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{\rtf\ansi\deff0\ansicpg1252{\fonttbl{\f0\froman times new roman;}{\f1 calibri;}{\f2 times;}{\f3\fswiss helvetica;}{\f4\ftech wingdings;}}{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\info{\author Asus}}\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\paperw11906\paperh16840\margl666\margr133\margt666\margb173\pard\li4146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4146\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {KATA PENGANTAR }\b0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, yang atas rahmat-Nya maka }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan makalah yang berjudul \uc1\u8213X}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Percobaan Efek }\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Fotolistrik}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8214X.}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Dalam Penulisan makalah ini penulis merasa masih banyak kekurangan-kekurangan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {baik pada teknis penulisan maupun materi, mengingat akan kemampuan yang dimiliki }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {penulis. Untuk itu kritik dan saran dari semua pihak sangat penulis harapkan demi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {penyempurnaan pembuatan makalah ini. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Dalam penulisan makalah ini penulis menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang tak }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {terhingga kepada pihak-pihak yang membantu dalam menyelesaikan penelitian ini, }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {khususnya kepada : }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Guru Pembimbing yang telah meluangkan waktu, tenaga dan pikiran dalam }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {pelaksanaan bimbingan, pengarahan, dorongan dalam rangka penyelesaian}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {penyusunan makalah ini }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Secara khusus penulis menyampaikan terima kasih kepada keluarga tercinta yang}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {telah memberikan dorongan dan bantuan serta pengertian yang besar kepada penulis }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dalam menyelesaikan makalah ini. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu, yang telah memberikan}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {bantuan dalam penulisan makalah ini. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Akhirnya penulis berharap semoga Allah memberikan imbalan yang setimpal pada }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {mereka yang telah memberikan bantuan. }\par\pard\li7253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7253\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Penyusun }\b0 \par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ii}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols2\colno1\colw9413\colsr-0\colno2\colw1693\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {DAFTAR ISI }\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {BAB I. PENDAHULUAN }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1.1. Latar Belakang .................................................................................. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1.2. Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1.3. Tujuan Penulisan ............................................................................... }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {BAB II. PEMBAHASAN }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2.1. Efek Fotolistrik .................................................................................. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2.2. Hamburan Compton ........................................................................... }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2.3. Efek Compton .................................................................................... }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2.4. Konsep Foton ..................................................................................... }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2.5. Apakah Foton itu ? ............................................................................. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2.6. Percobaan ........................................................................................... }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2.7. Pembahasan Proses Percobaan ......................................................... }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {BAB III. PENUTUP }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3.1. Kesimpulan ....................................................................................... }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3.2. Saran ................................................................................................. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {i }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {ii}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {iii}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {6 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {7 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {8 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {9 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {10 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {11 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {13 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {13 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {14 }\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {iii}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols2\colno1\colw4360\colsr-0\colno2\colw6746\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1346\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {1.1.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Latar Belakang}\b0 \par\column\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {BAB I }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {PENDAHULUAN }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Dalam fisika modern efek fotolistrik dan hamburan Compton merupakan salah satu}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {pokok bahasan yang mempunyai kedudukan istimewa karena interpretasi mekanisme }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {terjadinya peristiwa ini telah mengantarkan fisika pada tahapan baru yang melahirkan fisika }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1813\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {kuantum.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Efek fotolistrik}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { adalah pengeluaran {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron"}}{\fldrslt {elektron }}}dari suatu permukaan (biasanya }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {logam) ketika dikenai, dan menyerap, {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_elektromagnetik"}}{\fldrslt {radiasi elektromagnetik }}}(seperti{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya"}}{\fldrslt { cahaya }}}tampak dan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {radiasi ultraungu) yang berada di atas frekuensi ambang tergantung pada jenis permukaan. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Efek fotolistrik membutuhkan foton dengan energi dari beberapa electronvolts sampai }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {lebih dari 1 MeV unsur yang nomor atomnya tinggi. Studi efek fotolistrik menyebabkan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {langkah-langkah penting dalam memahami sifat kuantum cahaya, elektron dan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {mempengaruhi pembentukan konsep Dualitas gelombang-partikel. Hamburan }{ }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Compton }\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {adalah suatu efek yang merupakan bagian interaksi sebuah penyinaran terhadapsuatu materi. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Efek Compton adalah salah satu dari tiga proses yang melemahkan energi suatu sinar}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {ionisasi. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Atau lebih sederhana dapat digambarkan bahwa untuk membangkitkan tenaga listrik}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dari cahaya matahari kita mengenal istilah sel surya. Namun tahukah kita bahwa sel surya itu }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {sebenarnya memanfaatkan konsep efek fotolistrik. Efek ini akan muncul ketika cahaya }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {tampak atau radiasi UV jatuh ke permukaan benda tertentu. Cahaya tersebut mendorong}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {elektron keluar dari benda tersebut yang jumlahnya dapat diukur dengan meteran listrik. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Konsep yang sederhana ini tidak ditemukan kemudian dimanfaatkan begitu saja, namun }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {terdapat serangkain proses yang diwarnai dengan perdebatan para ilmuan hingga }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {ditemukanlah definisi cahaya yang mewakili pemikiran para ilmuan tersebut, yakni cahaya }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dapat berprilaku sebagai gelombang dapat pula sebagai pertikel. Sifat mendua dari cahaya ini }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {disebut dualisme gelombang cahaya. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Meskipun sifat gelombang cahaya telah berhasil diaplikasikan sekitar akhir abad ke-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {19, ada beberapa percobaan dengan cahaya dan listrik yang sukar dapat diterangkan dengan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {sifat gelombang cahaya itu. Pada tahun 1888 Hallwachs mengamati bahwa suatu keping itu}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {mula-mula positif, maka tidak terjadi kehilangan muatan. Diamatinya pula bahwa suatu }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {keping yang netral akan memperoleh muatan positif apabila disinari. Kesimpulan yang dapat }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {ditarik dari pengamatan-pengamatan di atas adalah bahwa chaya ultraviolet mendesak keluar }\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {muatan litrik negatif dari permukaan keping logam yang netral. Gejala ini dikenal sebagai }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {efek fotolistrik. }\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {1.2. Rumusan Masalah}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Masalah yang akan dibahas dalam makalah ini antara lain : }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {a)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Apa itu efek fotolistrik? }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {b)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Apa itu hamburan compton? }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {c)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Bagaimana konsep foton? }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {1.3. Tujuan}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Berdasarkan rumusan masalah di atas, pembahasan materi dari makalah ini bertujuan untuk : }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {a)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Mengetahui efek fotolistrik }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {b)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Mengetahui hamburan Compton }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {c)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Mengetahui konsep foton }\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 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\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx1346\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {2.1.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Efek Fotolistrik}\b0 \par\column\pard\li480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {BAB II}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {PEMBAHASAN }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Hasil-hasil eksperimen menunjukkan, bahwa suatu jenis logam tertentu bila disinari }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(dikenai radiasi) dengan frekuensi yang lebih besar dari harga tertentu akan melepaskan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {elektron, walaupun intensitas radiasinya sangat kecil. Sebaliknya, berapapun besar intensitas }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {radiasi yang dikenakan pada suatu jenis logam, jika frekuensinya lebih kecil dari harga }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {tertentu maka tidak akan dapat melepaskan elektron dari logam tersebut. Peristiwa pelepasan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {elektron dari logam oleh radiasi tersebut disebut }{ }\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {efek fotolistrik}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {, diamati pertama kali oleh }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Heinrich Hertz (1887). Elektron yang terlepas dari logam disebut }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {foto-elektron.}\b0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Efek fotolistrik membutuhkan foton dengan energi dari beberapa electronvolts sampai }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {lebih dari 1 MeV unsur yang nomor atomnya tinggi. Studi efek fotolistrik menyebabkan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {langkah-langkah penting dalam memahami sifat kuantum cahaya, elektron dan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {mempengaruhi pembentukan konsep Dualitas gelombang-partikel. fenomena di mana cahaya }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {mempengaruhi gerakan muatan listrik termasuk efek fotokonduktif (juga dikenal sebagai }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {fotokonduktivitas atau photoresistivity ), efek fotovoltaik , dan efek fotoelektrokimia . }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Ketika seberkas cahaya dikenakan pada logam, ada elektron yang keluar dari }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {permukaan logam. Gejala ini disebut efek fotolistrik. Efek fotolistrik diamati melalui }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {prosedur sebagai berikut. Dua buah pelat logam (lempengan logam tipis) yang terpisah}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {ditempatkan di dalam tabung hampa udara. Di luar tabung kedua pelat ini dihubungkan satu }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {sama lain dengan kawat. Mula-mula tidak ada arus yang mengalir karena kedua plat terpisah. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Ketika cahaya yang sesuai dikenakan kepada salah satu pelat, arus listrik terdeteksi pada }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {kawat. Ini terjadi akibat adanya elektron-elektron yang lepas dari satu pelat dan menuju ke }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {pelat lain secara bersama-sama membentuk arus listrik. }\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Cahaya dipandang sebagai kuantum energi yang hanya memiliki energi yang diskrit }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {bukan kontinu yang dinyatakan sebagai }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { = }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {hf}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Konsep penting yang dikemukakan Einstein sebagai latar belakang terjadinya efek}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {fotolistrik adalah bahwa satu elektron menyerap satu kuantum energi. Satu kuantum energi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {yang diserap elektron digunakan untuk lepas dari logam dan untuk bergerak ke pelat logam }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {yang lain. Hal ini dapat dituliskan sebagai }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Energi cahaya = Energi ambang + Energi kinetik maksimum elektron }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { = }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {W}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { + }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {km}\i0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {hf}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { = }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {hf}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { + }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {km}\i0 }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {km}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { = }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {hf}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { \uc1\u8211X }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {hf}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0 }}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Persamaan ini disebut }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {persamaan efek fotolistrik Einstein}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {. Perlu diperhatikan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {bahwa }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {W}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { adalah energi ambang logam atau fungsi kerja logam, }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {f}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { adalah frekuensi ambang }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {logam, }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {f}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { adalah frekuensi cahaya yang digunakan, dan }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {km}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { adalah energi kinetik maksimum }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {elektron yang lepas dari logam dan bergerak ke pelat logam yang lain. Dalam bentuk lain}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {persamaan efek fotolistrik dapat ditulis sebagai }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Dimana }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { adalah massa elektron dan }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {v}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {e}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { adalah dan kecepatan elektron. Satuan energi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dalam SI adalah joule (J) dan frekuensi adalah hertz (Hz). Tetapi, fungsi kerja logam }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {biasanya dinyatakan dalam satuan elektron volt (eV) sehingga perlu diingat bahwa 1 eV = 1,6 }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { 10}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X19}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {J.}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {a)}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Mekanisme Emisi }\b0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Foton dari sinar memiliki energi karakteristik yang ditentukan oleh frekuensi cahaya.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Dalam proses photoemission, jika elektron dalam beberapa bahan menyerap energi dari satu }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {foton dan dengan demikian memiliki lebih banyak energi daripada fungsi kerja (energi ikat }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {elektron) dari materi, itu dikeluarkan. Jika energi foton terlalu rendah, elektron tidak bisa }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {keluar dari materi. Peningkatan intensitas sinar meningkatkan jumlah foton dalam berkas }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {cahaya, dan dengan demikian meningkatkan jumlah elektron, tetapi tidak meningkatkan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {energi setiap elektron yang dimemiliki. Energi dari elektron yang dipancarkan tidak }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {tergantung pada intensitas cahaya yang masuk, tetapi hanya pada energi atau frekuensi foton}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {individual. Ini adalah interaksi antara foton dan elektron terluar. }\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Elektron dapat menyerap energi dari foton ketika disinari, tetapi mereka biasanya }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {mengikuti prinsip "semua atau tidak" . Semua energi dari satu foton harus diserap dan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {digunakan untuk membebaskan satu elektron dari atom yang mengikat, atau energi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dipancarkan kembali. Jika energi foton diserap, sebagian energi membebaskan elektron dari }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {atom, dan sisanya dikontribusi untuk energi kinetik elektron sebagai partikel bebas. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Tidak ada elektron yang dilepaskan oleh radiasi di bawah frekuensi ambang, karena elektron }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {tidak mendapatkan energi yang cukup untuk mengatasi ikatan atom. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Efek fotolistrik banyak membantu {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penduaan_gelombang-partikel&action=edit&redlink=1"}}{\fldrslt {penduaan gelombang-partikel, }}}dimana sistem fisika }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(seperti {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton"}}{\fldrslt {foton }}}dalam kasus ini) dapat menunjukkan kedua sifat dan kelakuan seperti-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {gelombang dan seperti-partikel, sebuah konsep yang banyak digunakan oleh pencipta }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum"}}{\fldrslt {mekanika kuantum. }}}Efek fotolistrik dijelaskan secara matematis oleh {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"}}{\fldrslt {Albert Einstein }}}yang}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {memperluas kuanta yang dikembangkan oleh {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck"}}{\fldrslt {Max Planck.}}} }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Hukum emisi fotolistrik: }\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Untuk logam dan radiasi tertentu, jumlah fotoelektro yang dikeluarkan berbanding lurus }\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dengan intensitas cahaya yg digunakan. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Untuk logam tertentu, terdapat frekuensi minimum radiasi. di bawah frekuensi ini }\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {fotoelektron tidak bisa dipancarkan. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Di atas frekuensi tersebut, energi kinetik yang dipancarkan fotoelektron tidak bergantung }\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {pada intensitas cahaya, namun bergantung pada frekuensi cahaya. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx1146\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {4.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Perbedaan waktu dari radiasi dan pemancaran fotoelektron sangat kecil, kurang dari 10}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {-9}}\par\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {detik. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {b)}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {Potensial Penghenti }\b0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Hubungan antara arus dan tegangan diterapkan menggambarkan sifat efek fotolistrik. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Untuk diskusi, sumber cahaya menerangi P piring, dan lain elektrode pelat Q mengumpulkan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {setiap elektron yang dipancarkan. Kami bervariasi potensial antara P dan Q dan mengukur}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {arus yang mengalir dalam sirkuit eksternal antara dua lempeng. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Jika frekuensi dan intensitas radiasi insiden adalah tetap, arus fotolistrik meningkat }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {secara bertahap dengan peningkatan potensi positif sampai semua foto elektron yang}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dipancarkan dikumpulkan. Arus fotolistrik mencapai nilai saturasi dan tidak meningkatkan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {lebih lanjut untuk peningkatan potensi positif. Arus saturasi tergantung pada intensitas }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {pencahayaan, tapi tidak panjang gelombang. }\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {5 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Jika kita menerapkan potensi negatif ke piring Q sehubungan dengan plat P dan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {secara bertahap meningkatkan itu, berkurang saat fotolistrik sampai nol, pada potensial }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {negatif tertentu di piring Q. potensi negatif minimum yang diberikan ke piring Q di mana }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {arus fotolistrik menjadi nol disebut potensial menghentikan atau memotong potensial. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Dalam rezim sinar-X, efek fotolistrik dalam bahan kristal sering didekomposisi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {menjadi tiga langkah: }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Inner efek fotolistrik. Lubang tertinggal dapat menimbulkan efek auger , yang terlihat }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {bahkan ketika elektron tidak meninggalkan materi. Dalam padatan molekul fonon sangat }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {antusias dalam langkah ini dan dapat terlihat sebagai garis dalam energi elektron akhir.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Para photoeffect batin harus diperbolehkan. Para aturan transisi untuk atom }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {menerjemahkan melalui model ketat mengikat ke kristal. Mereka adalah geometri untuk}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {osilasi plasma dalam bahwa mereka harus transversal. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {2)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Balistik transportasi setengah dari elektron ke permukaan. Beberapa elektron tersebar. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {3)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Elektron melarikan diri dari bahan di permukaan. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Dalam model tiga langkah, elektron dapat mengambil beberapa jalur melalui tiga }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {langkah. Semua jalan dapat mengganggu dalam arti formulasi jalan terpisahkan. Untuk}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {negara permukaan dan molekul model tiga langkah apakah masih masuk akal bahkan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {beberapa sebagai yang paling atom memiliki elektron yang dapat menyebarkan beberapa }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {elektron yang meninggalkan. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Ar}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {us nol atau tidak ada arus berarti tidak ada lagi elektron yang lepas dari permukaan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {logam akibat efek fotolistrik. Nilai tegangan yang menyebabkan elektron berhenti terlepas }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dari permukaan logam pada efek fotolistrik disebut tegangan atau potensial penghenti }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {stopping potential}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {). Jika }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {V}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {adalah potensial penghenti, maka }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {km}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { = }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {eV}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Persamaan ini pada dasarnya adalah persamaan energi. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa }\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {e}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { adalah }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {muatan elektron yang besarnya 1,6 10}\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X19}\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 { C dan tegangan dinyatakan dalam satuan volt (V). }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1346\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {2.2.}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b { Hamburan Compton}\b0 \par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Seberkas radiasi yang dikenakan pada lempeng (plat tipis) logam akan mengalami }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {hamburan. Intensitas radiasi terhambur tergantung pada sudut hamburannya. Gambar berikut }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {menunjukkan susunan peralatan dan hasil pengamatan hamburan radiasi. Gejala tersebut }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {tidak dapat dijelaskan dengan memandang radiasi sebagai gelombang klasik. }\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {6 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11906\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Pada tahun 1923, Compton mempelajari hamburan radiasi tersebut di atas, dan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {menerangkan sebagai berikut. Radiasi yang dikenakan pada lempeng logam berinteraksi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dengan elektron bebas dalam logam (tidak selalu menimbulkan efek fotolistrik walaupun }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {tenaganya cukup). Interaksi antara radiasi dengan elektron bebas dalam logam berperilaku }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {seperti tumbukan elastis antara dua partikel. Mekanisme hamburan radiasi (kemudian disebut }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx3026\*\tx3613\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {hamburan Compton}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {atau}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\i {efek Compton}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {) tersebut di atas dapat dijelaskan dengan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {memberlakukan hukum-hukum kekekalan tenaga dan momentum linear secara relativistik. }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Percobaan Compton merupakan salah satu dari tiga proses yang melemahkan energi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {suatu sinarionisasi. Bila suatu sinar jatuh pada permukaan suatu materi sebagian daripada }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {energinya akan diberikankepada materi tersebut, sedangkan sinar itu sendiri akan di sebarkan, }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {sehingga energy radiasi yangdipancarkan lebih kecil dari energi radiasi yang datang ( panjang}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {gelombang lebih panjang daripadasebelumnya ). }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Hamburan Compton adalah suatu efek yang merupakan bagian interaksi sebuah}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {penyinaran terhadapsuatu materi. Efek Compton adalah salah satu dari tiga proses yang}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {melemahkan energi suatu sinar ionisasi. Bila suatu sinar jatuh pada permukaan suatu materi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {sebagian daripada energinya akan diberikan kepadamateri tersebut, sedangkan sinar itu}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {sendiri akan di sebarkan. Proses hamburan Compton dianalisis sebagai suatu interaksi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {(\uc1\u8213Xtumbukan\uc1\u8214X dalam pengertian partikel secara klasik) antara sebuah foton dan sebuah elektron, yang kita }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {anggap diam. Hamburan Compton terjadi apabila foton dengan energi hf berinteraksidengan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {elektron bebas atau elektron yang tidak terikat dengan kuat oleh inti, yaitu elektron terluar}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dari atom.Elektron itu dilepaskan dari ikatan inti dan bergerak dengan energi kinetik tertentu }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {disertai foton lain denganenergi lebih rendah dibandingkan foton datang. Foton lain ini }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {dinamakan foton hamburan. Dalam hamburanCompton ini, energi foton yang datang yang}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {diserap atom diubah menjadi energi kinetik elektron dan fotonhamburan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {2.3. }\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100\b {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://aktifisika.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/sifat-partikel-dari-cahaya-efek-compton/"}}{\fldrslt {Efek Compton }}}}\b0 \par\pard\li1346\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Pada efek fotolistrik, cahaya dapat dipandang sebagai kuantum energi dengan energi }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {yang diskrit. Kuantum energi tidak dapat digambarkan sebagai gelombang tetapi lebih }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {mendekati bentuk partikel. Partikel cahaya dalam bentuk kuantum dikenal dengan sebutan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {foton. Pandangan cahaya sebagai foton diperkuat lagi melalui gejala yang dikenal sebagai }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {efek Compton. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {Jika seberkas sinar-X ditembakkan ke sebuah elektron bebas yang diam, sinar-X akan }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {mengalami perubahan panjang gelombang dimana panjang gelombang sinar-X menjadi lebih}\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9693\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {7 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1440\shptop2266\shpright4946\shpbottom4800\shpfhdr0\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2029\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\absh16840\absw11906{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn pibFlags}{\sv 2}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fEditedWrap}{\sv 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