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PARTHENOGENESISPARTHENOGENESIS

Virginal reproduction

Reproduksi aseksual dimana ovum berkembang menjadi hewan dewasa tanpa melalui fertilisasi.

Parthenogenisis terjadi:•Alamiah (beberapa invertebrata)•Experimental (invert,chordata)

Alamiah 1. Hymenoptera2. Homoptera3. Coleoptera4. Rotifera5. Artemia6. Lizard (desert)

Experimentalia1. Echinodermata2. Mollusca3. Annelida4. Amphibia5. aves6. Mammalia

Lizard dissert; genus CnemodophorusLizard dissert; genus Cnemodophorus

C.Inornatus

C.Neomexicanus

C.TigrisSlide No.

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Hammer head shark (Sphyrna sp) Hammer head shark (Sphyrna sp)

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Hammerhead AtlantisHammerhead Atlantis

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Plumppollen honey beePlumppollen honey bee

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PARTHENOGENESIS ALAMIAHPARTHENOGENESIS ALAMIAH

Parthenogenesis lengkap (complete parthenogenesis)

yaitu setiap individu berasal dari unfertilized egg contoh:1. Platyhelminthes

2. Rotifer

3. wasps.

Parthenogenesis siklik (cyclic parthenogenesis)

+2n

2n

2nStem mother

sperm

2n(parthenogenetic)

2n femaleSexual form

meiosis

2n zygote 2n

springSummerParthenogenesisfemale

Male and femaleproducers

2n 4 n

2 n

2n

1st polar bodies

Nn

2 n

2 n

2 n

2n 2 n

activation

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Rotifers

Female

Mictic egg(1n)

Amictic egg(2n)

Fertilized(2n)

Not fertilized

Female(dormance)

Male(1n)

Female (2n)parthenogenesis

parthenogenesis

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Klasifikasi Parthenogenesis Alamiah berdasarkan tingkah laku kromosomKlasifikasi Parthenogenesis Alamiah berdasarkan tingkah laku kromosom

1. HAPLOID-DIPLOID Parthenogenesis

+

+

sperm

miosis

Queen bee

N mature ova

N Zygote

N haploid male

2n zygote

2n femaleWorker bee

2n 4 n2n

2n 2n 2n

NXN

nn n

activation

oogonium tetrad1st PB 2nd miotic 2nd PB

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Klasifikasi Parthenogenesis Alamiah berdasarkan tingkah laku kromosomKlasifikasi Parthenogenesis Alamiah berdasarkan tingkah laku kromosom

2. Automictic, meiotic atau diploid parthenogenesisMiosis double cromosome (diplosis)

- sebelum dan sesudah meiosis : Arthophoda - sesudah meiosis : Lepidoptera Diplosis dapat terjadi melalui 2 cara: Autofertilisasi: Oogenesis seperti pada AphidRestitusi: Pada hymenoptera dan Lepidoptera, yaitu peristiwa karyokenesis (M 1) tidak diikuti cytokinesisHaploid ovum 1. diploi ovum 2. diploid polosit

.3. Apomeitic atau ameiotic Parthenogenesis`

Tidak terjadi meiosis

Apomeiotic, peristiwa meiosis yang tertekan atau tidak sempurna, sehingga terjadi ovum diploid menjadi individu baru tanpa fertilisasi

Contoh: campelona sp (molusca)

Trichoniscus (isopoda)

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Klasifikasi Parthenogenesis berdasarkan Sex tetuaKlasifikasi Parthenogenesis berdasarkan Sex tetua

1. Arrenotoky• Menghasilkan jantan haploid• Contoh:• Hymenoptera• Coleoptera• Thysanoptera• Rotifera• Arachnida2. Thelytoky• Menghasilkan betina• Contoh:• Lepidoptera3. Amphitoky• Menghasilkan jantan dan betina

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ARTIFICIAL PARTHENOGENESISARTIFICIAL PARTHENOGENESIS

1. Chemical treatment:• hypo/hypertonic solution• Asam lemah (As butirat,lakat, oleat)• Alkalis 0,01N NH3• Garam2 Chlorida dr Li, Na, Potassium, Calsium, Mg, dll.• Strychnine• Pelarut lemak (toluen, ether, alkohol, benezene, acetone)• Lain-lain mis: cloroform, urea, sucrose, corrosive sublimat.

2. Physical agent treatment:• Heat and cold shock ( 30oC - -> -10oC)• Electric shock• Shaking• Pricking

3. Radiation treatment:• uv

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Beberapa percobaan parthenogenesisBeberapa percobaan parthenogenesis

1. Parthenogenesis pada sea urchin• Hypertonic sea water.

2. Parthenogenesis pada katak• Membuat lobang pd telur katak dg jarum kaca runcing.

3. Haploid syndrome:• Kematian embryo partenot pada saat perekembangan.

4. Ionophore:• Sea urchin• Molluska• Amfibi• Mamalia.

5. Pada aves: • Kalkun menetas tanpa fertilisasi ada yang dewasa normal.

6. Pada mamalia.

Figure 21.6 Can the nucleus from a differentiated animal cell direct development of an organism?Figure 21.6 Can the nucleus from a differentiated animal cell direct development of an organism?

EXPERIMENT Researchers enucleated frog egg cells by exposing them to ultraviolet light, which destroyed the nucleus. Nuclei from cells of embryos up to the tadpole stage were transplanted into the enucleated egg cells.

Frog embryo Frog egg cell Frog tadpole

Less differ-entiated cell

Donornucleustrans-planted

Enucleatedegg cell

Fully differ-entiated(intestinal) cell

Donornucleustrans-planted

Most developinto tadpoles

<2% developinto tadpoles

Figure 21.7 Reproductive Cloning of a Mammal by Nuclear TransplantationFigure 21.7 Reproductive Cloning of a Mammal by Nuclear Transplantation

Nucleusremoved

Mammarycell donor

Egg celldonor

Egg cellfrom ovary

Cultured mammary cells are semistarved, arresting the cellcycle and causingdedifferentiation

Nucleus frommammary cell

Grown in culture

Early embryoImplanted in uterusof a third sheep

Surrogatemother

Embryonicdevelopment

Lamb (“Dolly”)genetically identical to mammary cell donor

4

5

6

1 2

3 Cells fused

APPLICATION This method is used to produce cloned animals whose nuclear genes are identical to the donor animal supplying the nucleus.

TECHNIQUE Shown here is the procedure used to produce Dolly, the first reported case of a mammal cloned using the nucleus of a differentiated cell.

RESULTS The cloned animal is identical in appearance and genetic makeup to the donor animal supplying the nucleus, but differs from the egg cell donor and surrogate mother.

Nucleusremoved

1997, Dolly2003, Dolly died of heart disease; arthritis

Why?

Figure 21.8 Copy Cat, the first cloned catFigure 21.8 Copy Cat, the first cloned cat

mice, cats, cows, horses, and pigs.

A real copy? From a single female parent.

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Keuntungan/kerugian parthenogenesisKeuntungan/kerugian parthenogenesis

Keuntungan:1. Lebih mudah reproduksi seksual2. Multiplikasi 3. Bisa menghasilkan triploid.4. Kombinasi karakter5. Mendukung teori diterminasi sex6. Eliminasi kombinasi gen maladaptif7. Eliminasi mating8. Sel telur matang berkembang cepat tanpa melalui tahap metabolic arrestedkerugian1. Cenderung variasi menurun.

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Terima KasihTerima Kasih

wassalam