differentials in Jakarta and Indonesia.

A n a n t a , A r i s d a n E v i N u r v i d y a A n w a r . 1 9 9 1 . An Analysis based on the 1980 Population Census. J a k a r t a : C e n t r a l B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s a n d D e m o g r a p h i c I n s t i t u t e . F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I n d o n e s i a .

Projection of Indonesia Population 1990-2020. D e m o g r a p h i c I n s t i t u t e , P o p u l a t i o n P r o j e c t i o n S e r i e s N o . 2 , J a n u a r i . J a k a r t a .

. 1 9 9 4 Projection of Indonesia Population and Labor Force: 1995-2025. J a k a r t a : D e m o g r a p h i c I n t i t u t e , F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I n d o n e s i a .

A n a n t a , A r i s , T u r o S . W o n g k a r e n , d a n L i l i s H e r i M i s C i c i h . 1 9 9 5 . Beberapa Implikasi Perkembangan Penduduk Indonesia dalam PJP II. J a k a r t a : K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N .

A n d r e w M a s o n . 1 9 9 5 . Population, Development, and Freedom. P a p e r P r e s e n t e d a t t h e X V I I I P a s i f i c S c i e n c e C o n g r e s s , P o p u l a t i o n , R e s o u r c e s a n d E n v i r o n m e n t , B e i j i n g , C h i n a .

B o e d i o n o d a n L u i s C r o u c h . 1 9 9 0 . Educational Composition in the Labour Force: Evidence for Indonesia's Future from Other Pasific Countries, C o s t e r f o r I n f o r m a t i c a , O f f i c e o f R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t , M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n a n d C u l t u r e . J u l y . E a s t W e s t C e n t e r a n d B a p p e n a s . 1 9 9 0 . H o u s e h o l d P r o j e c t i o n s f o r I n d o n e s i a . J a k a r t a .

K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N . 1 9 9 5 . Kecenderungan dan Faktor Penentu Fertilitas dan Mortalitas di Indonesia, J a k a r t a .

K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N . 1 9 9 5 . Meningkatkan Motivasi Penduduk Potensial untuk Bermigrasi ke Kawasan Sulawesi Tenggara dan Daerah Pedesaannya. P o k o k - p o k o k u r a i a n M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / K e p a l a B K K B N p a d a C e r a m a h U m u m d i d e p a n C i v i t a s A c a d e m i c a U N H A L U , J a n u a r i .

M a y l i n g O e y - C a r d i n e r . 1 9 9 3 . Pengembangan Kualitas dan Peningkatan Peranserta Angkatan Kerja Wanita dalam Pembangunan Nasional. M a k a l a h d i p r e s e n t a s i k a n p a d a K o n p e r e n s i K e p e n d u d u k a n I n d o n e s i a . J a k a r t a .

228

Perubahan Kependudukan Menyongsong Aoad ke-21

T j i p t o h e r i j a n t o , P r i j o n o . 1 9 9 5 . Implikasi Globalisasi. Liberalisasi Perdagangan dan Investasi Terhadap Perkembangan dan Pelaksanaan Pembangunan. M a k a l a h d i s a m p a i k a n p a d a C e r a m a h d i S e k o l a h T i n g g i I l m u A d m i n i s t r a s i N e g a r a d i B a n d u n g .

1 9 9 5 . Pengentasan Kemiskinan. M a k a l a h d i s a m p a i k a n p a d a L c k a k a r y a K e p e d u l i a n P e r g u r u a n T i n g g i S w a s t a d a l a m P e n a n g g u l a n g a n K e m i s k i n a n s e W i l a y a b I n d o n e s i a B a r a t , t a n g g a l 2 6 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 5 d i U n i v e r s i t a s B a n d a r L a m p u n g .

2 2 9

perubahan kependudukan menyongsong abad ke-21

Documents